NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Establishment:

New Hampshire, 1623 Pilgrims, fishing outpost *Massachusetts, 1620 Mass. Bay Company 100 Pilgrims on Mayflower establish Plymouth

1630s, 700 - 20,000 Puritans Great Migration settle Massachusetts Bay

Rhode Island, 1636-- Roger Williams, refuge for Puritan dissidents

Connecticut, 1636-- Thomas Hooker, religious freedom from Puritans in Massachusetts

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Motive:

Religious Freedom. English Calvinists escaping religious persecution at home (believed in John Calvins teachings about Predestinationonly elect/ covenanted saints going to Heaven) Two types settle Mass.: 1. Pilgrims-- Separatists (Church of England could not be reformed) 2. Puritans-- Non-Separatists (reform/ purify Church of England/ Anglican Church from its Catholic elements) ***Covenant Community-- We shall be as a City on a Hill Winthrop John Winthrop

What do the Puritans dislike about the Church of England (described as too Catholic?) Catholic pulpit Puritan pulpit

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Education:

Valued education for members of the community -- literacy required to read the Bible. Old Deluder Act-- required towns with 50 households to appoint a teacher, 100 households grammar school (1st to est. a college Harvard, 1636) (1st to est. a printing press sermons, almanacs, bios.) Emphasis on journal keeping and reflection to know if you were member of elect

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Government:
Mayflower Compact-- est. by Pilgrims in 1620 for Civil Government ***roots of American democracy Covenant Community-- town was basic unit of government where decisions would be made by system of direct democracy/ voteAthenian Democracy. Purpose of General Court to establish towns.

Only church members allowed to participate.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Economy/ Labor System:

Cooler climate, rocky soil did NOT allow for production of cash crops-Varied economy based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, subsistence farming, and eventually manufacturing. Family (little commonwealth) was backbone of labor force Strong belief in hard work and thrift-Everyone had a calling

Puritan Children

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Conflict:

At first peaceful (famous image of Thanksgiving/ Squanto, etc.) but overtime English came in conflict with natives over land: Pequot War (1637)- English attack on Indian fort at West Mystic, Connecticut was considered brutal and the beginning of the end for Pequot tribe (Treaty of Hartford took away Pequot land and name)

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Conflict:
***Dissenters: 2. Anne Hutchinson -Argued her minister was not elect -Held private Bible study in her home -Claimed to have direct revelation -Banished (1638) to R.I. -Killed in N.Y. by Indians (1643)

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Family/ Community:

Families traveled together. Stable-- healthy climate, equal ratio men to women, population grows from natural increase even when Puritan immigration declines during English Civil War

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Family/ Community:

Homes in towns strong sense of community. Watch out for each other and guard against sin abide by the Covenant Community standards. Status in community based on religious standing.

New England community

How do the Middle Colonies compare??? MIDDLE COLONIES: Establishment:

New York, 1664 proprietary to Duke of York
New Jersey, 1664 proprietary Sir George Carteret and (east/west) Lord Berkley-- but also others??? *Pennsylvania, 1681 proprietary to William Penn Delaware, 1682 -- named after Lord De la Warr, land disputed between proprietors of MD and Penn

MIDDLE COLONIES: Motive:

Pennsylvania-Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends) and as a Holy Experiment where persecuted could worship freely Quakers believed: Everyone had the Inner Light Equality no tipping of hat, thee and thou, plain clothes Pacifists-- teaching love not hate/ violence

William Penn

Middle Colonies Education:

Diversity of people encourages freedom of thought in Philadelphia ***Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin illustrates mobility of self- educated common man in Pennsylvania Franklin establishes Philosophical Society and Library System, author of Poor Richards Almanac
"An Investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Benjamin Franklin

Middle Colonies Government:

Proprietor selected royal governor. Pennsylvania: Unicameral legislature, elected assembly No religious test and very little land required to vote -**most males could vote

Middle Colonies Economy/ Labor System:

Shipbuilding, farming, and trade *Philadelphia and New York Philadelphia Largest city in Colonial America with 18,000 people on eve of Am. Revolution Middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners) and small farmers *Labor mostly accomplished by family and white servants-not a large demand for slaves

Middle Colonies Conflict:

Pennsylvania: Overall, associated with peace (Penn even purchases land from the Natives.) 2nd Generation less interested in Penns vision of a Holy Experiment Example: Walking Purchase 1737

New York: Jacob Leislers Rebellion, 1689-caused by Dominion of New England (Crowns attempt to control colonies as a group) threatened elected assemblies. King James abdicates thrown and Glorious Revolution by William and Mary in England.

