Exercises 4.

2 Reduction of Order
and y" + 9y = (sin 3x)un + 6(cos 3z)v! = 0 or u" + 6(cot 3x)u' = 0.

If w = u' we obtain the linear first-order equation w1+ 6(cot 3x)w ~ 0 which has the integrati:.. factor e(i J cot'ixdx = sin2 3x. Now -^-[(sin2 3x)w] 0 gives (sin2 3.t)m -! = c.

Therefore w = v! = ecsc2 3.x and u = c \cot 3.x. A second solution is y-2 = cot 3x sin 3a: = cos 3x. 5. Define y = u(x) cosh x so y' = u sinh x + u' cosh x, and y" y = (cosh x)u" + 2(sinli x)u' = 0 or un + 2(tanh.r)u/ 0. y" = u" cosh x + 2u' sinh x u cosh x

If w = v! we obtain the linear first-order equation w' + 2(tanh x)w = 0 which has the integrati:.factor e2f T anhxdx = cosh2 x. Now L J L J b
6 . Define y = u(x)e0X so

[(cosh2 x)w \- 0

gives

(cosh2 x)w c.

Therefore w = =u - csech2 x and u = c tanh x. A second solution is t/2 tanh a; cosh x = sinh x.

y1 5e5xu + e5xuf, and

y" = e5xu" + 10e?xul + 25eaxu

y" - 25y = (?x{u" + 10u') = 0 or

e io f d x = e i 0 x_ N o w

u" + 10u' = 0 .

If w = v! we obtain the linear first-order equation w1+ 10; = 0 which has the integrating fac: 4~ [e10;rU] = 0 gives e10xw = c. dx Therefore w = uf = a?-10* and u = cie-10x. A second solution is y2 e- ^ x(^ x ( ~ox, 7. Define y = u(x)e2x^ so y -e2x/3u e2x''^ur. O and 9y" - Yly + Ay = 9e2:c/V = 0. y" = + ^-e2xi'A ii' 1 - |e2x'/3u O i/

Therefore u" = 0 and u = cyx + c 2 - Taking c \ = 1 and C 2 = 0 we see that a second solution ij2 = xc2*'1 ^.
8 . Define y ~-u(x)ex^ so

y ^ex^ u + ex^ u ' < y" =

+ ^ex^'iul + ^e:S /,5 w

144

Exercises 4.2 Reduc"'..::

'1

Qy" + y' y ex/'i (6u/ >+ 01/) = 0

or

u" + -v* = 0.

x = uf we obtain the linear first-order equation it/ + tt! = 0 which has the integrating factor . r 1 I dx = e'W <>, Now 4-[e5x/6w ] = Q gives dx .iTiitifying P(x) = I jx we have e ^ w = c.

Therefore w = ur = ce-5x/6 and u = cie_5;j:/K. A second solution is 2 /2 = e_ox/6ex/3 e_x/2.

4 f e-^-y^ J 4 fl , 4l , , = x - dx = x In | x | . 2 /2 = x J --- ~8---

second solution is y2 = x4 In | x | . " -.-ntifying P(x) = 2/x we have j--- dx = x j x 2 /2 = ar j --- A second solution is y2 = x-3. I ntifying P(x) = 1/x wc have
o r e~ o f r

1 dx -x

w
A second solution is y2 = 1. ! Gratifying P(x) = 0 we have

* = lnx/

= ^ ( " i ^ ) = _1-

/
A second solution is y2 = xl,!' 2. Identifying P(x) = 1/x we have

- f O dx

dx x 1 ,/2 lnx ) = - x !/2. xtlnx )"5 V In x j

r e- J - dx. /x r x y2 = x sin(lnx) / , 2 -dx = xsin(lnx) / , 2 -dx x2 snr(lnx) x2 sm (In x)

= xsin(lnx) [ (hix) ^ J x A sccond solution is y2 = x cos (lnx). : :entifying P(x) = 3/x we have

[_ cot(lnx)] = xcos(lnx).

g - J - 3 dx/x

,^3

i-7 7 7 : - dx x2 cos(lnx) / '7 T 7 , r dx x'1cosJ(lnx) J x4 cos2(lnx) N

0 ,, . /sec2(lnx) , 9 /, \ /, \ 0 . = x cos(lnx) I --- ---- dx = x cos(lnx) tan(ln x) = x sm(ln x).

145

Exercises 4.2 Reduction of Order

A second solution is ij2 = x 2 sin (In a;). 15. Identifying P(x) - 2(1 + x ) j
1)2

(l -

2a; - x2) we have

= {X

1)

j - -------------, (x
1 2a

e - / ' 2(1-H r) d x / { l 2 x x 2 )
--------------+ 1 )2

d x = (X +

1)

(} n { \ - 2 X- . r 2)
-------

(a: + 1)>

dx

= (. + i) /

x2
1

dx = (x + 1) J

( * + l )2
2
X
+ 1

{x + iy

- 1 dx

(x + 1)

. x

= -2 - r- - x.

