SYNOPSIS 1.

Name of the college:

Padmabhushan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Techonogy , Budhgaon Tal-Miraj, Dist-Sangli PIN-416410 M.E. (Civil-Structures) Mr. Thorat Ranjitsinh Sambhajirao

2. Name of the course : 3. Name of the student: (With PRN) 4. Date of registration: 5.Name of guide: (with PG Recognition no. and Date)

July 2012

Prof.M.V.Nagendra.

Date- 07/06/2012

6.Proposed Title: 7.Introduction :

Use of Bagasse ash as a supplementary cementitious material

Bagasse ash is one of an agricultural waste from sugar manufacturing. When juice is extracted from the cane sugar, the solid waste material is known as bagasse. When this waste is burned under controlled conditions, it also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. SCBA has proved to be a viable by-product for mineral admixture in cement, with its intrinsic characteristic such as high content of silica in the form of quartz. Pozzolanic materials are siliceous or aluminiumsiliceous compounds that separately possess little or no cementitious properties. However, these materials can react to the calcium hydroxide in ambient temperature to form compounds with agglomerative properties when finely ground and in The sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries and its total production is over 1500 million tons. After the extraction of all economical sugar from sugarcane, about 40-45% fibrous residue is obtained, this is reused in the sameindustry as fuel for boiler to heat generation leaving behind 8-10 % ash as wasteknown as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA).Sugarcane production in India is over 300 million tons/year leaving about 10 million tons of SCBA as un-utilized and hence At present, although there is a great attention towards environmental issues, the general trend is still to dispose used bagasse ash in landfills, sometimes utilized as a landfill cover. Several evident drawbacks y more

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transportation (sometimes landfill is no so close to the bagasse ash).Moreover, the environmental aspects and compatibility have been investigated in order to point out the perquisites for the used bagasse ash utilization. As important, new efforts are needed to develop and collect information about cement characteristics and to better identify markets for bagasse ash and sources of cement for individual end user.

8. Relevance:
The utilization of waste materials in concrete manufacture provides a satisfactory solution to some of the environmental concerns and problems associated with waste management. Agro wastes such as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, hazel nutshell and sugarcane bagasse ash are used as pozzolanic materials for the development of blended cements. Few studies have been reported on the use of bagasse ash (BA) as partial cement replacement material in respect of cement mortars. In this study, the effects of BA content as partial replacement of cement on physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete are reported. The properties of concrete investigated include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, permeability characteristics, chloride diffusion and resistance to chloride ion penetration. The test results indicate that BA is an effective mineral admixture, with 20% as optimal replacement ratio of cement

