Bab

Chapter

Kestabilan

Stability

Konsep

PENTING!

ISTILAH Tapak Base Keseimbangan Equilibrium Tidak sekata Non-uniform

The

BIG Picture!

WORD Base Tapak Equilibrium Keseimbangan Non-uniform Tidak sekata

UP!

CHAPTER

BAB
PMR Past-year Questions

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

Tahun 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Kertas 1 S10, 21 S22 S25 S23 S24

Kertas 2 Bhg. A Bhg. B

Year 2005 2006

Paper 1 Q10, 21 Q22 Q25 Q23 Q24

Paper 2 Sec. A Sec. B

S2

2007 2008 S7 2009

Q2

Q7

155

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Objektif Pembelajaran

Chapter 9

Stability

9.1
TUJUAN BAHAN LANGKAH

Eksperimen

9.1 Memahami bahawa pusat graviti mempengaruhi kestabilan objek

Learning Objective

INKUIRI

Titik keseimbangan

Inkuiri-penemuan

9.1
AIM MATERIALS PROCEDURE

Experiment

INQUIRY

9.1 Understanding that the centre of gravity affects stability

Point of equilibrium

Inquiry-discovery

Stability

Chapter 9

Menentukan titik keseimbangan objek yang berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata Pembaris meter, kadbod tebal (berbentuk tidak sekata), benang, pemberat

To determine the point of equilibrium of a uniform object and a non-uniform object Metre ruler, thick cardboards (of non-uniform shapes), thread, weight

pembaris meter

kadbod tebal

metre ruler

thick cardboard

benang thread pemberat weight

Rajah (a)

Rajah (b) Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

1 Seimbangkan pembaris meter dengan jari telunjuk anda seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). 2 Tentukan titik keseimbangan pembaris itu. 3 Gantungkan sekeping kadbod yang berbentuk tidak sekata supaya ia dapat bergerak bebas. 4 Gantungkan satu pemberat dengan benang seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b). Satu garis tegak dilukis pada kadbod itu dari titik P mengikut benang. 5 Ulang langkah (4) dengan menggantungkan kadbod itu di titik Q. 6 Tentukan titik pertemuan kedua-dua garis itu.

Balance a metre ruler on your index finger as shown in Diagram (a). Determine the point of equilibrium of the ruler. Hang a piece of non-uniform cardboard from a stand so that it can move freely. Hang a weight at the end of the string as shown in Diagram (b). A vertical line is drawn from the point of P along the length of the string. 5 Repeat step (4) but hang the cardboard from point Q this time. 6 Determine the point of intersection of the two lines. 1 2 3 4 OBSERVATION cm mark of the metre ruler. point of equilibrium 2 The point of intersection of the two lines is the cardboard. ANALYSIS
TSTS

MINDRobics

PEMERHATIAN

1 Titik keseimbangan pembaris terletak di titik 2 Titik pertemuan kedua-dua garis merupakan kadbod itu.

50

1 The point of equilibrium is at the

50

MINDRobics

cm pembaris. titik keseimbangan

KBSB
Menghubungkaitkan

of the

ANALISIS

1 Apakah hubungan antara titik keseimbangan dengan pusat graviti objek? Titik keseimbangan adalah pusat graviti objek. 2 Pada titik yang manakah dapat suatu objek diseimbangkan? Pada titik keseimbangan/pusat graviti 3 Apakah yang mempengaruhi pusat graviti suatu objek? Bentuk objek
CHAPTER

1 What is the relationship between the point of equilibrium and the centre of gravity? The point of equilibrium is the centre of gravity of the object. 2 At which point can an object be balanced? At its point of equilibrium/centre of gravity 3 What influences the centre of gravity of an object? Its shape

Relating

Bab 09(155-162).indd 156

9.1 9.2

BAB

9
KESIMPULAN
INQUIRY

Suatu objek dapat diseimbangkan pada titik keseimbangan atau

pusat graviti

CONCLUSION

An object can be balanced at its

equilibrium point

or

centre of gravity

9.1 HP Menentukan titik keseimbangan objek berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata

156

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Aktiviti Makmal 9.1, hlm. 181; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 16.1, hlm. 319

