Anda di halaman 1dari 7

Physiology 31 Lecture Chapter 16 Blood I. Overview A. Functions & Properties of Blood B. Plasma & Cellular Elements of Blood 1.

. Red Blood Cells 2. White Blood Cells 3. Platelets . Blood Cell Production !. Blood Disorders ". Platelets & Coagulation II. Functions & Properties of Blood A. #ra$sportatio$

1. 2. 3. ,.

%espiratory & RBCs pick up ''''''' from the lungs and take it to tissue cells for aerobic respiration. '''''' from cellular respiration is carried in blood back to lungs for elimination. (utritive & blood carries digested _______ molecules through the li er to the bod!"s cells. )*cretio$ & metabolic '''''''+ e#cess $ater & ions are filtered through kidne! capillaries into tubules and e#creted in urine. %egulatory

a. -. c. B. 1. 2. 3. ,.

Blood carries ''''''''' from endocrine glands to target tissues. Blood '''' is maintained ia a buffering s!stem in blood. Body '''''''''''''' is regulated ia blood"s high $ater content. Protectio$

''''''''''' platelet factors initiate clotting and minimi%e blood loss '''''''''''' & blood pla!s se eral roles ''''''''''''' and other plasma proteins neutrali%e or destro! pathogens '''''''''''''' & leukoc!tes 'WBCs( destro! microorganisms and cancer cells

III. Plas.a / Cellular )le.e$ts o0 Blood A. '''''''''''''' is the stud! of blood) blood forming tissues) and their patholog!. B. #otal blood olume in the bod! is bet$een ___*__ + C. Blood consists of, 1. ''''''''' * the $ater! portion of blood '--. of $hole blood(

2.

or.ed )le.e$ts '/-. of blood( include erythrocytes '_____s() leu1ocytes '_____s() and platelets 'thromboc!tes( suspended in the plasma

= 2. 0ormal blood parameters include 1. Blood is $arm at 12C '_____F( 2. Blood has a p" range of ____*_____ 3. 3ali$ity 'mainl! 0aCl( is about ____. ,. Os.olarity 'total molarit! of dissol ed particles( of blood is about _____ m3sm4+ a. 3smolarit! regulates the e#change of __________ and ______ across capillar! $alls to and from surrounding tissues -. 5f blood osmolarit! is too high '______tonic() too much fluid enters the blood essels) resulting in ______ BP c. 5f blood osmolarit! is too lo$ '______tonic() too much fluid remains in the tissues) resulting in edema and _____ BP 4. '''''''''''''' 'resistance of flo$ due to cohesion bet$een a fluid"s particles( of blood is /.-*-.- times the iscosit! of $ater a. 6iscosit! of blood is due to RBCs and plasma ___________ -. RBC or protein ___________ causes blood to flo$ too rapidl! c. __________ RBC or protein content causes slo$ blood flo$ d. Either problem can lead to serious ______________ problems e. 5washior1or s!ndrome is a condition in children $ho ha e se ere dietar! _____________ deficiencies7 s!mptoms are thin arms and legs and a distended abdomen 2. Blood '''''' & $ater! portion of blood) composes --. of blood7 consists of about 89. ______ and :9. solutes. _______ include, 1. Plas.a '''''''''' & 2. of solutes7 1 ma;or t!pes produced b! the ________ are, ''''''''''' '<9.6 & small protein that makes blood iscous to maintain blood ___________) flo$) and fluid balance -. ''''''''''' '1<.( proteins include glo-uli$) glo-uli$ 'transport lipids() and ga..a glo-uli$ 'build antibodies( c. ''''''''' '/.( * a protein precursor for fibrin) essential for blood clotting. ''''''''' is plasma $ithout clotting factors( 2. ''''''''''''''' 7immunoglobulins( * proteins produced b! plasma cells deri ed from B l!mphoc!tes) function in immunit! 3. 0onprotein $itroge$ous substances) such as amino acids and nitrogenous $astes 'e.g.) urea() the breakdo$n products of __________ ,. (utrie$ts & _______) amino acids) lipids) itamins and minerals 4. ''''''''' o#!gen and C3= 6. )lectrolytes & ions such as ____) Cl*) >?) @?) Ca=? and @C31* 8. 3ther plasma solutes include en%!mes and _____________. I9. ''''''''''' 'RBCs( compose __. of all formed elements in blood A. A .ature RBC is a biconca e disc) 2*A m $ide) that lacks a __________ and most organelles 'thus is not able to di ide( B. Bdults ha e about - _____________ RBCs per cc of blood C. RBCs regenerate from red bone _________ at rate of = mil.4sec.

a.

