Mnemonics Kikujiro Wadamori

2nd COPY,
1898.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
Chap...
....
Copyright
I So..
Shel..Od-1b
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
MNEMONICS
NEW
THEORIES AND
LAWS FOR MEMORIZING, AND

TO THE
THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION
CULTIVATION OF THE
MEMORY
/
n AUTHOR OF " WADAMORl's
IN
BY
KIKUJIRO WADAMORI
THEORIES AND
LAWS OF MNEMONICS," BY WHICH THE
SYSTEM HAS BEEN INTRODUCED INTO SEVERAL UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

JAPAN, AND OF
" THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MNEMONICS

CIVIL
TO THE JAPANESE
AND CRIMINAL CODE," ETC.
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR

BY
J.
B.
LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
J>
& ^
25304
Copyright, 1898,
BY
Kikujiro
Wadamori.
jIVOuo. IcojitCtlVED.
^\*fc*V-
PREFACE.
HP HE
study of this system of mnemonics, established for
economizing time and labor, gives every one of us a

wonderful and mysterious power by which we can easily
heard only once, even when
otherwise
memorize anything
so
difficult
is
if seen or
that
we could never
memorize
it.
What
by
this
wonderful and mysterious power that can be
obtained by studying this system ?
From
the results given

it
is,
my many
1.
students, I can state definitely that
for
instance, as follows
Memorizing about one hundred simple words seen or

sea, nail, sun,
I.,
heard only once, such as "nightingale, ink,

book, willow, earth,
2.
fish, star, etc., etc."
(Chapter
Part II.)
Memorizing about one hundred numbers seen or heard

3, 5, 9, 2, 0, 6, 8, 3, 5, 8, 9,
only once, such as "

7, 5, 6, 0, etc., etc."
3.
1,0,
4, 9, 2,
(Chapter
I.,
Part III.)
taken in disorder, seen
I,
Memorizing about
S, P, I, S,
fifty letters
or heard only once, such as " G,
H,
W,
E, Z, O, X, T,
(Chapter III.,
N, C,
Part
4.
L, Q,
I.,
W, H,
B,
etc., etc."
I.,
and Chapter
Part II.)
thirty foreign
Memorizing about
words seen or heard
only once, such as "

(study),
Yama
(mountain),
umi (bow), gakumon

te (hand),
shomotsu (book), kami (paper),

koshikake
(chair),
kao
etc.,
(face),
hana
(flower),
II.,
niwa (garden),
etc."
(Chapter
Is
it
Part III.)
possible for
any one using only common sense
to learn
3
4
this
PREFACE.
system of mnemonics and to apply
it
without any
diffiit
culty ?
as easily
Yes
and
he can learn
it
without difficulty and apply
effectually as I, the inventor,
have succeeded
in
doing.
I presume that the most of

in,
my
readers stand in the
same position that I once stood

impressions on the brain.
wondering what can be

have underof memory,
done to strengthen the memory and quicken the formation of
But when they
shall
stood that they have the mysterious

created within
faculty
them and
in their fellow-creatures as well,
and
that to facilitate
the use of this mysterious power of
memory
there are certain rules especially useful and suitable which were
formerly hidden, but which were discovered by myself, they

will scarcely
their lips.
have the word " wonder" or " impossible" on
Indeed, the study and application of mnemonics

to
are
by no means impossible
any one, because they are
nothing but the process of adopting practically the mysterious
power of memory by using several other powers in the
brain.
For
and
this reason
facts
mnemonics can be
its
easily applied to things
from the moment
rules
and methods are undersystem
stood.
different
In
this respect the application of the arts
may
be
from that of other
and
sciences,
which generally
require long
and tedious
its
practice.
This statement might
appear too bold were

facts
:
truth not proven by the following
First.
have various testimonials in
my
hands, given
by
those Japanese students
whom
have instructed on the
science of
memory.
In these testimonials they conjointly
declare that, to their great surprise, they were able to apply the
rules
and methods of mnemonics as soon as they understood
them.
They
also declare that there is nothing that cannot

this scientific
easily be
memorized by
method.
Second.
nics,
Even
at first
I, as the
inventor of this system of

result of
mnemo-
had
some doubt about the
my own
PREFACE.
practical tests every time
5
difficult
something looked
that doubt
which I
desired to
memorize
still,
is,
was always overcome
by
my
process
that
I was always able to memorize
everything without any difficulty whenever I properly applied the scientific rules
and methods.
That many persons
have often been surprised at the

tests
is
results of
my
practical
simply due to
my
application of mnemonics.
In
short,
our mysterious power of
memory
is
capable of im-
measurably valuable
results, if the rules
and methods of the

long experience I
this
science are properly employed.
From my
am
sure that those
who
shall
have read through
book
will entirely confirm the statement I
have made above, and
will be able to estimate
my work
at its true value.
KlKTJJIRO WaDAMORI.
Tokio, Japan.
CONTENTS.
PART
I.
General Discussion.
CHAPTEK
I.
Definition of Mnemonics and Its General Principles and Eules.

SEC.
1.
PAGE
Definition of
Mnemonics
13
2. 3.
Principles
14
Eules
18
CHAPTEE
Memory
1.
II.
Objects.
19
Things and Facts or Events
2.
Words
A. Simple Words
B. Connected
C.
20
20 20
21
Words Disconnected Words
CHAPTEE
1.
III.
Fundamental Processes and Methods.

