Technology
José I. Peláez
Department of Languages and Computer Sciences - University of Málaga - Málaga 29071 - Spain
jignacio@lcc.uma.es
Jesús M. Doña
Department of Languages and Computer Sciences - University of Málaga - Málaga 29071 - Spain
jmdona@lcc.uma.es
David L. La Red
Computer Science Department - Faculty of Exact Sciences - National Northeastern University -
Corrientes – Argentina
lrmdavid@exa.unne.edu.ar
Carlos R. Brys
Computer Science Department - Faculty of Economics Sciences - National University of Misiones -
Misiones – Argentina
brys@fce.unam.edu.ar
This paper presents a new form of civic The percentage of citizen participation around
participation called m-Cognocracy, using the world has been reduced from 68% in the
mid-1980’s to 64% after 1990, and according to [6].
the data that has being recorded, from the year
2000 that participation continues to decline [6].
Within these studies on citizen participation, we
can establish two essential aspects to the new
The following table and figure show the model of participatory democracy be initially
decrease of the participation in the European considered as valid.
elections.
The first would be referred to the form of
Year % Participation participation, which must involve the universe
1979 61,99 of the population, so the system should be easy
1984 58,98 and safe to use, in addition to be within reach of
1989 58,41 more people, so that they can cast their opinions
1994 56,67 or preferences regarding projects to be under-
1999 49,51 taken, and the second referred to the way of
2004 45,47 weighing these preferences to achieve a result
2009 43,01 that show the opinions of citizens, it is desirable
that such weighting is independent of the values
Table 1: European elections (European Parliament1).
of the alternatives and dependent of the position
they occupy. This ensures that any process of
voting weighted equally to the alternatives,
independently of the preferences expressed by
the citizens, thus reaching two objectives: one
of equality between all the votes, and a second,
a filter for pressure groups since it ponders
position and not preferences.
)
The vector of weights which is obtained using
Borda-Kendall’s method (2) is:
Finally, it has compared this new form of [6] International IDEA. (2002). Voter Turnout
weight with other methods and has shown how Since 1945. International Institute for
this way of weighing addition to weigh the Democracy and Electoral Assistance. A Global
position and not the content; it takes into Report. ISBN: 91-8909861-7.
account all the votes in all magnitudes of
preference. [7] R. Inglehart. (1999). Trust, well-being and
democracy, in Warren, Mark E. (ed.)
5. Acknowledgements Democracy and Trust, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pages 88-120.
This work is supported by the Ministry of
Education and Science of Spain. (Project [8] O. M. Kurtz. (2005). Estudio del Desarrollo
TIN2006-14285). de la Sociedad de la Información en la
Argentina. Tesis de Maestría. Facultad de
Ciencias Económicas. Universidad Nacional de
6. References Misiones. Argentina.
[1] W. D. Cook, L. M. Seiford. (1982). On the [9] I. Kushchu, M. Halid Kuscu. (2004). From
Borda-Kendall Consensus Method for Priority E-government to M-government: Facing the
Ranking Problems. Management Science, v. 28, Inevitable. Mobile Government Consortium
n. 6, pages 621-637. International.
of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Management
Science. Vol. 32. pages 841-855.
[10] I. Kushchu, S. Arat, C. Borucki. (2007). [19] T. L. Saaty. (1989). Group Decision mak-
The Impact of mGovernment on Organisations: ing and the AHP. Springer Verlag. New York.
A Mobility Response Model. In I. Kuschu (Ed.),
Mobile Government: An Emerging Direction in [20] C. D. Slaton, J. L. Arthur. (2004). Public
e-Government. Hershey, PA: Idea Group administration for a democratic society:
Publishers, 2007. ISBN-10: 1591408849. Instilling public trust through greater
collaboration with citizens, in eTransformation
[11] R. Ling. (2000). The impact of the mobile in Governance. New directions in government
telephone on four established social institutions. and politics. London. Idea Group Publishing.
Presented at the ISSEI2000 conference of the UK.
International Society for the Study of European
Ideas, Bergen, Norway. [21] R. R. Yager. (1988). On ordered weighted
averaging aggregation operators in
[12] J. M. Moreno-Jiménez, W. Polasek. multicriteria decision making. IEEE Transac-
(2004). E-Democracy and Knowledge. A tions on Systems Man and Cybernetics 18,
Multicriteria Framework for the New pages 183-190.
Democratic Era. Journal of Multi-Criteria
Decision Analysis. Volume 12, Issue 2-3, pages [22] World Bank. (2003). Case Study 2 -Porto
163-176. Alegre, Brazil: Participatory Approaches in
Budgeting and Public Expenditure
[13] J. M. Moreno-Jiménez, J. Aguarón Joven, Management. Social Development Notes.
J.J. Piles Contrera, A. Raluy Pirla, A. Turon Environmentally and Socially Sustainable
Lanuza. (2005). e-Cognocracia: democracia Development Network of the World Bank. Note
web 2.0. Grupo Decisión Multicriterio N°. 71. March 2003.
Zaragoza. Facultad de Económicas. Universidad
de Zaragoza. Spain.