00 Escf

INSERT TAB Introduction
Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Oregon Department of Transportation
January 2013
Introduction

Erosion
Naturally Accelerated by human activities

Natural erosion is generally considered to be due to the influence of climatic forces on the surface of the earth.
3
Introduction
1-1

Erosion & Sediment Natural Control erosion Fundamentals can be beautiful
January 2013

Natural erosion can be beautiful

Erosion
Waterfalls Canyons
Introduction
1-2

January 2013
Wind Erosion
Alcove, Moab, Utah Altiplano, Bolivia
Erosion

Erosion problems can be b accelerated l t d

(Human activities)
Introduction
1-3

January 2013
Erosion problems can be accelerated

(Human Activities) Unrestricted development Removal of surface cover Increased imperviousness P Poor stewardship d hi
10

Accelerated erosion when not managed properly is not beautiful and can create undue problems.
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Results of Accelerated Erosion
Surface Water Pollution
Introduction
1-4
January 2013
Hydraulic Modification
Silted up pond
Ecological Impacts
Property Damage
Impacts to neighboring property
Introduction
1-5

January 2013

Increased Construction Costs Stop work ordered for noncompliance Fines/penalties for noncompliance Repair damage to adjacent properties Missed deadlines, litigation, other additional work
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Destruction of other natural resources

Legal Issues
Civil Penalties Criminal Prosecution
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Introduction
1-6

January 2013
The goal of regulations is not to stop natural erosion The goal is to control accelerated erosion caused by human activities In other words, no net increase in sediment being discharged from construction sites over pre-construction conditions
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Deforestation
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Pastures
Introduction
1-7

January 2013
Farm Land
Poor Practice ?
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Construction
Region g 1
Region g 2
Region 3
Region 4 & 5

Sources of Erosion
Forest Land Farm Land (pastures) Farming (row crop) Construction
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Introduction
1-8
INSERT TAB Regulatory Requirements

January 2013
Regulatory q Requirements

ODOT Background and Policies

State law for ODOT to comply with other Federal, State, County and City regulatory requirements

Federal Regulations
Clean Water Act enacted with the intent of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the United States National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Point and nonpoint sources Agency having authority - EPA
Regulatory Requirements
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January 2013
Who issues permits in Oregon?

State of Oregon is a delegated state with authority to issue Federal NPDES permits. OR Dept of Environmental Quality and its authorized representatives are responsible for issuing NPDES construction permits in the state of Oregon. Oregon can issue both general and individual NPDES permits.

Who is required to obtain a permit?

Anyone involved in disturbing one acre or more of land is required to obtain a permit from OR-DEQ or its authorized agent. Note: Phased construction that disturb one or more acres under a common plan is required to obtain a permit prior to beginning of the 1st phase.

Type of permits available (?)

NPDES, General 1200-C Permit NPDES, General 1200-CA (Public Agencies only-State ge c es, C Cities, t es, Counties, Cou t es, etc etc.). ) This s pe permit t has as bee been Agencies, expired since Dec 2005. Permit has been administratively extended to all agencies (agencies holding the permit prior to expiry) that filed a renewal application in a timely manner. ODOT has a 1200-CA permit for each of its regions.
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January 2013
How can I get a 1200-C permit ?

By filing an application with OR-DEQ or its authorized agent such as a city or a county. Requirements: Completed application LUCS from the City or County ESC Plan Fees

How can I get a 1200-CA permit ?

ODOT has met the DEQ obligations of a permit application and obtained a permit. If you are a contractor working on a ODOT project you are not required to obtain a permit from ODEQ. If you are working on a local agency project, you cannot use ODOT permit.

General Construction Permit 1200-CA Requirements

Permit is available at: http://www.deq.state.or.us/WQ/wqpermit/ docs/general/npdes1200ca/permit pdf docs/general/npdes1200ca/permit.pdf
2-3

January 2013
Local NPDES Implementation

May include specific requirements for construction sites Local jurisdictions may have grading ordinances, storm water ordinances, or construction permit requirements
10

Compliance with Regulations

It is a federal and state law to comply with CWA Compliance is required with or without a permit Ignorance is not an excuse for violators State WQ Standards require compliance OAR & ORS allow penalties for violators
11

Penalties for Violators

Penalties for Water Pollution and Permit Condition Violations ORS 468.140 allows the Director to impose civil penalties up to $25,000 p per day y for violation of a term, condition, or requirement of a permit. ORS 468.943 creates the criminal offense of unlawful water pollution in the second degree, for the criminally negligent violation of ORS chapter 468B or any rule, standard, license, permit or order adopted or issued under ORS chapter 468B. Unlawful water pollution in the second degree is punishable by a fine of up to $25,000 or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. In addition, OAR 468.946, creates the offense of unlawful water pollution of the first degree, which is a Class B felony. 12
2-4

January 2013

Falsification of Information Under ORS 468.953, any person who knowingly makes any false statement, representation, or certification in any record or other document submitted or required to be maintained under this permit, permit including monitoring reports or reports of compliance or noncompliance, is subject to a Class C felony punishable by a fine not to exceed $100,000 per violation and up to 5 years in prison. Additionally, according to 40 CFR 122.41(k)(2), any person who knowingly makes any false statement, representation, or certification in any record or other document submitted or required to be maintained under this permit including monitoring reports or reports of compliance or noncompliance shall, upon conviction, be punished by a federal civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 per violation, or by imprisonment 13 for not more than 6 months per violation, or by both.