9.1 LO Determine the point of equilibrium in regular and irregular shapes

156

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Laboratory Activity 9.1, p.181; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 16.1, p. 319

Understanding that the centre of gravity affects stability Appreciating the importance of stability

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Experiment Ch 9.2 09(155-162).indd 156

GUIDED

4 State two factors that affect the stability of an object. (The position of the centre of gravity and 6/23/10 1:04:01 PM the base area) 5 State the relationship between the position of the centre of gravity and the stability of an object. (The lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the object) 6 State the relationship between the base area and the stability of an object. (The bigger the base area, he more stable the object)

9.1

Experiment

1 State the point of equilibrium of an object. (Centre of gravity) 2 What will affect the position of the centre of gravity? (The shape of the object) 3 Where is the location of the centre of gravity of a circular-shaped object? (At the centre)

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9.2

TERBIMBING

Eksperimen

Faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan objek

Inkuiri-penemuan

9.2
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS

Experiment

GUIDED

Factors that affect the stability of an object

Inquiry-discovery

Chapter 9

Stability

2007 Bhg. A, S2(a) & (b)

2007 Sec. A, Q2(a) & (b)

Stability

Chapter 9

TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS

Mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan objek Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan objek? Kestabilan objek dipengaruhi oleh: (a) kedudukan pusat graviti (b) keluasan tapak Bongkah kayu, papan kayu

To study the factors that affect the stability of an object What are the factors that affect the stability of an object? The stability of an object is affected by the: (a) position of its centre of gravity (b) base area Wooden block, wooden board

BAHAN
BAHAGIAN

MATERIALS
SECTION

A Faktor: Kedudukan pusat graviti

Jenis bongkah kayu/Kedudukan bongkah kayu/Keluasan tapak bongkah kayu/Berat bongkah kayu (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kedudukan pusat graviti (c) yang bergerak balas: Kestabilan objek 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). 2 Bongkah kayu P dan Q mempunyai keluasan tapak yang sama tetapi bongkah kayu P lebih tinggi daripada bongkah kayu Q. 3 Condongkan papan kayu dengan perlahan. Perhatikan bongkah kayu yang tumbang terlebih dahulu.
papan kayu P Q meja

A Factor: The position of the centre of gravity

(a) that is kept constant: The type of wooden block/The position of the wooden block/The base area of the wooden block/The weight of the wooden block (b) that is manipulated: The position of its centre of gravity (c) that responds: The stability of the object

PEMBOLEH UBAH

VARIABLE (a) yang dimalarkan:

LANGKAH

PROCEDURE

1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a). 2 Wooden blocks P and Q have similar base areas. However, wooden block P is taller than wooden block Q. 3 Slowly tilt the wooden board. Observe which wooden block topples first.
wooden board

wooden block

Q
table

MINDRobics

bongkah kayu

MINDRobics

Diagram (a) Rajah (a)

STEPS

1 The apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) was set up. 2 Wooden blocks P and Q had the same base area but wooden block P was taller than wooden block Q.
CHAPTER

CARA KERJA

1 Susunan radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). 2 Bongkah kayu P dan Q mempunyai keluasan tapak yang sama tetapi bongkah
BAB

kayu P lebih tinggi daripada bongkah kayu Q. 3 Papan kayu dicondongkan dengan perlahan. Pemerhatian dibuat untuk melihat bongkah kayu yang tumbang terlebih dahulu.

3 The wooden board was tilted slowly. An observation was made to see which wooden block topples first.

9
9.2 LO Relate the centre of gravity to the stability of objects

9.2 HP Menghubungkaitkan pusat graviti dengan kestabilan objek

157

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 2, Eksperimen 9.2, hlm. 1820; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 16.2, hlm. 320

157
Activity Ch 9.3 09(155-162).indd 157

Refer to Essential Science Form 2, Experiment 9.2, p. 182; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 16.2, p. 320

7 Which object is more stable? Explain your answer.

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DISCUSSION

9 Explain how a giraffe can achieve its stability while drinking water. (A giraffe spreads 6/23/10 out its legs to lower 1:04:01 PM its centre of gravity and increase the base area) 10 How can a crocodile achieve its stability? (Crocodile has low centre of gravity and big base area) 11 State two examples of objects at home that achieve stability by having low centre of gravity. (Cupboard and bed) 12 Explain why elephant and rhinoceros have big and short legs. (To lower their centre of gravity in order to achieve stability)

(Y: Y has a larger base area.) 8 Which object is more stable? Explain.
P Q

(Q: Q has a lower centre of gravity.)