9.Literature review:
1. K. Ganesan , K. Rajagopal , K. Thangavel Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material K. Ganesan et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 29 (2007) 515524. While studying above reference paper it has been found that the authors were studied the Agro wastes such as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, hazel nutshell and sugarcane bagasse ash are used as pozzolanic materials for the development of blended cements. Few studies have been reported on the use of bagasse ash (BA) as partial cement replacement material in respect of cement mortars. In this study, the effects of BA content as partial replacement of cement on physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete are reported. The test results indicate that BA is an effective mineral admixture, with 20% as optimal replacement ratio of cement. From the present investigation, the following the author/s concluded, Up to 20% of ordinary Portland cement can be optimally replaced with well-burnt bagasse ash without any adverse effect on the desirable properties of concrete. The specific advantages of such replacement are: (i) Development of high early strength. (ii) A reduction in water permeability and (iii) Appreciable resistance to chloride permeation and diffusion. 2. R. Srinivasan, K. Sathiya, International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 60-66, Fall 2010 ISSN 1555-9033. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete. Fresh concrete tests like compaction factor test and slump cone test were undertaken was well as hardened concrete tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity at the age of seven and 28 days was obtained. The result shows that the strength of concrete increased as percentage of bagasse ash replacement increased. The results show that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the concrete without SCBA. It
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is found that the cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 10%. Although, the optimal level of SCBA content was achieved with 1.0% replacement. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases workability of fresh concrete; therefore use of super plasticizer is not substantial. The density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content, low weight concrete produced in the society with waste materials (SCBA). 3. S. Suvimol, C. Daungruedee Bagasse ash: effect of pozzolanic activity and application in cement use aspect A.08 The 3rd ACF International Conference-ACF/VCA 2008 165. The above reference paper includes the potentials of cementations material of grinding bagasse ash. Ashes from two different sources were first studied for chemical composition and basic performance. Then, the ash from the major source was investigated in detail. The ground ash with percentages retained on sieve no. 325 in the range of 3-28, were used as cement replacement in the range of 20- 40%. Increasing particle fineness to some levels significantly affected flow ability, setting time and strength development. The coarsest yielded pozzolanic reactivity of about 84-87% while of the fine ash ranged between 99-108%. For low cost material, there was a potential of cement replacement between 30 %and 40%. 4. Sorana D. Bolboac 1,* and Lorentz Jntschi 2 Design of Experiments: Useful Orthogonal Arrays for Number of Experiments From the study of above reference paper, it gives the information for the design of an experiment is proposed in order to find as many schemes as possible with the maximum number of factors with different levels for the smallest number of experimental runs. An algorithm was developed and homemade software was implemented. The abilities in generation of the largest groups of orthogonal arrays were analysed for experimental runs of 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, and 16. The results show that the proposed method permits the construction of the largest groups of orthogonal arrays with the maximum number of factors. Manufacturing process optimizations are powerful methods that provide simulation scenarios that yield the desired outcome [1]. The optimization techniques could contain metaheuristic procedures and/or classical optimization methods [1,2] that involve setting a series of parameters in order to obtain: Maximum return on budgets Most effective configuration of machines Most effective allocation of raw materials Optimal workforce allocations to minimize labour and total time Although the design of experiments concept was introduced by Fisher in the early 1920s, the most research on this topic was carried out in the academic environment. One year later, Fisher demonstrated the usefulness of his concept in agricultural experiments; he analyzed the optimum water, rain, sunshine, fertilizer, and soil conditions needed to produce the best crop. Taguchi went further with the design of experiment concept by introducing his approach in 1986. According to the nature of the problem, the Taguchi approach divides optimization problems in two categories, using a log function of desired output as objective functions for optimization (called Signal-to-Noise ratios): Static problems (there are several control factors that directly decide the desired value of the output): Smaller-the-Better approach is used when: 1. The ideal value for all undesirable characteristics is zero 2. The ideal value is finite and its maximum or minimum value is defined Larger-the-Better
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 Nominal-the-Best approach is used when a specified value is most desired and neither a smaller nor a larger value is desirable. Dynamic problems (there is a signal input that directly decides the output): Sensitivity of the slope: the slope should be at the specified value (usually 1) when the Output is: 1. An undesired characteristic (it can be treated as Smaller-the-Better) 2. A desirable characteristic (it can be treated as Larger-the-Better) 5. Noor-ul Amin Use of Bagasse Ash in Concrete and Its Impaction the Strength and Chloride Resistivity Journal of Materials In Civil Engineering ASCE / May 2011/720. From the study of above reference paper it seems that, as cement replacement in concrete, which provides a satisfactory solution to environmental concerns associated with waste management. The impact of bagasse ash content as a partial replacement of cement has been investigated on physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength. From the present investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn. Up to 20% of highstrength Portland cement can be optimally replaced with well-burnt bagasse ash without any adverse effect on the desirable properties of concrete. 6. Nuntachai Chusilpl,Napongsatorn Likhitsripaiboon and Chai Jaturapitakkul. Development of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete J. Energy Env. 2009, 10(03), 149-159. This research paper gives the potential of bagasse ash for development as pozzolanic materials in concrete. The ash is a by-product from the combustion of bagasse as a fuel in thermal power plants and ash was obtained from three sources in Thailand. The bagasse ashes were ground until the particles retained on a No. 325 sieve were less than 5% and between 25-30% by weight. Setting time of pastes and compressive strength of mortars containing bagasse ash from 10 to 40% by weight of binder were investigated The results showed that the compressive strengths of original bagasse ash mortars with 20% replacement at 28 days were lower than 75% of that of the control mortar. This suggested that the original bagasse ashes were not suitable to be used as pozzolanic materials. However, the ground bagasse ashes with particles retained on a sieve No. 325 of 25-30% and used at 20% cement replacement gave compressive strengths of 80-100% of cement mortar at 28 days. When the ground bagasse ashes with high fineness were used at the same percentage of replacement, the compressive strengths were 98-103% of cement mortar at 28 days. From the results, it can be concluded that the fineness and percentage replacement of bagasse ash is more pronounced on the compressive strengths of bagasse ash mortars, rather than the chemical composition 7 .K. J. Osinubi, M.ASCE; and G. Moses
Laboratory tests were conducted on foundry waste sand treated with up to 8% bagasse ash (a pozzolana) by dry weight of soil to assess its suitability for use in a waste containment application. Specimens were prepared at molding water contents - 2, 0, +2 and +4% of the optimum moisture content using British Standard light, BSL (standard Proctor) compactive effort. Index properties, hydraulic conductivity (k), volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out. Results obtained showed no significant change in index properties. However, hydraulic conductivity values recorded for 2 and 4% bagasse ash treatment met the regulatory 1 x 109m/s requirement. Specimens treated with a minimum of 4% bagasse ash met the minimum UCS value of 200 Page 4 of 8