The Clean Water Act provides that any person who falsifies, tampers with, or knowingly renders inaccurate any monitoring device or method required to be maintained under u de t this s pe permit t may, ay, upo upon co conviction, ct o , be pu punished s ed by a fine of not more than $10,000 per violation, imprisonment for not more than two years, or both. If a conviction of a person is for a violation committed after a first conviction of such person, punishment is a fine not more than $20,000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment of not more than four years, or both.
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2-5
INSERT TAB Erosion Processes & Impacts

January 2013
Erosion Processes p and Impacts

Types of Erosion
Water Erosion Wind Erosion

The Erosion Process Water
Rain hitting the land surface can dislodge significant amounts of pollutants
Sheet flow overland can erode slopes The receiving water bears the impact of quantity and quality degradation
Unchecked erosion will commonly lead to formation of channels
Erosion Processes and Impacts
3-1
January 2013
Types of Erosion

Raindrop Erosion
Raindrop impact energy is enough to dislodge surface sediments.

Sheet Erosion
Sheet erosion is caused by shallow sheets of water flowing over the soil surface.
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January 2013
Rill Erosion
As flow concentrates, small channels begin to form in the soil surface.

Gully Erosion
Gullies are formed when runoff cuts rills deeper and wider or when flows from several rills come together and form a large channel.

Channel Erosion
Channels may become unstable due to increased flows or changes in upstream sediment load.
3-3

January 2013
Channel Erosion
10

Wind Erosion
Types of Wind Erosion: Suspension Very fine dust particles thrown into the air through impact with other particles or by the wind itself itself. Saltation Fine soil particles are lifted into the air by the wind and drift horizontally across the surface increasing in velocity as they go. Can cause severe damage to the surface and vegetation, most serious wind erosion type. Surface Creep Large particles which are too heavy to be lifted into the air are moved through a process called surface creep.
11

Types of Wind Erosion
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3-4

January 2013
Wind Erosion-Suspension
13

Wind Erosion-Saltation
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Geotechnical Instability
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3-5

January 2013
Principals of Erosion and Sedimentation

(Pg 2-1) Effective erosion control requires that the soil surface be protected from the erosive forces of wind, rain, and runoff. g or minimizing g soil erosion is the first and most Preventing important line of defense.
16

Erosion Concerns for Inspectors

Erosion Prevention Runoff Control Sediment Control
17

Erosion Prevention
Measures employed to prevent erosion including: soil stabilization practices, limited grading, mulch, temporary or permanent cover, compost application, and construction phasing phasing.
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3-6

January 2013
Runoff Control
Methods employed to treat stormwater leaving the site including conveying runoff, diverting runoff, controlling flows, and stabilizing outlets
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Sediment Control
Methods employed to prevent sediment from leaving the site including silt fence, sediment traps, earth dikes, vegetated drainage swales, check dams, storm drain inlet protection and temporary or permanent sedimentation protection, basins.
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Which are more effective?

Erosion prevention BMPs are preferred keep the soil in place enhance the protection of the site resources When possible, use erosion prevention as the primary protection, with sediment controls as a secondary system.
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3-7
January 2013
It becomes easy to visualize
before
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During
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And after
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3-8

January 2013
Construction-related Erosion and Sedimentation

Damages may include: Effects on down slope property owners Turbidity plumes in downstream water bodies Cover sensitive habitat areas such as gravel used for spawning Public infrastructure such as streets and storm drains Public safety
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Sedimentation Impacts
Turbidity and suspended solids are water quality parameters that reflect the level of sediment yield: As turbidity increases, photosynthetic activity decreases, resulting in less dissolved oxygen for aquatic life Suspended solids may destroy water supplies for human, animal and other wildlife consumption as well as feeding and nesting habitats
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In-stream Damages
May include: Destruction of spawning areas, food sources, habitat Direct toxicity to wildlife Lake degradation Siltation of navigation channels Impacts to commercial fisheries Reduction of water storage capacities
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January 2013
Off-stream Damages
Increased flood hazards Increased water treatment costs Decreased capacity in conveyance facilities
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Specific Environmental Impacts

Resource Base: Loss of soil as a resource results in the elimination of potential for future use and decreased biological diversity Agricultural Impacts: Loss of soil results in reduced crop production and higher management costs Water Quality Impacts: Sediment can cause damage to fish and wildlife resources, water supply quality, recreational and habitat values Air Quality Impacts: Fugitive dust can cause public health and safety problems
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Economic Advantages of Compliance

Fines for non-compliance can be reduced or eliminated Stabilized slopes require less repair and are safer for maintenance Reducing short and long-term erosion will result in less soil loss Negative public opinion, that can result in enforcement actions, can be minimized Liability exposure can be decreased
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January 2013
Measurable Costs of Non-Compliance

Removal of silt deposits from storm drains and ultimately, water bodies Reduction of water storage capacity in reservoirs Increased water treatment costs Increase in flooding hazards
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Environmental Advantages of Compliance

Protection of fish spawning areas, their food sources and habitat Reduction of toxic materials transported by sediment particles Lowered impact on commercial fisheries
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Environmental Advantages of Compliance

Improved water storage capacities in lakes and reservoirs Protection of soil as a resource, thereby maintaining a future of diverse and beneficial uses Protection of human and wildlife uses of receiving waters
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3-11
INSERT TAB Erosion Prevention

January 2013
Erosion Prevention

Erosion Prevention
Any practice that protects the soil surface and prevents the soil particles from being detached by rainfall or wind. prevention, , therefore, , is a source control that Erosion p treats the soil as a resource that has value and should be kept in place.