Transformation
23
A. Literal Transformation
B. Transformation
C.
24
25 25
27
27
by Identical Sound
Transformation by Analogous Sound
D. Dividing Transformation
E. Eepresenting Transformation
F. Composing Transformation
7
28
8
SEC.
2.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
31
Association
A. Modes of Association
I.
32
Denoting Mode
32
37
II.
Composing Mode
III. Attributing
Mode IV. Imagining Mode
37 37
38
Association of Ideas
B. Precedent
C.
Word and
Subsequent "Word
to
Order of the Words taken
Form an
38
39 40
D.
3.
Form
I.
of Associating Ideas
Methods
Registering
Method
40 40 40
II.
Linking Method
III.
Composing Method
PART
II.
General Application of Methods.
CHAPTER
1.
I.
Registering Method.
Explanation of the Method
42 42
43
A. Establishment of the Registering Method

B. Construction of Mental Register
I.
Conditions Required for the Mental Register
....
43
II.
Form
of the Mental Register and Its Construction
44
51
III. Repetition of the Register

2.
Application of the Method
52
53 59
A. Simple Words
B.
Connected Words
C. Disconnected
Words
60
CHAPTER
1.
II.
Linking Method.
61
2.
63
.
.
.
A. Simple Words
63
CONTENTS.
SEC.
9
PAGE 64 65
to
B. Connected
C. Disconnected
I.
Words Words
Linking Method
.
Relation of Disconnected
65 65
II. Classes of
III.
3.
Examples
for
Memorizing Disconnected Words
...
67
72
Linking and Registering Methods
CHAPTER
1. 2.
III.
Composing Method.
78
79
79
A. Simple Words
B. Connected
C.
3.

.
80
80
..
4.
5.
Composing Methods Difference between the Registering and the Composing Methods
Difference between the Linking and the
82
83
Combined Application of the Methods
84
PART
III.
Application of the Methods in Regard to

Special Objects.
CHAPTER
1.
I.
Memorizing Numerals.
Transformation of Numerals
90 90
A
C.
Transformation of the Digits
B. Transformation of the Numerals in
Two
Order
92
96
Transformation of the Numerals in Three Order
D. Transformation of the Numerals consisting of the Same Numeral Characters in More than
Two
Order
102
E. Transformation of the Numerals consisting of the Zeros in
More than Two Order

F. Transformation of the Numerals in Four or
2.
104
More Order
104 108
108
Transformation
of. Numerical Words denoting the Numeration A. Transformation of Numeration into Letters
10
SEC.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
B. Origin of the Representing Characters of Numeration
C.
.
. .
109
Transformation of Representing Characters of Numeration

into Adjectives
109
Consist of Combining the Representa-
D. Simple
Words which
tives of the
Numerations and Those of the Numerals
...
110
113 116
E. Transformation of Numerals denoting the Orders

3.
Exercise of Memorizing Numerals
A. Memorizing Numerals by Registering Method

B. Memorizing Numerals by Linking Method
C.
.-
117 118
Memorizing Numerals by Combined Application of Registering, Linking,
and Composing Methods
119
CHAPTER
II.
Memorizing Foreign Languages.

1.
Special Rules for the Transformation
123
2.
3.
Transformation and Association

Analysis of Transformation and Association
.
127
.
131
.
4.
Application of the Several Methods to the .Foreign Languages
131
CHAPTER
III.
Memorizing Sentences and Speeches.

1.
Rules
Exercises
134 134
2.
CHAPTER
Rules
Exercises
IV.
Memorizing Poetical Composition.

1. 2.
142
142
CHAPTER
Rules
Exercises
V.
Memorizing Names (Personal).

1,
147
2.
148
CONTENTS.
11
CHAPTEK
VI.
Memorizing Unfamiliar or Unknown Things and Events or Facts and Connection of the Names with Them,
sec.
1.
page
Kinds of Things and Events
Unknown
. .
.
150 150
2.
Special Eules for Transformation

I.
Bepresentation by Selection
150
151
II. Bepresentation
by
Identification
III. Bepresentation
by Analogy
151
IV. Bepresentation by Position
151
151
3.
V. Bepresentation by Attributing Transformation of Unknown Things or Facts into Words A. Transformation of

I.
...
152
Unknown Persons into Words ..... Transformation of Unknown Persons in Whom Special
Features
152
Can be Found
152
II. Transformation of
Unknown
Found
Persons in
Whom Special
153
Insects,
Features Cannot be
B. Transformation of
Unknown
Birds, Quadrupeds,
and Fish into Words

C. Transformation of
158
Grasses, Trees, Metals, Stones,
Unknown
and Tools into Words

D. Transformation
Cities, Villages,
...
Stars,
159
of
Unknown
Mountains,
Bivers,
and Islands into Words
159
.
E. Transformation of
4.
Unknown
Events or Facts into Words
160
Application of the Begistering Method for Memorizing
Unknown
160
Things and Events Transformed into Words

5.
Memorizing Connections of
Facts with Their
a.
Unknown Things and
Events or
162
Names
..
Bules
Exercises
162
163
b.
CHAPTEB
VII.
Application of Mnemonics to the Study of Sciences.

1.
Geography
History
.
.
.
165 167
2.
3.
Law
Physics, Chemistry, the Medical Science, etc
168
4.
169
12
CONTENTS.
APPENDIX.
PAGE
I.
II.
The Time and Method Kequired The Permanence of the Memory
for
Studying
this Science
171
172
173
III. Forgetfulness
IV. The Benefit of Mnemonics
174
COMMENDATOKY EXPRESSIONS
181
MNEMONICS.
PART
I.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
CHAPTER
I.
DEFINITION OF MNEMONICS AND ITS GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND RULES.
1.
Definition
in
of Mnemonics.
For convenience Memory we make

Cultivated
gives
rise
the consideration of the subject of

division
of
it
7
into
two
classes,
" Natural or Uncultivated
Memory'
and
" Scientifically
Memory."
to
The
is,
difference
between these two