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BAHAGIAN

B Faktor: Keluasan tapak

(a) yang dimalarkan: Jenis bongkah kayu/Kedudukan bongkah kayu/Ketinggian bongkah kayu/Berat bongkah kayu (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Keluasan tapak (c) yang bergerak balas: Kestabilan objek

SECTION

B Factor: The base area

(a) that is kept constant: The type of wooden block/The position of the wooden block/The height of the wooden block/The weight of the wooden block (b) that is manipulated: (c) that responds: The base area The stability of the object

PEMBOLEH UBAH

VARIABLE

LANGKAH

1 Ulang eksperimen di Bahagian A dengan menggunakan bongkah kayu R dan S. 2 Bongkah kayu R dan S mempunyai ketinggian yang sama tetapi bongkah kayu R mempunyai tapak yang lebih luas. 3 Condongkan papan kayu dengan perlahan. Perhatikan bongkah kayu yang tumbang terlebih dahulu.
papan kayu bongkah kayu R S meja

PROCEDURE

1 Repeat Section A of the experiment using wooden blocks R and S. 2 Wooden blocks R and S are of the same height. However, wooden block R has a wider base. 3 Slowly tilt the wooden board. Observe which wooden block topples first.
wooden board wooden block R S table

Rajah (b)

Diagram (b)

CARA KERJA

1 Eksperimen di Bahagian A diulang dengan menggunakan bongkah kayu R dan S. 2 Bongkah kayu R dan S mempunyai ketinggian yang sama tetapi bongkah kayu R mempunyai tapak yang lebih luas. 3 Papan kayu dicondongkan dengan perlahan. Pemerhatian dibuat untuk melihat bongkah kayu yang tumbang terlebih dahulu.

STEPS

1 The experiment in Section A was repeated by using wooden blocks R and S. 2 Blocks R and S had the same height but block R had a wider base. 3 The wooden board was tilted slowly. An observation was made to see which wooden block topples first.

PEMERHATIAN

OBSERVATION
Eksperimen A B Bongkah kayu Bongkah kayu Pemerhatian P S tumbang terlebih dahulu. tumbang terlebih dahulu.

Experiment A B Wooden block Wooden block

Observation P S topples first. topples first.

ANALISIS

1 Bongkah kayu yang manakah lebih stabil dalam eksperimen A? Beri inferens anda. Q Q . Bongkah kayu mempunyai pusat graviti yang Bongkah kayu lebih rendah daripada bongkah kayu P .
KBSB
Membuat inferens

ANALYSIS

1 Which wooden block is more stable in experiment A? Give your inference. Q Q lower . Wooden block has a Wooden block centre of gravity than block P .
TSTS
Making inferences

2 Bongkah kayu yang manakah lebih stabil dalam eksperimen B? Beri inferens anda. R R . Bongkah kayu mempunyai tapak yang Bongkah kayu lebih luas daripada bongkah kayu S .
KBSB
Membuat inferens

2 Which wooden block is more stable in experiment B? Give your inference. R R bigger . Wooden block has a Wooden block base area than block S .
TSTS

CHAPTER

F2MR-ch9(155-162).indd 158 Bab 09(155-162).indd 158

BAB

Making inferences

3 Apakah hubungan antara kestabilan objek dengan kedudukan pusat gravitinya? rendah stabil kedudukan pusat graviti, semakin Semakin

KBSB
Menghubungkaitkan

objek itu.

3 What is the relationship between the stability of an object and the position of its centre of gravity? lower the position of its centre of gravity, the more stable The

TSTS
Relating

the object.