Middle ColoniesFamily/ Community:

Penn advertised in all languages Families took advantage of generous land grants/ 50 acres per head Best Poor Mans Country Farms spread out, but cities provided centers of trade and culture Philadelphia (City of Brotherly Love) Planned community grid pattern with green space

a very mixed company of different nations and religions In addition to Scots, English, Dutch, Germans, and Irish there are Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers, Methodists, Seventh day men, Moravians, Anabaptists, French Huguenots, and Jews. Our chiefest unhappiness here is too great a mixture of Nations. Travel Account, 1740

*** Most Diverse and Tolerant/ Flexible Social structure

SOUTHERN COLONIES Establishment and Motive:

Maryland, 1632-- proprietary colony to Lord Baltimore, Catholic refuge *Virginia, 1607-- Va. Company of London, Joint-Stock company, business/ profit Carolinas, 1663-- proprietary to group who was loyal to King during English Civil War, attracted excess population from Barbados seeking profit Georgia, 1732 proprietary to James Oglethorpe as debtors colony and buffer against Spanish Florida

SOUTHERN COLONIES Education:

I thank God, there are no free schools nor printingand I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God keep up from both. Virginias Royal Governor, William Berkley (1671) Public education does not exist in South until after Civil War!!! Only for wealthy who would often send their children to Europe or hire private tutors.

SOUTHERN COLONIES Government:

Elected assemblies (male/ wealth) (Virginia House of Burgesses Today Virginia General Assembly) In Virginia, the Royal Governor chosen by British Crown In proprietorships, Governor chosen by proprietor ***Maintains closest ties to England-- Also maintains allegiance to Church of England/ Anglican Church
Governors Mansion, Williamsburg

House of Burgesses, Williamsburg

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Economy/ Labor System:

Chesapeake and Tidewater-- Hot/ Humid climate allows for cash crops Backcountry Subsistence farming, Hunting, Trade
M.D.

FALL LINE

Back Country

Chesapeake

N.C.

Low Country

Virginia and N.C. Cash CropTOBACCO Brown Gold *Very labor intensive and impacts way of life (Symbolic World of Tobacco Planter)

Absence of diversified economy, South must import finish goods that they do not produce at home

Charles Town

Charles Town, S.C. est. 1670 only major port city in South before Baltimore MD in the 1750s

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Economy/ Labor System:

Indentured Servitude (16071660s) race-based Slavery (1660s1865)

Slavery-- unwilling Indenture-- willing

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Conflict:
Bacons Rebellion (1676) Thousands of former indentured servants on the fringe unhappy with depressed tobacco prices, Indian attacks, and power of wealthy planters. Nathaniel Bacon leads attack on Royal Governor Berkley.

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Conflict:

Slave population grows in 1700s (40% Virginia, 80-90% S.C.)

Resistance: Everyday-- (breaking tools, stealing, pretending to be sick/ do not understand directions, work slowdowns) Resistance: Active/ Violent (poisoning, running away, rebellions) Stono Rebellion (S.C.) Nat Turner/ Gabriel Prosser (VA.)

SOUTHERN COLONIES Family/ Community:

Young single men looking to make money, few women (5 to 1) in Chesapeake Unstable high death rates for young adults (few lived past late 30s or 40s) left a record number of orphans Population growth from immigration, not natural increase in Chesapeake

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Family/ Community:
Population spread out on farms located along rivers, controlled by elite (*Deference to upper class who were viewed as natural ruling class.) Cavaliers English nobility who received large land grants in Eastern Virginia

EX. Robert King Carter300,000 acres in eastern Va., 1,000 slaves,money from tobacco exports

Status based on family name, ownership of land, success as a planter (show-off wealth in horses, clothing, homes, gardens, furniture and china)

Shirley Plantation (Carter family)

Flying Staircase

Classwork/Homework
After learning more about the other Colonial regions, answer the following questions.
What is one of the main reasons that people from Europe seemed to move to America and settle here? Give examples of at least three colonies where this is the case. Why would you think (or guess) is the answer you gave to the question above so important to the shaping of the United States of America? (Remember at this point they are still colonies and are not self-governing).