Best Management Practices (BMPs)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Preserve Natural Vegetation Buffer Zone Temporary and Permanent Seeding Mulch Sod Matting Plastic Sheeting Dust Control
3
Erosion Prevention
4-1

January 2013
Preserve Natural Vegetation

(Pg 3-7) This BMP involves preserving natural vegetation to the greatest extent possible during the construction process and after construction where appropriate

Wherever possible, existing vegetation should be preserved
Leaving g existing g vegetation is particularly important along the site perimeter or adjacent to water bodies.

Drip Line
Erosion Prevention
4-2

January 2013

Natural vegetation is the most inexpensive form of erosion control This BMP particularly important in sensitive areas such as wetlands, stream corridors, lakes and near steep slopes Requires coordination with Landscape Architect and Environmental Professionals assigned to the Project The Project Manager, Inspector and Contractor should address and discuss preservation during the PreConstruction Conference
Erosion Prevention
4-3

January 2013

Application: Flood plains, wetlands, stream banks, steep slopes and other areas where erosion controls would be difficult to install or maintain Requires coordination with other ODOT environmental professionals and Inspector or Contractor to flag off area
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect and repair flagging or fencing and re-cover or seal exposed roots
10

Buffer Zone
(Pg 3-8) A buffer zone consists of an undisturbed area or strip of natural vegetation or an established suitable planting adjacent j to a disturbed area that reduces erosion and runoff
11

What they do
Filter sediment Promote infiltration Provide habitat Reduce velocity and volume of runoff Dissipate energy Provide visual screening Can be used to stabilize stream banks Reduce maintenance
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Erosion Prevention
4-4

Vegetative Buffer Zone
Even a narrow buffer strip of vegetation can provide beneficial removal of pollutants through filtering
January 2013
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Buffer Zone
Application: Between disturbed areas and streams or other water bodies and along natural swales and wetlands Requires Inspector or Contractor to flag off area (i.e., tree or shrub driplines)
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect and repair flagging or fencing and re-cover or seal exposed roots
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Erosion Prevention
4-5
January 2013
16

Temporary and Permanent Seeding

(Pg 3-9) A well-established vegetative cover is one of the most effective methods of preventing erosion.
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Mulch
(Pg 3-14) Mulches function by: moderating the soil temperature reducing d i soil il moisture i t l loss th through h evaporation ti protecting the soil surface from compaction and increasing infiltration reducing weed competition for desirable plants armoring the soil against raindrop impact and sheet erosion due to runoff
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Erosion Prevention
4-6
January 2013
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Organic Mulches
Straw mulch Wood cellulose or paper fiber applied hydraulically Wood chips Corn stalks Manure mulches Compost
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Erosion Prevention
4-7

January 2013
Synthetic Mulches
Spray-on synthetic mulches and soil binders can seal the soil surface May have adverse impact effects on water quality Not recommended for use as a mulch
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Mulch
Application: Seed cover, dust control or temporary stabilization Many types of mulches to choose from. Balance longevity of mulch application with replacement by vegetative growth.
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect for proper rate of application and replace mulch on areas damaged by wind or water erosion.
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Organic Mulches are normally p practice. p a three-step
Erosion Prevention
4-8

Step 1 Seed and Mulch
January 2013
First the seed and a trace amount of mulch is broadcast (i.e., with a hydroseeder).
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Step 2 Blown straw or hay
Next, the straw is applied with a straw blower like this one.
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Step 3 Tackifier or crimper
Last, a tackifier glues the straw to the soil.
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Erosion Prevention
4-9

January 2013
This is a winch truck with crimper
Crimpers have teeth that incorporate the straw into the soil
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The result is incorporated straw mulch.
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Erosion Prevention
4-10

January 2013
Hydraulic Application
Application: Used to apply seed and soil amendments as a first step before application of organic mulch (i.e., straw, erosion control blankets). Also used as one one-step step treatment of hydraulic mulch, soil amendments and seed on sites that cannot receive adequate seed bed preparation or that are difficult to reach. Also used for dust control.
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Hydraulic Application (continued)

Installation: Large water trucks with mechanical agitation to keep mulch, seed and soil amendments in suspension. Application by tower or hose hose.
Maintenance: Re-application on areas damaged by wind or water erosion
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Hydraulic Mulching
Fiber, seed, and soil amendments are mixed with water and applied as a slurry
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Erosion Prevention
4-11