A second solution is 1 /2 = x2 + x + 2.

16.

Identifying P(x) 2x j ( l x2} we have

y2 =

e~

f -2xdx/(i-a?)dx

je - H '- ^ d x = j

^ 2 dx

In

1 + X 1 X

A second solution is y2 = ln|(l + x )/(l x )\ .

17.

Define y = u{x)e~ 2x so y' - -2ue_2x + u'e~'2x, and y" - 4y = e~2xu" - 4e 2 :V = 0 or u" - 4v! = 0. y" = i"e~2x - 4u'e~'2x + 4ue~2x

If w = it! wo obtain the linear first-order equation w' 4w = 0 which has the integrating e~4f dx = e~4x. Now -~[e~4xw ] = 0 gives e~4xw = e. dx Therefore w v! ce4x and u cieix. A second solution is y2 e~2xe4x = e2x. We observation that a particular solution is yp 1/2. The general solution is y = cl e
2x ,

2r 1 + c2e

18.

Define y = u(x) so y' = u', y" = v" and y" + tj = u" + u = 1.

If w = u' we obtain the linear first-order equation w' + w = 1 which has the integrating

d_ [ex w] = e x g iv e s ex w = e x + c. dx Therefore w = u' = 1 + ce x and u = x + e .\ e x + r;2 . The general solution is y = u = x + c\ e~ x + c2.

eJ dx = ex. Now

146

Exercises 4.2 Reduction of Order

Define y = .(a:)eT so y = u,(f -i-iiex. and y" = u"ex + 2u'ex + uex

y" - 3y' + 2y = exu" - exu = 5e3*

If ; = u' we obtain the linear first-order equation w1 w = 5e2 ;r which has the integrating factor r~J dx = e~x. Now dx = oex gives e~xw ~ 5e'1 + ci.

Therefore w u' 5e2x + C ]_e x and u = |e2 a : + cie,T-r C 2- The general solution is y = uex = ^e3x + cie2 u :i-c2ex.
z

Define y = u(x)ex so
y>

= uer + u'ex,

y" = u"e* + 2u'ex + ue*

r.l'A y" 4y1+ 3y = e1 :u" exu' = x. I: u: = v! we obtain the linear first-order equation wf 2w ~ xe~x which has the integrating factor
J2,lx = e -

2x_

Nqw

- ~ ie

ax L

d r _0,. w , =

ice

_ <-r

g iv e s

c - J' w - x e

_ Ot

-c

1 _ ir

| c i.

Therefore it? = u' = |rre_ x ' $e~x + c\ elx and u = ^ xe~x + -: ittion is

j-C 2fi2,r + C 3. The general

y = uex = -O a; + -J +

C2e3:p

+ 36*.

a I For m i constant, let y \ = emiX. Then y[ = ?niemiX and y'{ = mfe"1 1 *. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain ay1 + by[ + cy\ = amjemiX + bni\ emiX + cemrx = e,nix(aml + bmi + c) = 0. Thus, yi = emi* will be a solution of the differential equation whenever must, have a solution of the form + lm i\ + c = 0.

Since a quadratic equation always has at least one real or complex root, the differential equation
y i = enllX.

b 1 Write the differential equation in the form // b . c V +~V + -V = Q . a a

147

Exercises 4.2 Reduction of Order

and let. yi = em yX be a solution. Then a second solution is given by
p bx / a

- (, m i x j

e -{b la ^ r2 m \)x ^ x

1 b/a + 2mi
^

em , x e - ( b / a ^ 2 m i )x

(m i -b/2a)

(b/ am i ) x

b/a + 2m \ Thus, when m j ^ b/2a, a second solution is given by When m -i b/2a a second solution is given by U 2 = em'lX (c) The functions sin a; = ~ (ev :r e iX)
1/2

- em' 2' x where m 2 = b/a

dx - xenilX.

cos = ^(ew + e lx)

z

sinh 2 ;=

e_;i;)

cosh./: = ^ (ex + e~x)

are all expressible in terms of exponential functions. 22. We have y[ 1 and y'{ = 0, so xy'[ x y \ -f yi = 0 x + x 0 and yi(x) x is a. solution of : differential equation. Letting y = u(x)yi(x) = xu(x) we get y1= xn!(x) + u(x) and y" = xu"{x) + 2u'{x).

Then xy" xy' + y = x2u" + 2xu' x2v? xu + xu = x2u" (x2 2x)u' = 0. If we make * . substitution w = u '. the linear first-order differential equation becomes is separable:

x2wf (x2 x)w = 0. wh:

dw

| U ' dx v x' dw - = (l )dx x xJ w

/.

1'

hi w = x In x + c
W C]

ex . x

Then v' -ciexjx and u - c \j exdx/x. To integrate ex/x we use the series representation for

148