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Time Domain Transient Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Radiation for Phased Periodic Array Antennas Applications
Shih-Chung Tuan1 and Hsi-Tseng Chou2
1

Department of Communications Engineering, Oriental Institute of Technology, Pan-Chiao, Taiwan 2 Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

Abstract The increasing interest in the time domain (TD) analysis of ultra wideband or
short pulse target identication and remote sensing applications has resulted in the development of new TD techniques to analyze the antenna radiation, which provides more physically appealing interpretation of wave phenomena. Most recently the applications have been extended to treat the problems arising in the near zone of electrically large antennas such as the vital life-detection systems and noncontact microwave detection systems, where the objects under detection may locate in the near zone of antenna. The potential applications of near-eld antennas continue to grow dramatically and desire more exploration in the near future. A TD analytic solution to predict the transient radiation from a phased periodic array of elemental antennas is thus developed. This paper presents an analytical transient analysis of electromagnetic eld radiation from a phased and nite periodic array of antennas for the near- and far-eld focused applications. 1. INTRODUCTION

A TD analytic solution to predict the transient radiation from a phased periodic array of elemental antennas is thus developed. In this analysis, the array excitation phases were impressed to radiate electromagnetic (EM) elds focused in the near zone of array aperture [13]. Potential and practical antenna designs in the frequency domain (FD) have been investigated and found with feasible implementation strategies for the phased array antennas. The TD phenomena are investigated in this paper. The developed TD analytical solution is a response to the elemental antennas with a transient impulse input on its current moment. The response to a realistic astigmatic nite-energy pulse can be obtained by applying the ordinary convolution theorem to obtain the early-time transient radiation elds generated by the same antennas. Due to the sophisticated complexity in the analytical analysis in TD, most of past TD EM analysis tends to employ TD numerical techniques, such as nite dierence time domain (FDTD) and TD integral approaches, which provided exact solutions, but suered from computational ineciency to treat the radiations problems of electrically large antennas. Thus, it remains attractive to develop quasi-analytical TD solutions with simple and closed forms, which have the advantage of providing physical interpretations of wave behaviors. Examples include the developments of TD uniform geometrical theory of diraction (TD-UTD), physical theory of diraction (TD-PTD), physical optics (TD-PO) and TD aperture integration (TD-AI) techniques that were obtained by using either a direct inverse Laplace transform or an analytical time transform (ATT) of the corresponding FD formulations. These solutions are limited to the transient analysis of antenna radiation with scattering mechanisms such as the reector antennas, and are not applicable to the current situation of direct antenna radiation from a phased array. The past works most related to the current one are these in [4, 5] where the TD radiations of two-dimensional innite or semi-innite array of dipoles were analyzed. Sequentially linear phase impressions were assumed to produce far-eld focused radiation of angularly oset beams. The TD phenomena of Floquet modes in the quantity of eld potentials with a transient impulse excitation in the current moments were examined. The current work can be viewed as a generalization as it provides more complete and comprehensive analysis, and will reduce to previous solutions in [4, 5] when the focal point is moved into the far zone of array. In this generalized analysis, one rst considers a two dimensional nite array of current moments with phases impressed to radiate elds focused in the near zone of array aperture, where the focal eld point can be arbitrarily selected. Thus the presented analysis is valid for both near- and far-eld focus applications. Also the assumption of near-eld focusing for the array excitation exhibits many unique wave phenomena that were not revealed in the previous works [4, 5] since they appear to focus the array with a linear phase impression. These phenomena are very important for its application in the near-eld communications.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Taipei, March 2528, 2013 2. FORMULATIONS OF THE TRANSIENT IMPULSE RESPONSE FOR A PLANAR AND RECTANGULAR ANTENNA ARRAY 2.1. Transient Phenomena of an Unit Current Moment

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A planar, rectangular array of (2Nx +1) (2Ny +1) elements of magnetic current moment, dp ( r , t), with periods, dx and dy , in the x- and y -axes, respectively, is illustrated in Figure 1. This current moment has a transient behavior by r dp r , t = dP tt (1)

where () is the Dirac delta function. The nmth element of the array is located at r nm = (ndx , mdy , 0)(Nx n Nx , Ny m Ny ). The radiation exhibits a transient behavior of impulse in TD by (t rnm 1 c ) nm ( , (2) dF r , t) = dP ( r) 4 rnm where r nm = r r nm with r = (x, y, z ) being the observer.
2.2. Transient Phenomena of an Array of Phased Unit Current Moments

The net potential of a NFA is given by

Ny

( dF r, s) =

Nx

A(n, m)
m=Ny n=Nx

1 ro,nm

nm ( e c (n,m) dF r, s),
s

(3)

where r o,nm = (xo ndx , yo mdy , zo ) and (n, m) = ro,nm ro with r o being the focus point. In (3), A(n, m) is an amplitude taper to reduce the diraction eects of a nite array. In TD, (3) becomes (n,m) Ny Nx t rnm c 1 ( ( dP dF r , t) = A(n, m) r ). (4) 4 ro,nm rnm
m=Ny n=Nx

Equation (4) can be expressed in terms of Floquet modes by using the Poisson sum formula, and becomes 4 4 1 w ( (r, t) = 1 ( pq C r , t) + dF G r , t) + F ( r, t), (5) 4 2 q = p=
=1 =1

where each term is associated corner eects, edge eects and Floquet mode eects as illustrated in Figure 2. It is noted that each terms in (5) have been evaluated in a closed-form formulation, and will be presented in the conference.
corner " = 3"

edge " = 1" x

corner " = 2"

edge " = 2" y

edge " = 4"

corner " = 4"

edge " = 3"

corner " = 1"

Figure 1: A two dimensional periodic array of current moments induced on the array antenna elements to radiate near-zone focused eld at r o .