Hydraulic Mulches
January 2013
Wood fiber mulch Recycled paper mulch
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Erosion Prevention
4-12
January 2013
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Wood/Bark Chips
Wood or bark chips are suitable for areas where slopes are less than 3:1 Complements ornamental plantings of shrubs or trees
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The best applications for wood/bark chips are around container plants on flatter areas
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Erosion Prevention
4-13
January 2013
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Manure Mulches/Compost
Compost may be applied with a blower such as this
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Compost
Manure mulches or compost can add fertility to an otherwise sterile cut slope
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Erosion Prevention
4-14
January 2013
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Sod
(Pg 3-18) Establishes permanent turf for immediate erosion protection and stabilizes drainage ways.
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Erosion Prevention
4-15

January 2013
Sod
Application: Disturbed areas requiring short or long term cover or areas requiring immediate vegetative cover. Use sod that is weed free with uniform thickness. Soil surface needs to be smoothed and shaped. Sod strips installed perpendicular to water flow, rolled and irrigated.
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Installation:

Sod (continued)
Maintenance: Inspect sodded area frequently for soil moisture content and root establishment. Re-tack, re-sod or re-seed as appropriate.
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Sod
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Erosion Prevention
4-16

Sod
January 2013
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Matting
(Pg 3-19)
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Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs)

Types include: jute netting straw blanket wood fiber (excelsior) blanket polypropylene blanket straw-coconut fiber blanket coconut fiber blanket coir fiber netting
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Erosion Prevention
4-17

Many types to choose from
January 2013
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ODOT Specs
0280.14(e) Type A: 1:3 or flatter Clay soils Type B: 1:3 or flatter Sandy soils Type C: Steeper than 1:3 Clay soils Type D: Steeper than 1:3 Sandy soils Type E: Channel Liner 0-96 Pascal shear stress Type F: Channel Liner 0-192 Pascal shear stress
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Organic Matting Materials
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Erosion Prevention
4-18

Jute Mesh
January 2013
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Excelsior
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Straw Fiber
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Erosion Prevention
4-19

Straw Coconut Fiber
January 2013
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Coconut Fiber
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Coconut Fiber Netting
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Erosion Prevention
4-20

January 2013
Matting
Application: Steep slopes and in areas of concentrated water flow As per manufacturers instructions, but generally in direction of water flow with specified overlaps. Staples or pins used to fasten to soil.
Installation:
Maintenance: Repair and replace undercut or damaged portions of matting

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Erosion Prevention
4-21
January 2013
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Synthetic Materials Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) Erosion Control Revegetation Mats (ECRMs)
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Erosion Prevention
4-22
January 2013
TRMs are combined with vegetation to resist the tractive forces of flowing water The roots, stems and geotextiles work together in a mutually reinforcing manner
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Erosion Control and Revegetation Mats (ECRMs) can be used for areas of concentrated flow
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Erosion Prevention
4-23
January 2013
where they provide additional stability for grass-lined channels.
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Erosion Prevention
4-24
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-25
January 2013
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Channel Lining Installations
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Plastic Sheeting
(Pg 3-21) Provides immediate, short-term protection to slopes and disturbed areas where mulch is not practicable. Poor pp , installation, , and maintenance can cause application, problems, so use alternatives to plastic whenever possible.
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Erosion Prevention
4-26
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-27

January 2013
Plastic Sheeting
Application: On disturbed areas that require cover for less than 30 days. When vegetation cannot be established quickly enough to protect soil during the rainy season season. Critical not to use on slopes where downstream areas will be adversely affected. Anchor with sand bags or other suitable tethered system.
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Installation:

Plastic Sheeting (continued)

Maintenance: Replace torn sheets and repair open seams. Completely remove and replace plastic when it begins to deteriorate.
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Erosion Prevention
4-28
January 2013
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Dust Control
(Pg 3-23) Measures used to prevent or minimize wind transport of soil which prevents traffic hazards and helps keep sediment from being g deposited p in water resources.
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Erosion Prevention
4-29

January 2013
Dust must be controlled by...

Watering with trucks or sprinklers Using additives to increase longevity Limiting the area of disturbance Timely protection of finished areas Particular attention must be paid to stockpiled materials
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Soil Stabilizer Types

Plant-Material Based (short-lived) Guar, psyllium, starch (long-lived) g ) Plant-Material Based ( Pitch and rosin emulsion Polymeric Emulsion Blends Acrylic copolymers, acrylates, acrylamides Petroleum or Resin-Based Emulsions Cementitious-Based Binder Gypsum
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Dust Control
Application: On construction routes and other disturbed areas subject to surface dust movement and where off-site damage might occur if not controlled Water truck, wind fences, surface cover and dust palliatives
Installation:
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Erosion Prevention
4-30

January 2013
Dust Control (continued)

Maintenance: Maintain control measures during dry periods until all disturbed areas have been stabilized. Re-stabilize within two (2) days of disturbance disturbance.
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Erosion Prevention
4-31
INSERT TAB Runoff Control

January 2013
Runoff Control

Runoff Control
Even the best erosion and sediment control system cannot perform properly without proper runoff control measures in place. It is critical that appropriate runoff control measures be in place before the rainy season and/or other periods of the year where weather is apt to increase the hazard of erosion.