"
the science of
" Mnemonics/' or
Mnemothis
techny."
chapter.
I.
This difference
therefore, the
main topic of
Natural or Uncultivated
Memory
is
that capacity or
recall impres-
ability of
an individual
to receive, retain,
and
sions received from the outside through the sense organs,
and impressions formed in the mind

scientific
itself,
without the aid of
methods.
II. Scientifically Cultivated
Memory
is
that capacity or
recall impres-
ability of an individual to receive, retain,
and
sions received
from the outside through the sense

in the
organs,
and impressions formed

scientific
mind
itself,
with the aid of
methods.
13
14
It can
MNEMONICS.
Uncultivated
retentive
now be readily understood that the Natural or Memory depends entirely upon the natural
Scientifically Cultiis
power of the brain, and that the

simply the Natural
vated
Memory
Memory
reinforced
by
the application of systematic and scientific methods, which
transform and associate the various impressions by the several
mental
acts, considering,
is
imagining, analyzing,
etc.
There
another difference between the Uncultivated and
Cultivated
Memory, depending upon

the
the ability to
recall
impressions already received and retained.
In the case of a
Natural
Memory
power
to recall
impressions depends
alone upon the natural or unaided reproductive power of the

brain, while the Cultivated
Memory
is
dependent upon the
natural power, reinforced and aided by attempted recollection
of the systematic methods by which the impressions were received and retained, which
makes
it
possible to recall, at
itself.
almost the same moment, the impression
We
nics.
can
now
arrive at a satisfactory definition of

is
mnemoupon the
Mnemonics
the science which treats of the practical
application of systematic acts and methods bearing
Cultivation of a Natural or Uncultivated
Memory.
2.
Principles.
ideas.
There are nine fundamental principles to be studied in

relation to mental acts
and
We
shall consider
them
one by one, giving such examples as are necessary to bring

out the meaning and use of each.
First Principle.
construct a
The mind has naturally the power to new impression by exchanging one impression for
power
to recall both impressions
another which has some relation to the original impression,
and
also the
by means of
recalling either one of them.
PRINCIPLES OF MNEMONICS.
Example.
The number "29"
for another one.
letter
is
15
suggested, and
let
we wish
to
exchange
this idea
We
may
the letter " t"
represent
" n" represent "9."
To combine
these letters
"2" and we may make
the
use
of
the letter
idea.
" i" as an auxiliary
letter.
Thus,
i.
"tin," forming a
new
We
now have two
impressions,
e.,
"29" and
"tin,"
and the simple
recollection of either one will recall the other
by the
association of ideas.
Second Principle.
to construct
The mind has naturally the

power
to recall
power
the
one or more ideas and arrange them in order as

all
the links in a chain, and also the
impressions by recalling any one of them.
Example.
We
receive the
two simple impressions, "book" and "snow."

into one
We
is
may combine them

found in the snow."
complex impression, thus:
"A
is
book
When
any one of these three

is
ideas
recalled
rest
two are simple ideas and one

pressions,
complex
we
can recall the
by
Again, we
may
receive these four simple im-
"book, snow, hat, and mail."
simple ideas into three complex ideas:
We may combine these four "A book has a cover white as

is
snow ;" " snow covered one's hat ;" " a hat
worn by the mail

first
carrier."
When
by the
one of the four simple impressions

is first
is
recalled, or
when one
of the three complex impressions

recalled, the rest will be recalled
Third Principle.
to construct
The
mind has naturally the power

taste),
an idea by combining many ideas with one main
idea (which
also the
may
be chosen to suit the individual's
and
power
to recall all the impressions
by
first
recalling
any one of them.
Example.
The following
clock, mountain,
six
simple impressions are received, "moon, train, tiger,

to
and lead-pencil," and
memorize them more
easily
we
may
as a
connect them into one complex idea.
Now we may
choose any idea
main idea which

combine these
will virtually stand for the whole.

six simple ideas into the following
For example,
complex
idea,
we
will
16
and choose
thus
as the
MNEMONICS.
by train" (or anyFor instance, make the complex idea "In the moonlight the swiftly moving train frightened a large
main
idea the expression " travelling
other expression
:
may
be chosen).
tiger,
and
its
as the clock struck
twelve a mountain came into view, and
wrote
name with a
(travelling
lead-pencil."
We
have now
is
six simple ideas
and
the
one complex idea, and when any one of them
recalled or
when
main idea
by
train)
is
recalled, the rest are recalled
by the
Fourth Principle.
or unfamiliar ones.
Explanation.
The mind has naturally the power

more firmly than novel
we understand
it
to retain familiar ideas or impressions
By
is
a familiar idea
that a considerable
time has elapsed since the idea or impression was received and retained
in the mind.
It
also a natural supposition that
it
has not only been
recollected several times, but that
has also been applied practically,
and
is
therefore a fixed impression.
The
firmness or weakness of the
memory depends
entirely
degree to which an idea has been impressed upon the mind.
upon the The oftener
we
is
recall
an idea the firmer we stamp

first
suppose that the
recollection
it into the mind for example makes an impression the depth of which
;
;
represented by the tenth of an inch
each time we recall the idea afterit
wards we increase the depth by a fraction of an inch, and
finally
becomes a lasting impression.
But novel
ideas
make
less
of an impression because they have not
met
as
with recollection or application.

deep an impression on the
Hence,
as
novel ideas do not
make
memory
as familiar ones, they
cannot be ex-
pected to be retained as long.
Fifth Principle.
power
to
An
An
individual
has naturally the

easily than
memorize a comprehended idea more
an
uncomprehended one.
Sixth
power
to
Principle.
individual
has
naturally
the
memorize connected ideas more
easily than discon-
nected ideas.
Explanation.
These two last-mentioned
principles are based
upon the
same
facts.
As
pleasure or pain are to the senses, so are the compre-
PRINCIPLES OF MNEMONICS.
bended and uncomprehended
ideas, the
17
connected and disconnected ideas,
to the brain in reference to the classification of ideas.
The
ideas
ideas.
brain
is
so constructed as to
more
easily retain the
comprehended
and connected ideas than the uncomprehended and unconnected
When we
read a book or hear a lecture,
if
the
meaning
is
made
by connected words and sentences we find no difficulty in remembering the whole subject without any special effort, while if the contrary is the case, and the words and sentences are not connected, we find it
clear
almost impossible to memorize the subject.
Examples.
1.
"Daniel Defoe, the author of 'Robinson Crusoe,' was born in