Figure 2: Illustration of edge column/row and corner ( ( elements used to compute C r, t) and G r, t).

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PIERS Proceedings, Taipei, March 2528, 2013

3. RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS 3.1. An Integration Contour and Its Characteristics

An equal time delay contour exists on the array aperture, which contributes to the radiation eld at time, t as illustrated in Figure 3(a). This contour is either a hyperbolic or elliptical curve depending o the observation time and location. It is found that this contour, Ct (t), is the intersection of a hyperbolic surface and z = 0 plane as illustrated in Figure 3(b) as an example, where the two focused points of the hyperbolic surface are located at F1 = (x, y, z ) and F2 = (x0 , y0 , z0 ), respectively. Thus the hyperbolic surface is formed by the two focuses at the focus and observer, which results in equal time delays. Detailed discussion of the integration contour will be presented in the conference.
w pq 3.2. Solution of F ( r , t)

w ( The solution of F pq r , t) can be formulated according to the integration contour. For an example of an elliptical contour, it can be expressed [U (t t1 ) U (t t2 )] cABLt w pq 0 ( ) F ( r , t) = dP ( r )ej (pd e1,d +qd e2,d ) J 2dx dy (2Nx + 1)(2Ny + 1) (6)

where U () is a step function, A and B are related to the radii of the elliptical contour with 2 2 (e1,d , e2,d ) being the location of center. In (6), Lt = ct x2 0 + y0 + z0 , (pd , qd ) is related to the 0 ( ) is referred as the incomplete Bessel function. This formulation is presented here mode, and J because it reduces to the case in the far-eld focusing antenna array because the incomplete Bessel function will reduce to the ordinary Bessel Function as pointed. The formulations for the cases of linear and hyperbolic contours will be presented in the conference.

Ct (t2 )

Sa

Ct (t1 )

(a) Integration Contour

(b) A hyperbolic surface

(c) Change of integration contour

Figure 3: The variation of integration contour for phased array aperture, which is formed by the intersection between the aperture and a hyperbolic surface.

(a) (p,q)=(0,0)

(b) (p,q)=(1,0)

(c) (p,q)=(2,2)

Figure 4: Transient responses of various Floquet modes for an innite and a nite array of current sources with impulse excitations. The periods are 0.1 m in both x- and y -dimensions. The focus and observation points are at (0, 0, 50 m) and (0, 0, 1 m), respectively.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Taipei, March 2528, 2013 4. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

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The array of antennas has a period of 0.1 m in both x- and y -dimensions. The focus point is at (xo , yo , zo ) = (0, 0, 50 m), which is relatively far away from the array aperture. The observation point is at (0, 0, 1 m), and is in the near zone. In this examination, one considers the behaviors pq ( of F r, t), which represents the dominating contributions in the array radiation for the impulse current distributions for every element. One rst considers the case of an innite array, and examines the fundamental (p, q ) = (0, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 2) modes, whose results are shown in Figures 4(a)(c).
5. CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents an analytical transient analysis of electromagnetic eld radiation from a phased and nite periodic array of antennas for the near- and far-eld focused applications. The elemental current moments of array are assumed with a transient impulse input for the excitations whose phases are impressed to radiate near-zone focused elds. The transient eld phenomena for each of the Floquet mode expansion were analyzed. The solution reduces to the case of far-zone eld radiation by moving the focus point to the far zone. The analysis shows that the radiation exhibits an impulse eld at the focused point, and nite pulses at locations away from the focus point. Phenomena of partial cylindrical wave functions have been observed.
REFERENCES

1. Bogosanovic, M. and A. G. Williamson, Antenna array with beam focused in near-eld zone, Electronics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 9, 704705, May 2003. 2. Bogosanovic, M. and A. G. Williamson, Microstrip antenna array with a beam focused in the near-eld zone for application in noncontact microwave industrial inspection, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation Measurements, Vol. 56, No. 6, 21862195, Dec. 2007. 3. Bu, A., A. A. Serra, P. Nepa, H.-T. Chou, and G. Manara, A focused planar microstrip array for 2.4 GHz RFID readers, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 5, 15361544, May 2010. 4. Capolino, G. and L. B. Felsen, Time-domain Greens function for an innite sequentially excited periodic planar array of dipoles, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 51, 160, 2003. 5. Capolino, F. and L. B. Felsen, Short-pulse radiation by a sequentially excited semi-innite periodic planar array of dipoles, Radio Science, Vol. 38, No. 2, 8023, 2003.