Runoff Control
Runoff controls divert runoff from exposed areas and reduce runoff velocities Diverting runoff from exposed soils reduces erosion Decreasing runoff velocities reduces erosion and the amount of pollutants carried off-site
Runoff Control Practices
5-1
January 2013
Hydrologic Cycle

Factors Affecting Runoff

Precipitation Soil permeability Watershed area Ground cover Antecedent moisture Storage in watershed Time parameters


Construction Entrance Tirewash Facility Construction Road/Parking Area Stabilization Slope Drains Outlet Protection Surface Roughening Check Dams Interceptor Dike and/or Swale Grass-lined Swales
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5-2
January 2013
Construction Entrance
(Pg 3-25)
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Applications
Wherever traffic will be leaving at the rate of 25 trips per day, And Traveling on paved roads or other paved areas located within 100 feet of the site

Design Criteria
50 feet in length for drainage areas having less than 1 acre of exposed soil 100 feet in length for drainage areas having more than 1 acre of f exposed soil Minimum width: 20 feet Minimum aggregate depth: 8 inches
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January 2013
Maintenance
Immediately remove tracked-out sediment from paved areas Add or refresh aggregate as needed Remove aggregate that gets carried onto paved areas
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Construction Entrance
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Shaker Plates
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5-4

Shaker Plates and Rock
January 2013
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Remove Tracked-out Sediment
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5-5

Tire Wash Facilities
(Pg 3-27)
January 2013
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Type 1:
Stabilized gravel pad and conveyance
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Type 2:
Concrete-lined basin
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5-6

January 2013
Construction Road/Parking Area Stabilization

(Pg 3-29) Applications: Permanent or temporary roads or parking areas used by construction traffic Advantages: Reduce on on-site site erosion erosion, dust and off off-site site tracking of soils Design Criteria: ODOT Erosion Control Manual Section 3.2.1.3
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Temporary Slope Drain

(Pg 3-31)
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A pipe extending from the top to the bottom of a cut or fill and discharging into a stabilized watercourse, sediment trapping device or onto a stabilized area.
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5-7

January 2013

Applications: On any slope where a large amount of flow must be collected and conveyed to avoid erosion g Criteria: ODOT Erosion Control Manual, , RD1045 Design Temporary Slope Drain and Flume Application
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5-8

January 2013
Outlet Protection (Pg 3-33)

Outlet protection reduces the speed of concentrated flow, thereby preventing scour at conveyance outlets protection includes riprap-lined p p basins, , concrete Outlet p aprons and settling basins
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5-9
January 2013
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Outlet Protection
Refer to ODOT Erosion Control Manual RD1050 Temporary Scour Basin and NDET446 Sediment Control at Pipe Inlet/Outlet Refer to ODOT Hydraulics Manual for specific criteria
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Surface Roughening
(Pg 3-35) 30
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January 2013
Surface Roughening
Roughening can be accomplished by track walking, serrated wing blade or the use of agricultural equipment such as harrows or chisel plows Roughening reduces runoff velocities and traps seeds Research shows that roughening in of itself reduces erosion
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Sheepsfoot Roller
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Track Walking
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5-11

Chisel Tooth
January 2013
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A roughened slope enhances vegetation establishment by trapping seeds
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Soil Erosion Research Laboratory
This tilting test bed was constructed at SDSU to conduct rainfall simulation testing for Caltrans.
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5-12
January 2013
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Students collect and evaluate the runoff for erosion rate and water quality.
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5-13

Average Increase (+) Decrease (-) EROSION RUNOFF RATE (liters) (kg/m2/mm)
0% 12% (-) () 52% (-) 55% (-) 76% (-) 0% 19% (-) () 2% (+) 12% (+) 4% (-)
January 2013
TREATMENT
Smooth-rolled Ri Ripped d Trackwalked Sheepsfoot Imprinted
Tests were done on clayey sand on a 2:1 slope
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Check Dams (Pg 3-37)

Check dams are constructed across a swale or ditch to reduce velocities of concentrated flows, thereby reducing erosion in the swale or ditch Check dams not only prevent gully erosion from occurring before vegetation is established, but also allow a significant amount of sediment to settle out
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Check Dams
Type 1 Aggregate: Aggregate material only Type 2 Straw Bales: Entrenched straw bales staked to the ground with an aggregate weir Type 3 Bio-filter Bags: Bio-filter bags staked to the ground with or without an aggregate weir Type 4 Sand Bags: Sand bags with or without an aggregate weir Type 5 Prefabricated Check Dam System: A manufactured system specifically designed to slow water so that suspended particles settle out; field-fabricated systems are not allowed
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5-14

Type 1 Aggregate
January 2013
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Type 2 Straw Bales
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5-15

Type 3 Bio-filter Bags
January 2013
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Type 3 Bio-filter Bags
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Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals Oregon Department of Transportation Type 4 Sand Bags
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5-16

January 2013
Type 5 Pre-fabricated Check Dam System
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5-17

Spacing for Check Dams
(Pg. 3-45)
January 2013
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Diversion Dike/Diversion Swale

(Pg 3-39) A ridge of compacted soil or a lined swale with vegetative lining located at the top, base or somewhere along a sloping disturbed area The dike or swale intercepts and conveys smaller flows along low-gradient drainageways to larger conveyances such as ditches, pipe slope drains or to a stabilized outlet
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Diversion
Gravel berm Soil berm
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5-18

Stabilized outlet from diversion
January 2013
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Concrete-lined diversion
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Asphalt-lined diversion
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5-19
January 2013
Grass-lined swale (Pg 3-41)

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Grass-lined swale
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5-20
INSERT TAB Sediment Control

January 2013
Sediment Control

Sediment Control
Any practice that traps the soil particles after they have been detached and moved by wind or water. yp passive systems y Sediment control measures are usually that rely on filtering or settling the particles out of the water or wind that is transporting them.