This complex idea
one,
is
London."
once.
a connected idea, and undoubtedly a

after
comprehended
and can be memorized
hearing or reading
it
But
i.e.,
if
we interchange we have
the words, forming a complex idea of this

of,
kind,
"Was
born, in, the author
London, Daniel Defoe, 'Robcomposed of words

a com-
inson Crusoe,' "
a disconnected and uncomprehended idea which
would be very
"
difficult to
memorize
at once, as
it is
.arranged regardless of their

2.
meaning
or relation to one another.
19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1."
This row often figures
is
prehended idea because they are odd numbers in sequence, placed in

reverse order.
This comprehended idea can easily be memorized after

it
seeing or hearing
once.
But should
these figures be arranged without

9, 15, 19, 13, 3, 7, 1, 11,
regard for their natural order, thus, " 17,

will
5,"
we
have an uncomprehended idea
as well as a disconnected one,
which
consequently cannot be easily memorized.
Figures and words when arranged regardless of order are

difficult to
memorize because they form ideas which, as they
are unconnected
sense.
and uncomprehended, are disagreeable
to the
Seventh Principle.
ideas
The mind has naturally the power

them.
to retain more easily ideas which affect the sensibilities than
which do not
affect
Explanation.
stance
ities,
it is
We know when
strongly impressed on the
we meet with an mind because
extraordinary circumit affects
the sensibilso readily
but an ordinary occurrence does not
affect us, so
we do not
remember it. Hence there upon the sensibilities.
are different degrees, according to the effect
18
MNEMONICS.
Eighth Principle.
power
to
The
individual has naturally the

easily
memorize a simple idea more
and firmly than
a complex one.
Explanation.
A simple
idea
makes a
clearer
and stronger impression

is
on the mind than a complex one, and consequently
more
easily retained.
Ninth Principle.
to
The
mind has
naturally the power
memorize an original idea more
easily
and firmly than an
acquired one.
Explanation.
1. is
An
is
original idea
is
formed by the brain
itself,
but
an acquired idea
formed by the impressions received into the brain

not so closely related to the individual.
generally formed by the brain as a result of
is
through the senses, and

2.
An
original idea
is
impressions already existing in the mind, while an acquired idea
often
made up
3.
of unfamiliar ideas.
original idea
difficult.
is
An
readily formed*
by the brain, but an acquired
one
is
more
The above
impression.
points explain
why
an original idea
is
more
durable than an acquired idea, and
why
it
makes a deeper
3.
Rules.
:
From
the nine fundamental principles just explained the
following rules are deduced
Rule
I.
All
acquired
ideas
should
be
exchauged for
original ideas.
(Principles 1, 2, 3,
and
9.)
Rule
Rule
II.
All unfamiliar ideas should be associated with

familiar ones.
(Principles
1, 2,
and
4.)
III. All uncomprehended ideas should be exchanged

for
comprehended
5.)
ideas.
(Principles 1, 2, 3,
and
Rule TV.
All disconnected ideas should be exchanged for

connected ideas.
(Principles 1, 2, 3, and
6.)
MEMORY
Rule V.
OBJECTS.
19
All unaffecting ideas should be exchanged as

often as possible for affecting ideas.
ples 1, 2, 3,
(Princi-
and
7.)
Rule VI.
All complex ideas should be exchanged as often

as possible for simple ideas.
3,
(Principles
1, 2,
and
6.)
CHAPTER
II.
MEMORY
The
classify
OBJECTS.
are various
objects
of
memory
and innumerable.
For convenience in the application of the several rules

them
into several kinds.
we
This chapter, then, deals

to the nature
with this
classification,
which
is
made according
of the object, and
is first
divided into two main groups,
"Things and Facts or Events" and "Words."
We
will
now
consider the
first
group.
1.
Things
facts
and Facts or Events.

into
"Things and
or events" are subdivided
two
classes, namely, " familiar things and facts or events" and
"unfamiliar things and
facts
or events," which are each
subdivided into simple and complex.
The
and
first
subdivision, " familiar things and facts or events,"
is closely allied to
the " words" which represent the " things
facts or events ;" that is to say, the presence
of " things
and facts or events" recalls the " words" which correspond to

them, and the presence of the "words" recalls the things
and events which correspond

rules
to the
"words."
Hence, the
;
which apply
is
to the
one will apply to the other
and
since such
the case,
we have not devoted any
special space
20
to the consideration of
MNEMONICS.
u familiar things and facts or events,"
as this class is covered in the discussion of " words."
But
of
in
memorizing " unfamiliar things and
facts or events"
is
which the names are unknown, the case

words
not present.
quite different
from the former, and the advantage of memorizing them by

is
The
and
difference between " familiar"
and " unfamiliar things
facts or events" requires
a special discussion.
To avoid
two
be
the confusion which might arise in treating the
classes of objects in the
same
place, a special place will
set aside in
Part III. for the discussion of " unfamiliar
things and facts or events."
2.Words.
Words
are divided into two kinds,
familiar
;
words and
unfamiliar words.
Again, familiar words are separated into