1 2. Contain "e.oglo-i$ '___( * composed of '''''' protein) usuall! consisting of =*alpha & =*beta pol!peptide chains) and / ''''' 'red pigment( groups) each of $hich contains an ______ ion 1. "- can combine $ith o#!gen '''''he.oglo-i$6 and transport it to cells ia the blood stream) or $ith 2. C3= '''''''''''he.oglo-i$6 for transport a$a! from cells. 3. Clucose binds to hemoglobin) forming '''''''he.oglo-i$ '@bB:C(. Bn assa! of @bB:C can determine a diabetic"s a erage blood _______ le el o er the past =*1 months to assess treatment. ). RBCs also contain '''''''''' a$hydrase 'CB@( en%!me that catal!%es the reaction, C3= ? @=3 @=C31 . RBCs li e about ____ da!s) then are rec!cled in the li er & spleen !. Worn out RBC components are ___________ b! macrophages, 1. Bmino acids from ________ are used to make ne$ proteins 2. 5ron from heme is transported in blood b! ''''''''''' protein 3. 5ron attaches to '''''''' protein & is stored in li er & muscles ,. ______ is picked up b! RBC precursors in red bone marro$. 4. "e.e is con erted to ''''''''''') $hich is secreted in ''''' b! the li er and kidne!s7 gi es color to urine and feces. a. B high le el of bilirubin in the blood causes ''''''''''''' '!ello$ish skin and sclera() $hich indicates li er disease or bile duct blockage -. 0e$borns sometimes e#hibit ;aundice due to increased _________ during the rapid con ersion of fetal @b to adult @b 9. ''''''''''''' 'WBCs( compose about __. of the formed elements A. WBCs are ____________) do not contain hemoglobin) li e from hours to !ears) and function in ____________ B. 0ormal blood contains about -*:9 ___________ WBCs4cc of blood C. WBCs are __________ according to their stained appearance 1. '''''''''phils * ha e isible granules in their c!toplasm a. ''''''''''''' '<9.( * ha e pale lilac granules) 1*- lobed nucleus7 are ''''''''''''') destro! bacteria $ith l!so%!me & defensins. Dometimes called poly.orpho$uclear leu1ocytes 'PE0s( due to ariabl! shaped nuclei -. '''''''''phils ':.( * stain dark blue) has D*shaped nucleus7 similar to '''''' cells that release ''''''''''' 'a asodilator( and ''''''''''' 'an anticoagulant( in allergic & parasitic reactions) intensifies inflammator! response. c. ''''''''phils '1.( * stain pink7 = nuclear lobes7 destro! ___________) and counteract effects of histamine 2. ''''''''''''''''' * ha e no isible c!toplasmic granules. a. '''''''''''''' '19.( * nucleus takes up most of cell7 mediate immune responses in blood and l!mphoid tissues. F!pes are, :( ''' cells & responsible for __________ immunit!, de elop into memor! cells and plasma cells that secrete '''''''''' against foreign antigens 'esp. bacterial( =( ''' cells & responsible for _____*mediated immunit!, attack fungi) transplanted cells) and cancer cells 1( Cytoto*ic 7'''''''''6 # cells destro! tumor cells & irus infected cells

/ -. ''''''''''' '<.( * largest WBC7 nucleus is kidne!*horseshoe shaped7 migrate out of capillaries and become ''''''''''''' that phagoc!ti%e pathogens) then present their antigens for l!mphoc!te response 'Remember Guantities b!, (e er Let :onke!s )at Bananas( 9I. '''''''''' 'thromboc!tes( * megakar!oc!te fragments that contain man! granules but no nuclei. Functions, A. 5nitiate blood _________ B. Decrete ___________) $hich stimulates blood essel constriction C. +ife span is -*8 ______ 9II. ''''''''''''''''''' & Formation of Blood Cells A. Blood cells are first produced in the !olk sac of the _______) then in the bone marro$) li er) spleen) and th!mus in the ________ B. From infanc! on$ard) most formed elements are produced in the red bone ______7 l!mphoc!tes are also formed in l!mphoid tissues C. Blood cells are formed from he.opoietic ''''''' cells 'hemoc!toblasts() $hich gi e rise to - different -blast cells 'nucleated precursor cells(, 1. Proerythro-lasts * become mature '''''''''cytes 'RBCs(.