Important!
It is not adequate to rely solely on sediment control measures for sites that discharge to sensitive areas and for sites with p potential to violate Oregon Water Quality Standards for turbidity. There are no permissible amounts of sediment allowed to be discharged.
Sediment Control Practices
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January 2013
Why?
Standard sediment control practices not effective in eliminating fine particles, such as clay yp y more effective on Sediment control methods are typically large particles Unless methods, such as sediment basins, are enhanced by flocculation


1. Sediment Barrier Type 1: Straw Bales Type 2: Biofilter Bags Type 3: Straw Rolls (Wattles) Type 4: Sand Bags Type 5: Brush Barrier Type 6: Filter Berm Type 7: Prefabricated Barrier System
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6-2

January 2013
Sediment Control Practices (continued)

2. 3. 4. 5. Sediment Fence Inlet Protection Sediment Trap Sediment Basin
Sediment Barriers
Same as for runoff control (Pg 3-45)
Installed parallel along contours

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Type 1: Straw Bales

(Pg 3-47)
Entrenched straw bales staked to the ground
6-3

January 2013
Straw Bales
Application: Below areas subject to sheet and rill erosion. Slope 1:2 or flatter. Swales or ditches with a maximum of 2 acres contributing drainage drainage. Spacing as per Table 3-3. Embedded in soil a minimum of 4 inches and anchored by wooden stakes. Binding should not be placed in contact with the soil.
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Installation:

Straw Bales (continued)

Maintenance: Effective approximately 3 months. Inspect after each significant storm and repair or replace. Remove sediment when it has accumulated 1/3 barrier height height.
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6-4

Type 2: Biofilter Bags
(Pg 3-49)
January 2013
Entrenched biofilter bags staked to the ground
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Biofilter Bags
Application: Manufactured from 100% recycled woodproduct waste placed in a plastic mesh bag. Used to capture and retain sediment on slopes around drain inlets and reduce slopes, water velocity on paved streets. Can be staked in developing rills or gullies.
14

Biofilter Bags (continued)

Installation: Spacing per Table 3-3. Slope applications should be on the contour. End of bags should be tightly abutted and overlapped to direct flow away from bag joints. joints Use two wooden stakes per bag for anchoring.
15
6-5

January 2013
Biofilter Bags (continued)

Maintenance: Inspect after significant storms to ensure flow is not being channeled behind bags. Remove sediment when it is 1/3 the bag height and replace damaged bags as needed.
16
17
Type 3: Straw Rolls (Wattles)

(Pg 3-51)
Entrenched straw rolls staked to the ground

18
6-6
January 2013
19

Straw Rolls
Application: Straw wrapped in tubular plastic netting used to capture and retain sediment on slopes. Also installed on unvegetated slopes above V V-ditches ditches and on perimeters of disturbed sites Dig small trenches on the contour and spacing based on Table 3-3 and place wattles at depth about thickness of roll. Drive wooden stakes through roll and into soil 4 feet apart. Tamp loose uphill soil against wattle.
Installation:
20

Straw Bales (continued)

Maintenance: Inspect wattles and slopes after significant rainfall events. Repair any rills or gullies promptly. Re-seed or replant vegetation if necessary until the slope is stabilized stabilized.
21
6-7
January 2013
22
23
24
6-8

Type 4: Sand Bags
(Pg 3-53)
January 2013
Geotextile bags filled with sand or gravel
25

Sand Bags
Application: Geotextile bags filled with sand are used to capture and retain sediment on slopes and around drain inlets. Can also be used tocapture sediment and reduce water velocity in unlined and lined channels and on paved streets. Used in streams to isolate work areas. Slope applications should be installed on the contour. Use Table 3-3 for appropriate spacing. Ends of bags should be tightly abutted.
Installation:
26

Sand Bags (continued)

Maintenance: Inspect installations after significant storms. Check to make sure flow is not being channeled behind bags. Remove sediment when it has reached 1/3 the height of the barrier. Repair or replace as necessary.
27
6-9

Type 5: Brush Barrier
(Pg 3-55)
January 2013
Detail 6002
Entrenched and mounded woody materials or strippings
28

Brush Barrier
Application: Construct at the perimeter of a disturbed area using materials available from clearing and grubbing. Generally on gently sloping areas with disturbed area draining less than acre where runoff is primarily sheet and rill erosion.
29

Brush Barrier (continued)

Installation: Height should be between 45 inches and 5 feet. Use Table 3-3 for spacing requirements. Width of base should be between 5 15 15 feet. feet Use filter fabric to enhance filtration capacity.
Maintenance: Generally require little maintenance. Remove sediment when it reaches 1/3 the barrier height. Inspect, repair or replace as needed.
30
6-10