:
three classes, namely
A, simple words
B, connected words
and
C, disconnected words.
Unfamiliar words have no subconvenience of the application
division,
and they
are, for the
of the method, always treated as disconnected words in this
Mnemonics, because most of the unfamiliar words always

bring us disconnected words in their transformation.
A. Simple Words.
A simple word
is
a single word, such as
a noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,

characters and certain numbers.
etc.,
including alphabetical
N.B. The
following ten numbers, "0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9," and
each of the numbers from 10 to 99, which will be explained under " The
Transformation of Numerals" (Part III.)? and certain foreign words,
which
are also explained in the chapter
on " Memorizing Foreign Lan-
guages," are also treated as simple words.
B. Connected Words.
Connected words
are
two or more
or
sentences.
words joined together into phrases,
clauses,
Those words which are so connected must have such a forma-
MEMORY OBJECTS.^\,
tion that they can be
21
committed to memory by means of one
of the words which should represent the whole, so that when

recalling that
which was committed we

recalling
shall be able to recall
the whole
by
the
representative
word described
above.
Example.
1.
Familiar sayings;
"Open season;"
and dogs;"
"to have a bee
in
one's
bonnet;"
bells,
"to rain
cats
"to eat one's words;" "bells,
oh
silver bells;"
"union
forever!''
"long
fire ;"
live the
is
queen!" "a
mightier
rolling stone gathers

is
no moss;" " the schoolmaster

burnt child dreads the
abroad;" "beauty
is
but skin deep ;"
"a
" the pen
than the sword."

2.
Familiar names and addresses
George Washington
Napoleon
Streets,
Bonaparte;
Queen Victoria; City
Hall,
Broad and Market
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
3.
Certain numerals which are explained in a special chapter.
N.B.
To
facilitate the application of this
science,
the relation of
simple words to simple things and facts or events will be explained as

follows Simple things and facts or events cannot always be represented by simple words, therefore they must sometimes be represented by connecting two or more words, as for a complex thing for instance red
: ;
:
rose,
fountain pen, United States, or "University of Pennsylvania,"

is
which
Civil
represented by three connected words, and for events as follows
War, Japan-China War.
In the next chapter, on the association
of ideas, simple words, things, and facts or events are treated equally
under the head of "ideas."
In forming an associated
is
idea, a simple
word
or a simple thing or fact or event
used as the unit.
If a connected word denotes only a simple object, and if

that object
ideas,
is
regarded as a unit in forming an association of
a connected word performs the same function as a
simple word.
C. Disconnected Words. consists of
A disconnected word
is
one which
two or more simple words or groups of connected

to
words which have no connection with or relation

another.
Explanation.
one
disconnected word
differs
from a connected word in
having no relation or connection with the several simple or connected
22
words which compose
to
it,
MNEMONICS.
so that neither the
commitment of one of them
memory
helps to memorize the rest, nor the recollection of one of

to recall the rest.
them helps
Examples.
1.
Disconnected words
tahle,
may
consist either of
nouns or verhs,
i.e.,
"hook,
flower,
pen, picture, mountain, women,'' or "sleeping,
singing, running, walking, riding."
Together they form a disconnected
word, as the examples already given, "open season," " to have a hee in
one's honnet,"
"to rain
cats
and dogs,"
etc.
these
when taken
singly
are connected words, but

2.
when taken
together are disconnected words.

i.e.,
Unfamiliar names and addresses form disconnected words,

Street,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, No. 619 Owari

3.
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.

figures
Numerals composed of more than three

i e.,
form disconnected
words,
4.
" 4,629," " 53,052," " 915,372." " gakumon"
All the unfamiliar foreign words which do not belong to the classes
or
of
simple
connected
words
are
disconnected,
i.e.,
(Japanese, study), " Gedachtniss" (German, memory), " soleil" (French,

sun).
N.B.
These
words are simple words in their original language, but
they are regarded as disconnected words in this system of mnemonics, as

already explained.
CHAPTER
III.
FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES AND METHODS.

The
fundamental process of mnemonics
all
is
an act of the
mind by which
six rules.
memory
It
objects are brought into

all
and
re-
tained in the mind.
answers
the requirements of the

investigation of the
:
According to the
critical
author there are two such processes, namely

tion
;
I.
Transforma-
II. Association.
Although the process of Association

is
was established long ago, the process of Transformation

entirely new,
and the author may be credited with the

it.
estab-
lishment of
In the opinion of the author, no other
fundamental process can be discovered besides these two.

The
application
23
to
all
separately of the
is
two processes
objects of
memory
found to be impossible, because
memory
to
objects are so complicated
and varied that in order
meet
such cases means are sought in the latter part of this chapter
which consist of the combined application of the two processes regulated
by
certain fixed methods.
This complica-
tion gives rise to three
methods, the explanation of which
will be given in the latter part of the chapter.

1.
Transformation.
associate into other
associated.
Transformation
is
the process of changing given words
which are
difficult to
memorize or
words
which may be
different
easily
memorized or
There are six
ways of transforming.
Explanation.
in their original form,
"We learn by experience that in memorizing some ideas very we find to retain them, for
it is
difficult
instance, dates in history, botanical names,
names of
places, etc.
The
object of the process of transformation
is
to lighten the labor of
memo-
and to enable us to easily and accurately remember any idea we wish by transforming the original idea into a new idea, but at the same time retaining certain relation to the original idea, so that
rizing these things
when we
recall the
transformed idea
we can remember
the original one.
Examples.
The number twenty-nine (29) form, but as we have already seen
1.
is
not easy to memorize in
its
present
in the "First Principle" in Chapter

it
I.,
we can memorize
2.
it
easily
by changing
letter,
it
to " tin."
The
letters
" c" and " r" are memorized in a similar manner by
using " a" for the auxiliary
forming the word "car."

often happens that
In an
ideas are
attempt to associate several ideas
some
found that are impossible to associate into one idea.

transformation
is
applied to such cases.
If
The process of we have two given ideas we
change one of them or both for other closely related ideas and associate them, i.e., " 29" and " vase." We transform " 29" to " tin," as described
before, and, bringing the transformed idea with a
remaining given idea,
we have " tin vase." Now "29" and " vase" can be easily remembered by the idea "tin vase." Therefore the transformation of ideas is a preparatory process to the association of ideas.
24
MNEMONICS.
A.
LITERAL TRANSFORMATION.
is
Literal Transformation
tate
by which we facilimemorizing ideas or forming associated ideas by conthe process
structing a
new word out of

This
is
the words required to be
memo-
rized or associated.
done by adding
to or
removing
from the word a

letters
letter or letters, or
by changing one or more

a,
of the word.
Hence
there are three natural subdivii.e.,
sions of Literal Transformation,
adding
b,
removing
and
c,
changing, transformation.
1.
Adding Transformation.
1
This
is
the process of forming a
new word by adding a
letter or syllable or
another short word to the construction
of the original.
Examples of Adding Transformation.