2. 3. ,. 4.

:yelo-lasts * become mature $eutrophils) eosi$ophils) and -asophils '__________ WBCs(. :o$o-lasts * become mature '''''cytes 'agranular WBCs() $hich become phagoc!tic '''''''phages. Ly.pho-lasts * become mature ''''''''cytes 'agranular WBC B & F l!mphoc!tes) c!toto#ic killer cells(. :ega1aryo-lasts & fragment to become mature ''''''''' 'thromboc!tes(.

2. "e.atopoeitic ''''''''' 0actors stimulate differentiation & proliferation of the different blood cells. 1. )rythropoieti$ '____( * hormone produced b! _________ in response to h!po#ia 'lo$ 3=() increases pro__________blasts. 2. ''''''''''' & small gl!coproteins produced b! bone marro$ cells) l!mphoc!tes) macrophages) and fibroblasts7 include '''''''' 3ti.ulati$g actor & I$ter'''''''' that stimulate WBC formation. 3. #hro.-opoeiti$ a hormone produced b! the _________ and stimulates formation of ___________. ). %ed Bo$e ''''''''''' 'm!eloid tissue( * produces RBCs) leukoc!tes) and platelets. . Ly.phoid tissue & also produce ______________ leukoc!tes. 9III. Blood #ypes A. Fhe _____ Croup includes blood t!pes B) B) BB) and 3) and is determined b! the presence or absence of B and B __________ on RBCs 'the antigens are gl!coproteins and gl!colipids( 1. #ype A has the ___ antigen on the RBC

2. #ype B has the ___ antigen on the RBC 3. #ype AB has both ___ and ___ antigens ,. #ype O has neither ___ nor ___ antigens B. People must recei e transfusions of similar blood t!pe because the! ha e '''''''''''' 'gamma globulins( against certain RBC antigens) $hich $ill cause ____________ 'clumping of the blood( 1. #ype A blood has antibodies 'anti*__( against t!pe B antigen 2. #ype B blood has antibodies 'anti*__( against t!pe B antigen 3. #ype AB blood does not ha e __ or __ antibodies ,. #ype O has both ___ and ___ antibodies 'anti*B & anti*B( 4. >no$ing the abo e facts) $hich blood t!pe $ould be the Huni ersal donorI t!peJ _______ Which $ould be the Huni ersal recipientJI ______ C. '''' !roup is determined b! the presence or absence of Rh ___________ 'D( on the RBC of different blood t!pes 1. '''' has the D antigen and no anti*D antibodies 2. '''' does not ha e the D antigen) but can de elop anti*D antibodies if e#posed to ____ blood 3. 5f an ____ mother carries a second ____ fetus) her antibodies can cross the placenta and agglutinate the fetal blood) causing erythro-lastosis '''''''. ________ is gi en to pre ent this I;. Blood 2isorders A. ______ disorders '''''''''''' * skin is pale due to a deficienc! of RBCs or hemoglobin7 causes include a. 5nadeGuate er!thropoiesis or hemoglobin s!nthesis) due to deficient _____) it. _____) or i$tri$sic 0actor needed to absorb B:= -. "e..orrhagic a$e.ia due to blood ______ c. '''''''''''' a$e.ia due to e#cess destruction of RBCs 2. ''''''''''''' & e#cess RBCs in the blood7 ma! be caused b! cancer of bone marro$7 treated b! remo ing some blood 3. ''''''''' cell disease & inherited condition in $hich abnormal hemoglobin cr!stali%es) causing RBCs to become __________ shaped and agglutinate7 ne$ treatments allo$ patients to sur i e B. '''''''''''' * cancer of leukoc!te forming cells in bone marro$ causes high WBC count) cancer cells cro$d out normal ____ cells in marro$7 leukemia patients suffer from anemia) infections) & internal hemorrhaging7 treatment includes bone _______ transplant C. #hro.-ocytope$ia * lo$ number of __________ in blood7 results in diminished ______ formation & increased internal bleeding

1.

<

2.