Type 6: Filter Berm
(Pg 3-56)
January 2013
Entrenched aggregate or compost, mounded
31

Filter Berm
Application: Gravel or crushed rock berm that retains sediment in traffic areas on construction sites, on gently sloping areas. Also used along roadways to dissipate sheet flow flow. Use 2 inch minimum washed and wellgraded gravel or crushed rock with less than 5% fines. One (1) foot high with 1:3 side slopes. Length is 6 feet 8 inches per 0.03 cubic meter per second flow, based on the peak flow of the 10-year storm.
32
Installation:

Filter Berm
Maintenance: Remove and replace gravel when filtering capacity is reduced by half to maintain performance. Remove sediment accumulation when it reaches 1/3 the barrier height.
33
6-11
January 2013
34
Type 7: Pre-Fabricated Barrier System

(Pg 3-57)
A manufactured system specifically designed for temporary erosion control applications. Field fabricated systems are not allowed.
35

Pre-Fabricated Barrier System

Application: A triangular-shaped dike of foam and geotextile used to capture and retain sediment on slopes or capture and direct water to a suitable conveyance or exit point point. According to the plans, special provisions and manufacturers recommendations. Spacing as per Table 3-3.
Installation:
36
6-12

January 2013
Pre-Fabricated Barrier System (continued)

Maintenance: Inspect after significant storms to detect under-cutting or end flow. Check to see that aprons are securely anchored. Remove sediment when it has reached 1/3 the barrier height. Replace damaged sections as needed.
37

Terra Tubes
A Fiber Filtration Tube (FFT) is an engineered composite of Thermally Refined wood fibers, man-made fibers and performance-enhancing polymers encased within cylindrical tubes composed of a heavyduty, knitted, high density polyethylene mesh.
38
Sediment Fence
(Pg 3-59)
39
6-13

January 2013
Sediment Fence
Application: Can be used as sole treatment when the area draining to the fence is less than acre per 300 ft. of sediment fence and the average slope (perpendicular to the fence) is 1:3 or flatter. Otherwise, use sediment fence in conjunction with other measures, (i.e., slopes flatter than 50%; downslope of areas prior to clearing and grubbing). Do not use in concentrated water flows.
40

Sediment Fence (continued)

Installation: Install along ground contours. Posts should be spaced a maximum of six feet apart. Turn the ends uphill. Dig a trench approximately 6 inches deep deep. The fence fabric and posts should be placed in the trench and backfilled with the soil compacted. Fences should be set at least 6 feet from toe of slopes to increase ponding volume.
41

Sediment Fence (continued)

Maintenance: Inspect weekly and after each storm event. Replace and repair as necessary. Remove accumulated sediment when it has reached 1/3 the height of the barrier. barrier
42
6-14
January 2013
43
44
45
6-15
January 2013
46

Inlet Protection (Pg 3-61)

Type 1: RD1010 Sediment Fence Type 2: RD1010 Geotextile with Aggregate Type 3: RD1010 Catch Basin Insert Type 4: RD1015 Biobag Type 5: RD1020 Masonry Aggregate Type 6: NDET425 Sod
Included in hand-outs section of manual

47

Inlet protection based on site conditions in the ODOT Erosion Control Manual
48
6-16

January 2013
Maintenance: Inspect weekly and after each storm event. Replace and repair as necessary. Remove accumulated sediment when it has reached 1/3 the height of the barrier. barrier
49
Type 1: Sediment Fence
50
Type 2: Geotextile with Aggregate
51
6-17
January 2013
52
53
Gravel bags and mesh barrier
54
6-18

January 2013
Gravel bags Weighted fiber rolls Drop inlet filter
55
Type 4: Biobag
56
57
6-19
January 2013
58
59
60
6-20

January 2013
Type 5: Masonry Aggregate
61
62
Type 6: Sod
63
6-21

Sediment Traps
(Pg 3-65)
January 2013
64

Sediment Traps
Application: A small, temporary ponding area for drainage areas less than 5 acres. Refer to detail: NDET414 Temporary Sediment Trap.
Installation:
Maintenance: Constant maintenance is essential for proper functioning. Remove sediment when it reaches 1/3 the storage capacity.
65
66
6-22
January 2013
67
68
Sediment Basins
(Pg 3-67)
69
6-23

January 2013
Sediment Basins
Application: Serves drainage areas five to ten acres and has a design life of approximately one year Refer to detail: NDET417 Temporary Sediment Basin (Type 1)
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect weekly and after each rain. All damage should be repaired at end of working day. Remove sediment when storage zone is half full.
70
71
72
6-24

January 2013
73

Sediment Removal
Catch basins no more than 6 inches of accumulation Sediment fences, barriers, check dams 1/3 the height of the control or storage depth Rock filters and filter berm material replaced when sediment reduces the effective filtering capacity by 50%
74

Sediment Disposal
Removed sediment shall be re-graded into slopes or removed and disposed of off-site in accordance with all federal, state, local laws and ordinances. Sediment-laden S water shall not be flushed f into the storm drain system or waterways of any type duration of the project.
75
6-25
INSERT TAB Erosion Control Plans

January 2013
Erosion Control Plans

The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP)

Mapping requirements are detailed under 00280.02.
7-1
January 2013
7-2
January 2013

7-3
January 2013
10
11
12
7-4
January 2013
13

Design Example A
Where would you locate the construction entrances and exits? e e would ou d you locate ocate t the e materials ate a s ya yard? d Where Where would you place the concrete waste facilities?
14
15
7-5
INSERT TAB Common BMP Mistakes

January 2013
BMPs
Specific Installation Mistakes and Maintenance Problems

Why do BMPs fail?