1.
2.
3.
4.
on son. land island. wine twine.

let
inlet.
5. 6. 7.
ton
tongue.
8. 9.
ear
earth.
handsome. snail.
kit kitten.
sun
hand
nail
sunk.
10.
2.
Removing Transformation.
syllable, or another short
This
is

letters,
letter or
new word by removing a word from the

i.e.,
original word.
Examples may be obtained by reversing the
process described under "
Adding Transformation,"
inlet
let, etc.
3.
Changing Transformation.
new word by changing
word.
This
is
letter or letters in the original
Examples of Changing Transformation.

1.
let
set.
5.
6. 7.
wine
cat
2.
3.
on ox.
hand
ton
wind. cut.
8.
ear
car.
9.
hill
mill.
land.
sun
sin.
10.
hum hem.
4.
son.
FUNDAMENTAL PKOCESSES AND METHODS.

B.
25
TRANSFORMATION BY IDENTICAL SOUND.

is
This
the process of facilitating the association of an idea
by exchanging the given word for another word having an

identical sound, but a different meaning.
Examples of Transforming by
1.
Identical Sound.
8.
9.
rain
2. 3.
no
know.
be.
reign.
5.
nun
son
sees
none.
right
write.
6.
7.
sun.
seize.
beet
bee
10. fir
beat.
fur.
4.
ant
aunt.
C.
TRANSFORMATION BY ANALOGOUS SOUND.

is
This
the process of facilitating the association of ideas

for another
by exchanging a given word
word which
This process
is
is
similar in sound, but different in meaning.

similar to literal transformation,
is
but the difference
ex-
plained thus,
literal
transformation depends upon the spell-
ing of the words, while transformation by analogous sound
depends upon the sound of the words, not the spelling.
Analogous sounds are divided into two
classes
Class
1,
depending upon method of making or forming the sounds

Class 2, depending upon the length of sounds.
Examples.
Class
1.
Depending upon Method of Forming Sounds.

a. Letters.
a, e,
>
l,
o,
u.
have analogous sounds,

b, f
c,
P, v,
s,
g j,
t,
z,
have analogous sounds, have analogous sounds,

have analogous sounds.
d,
th,
>
k, g, c
1,
q>
>
have analogous sounds, have analogous sounds.
26
MNEMONICS.
b.
Words.
pen, pin, pan,

cup, cap,
cod, god,
coat, goat,
have analogous sounds. have analogous sounds, have analogous sounds, have analogous sounds,
het, bat, bit,
sink, zinc,
quest, guest,
have analogous scunds.
The
there
is
length of the sound of a word depends upon the length

it.
of the vowels which compose

is
As we have
explained that
an analogy of sound between the
five vowels, there

is
not
much need of
further explanation, but as there
great chance for confusion,
we
shall consider this subject for

is
the purpose of showing that there
a difference, and an
important one.
Class
2.
Depending upon the Length of the Sound.

a.
Letters.
a. e.
I.
1.
a
e
is
analogous to
analogous to
analogous to analogous to
is
a
e
is
is is is
is
analogous to analogous to
6.
6~6.
6b
analogous to
u.
b.
Words.
test,
taste is
analogous to
bean
code
kill
sell
tail
is
analogous to bin. analogous to cod.
is
is
analogous to keel,
analogous to
analogous to
sail,
tell.
is is

D.
27
DIVIDING TRANSFORMATION.
is
Dividing transformation
the process of dividing a given
word
into
two or more
syllables or
words
for the purpose of
associating ideas.
Examples.
Given word
....
.
moonlight,
railroad,
rail road,
incomprehensibility.
in
Transformed word
moon
is
light,
com
pre hen
si bility.
island,
Brookline.
land,
Brook
line.
N.B.
1.
In
this transformation the lines
drawn under the
syllables
or parts of the words denote the several parts of the words to be divided.
2.
The
object of this transformation
is
to
form familiar words from
unfamiliar or meaningless ones.
But
it
will be noticed that there still
remain some meaningless ones in the transformation, but these syllables

are again transformed into words
by adding
letters to
them, so that the
transformation in this case

tion of familiar words.
all the
is
really a preparatory process for the formais
This method
generally applied for memorizing
disconnected words.
B.
REPRESENTING TRANSFORMATION.
is
Representing Transformation
the process of represent-
ing the whole of the words to be memorized by a part of
them or by
entirely
new words which have some

is
relation to
the original idea.
Representing Transformation
i.e.,
divided into three classes,
1.
Transformation by selected word. Transformation by selected

letter.
2.
3.
Transformation by selected different word.
1.
Transformation by Selected Word.

the process of selecting one or
This
is
more words from
the words to be memorized to represent the whole.

