Theory of elastic response of a bar due to pure bending moment

Abraham Saulnier, Tyler Olheiser, Kyle Hodges Group # 3

Objectives

The objective of the lab was: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Theory This equations were used to calculate maximum deflection and maximum strain, respectively: To measure the static deformation of a cantilevered beam. To understand Beam Theory and its real-world applications. To provide an introduction to finite element analysis. To learn to use ANSYS to solve Beam analysis problems. To understand how to compare theoretical, experimental, and numerical values.

Where: F= Force (load) L= length E= modulus of elasticity of material B= width H= height

Materials and Methods A. Experimental Method Machine and Instruments The bending experiment was accomplished using a universal testing machine that is able to apply increasing loads while documenting all data attained. Also, in this experiment we used the Vernier calipers to measure our specimen.

Specimen specifications The specimen used in this experiment is made from PMMA, "bone Cement", and measured 20 mm in length, 3.78 mm in height, and 2.8 mm in width. PMMA typically has a Young's Modulus ranging fro 1.8-3.0 MPa. Experimental Parameter Value Length of beam,l 20 Width of beam,w 2.8 Height of beam,h 3.78 Chart 1: Experimental Parameters Test Procedure To begin the experiment, we placed out PMMA specimen in the testing machine between two rollers. This was done to ensure that our experiment would deliver data relating to a 3-point bend, rather than the 4-point bend test conducted by our peers. We then applied a concentrated load to the specimen and slowly increased the load until the specimen failed. During the experiment the testing machine collects all data concerning the load and distances at which the load was applied. This data was saved into a matrix which we later uploaded as an Excel spreadsheet. From there we were able to extract the data we needed to determine the stress/strain relationship i.e. Young's Modulus. Unit mm mm mm

Illustration 2: 3-point bend test

B. Numerical Method (see ANSYS)

Results

STRESS vs. STRAIN

40.0000 35.0000 30.0000 25.0000 STRESS 20.0000 15.0000 10.0000 5.0000 -0.035 -0.03 -0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 0.0000 -0.005 0 -5.0000 -10.0000 Series1 Linear (Series1) y = -1243.2x - 3.4505

STRAIN

Chart 3: Experimental Stress vs. Strain Graph

FORCE vs. DISPLACEMENT

50

40 y = 94.01x - 4.6018 30 FORCE, N Series1 Linear (Series1) 10

20

0 0 -10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

DEFORMATION, mm

Chart 3: Experimental Stress vs. Strain Graph

Experimental Results Experimental Parameters Maximum deflection .52 mm Maximum load 43.46 N Maximum bending stress 32.58 Mpa Youngs Modulus 1.2 Mpa Chart 3: Experimental Parameter Results Position mm 5.35 5.45 5.59 5.75 Deflection Deflection Strain Strain Stress Stress (Theory) (Ex), (Theory) (Ex) (Theory) (Ex) N mm mm MPa Mpa 5.11 .12 .00680 3.83 15.13 .22 .0124 11.34 30.05 43.46 .36 .0200 23.28 32.59 Load

.52 .0295 Chart 4: Experimental Parameter Results

Validation of Analyses

Parameter Maximum Deflection mm Maximum Strain

Theory 3.24 1.11 E-4

Experiment 4.25 1.06 E-4

FEA 5.91 1.45 E-3

Percent Difference Theory vs. Theory vs. Experiment FEA 26.9% 32.7%

4.6%

91.9%

Table 4: Comparison of Maximum deflection and Strain

Discussion

This experiment demonstrated how placing a load on a beam will cause the beam to deform. When a load is applied to the top of a beam, it will create a tensile force on the convex side and a compressive force on the concave side of the beam. During a bend test, a specimen is more likely to break due to the tensile force because it is causing the beam to feel a pull from both sides at the center. Bend tests are conducted on all kinds of materials including metals, plastics, concrete, bone etc These tests are conducted to determine material properties which are needed to ensure that the right materials are used in engineering designs.

Conclusion