4 Apakah hubungan antara kestabilan objek dengan keluasan KBSB tapaknya? Menghubungkaitkan luas stabil tapak objek, semakin objek itu. Semakin

TSTS 4 What is the relationship between the stability of an object and its base Relating area? bigger stable the base area of an object, the more the object. The

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5 Sebuah bangku telah diubah suai dari keadaan X ke Y. Tandakan () dalam petak yang diberi untuk tinggi pusat graviti dan luas tapak bagi bangku itu selepas diubahsuaikan. Bertambah Berkurang Tinggi pusat graviti Luas tapak
X Y

5 A stool is being modified from condition X to Y. Tick () in the boxes provided for the height of the centre of gravity and the base area for the stool after the modification. Increases Decreases Height of the centre of gravity Base area
X Y

KESIMPULAN

1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen A dan B? kedudukan pusat graviti Kestabilan objek dipengaruhi oleh dan keluasan tapak . rendah

CONCLUSION

1 Is the hypothesis formed acceptable? Yes 2 What conclusions can be drawn from experiments A and B? position of its centre of gravity The stability of an object is influenced by the and the base area . low centre of gravity and a

APLIKASI IDEA

Kereta lumba mencapai kestabilan dengan mempunyai pusat graviti yang luas . dan tapak yang Zirafah mencapai kestabilan dengan minum air.
Objektif Pembelajaran

APPLICATION OF IDEA

Race cars achieve their stability with a wide base area. The giraffe achieves stability by
Learning Objective

REFLEKSI

mengangkangkan kakinya

semasa

REFLECTION

spreading out its legs

when drinking water.

9.3
(a)

PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

9.2 Mensyukuri kepentingan kestabilan

Cara untuk meningkatkan kestabilan

Konstruktivisme

2007 Bhg. A, S2(c)

9.3
(a)

DISCUSSION
Activity

9.2 Appreciating the importance of stability

Ways to improve stability

Constructivism

2007 Sec. A, Q2(c)

Nyatakan bagaimana objek atau haiwan yang ditunjukkan di bawah meningkatkan kestabilannya. (b) (c)

State how the objects or animals shown below improve their stability. (b) (c)

Mengangkangkan kaki untuk merendahkan pusat graviti dan menambahkan luas tapak (d)

Tapak yang Pusat graviti yang

luas rendah

Tapak yang Pusat graviti yang

luas rendah

Spread out their legs to lower the centre of gravity and increase the base area

Big Low

base area centre of gravity

Big base area Low centre of gravity

(e)

(f)
BAB

(d)

(e)

(f)
CHAPTER

Berat Tapak yang Pusat graviti yang luas rendah

Mempunyai kaki yang pendek untuk merendahkan pusat graviti

Tapak yang Pusat graviti yang

luas rendah

Heavy Big Low base area centre of gravity

Have short legs to the centre of gravity

lower

Big base area Low centre of gravity

9.3 HP Menyatakan aplikasi kestabilan dalam kehidupan

9.3 LO State the application of stability in daily life

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PMR

Kunci Kejayaan

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.

PMR

Key To Success

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.

1 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang kestabilan objek. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan objek Kedudukan pusat graviti Keluasan tapak

1 Fill in the blanks with suitable words on the stability of objects. Factors affecting the stability of an object Position of the centre of gravity Base area

Semakin graviti,

kedudukan pusat semakin stabil objek itu.

P

rendah

luas Semakin semakin stabil

tapak objek, objek itu.

The

lower

the position of the centre of more stable the object.

The

bigger more stable

the base area, the the object.

gravity, the

Blok

lebih

stabil

kerana .

Blok

lebih

stabil

kerana .

Block

is more stable because the .

pusat graviti blok Q lebih rendah

luas tapak blok Y lebih besar

Block

is more stable because the .

centre of gravity of block Q is lower

base area of block Y is bigger

2 Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji pengaruh kedudukan pusat graviti terhadap kestabilan objek. Pemboleh ubah yang Keluasan tapak (a) dimalarkan: (b) dimanipulasikan: (c) bergerak balas: Kedudukan pusat graviti Kestabilan bongkah kayu

2 An experiment is carried out to study the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of an object. The variable that (a) is kept contant: Base area (b) is manipulated: The position of the centre of gravity Stability of wooden block (c) responds: 3 Draw a stable stool after it is modified.