N.B.
is
It makes no difference what part of the words to be memorized

be selected from the whole to suit the taste of the
selected for representing the rest.
Any word may

individual.
28
MNEMONICS.
Examples.
a.
b.
c.
Kingdom of Great Britain. Transformed word Britain. Given words Money power. Transformed word Money. Given words A burnt child dreads the Transformed word Fire.
Given words
is
fire.
2.
Transformation by Selected Letter.

the process of selecting one or
This
is
more
letters
or
characters from the words to be remembered to represent the

rest.
This process
is
most useful in transforming numerals.
"
Examples. T" is selected from two. " F" is selected from four.
" S"
is
is
selected
from from
six.
"6"
3.
selected
eight.
Transformation by Different Word.

an entirely
This
is
the process of representing words to be remembered

different
by
selecting
word
closely related to the
original in meaning.
Examples.
a.
b.
c.
The United States of America. Transformed word Jonathan. Given words A rolling stone gathers no moss. Transformed word Tussor. Given words Kikujiro Wadamori. Transformed word Mnemonics.
Given words
F.
COMPOSING TRANSFORMATION.
word with two
This
is
the process of composing a simple
or more letters or with two or more simple words, or of
composing a connected word with two or more simple words.

This transformation
a.
b.
is
divided into two classes,
i.e.,
Composition of a simple word.
Composition of a connected word.
'

1.
29
2. 3.
Examples of Class a. 4. "p" -f "in" == "pin." "x" = "ox." 5. "ax" -f "le" = "axle." "co" -f "d" = "cod."
"o"
"ki"
-j-
"te"
= "kite."
6.
"con"
-f
" tempt"
= "contempt."
Examples of Class b.
1.
" poor "
-\-\-
"
man "
-f-
2.
3.
"sun"
'
"shine"
= " poor man." = "sunshine."

-f-
"travelling"
" bird "
"in"
"the moonlight"
= "travelling
in the
moonlight.
4.
-j-
" ny
mg " +
" * n the sky "
= "bird
flying in the sky."
THE COMBINED APPLICATION OF THE SEVERAL TRANSFORMATIONS,

When we
is
desire to transform several
words we find that

It
it
necessary to use all the transformations combined.
is
important that a careful study should be made of the combined application of these six transformations, and
it
will be
necessary for the study of mnemonics to practise the follow-
ing examples until no difficulty remains in forming them.
Examples.
The number "89," or "eighty-nine," is transformed into a new word by the combined application of three different transformations,
(a)
i. e.,
first,
the numerical words "eighty-nine" are transformed into two
letters,
" g" and " n," by means of " Transformation by Selected Letters ;"
to one of the letters by "Adding Transnew syllable "gu;" third, " gu " and "n" are new word, "gun," by "Composing Transformation," and
second, a letter,
"u,"
is
added
formation," making the
formed into a
the process of transformation

(b)
is
completed
The word "then"
is
transformed into the word "thunder" by the
combined application of two transformations, i.e., first, " then" is transformed into " thun" by changing transformation second, the syllable " der" is added to " thun" by adding transformation, and we have formed
;
a new word, "thunder," and the process of transformation

(c)
is
completed.
The word "Japan" is transformed into a connected word, "jam pan," by the combined application of three transformations, i.e., first, the word "Japan" is transformed into the syllable "Jap" and the word "an" by dividing transformation; second, the letter " p" of "Jap" is changed to "m," forming "jam" by changing transforma-
30
tion,
MNEMONICS.
and "an"
is
the transformed words
made into "pan" by adding transformation; third, "jam" and " pan" are composed into a connected
transformation, and the transformation
word,
is
"jam pan," by composing
completed.
(d) The word "Atlantic" is transformed into three words, "bat," "run," "tick," by the combined application of three transformations,
i.e., first,
two
word "Atlantic" is divided into the word "at" and the "Ian" and "tic" by dividing transformation; second, the letter " b" is prefixed to the word "at," and forms the new word, "bat," by adding transformation; third, the syllable "Ian" is transformed into
the
syllables
" run" by transformation by analogous sounds

is
fourth, the syllable " tic"
transformed into the
new word "tick" by adding

and the transformation
"
is
transformation (the
same
(e)
as in the second step),
completed.
The
"
letters
"h" and
w"
are transformed into a connected word,
"hardware," by the combined application of two transformations,

first,
h" and " w"

for
are transformed into simple words,

;
" ware," by adding transformation
and, second,
'
"hard" and hard" and " ware" are
composed
(/)
"hardware."
"1," "g," and " u" are transformed into a connected
transformed into "large" and
The
letters
word, " large gun," by the combined application of the three transformations,-first, "1'
is
"g"
and
"u"
into
"gun;"
second,
'large" and
"gun"
are transformed into " large gun."

1.
I.
Literal Transforma2.
tion
3.
Adding Transformation. " Kemoving " Changing
II. Transformation
by Identical Sounds.
1.
Depending upon method

of forming the sound.
III.
Transformation by
Analogous Sounds
2.
Depending
upon the
Transformation
:
length of the sound.
IV. Dividing Transformation.
Y. Representing
formation:
Trans-
1. By % Bv 3> By
selected word. selected letter

different
.
word
1.
Composition of simple
words.
VI. Composing Transformation

:
2.
Composition of connected words.
FUNDAMENTAL PKOCESSES AND METHODS.

2.
31
Association.
new complex
ideas.
Association
is
idea
(association of ideas)
by combining two given
There
are four different methods of associating ideas.

cases of associating
In many
two ideas we often
find it difficult to dis-
cover a relation between them, even if one of them or both
of them have been already transformed as just described. Hence, the process of associating ideas explains the several
modes, which are established by examining
relations
all the possible
which could
there
exist
between the two words or ideas

laws which
facilitate
is
and,
also,
are
explained
the
accurate formation of association.

carefully with
If this process
applied
is
the
process of transformation
there
no
reason
why many
things which are required to be memorized

difficulty.
should not be remembered without
The explana-
tion of the present subject is classified in the following table
1.
Identity.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Identical sound.
Analogy.
Analogous sound.
Contrary.
Causation.
Specification
A.
Modes
:
I.
Denoting
Mode:
Mode.
6.
7.
II.
Composing Mode.
8.
9.
of AssoIII. Attributing
Accompaniment.
Locality.
ciation
IV. Imagining Mode.