kN/m2 requirement. VSS values recorded met the regulatory requirement of less than 4% for specimens treated with a minimum 2% bagasse ash content. The overall acceptable zone for bagasse ash treated foundry sand for use in waste containment application was achieved with 4% bagasse ash content. However, the molding water range 11.2 12.6%. is too narrow for practical purpose. It is recommended that the activity of bentonite in foundry sand be recovered

8. Jianhui Li1; Aiqun Li2; and Maria Q. Feng, F.ASCE3

This paper presents a sensitivity and reliability analysis of a self-anchored suspension bridge by applying a new hybrid method proposed by the authors based on integration of the Latin hypercube sampling technique (LHS), artificial neural network (ANN), first-order reliability method (FORM), Pearsons linear correlation coefficient (PLCC), and Monte Carlo simulation with important sampling technique (MCSIS). The framework consists of three stages of analysis: (1) selection of training, validation, and test datasets for establishing an ANN model by the LHS technique; (2) formulation of a performance function from the well-trained ANN model; and (3) sensitivity analysis using PLCC, identification of the most probabilistic failure point based on FORM, and estimation of the failure probability using the MCS-IS technique. Upon demonstration of its efficiency through analysis of a 12-story frame structure, the method is applied to sensitivity and reliability analysis of the Jiangxinzhou Bridge, a five-span selfanchored suspension bridge, in which both structural parameters and external loads are considered as random variables. The analysis identified a number of structural parameters, as well as external loads, that have a significant influence on structural serviceability and safety.

9. M.R. Karim, M.F.M. Zain, M. Jamil, F.C. Lai and M.N. Islam 1 : Due to the pozzolanic reactivity, rice husk ash (RHA) is used as supplementary cementing material in mortar and concrete and has demonstrated significant influence in improving the mechanical and durability properties of mortar and concrete. It has economical and technical advantages to use in concrete. In this paper, a critical review on the influences of RHA on the strength of mortar and concrete are mainly presented. In addition, properties and pozzolanic activity of RHA, advantages and disadvantages of supplementary use of RHA in mortar/concrete are mentioned here. Based on the available documented literature, it can be concluded that RHA could be used as supplementary cementing material up to a certain level of replacement (about 20-30% of binder) without sacrificing strength of concrete. Proper consumption of these RHA contributes in solving environmental pollution and production of cost-effective concrete; it can also play a vital role for the production of sustainable concrete. Nima Farzadnia1*, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali1 and Ramazan Demirboga 1, 2 Concrete is a widely used construction material around the world, and its properties have been undergoing changes through technological advancement. Numerous types of concrete have been developed to enhance the different properties of concrete. So far, this development can be divided into four stages. The earliest is the traditional normal strength concrete which is composed of only four constituent materials, which are cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates. With a fast population growth and a higher demand for housing and infrastructure, accompanied by recent developments in civil engineering, such as high-rise buildings and long-span bridges, higher compressive strength concrete was needed. At the beginning, reducing the water-cement ratio was the easiest way to achieve the high compressive strength. Thereafter, the fifth ingredient, a water reducing
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agent or super plasticizer, was indispensable. However, sometimes the compressive strength was not as important as some other properties, such as low permeability, durability and workability. Thus, high performance concrete was proposed and widely studied at the end of the last century. Currently, high-performance concrete is used in massive volumes due to its technical and economic advantages. Such materials are characterized by improved mechanical and durability properties resulting from the use of chemical and mineral admixtures as well as specialized production processes. This paper reviews the incorporation of mineral admixtures in binary, ternary and quaternary blended mortars in concrete.