3 Lukis bangku yang stabil selepas diubahsuaikan.

bangku diubah suai

stool modified

(a) Bangku tidak stabil 4 Kereta lumba adalah stabil kerana ia berat

(b) Bangku stabil rendah , dan tapak yang dan tapak yang luas luas .

(a) Unstable stool

(b) Stable stool

, mempunyai pusat graviti yang rendah

4 A race car is stable because it is

heavy

, has a low

low

centre of gravity and a large

large

base area.

5 Binatang yang merangkak di atas tanah mempunyai pusat graviti yang

5 Animals that crawl on the ground have a

centre of gravity and a

base area.

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PMR
KERTAS

Sudut Pengukuhan

9
7 Rajah 3 menunjukkan empat objek P, Q, R, dan S.
P Q R S

PMR
PAPER

Enhancement Corner

9
7 Diagram 3 shows four objects P, Q, R and S.
P Q R S

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu objek.

4 Antara objek berikut, yang manakah mempunyai tapak yang luas dan berat untuk mencapai kestabilan? A Meja C Kerusi B Kipas meja D Almari B 5 Bongkah kayu Y pada Rajah 2 akan tumbang terlebih dahulu apabila papan kayu dinaikkan perlahanlahan.

1 Diagram 1 shows an object.

4 Which of the following has a wide and heavy base to achieve stability? A Table C Chair B Table fan D Cupboard B 5 Wooden block Y in Diagram 2 will topple first if the wooden board is tilted slowly.

Rajah 1 Bagaimanakah objek itu dapat mencapai keadaan yang paling stabil? A Pendekkan kakinya B Bengkokkan kakinya C Kangkangkan kakinya D Pendekkan dan kangkangkan kakinya D

Rajah 3 Antara susunan objek berikut, yang manakah betul mengikut kestabilan secara urutan menurun? A P, R, Q, S KLON 2007 B R, P, Q, S C S, Q, P, R C D S, Q, R, P 8 Rajah 4 menunjukkan kekuda pelana X dan Y. 2

Diagram 3 Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of the objects in descending order of stability? A P, R, Q, S CLONE 2007 B R, P, Q, S C S, Q, P, R C D S, Q, R, P 8 Diagram 4 shows vaulting horse X and Y.

Diagram 1 How can the object be made to achieve the highest stability? A Shorten its legs B Bend it legs C Spreading out its legs apart D Shorten and spreading out its legs D Which of the following objects has its centre of gravity located at the centre? A C

Y wooden board

Y papan kayu

Diagram 2 This is because wooden block Y I has a smaller base area II is heavier III has a higher centre of gravity A I and II only B I and III only C II and III only B D I, II and III 6 Which of the following wooden blocks is the most stable? A C
CLONE 2008

2 Antara objek yang berikut, yang manakah kedudukan pusat gravitinya terletak di tengah-tengah objek itu? A C

Rajah 2 Ini kerana bongkah kayu Y mempunyai I luas tapak yang lebih kecil II berat yang lebih III pusat graviti yang lebih tinggi A I dan II sahaja B I dan III sahaja C II dan III sahaja B D I , II, dan III 6 Antara bongkah kayu berikut, yang manakah paling stabil? A C
X Y

Rajah 4

KLON 2009

Kekuda pelana X lebih stabil daripada Y kerana A X adalah lebih ringan B pusat graviti X lebih tinggi C luas tapak X lebih besar D permukaan bersentuhan Y lebih besar C 9 Antara berikut, yang manakah menerangkan orang tua dapat menambahkan kestabilannya dengan menggunakan tongkat? A Tongkat merendahkan pusat graviti orang tua itu B Tongkat menyebarkan berat badan orang tua itu C Tongkat menyokong berat badannya D Tongkat menambahkan keluasan tapak KLON D
2002

Diagram 4

CLONE 2009

Vaulting horse X is more stable than vaulting horse Y because A X is lighter B the centre of gravity of X is higher C the base area of X is bigger D the contact surface of Y is bigger C 9 Which of the following explains how an elderly person can increase his or her stability by using a walking stick? A The walking stick lowers the centre of gravity of the person B The walking stick distributes the body weight of the person C The walking stick supports the persons body weight D The walking stick increases the CLONE base area D 2002 10 A ruler has a length of 50 cm. Where is its equilibrium point? A 15 cm C 30 cm B 25 cm D 50 cm B