Blood cell '''''''' are used to determine the percentage of formed elements in the blood and disease 1. "e.atocrit 7'''6 is measurement of RBC. in $hole blood7 12*-=. is normal7 less K _______) greater K ____________ 2. B ''''''''''' <BC Cou$t counts the number of each WBC t!pe to diagnose disease a. '''''''phils * normal is -9*<9.7 higher indicates _______ infection) burns) stress) or inflammation. -. '''''''phils * normal is :*/.7 higher indicates allergic reactions) ___________ infections) autoimmune disease) or adrenal insufficienc!. c. '''''''phils & normal is L:.7 higher indicates _________ reactions) leukemia) cancers) or h!poth!roidism. d. ''''''''''cytes & normal is =9*19.7 higher indicates iral infection) immune disease) or ____________. e. '''''''cytes & normal is =*A.7 higher indicates ________ 'e.g., Epstein*Barr irus( or fungal infection) tuberculosis) leukemia or some chronic disease. 0. Bo$e ''''''''' #ra$spla$t is used to treat se eral t!pes of anemia) leukemia) and other blood disorders. 3. Co.plete Blood Cou$t 7''''6 used to determine RBC count) hemoglobin) hematocrit) WBC count) differential WBC count) and platelet count.

X. Platelets and Coagulation A. ''''''''' are small fragments of megakar!oc!tes that contribute to __________ 'the cessation of bleeding(. Fheir functions include 1. Decretion of procoagula$ts '_________ factors( and aso___________ 2. Formation of platelet ''''''' to stop bleeding 3. Dissolution of old blood _______ ,. ________________ of bacteria 4. Chemical secretion to attract neutrophils and ____________ to areas of inflammation 6. !rowth 0actor secretion to stimulate mitosis in _____blasts and smooth _________ to maintain linings of blood essels B. Platelets pla! a role in all 1 ___________ mechanisms & ascular spasm) platelet plug formation) and blood clotting 'coagulation( 1. 9ascular spas. & ___________ released b! platelets constricts smooth muscle of broken blood essels) $hich reduces bleeding 2. Platelet ''''''' 0or.atio$ & platelets adhere to e#posed __________ fibers in the torn blood essel $all) $hich temporaril! seals the break 3. '''''''''''' and blood essel repair occurs as a mass of stick! ''''''''' proteins forms ia a cascade of protein 0actors '5*M55( and other en%!mes produced mainl! in the _______) as $ell as platelet 0actors 'PF:*/( produced b! __________

2 a. '''''''''''''' mechanisms begin outside the blood stream. Damaged blood essel cells release tissue thro.-o'''''''' 'factor 555() $hich leads to acti ation of 0actor ''' 'a procoagulant( -. '''''''''''' mechanisms emplo! factors in the blood plasma and platelets7 e#posed collagen acti ates 0actor '''' '@ageman factor() $hich also leads to acti ation of 0actor ''. _________ is reGuired in both path$a!s. c. Bcti ation of 0actor ; leads to the formation of '''''''''''+ from prothro.-i$. d. Fhrombin cuts plasma 0i-ri$oge$ into ''''''''''+ $hich pol!meri%es to form the clot e. Platelet&derived ''''''' 0actor 'PDCF( stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells to _______ damaged blood essel and surrounding connecti e tissues 0. Fissue repair is follo$ed b! 0i-ri$olysis) in $hich the blood clot is dissol ed b! '''''''') an en%!me created from plasminogen b! thrombin and tissue plas.i$oge$ activator '____( :( t&PA is used clinicall! to dissol e blood _____ formed during strokes and heart attacks C. 5nappropriate _____________ is pre ented b! 1. Platelet repulsion b! ____________ on blood essel endothelium 2. Dilution of small amounts of _________ that form spontaneousl! 3. Bnticoagulants) such as _________ secreted b! basophils and mast cells 2. Coagulatio$ disorders 1. '''''''''''' & inherited inabilit! of blood to clot due to lack of factor 6555 'hemophilia __() factor 5M 'hemophilia __() or factor M55 'hemophilia __(. Duffers are treated $ith _________ factors 2. '''''''''' & abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken essel. a. B '''''''''''' 'clot( ma! block a blood essel) or break off and tra el through the blood stream as an -. '''''''''''''') $hich can block blood flo$ to a ital organ 'e.g.) pulmonar! embolism(

Anda mungkin juga menyukai