10.Ram Sai, Amir Juma, D.V.A.K. Prakash, Shahbaz Haider, S.Kanakambara Rao Self-compacting concrete, also referred to as self-consolidating concrete, is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight and is de-aerated almost completely while flowing in the formwork. It is cohesive enough to fill the spaces of almost any size and shape without segregation or bleeding. This makes SCC particularly useful wherever placing is difficult, such as in heavily-reinforced concrete members or in complicated work forms. The objectives of this research were to make a synergic effect of Rice husk Ash (RHA) and Sugar cane bagasse ash(SCBA) incorporated in self compaction concrete in order to increase in strength and a better bonding between aggregate and cement paste, . The mix design used for making the concrete specimens was based on previous research work from literature. The water cement ratios varied from 0.3 to 0.75 while the rest of the components were kept the same, except the chemical admixtures, which were adjusted for obtaining the self-compactability of the concrete. All SCC mixtures exhibited greater vaules in compressive strength after being tested, the compressive strength was around 40% greater. In addition, the SCC had a good rheological properties as per the requirements from European standards from economical point of view the pozzolanic replacements were cheap and sustainable. In the experiments cement was replaced with 0%, 2.5%, 5% of both blended mixture of rice husk ash and sugar cane bagasse ash. This was possible due to the use of mineral and chemical admixtures, which usually improve the bonding between aggregate and cement paste, thus increasing the strength of concrete.

10. Proposed Work:

a. Scope/Objectives: The main focus of this project is on beneficial utilization of bagasse ash in concrete as partial replacement for cement. The method selected for beneficial reuse is based on consideration of amount of bagasse ash generated, local availability, cost benefit, testing
requirement and the logistics of moving this bagasse ash to the end user. In this project an attempt has been made to carry out experimental study to find the effect of partial replacement of bagasse ash in various percentages on the freshconcrete properties and compressive strength. 1. Use of bagasse ash in concrete, apart from energy saving and reducing environmental pollution and also safely disposal of industrial wastes. 2. Use of bagasse ash in concrete, found to be raw material which replaced by cement and its decreased emission of CO2 from the cement, also reduces the cost of production. 3. Using the sugar industry wastes in useful manner. 4. Minimize the maximum degradation in environment due to cement and safeguard the Ozone layer from green-house gases. Page 6 of 8

b. Methodology: An attempt was made to find the optimum suitable percentage content of BA as a partial replacement material against the cement and compare its compressive strength to identify the effective use of BA without affecting the desired grade of concrete.An extensive literature research was done and tests were conducted on by-product samples to determine their physical properties to evaluate the possible uses. Total five mixes containing 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% of cement as partial replacement of bagasse ash was used for testing and following tests were carried out1. Consistency and setting time of blended cement- Water consistency of BA blended cements was determined in accordance with IS 4031 (Part 4)-1995. Then the pastes having normal consistency were used to determine the initial setting time and final setting time in accordance with IS 4031 (Part 5)-1995. 2. Workability- Is that property of freshly mixed concrete which determine is an homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. The concrete said to be workable, if it has mix ability, stability, flow ability, compatibly and finish ability. The measurement of workability for fresh concrete was carried out by slump cone test, to find the effect of partial replacement of bagasse ash in various percentages on the concrete properties. 3. Axial compressive strength test- Axial compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete. The compression test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical shape. The cube specimen is of the size 15 X 15 X 15 cm. Hence in order to compare the compressive strength of sample block with that of standard concrete block of 100% natural resources. 4. Splitting tensile strength - Compressive strength of BA blended cement concrete cubes was determined after 7, 14, and 28 days moist curing as per IS 9013-1997. Splitting tensile strength test was conducted on BA blended concrete cylinders after 28 days of moist curing as per IS 5816-1999 c. Facilities Available Requirements: Department and central library Online journal Loading Frame U.T.M d. Expected date of completion: July 2014

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e. References: Research papers: [1] Bagasse ash: effect of pozzolanic activity and application in cement use aspect S. Suvimol, C. Daungruedee. A.08 The 3rd ACF International Conference-ACF/VCA 2008 165. [2] Design of Experiments: Useful Orthogonal Arrays for Number of Experiments Sorana D. Bolboac 1,* and Lorentz Jntschi 2. [3] Development of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete Nuntachai Chusilpl,Napongsatorn Likhitsripaiboon and Chai Jaturapitakkul. J. Energy Env. 2009, 10(03), 149-159 [4] Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material K. Ganesan, K. Rajagopal, K. Thangavel. Science directs Cement & Concrete Composites 29 (2007) 515524. [5] International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering R. Srinivasan, K. Sathiya. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 60-66, Fall 2010 ISSN 1555-9033. [6] Use of Bagasse Ash in Concrete and Its Impaction the Strength and Chloride Resistivity Noor-ul Amin. Journal of Materials In Civil Engineering ASCE / May 2011/720. Books: [1] Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetti. (S. chand publication) [2] Research methodology by C.R.Kothari. Search Engines: [1] www.wikipedia.com [2] www.google.com

Student (Mr. R. S. Thorat)

Guide (Prof.M.V.Nagendra.)

P G Co-ordinator (Prof. Dr. Shinde D. N.)

Principal PVPIT Budhgaon

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