KLON 2008

3 Bagaimanakah kestabilan sebuah perahu dapat dicapai? A Penumpang perahu tidak dibenarkan berdiri B Penumpang tidak dibenarkan membawa sebarang beban C Penumpang boleh duduk ataupun berdiri di mana-mana ruang di perahu itu D Hanya penumpang yang bersaiz badan kecil dibenarkan naik perahu KLON A
2005

KLON 2005

10 Sebatang pembaris mempunyai panjang 50 cm. Di manakah terletaknya titik keseimbangannya? A 15 cm C 30 cm B 25 cm D 50 cm B

3 How can the stability of a boat be achieved? A Passengers are not allowed to stand B Passengers are not allowed to bring any load C Passengers can either sit or stand at any place in the boat D Only small-sized passengers are allowed to get in the boat A
CLONE 2005

A
CLONE 2005

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KERTAS

2
KLON 2007

PAPER
Bahagian A, Soalan 2

2
CLONE 2007

Bahagian A Jawab semua soalan.

1 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu aktiviti yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan bongkah kayu P dan Q. (a) Nyatakan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kestabilan bongkah kayu P dan Q. (i) Luas tapak (ii) Kedudukan pusat graviti (b) Apabila papan kayu dalam Rajah 1.1 dicondongkan, bongkah kayu yang manakah akan tumbang terlebih dahulu? Berikan alasan kepada jawapan anda. Bongkah kayu P. Pusat graviti bongkah kayu P lebih tinggi. (c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan sebuah meja dan sebuah katil. (i) Nyatakan satu cara bagaimana meja mencapai kestabilan. Mempunyai tapak yang luas (ii) Mengapakah katil lebih stabil daripada meja? Katil mempunyai pusat graviti yang lebih rendah

Section A Answer all the questions.

1 Diagram 1.1 shows an activity carried out to study the factors that affect the stability of two wooden blocks P and Q. (a) State two factors that affect the stability of wooden blocks P and Q. (i) Base area (ii) Position of the centre of gravity (b) When the wooden plank in Diagram 1.1 is tilted slowly, which wooden block will topple first? Give reason for your answer. Wooden block P. The centre of gravity of wooden block P is higher. (c) Diagram 1.2 shows a table and a bed. (i) State one way how the table achieves its stability. Has a large base area (ii) Why is the bed more stable than the table? The bed has a lower centre of gravity

Section A, Question 2

P Q papan kayu

P Q wooden plank

Rajah 1.1

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2 Rajah 1.2

Bahagian B Jawab semua soalan.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat objek yang stabil dengan bentuk yang berlainan.

Section B Answer all the questions.

Bahagian B, Soalan 7

KLON 2007

2 Diagram 2 shows four stable objects with different shapes.

CLONE 2007

Section B, Question 7

Piramid

Kuboid

Kon

Silinder

Pyramid

Cuboid

Cone

Cylinder

Rajah 2 (a) Perhatikan objek dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu ciri bagi setiap objek yang membolehkannya mencapai kestabilan. (i) Piramid: Mempunyai tapak yang luas (ii) Kuboid: (iii) Kon: (iv) Silinder: Mempunyai pusat graviti yang rendah Mempunyai tapak yang luas Mempunyai pusat graviti yang rendah

Diagram 2 (a) Observe the objects in Diagram 2. Based on your observations, state one characteristic of each object that enables it to achieve its stability. (i) Pyramid: Has a large base area (ii) Cuboid: (iii) Cone: Has a low centre of gravity Has a large base area

(iv) Cylinder: Has a low centre of gravity (b) Classify the objects in Diagram 2 into two groups based on their common characteristics. Pyramid, cuboid, cone, cylinder

(b) Kelaskan objek dalam Rajah 2 kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya. Piramid, kuboid, kon, silinder

Ciri-ciri sepunya

Mempunyai tapak yang luas

Mempunyai pusat graviti yang rendah

Common characteristics

Has a large base area

Has a low centre of gravity

Nama objek

Piramid dan kon

Kuboid dan silinder

Name of the objects

Pyramid and cone

Cuboid and cylinder

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