The most frequent cause of BMP failure is poor maintenance , some common installation mistakes can impair p However, BMP performance
Wind Erosion Control

Mistakes
Plastic, geotextile covers and soil binders must be routinely inspected and replaced if effectiveness degraded
Common BMP Mistakes
8-1
January 2013
Tracking Controls
Mistakes Short cuts around device Length of gravel and/or plates inadequate Not backed up by road sweeping (maintenance)
4
Silt Fence
Mistakes Inadequately sized Improperly installed In the wrong location Not maintained

Silt Fence
Dont use in waterways Place on contour Limit drainage area Inspect frequently Examples to trigger silt fence maintenance: height or volume of accumulation storm events
Common BMP Mistakes
8-2

Acts of Omission
January 2013
Sand Bags
Mistakes Sand-filled geotextile bags g sometimes used when burlap bags are more appropriate
Gravel-Filled Burlap Bags
Mistakes Used when sand bags are more appropriate (e.g., to block or divert flow)
Must be inspected regularly and repaired or replaced.
Common BMP Mistakes
8-3

Check Dams
January 2013
Mistakes Adequately sized pp p Appropriate spacing Low point in center of flow Maintained
10
Storm Drain Inlet Protection
Mistakes Diverting flow, rather th th than filt filtering i it Flooding Maintenance and replacement
11
Fiber Rolls
Mistakes
Not trenched in Not placed on contour Inadequately staked Inappropriate spacing
Follow manufacturers recommendations on installation, spacing and applications.
12
Common BMP Mistakes
8-4

Sediment Traps
January 2013
Mistakes Undersized and not maintained
Design for the peak, not the average.
13
Soil Roughening
Mistakes Roughening in the wrong direction can increase erosion rather than reduce it.
14
Vegetation
Mistakes Improper calculation of seed rate Improper application of soil amendments
Inspect frequently to verify vegetation is growing. Reseed if necessary. Soil analysis may be required.
15
Common BMP Mistakes
8-5

Hydraulic and Straw Mulch
Mistakes Inadequate coverage Underestimated slope area or roughness Improper application technique (i.e., evidence of shadowing with BFM application)
January 2013
Monitor short-term performance; repair through reapplication.
16
Wood/Bark Chips
Mistakes Placed on steep slopes where easily conveyed by runoff
Maintain mulch long enough to achieve erosion control objectives.
17
Erosion Control Blankets and Mats

Mistakes Not enough staples RECP stretched across soil Overlaps in wrong direction Not trenching at to top of slope
Check for erosion and undermining. Repair slope if washout or breakage occurs and reinstall material.
18
Common BMP Mistakes
8-6

Soil Stabilizers
January 2013
Mistakes Insufficient drying time before rainfall Product selection Application rate
Maintain by reapplying in high traffic areas, after storm events or after degradation period.
19

Inspection Guidelines
The performance of BMPs depends on how the measures are operated and maintained and the severity of weather conditions for the first 1-5 years following implementation BMPs should be monitored before, during and after significant rainfall events During grading and construction the owner and Contractor(s) are responsible for maintaining storm water pollution control measures.
20

Inspection Points
All disturbed areas of the site Areas for material storage Access and egress points All the erosion and sediment controls that are part of the plan must be inspected regularly
21
Common BMP Mistakes
8-7

January 2013
Inspection Points
Problem areas must be documented Repairs identified and implemented immediately Effort continues until site finally stabilized and permanent measures are in place and performing adequately
22

Site Inspections
Site inspections conducted to ascertain: All measures completed in field g controlled Erosion is being Sediment not transported off-site
23

Walkthroughs
Walkthroughs help identify critical inspection locations: All disturbed areas of the site g areas Material storage Vehicle entrance and exit points All erosion and sediment control measures
24
Common BMP Mistakes
8-8

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INSERT TAB Introduction

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Natural erosion can be beautiful

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion problems can be b accelerated l t d

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion problems can be accelerated

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Surface Water Pollution

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Impacts to neighboring property

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Results of Accelerated Erosion

Destruction of other natural resources

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

INSERT TAB Regulatory Requirements

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

ODOT Background and Policies

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Who issues permits in Oregon?

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Who is required to obtain a permit?

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Type of permits available (?)

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

How can I get a 1200-C permit ?

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

How can I get a 1200-CA permit ?

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

General Construction Permit 1200-CA Requirements

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Local NPDES Implementation

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Compliance with Regulations

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Penalties for Violators

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Penalties for Violators

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Penalties for Violators

INSERT TAB Erosion Processes & Impacts

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion Processes p and Impacts

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals

The Erosion Process Water