10.
Time.
Contiguity.
Associ-
11.
.
ation
12.
Demonstrating.
B. C.
Precedent and Subsequent Words.
Order of the Words Taken to Form an Association of Ideas.
D.
Form of Associating
Ideas.
32
MNEMONICS.
A.
MODES OF ASSOCIATION.
the modes of association
is
The purpose of
association between
to
form an
relations
two ideas by defining the several
which
tion,
exist between them.
There are four modes of associa-
i.e.,
denoting, composing, attributing, imagining.
I.
DENOTING MODE.
to associate
Denoting mode
is
two ideas
into a
new complex
them
is
idea by denoting a relation constantly existing between
or by explaining a fact about them.

into twelve classes.
1.
This mode
subdivided
Identity.
This
is to
associate
two ideas into a new idea by denoting

in every respect or
that they are identical
some respect;
although they differ in meaning they are identical in construction,
and although
different in nature they are identical
in one or
more of
their shapes, characters, or uses.

this
Explanation.
is
There are many different cases in

"Japan"
3.
is
mode.
1.
" Apple"
identical with " apple" in every respect, as the

object.
two words represent the
same
identical with
"Chrysanthemum Empire"
identical only in
in every respect but a difference of construction, for they both represent
the same object.
"Kerosene
and
oil"
and "candle" are
respect to use (lighting),
different in substance, construction,
and
meaning.
"Umbrella" is look somewhat alike, but they

4.
identical with
differ in
"mushroom"
in that they
every other respect.
Examples
1.
for Associating these Ideas.

are
"Apple" and "apple"
the same thing.
2.
3.
"Japan" and
" Kerosene oil"
" Chrysanthemum Empire" are identical in meaning.
and "candle" are identical
in use.
4.
"Umbrella" and "mushroom"
are identical only in appearance.
2. Identical
Sound.
" Association by Iden-
The explanation and examples of

tical
Sound" are the same
as those given under the " Trans-

formation by Identical
33
of this
Sound."
The
application
mode
is
as follows
" reign" to " rain," or "
know"
to " no,"
are identical in sound.
N.B.
This
mode must
really be included in the last;

it
"but,
as
it
is
extremely useful in practice, we have especially established

of association."
as a
" mode
3.
Analogy.
two ideas into a
This mode
is
the process of associating
new
idea by denoting that a resemblance exists between
them
in respect to
meaning or
quality.
Examples
1.
for
2.
Analogy Mode.
"Opera house" and "theatre." 4. " Bad" and " wicked."
3.
"Forest" and "wood."
" Incandescent light" and "arc light."
4.
Analogous Sound.
by Analogous Sound"
Explanation and examples of this mode are the same as

for " Transformation
(vide ut supra).
The method of forming an
association of ideas
by
this
mode
can be understood from the preceding mode.
This mode was established for the same reason that the
"identical sound" was established beside "identity."
5.
Contrary.
This mode
is
the process of associating two ideas into a

in
new
idea
by denoting that they are contrary or opposite
quality or meaning.
Examples
1.
for
Contrary Mode.
Western Hemisphere."
2.
" Eastern Hemisphere" and "
"South
Pole" and "North Pole." 3 "Palace" and "hut." 4. "Day" and " night." They are associated thus " Day and night are just contrary."
:
34
MNEMONICS.
6.
Causation.
This mode
is
new
idea by denoting that they are related in cause
and
effect.
Examples
1.
for
Causation Mode.
"Study" and "knowledge." 2. "Sickness" and "death." 3. "Sun" and "day." 4. "Cloud" and "rain." They are associated
thus
:
" Study
is
the cause of knowledge," or, " Death
is
the effect of the
sickness."
7. Specification.
This mode
is

that they are related
new
idea
by denoting
by genus or
species.
Examples
1.
for Specification
Mode.
"Animal" and "dog." 2. " Salmon" and " fish." 3. " Flower" and "rose." 4. "House" and "brick house." They are associated "Animal includes dog," or, " Salmon belongs to fish." thus
:
8.
Accompaniment.
accompanied by the other
This mode
is

is
new
idea
by denoting that one
in use.
Examples
1.
for
Accompaniment Mode.
2.
"Scientist" and "books."

3.
"Musician" and "musical

4.
instru-
ments."
" Fish" and "water."

is
" Store" and "goods."
In these
cases a scientist
always accompanied by books, a musician by instru-
ments,
etc.
9. Locality.
This mode
is

that both of
is
new
idea
by denoting
them
are in the
same
is
locality, or, if
one of them
a locality the other one

in this
included in
1.
it.
There are two cases

having a relation
to the
mode
Two
One
ideas
same
locality.
i.e.,
2.
idea having a relation to one locality,
the other idea.

In the
first illustration
35
New York
and Massachusetts are
associated by denoting that they are both in the United States.

Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
England
Thames
RTver
In the second
illustration
we
associate
Thames River and
England by denoting that the former
exists in the latter.
Examples
1. "North "United States."
3.
for Locality
Mode.
2.
America" and " United States."

cases,
" Pyramids" and " obelisks."
" Washington" and 4. " China" and

States are associated
" India."
In these
North America and United
by denoting that the

are associated
latter exists in the former,
and pyramids and obelisks

Egypt.
by denoting that they both

10.
exist in
Time.
This mode
is

exist in the
new
idea
by denoting that both of them

is
same
time or season, or when one of them

other exists in
1.
a time or season the
it.
There are two
classes in this
mode,
i.e.
Ideas which happen or exist in the same time.
2.
An idea
which happens or
Fig.
1.
exists in a time,
i.e.,
the other idea.

2.
Fig.
In the
first illustration
we
associate
thunder and cicada
by denoting
that they both exist in the
summer.
In the
"
"
36
other illustration
winter.
MNEMONICS.
we
associate
by denoting that
ice exists in
Examples
1.
for
Time Mode.
'
"Snowing" and "sleighing." 2. "Spring" and "flowers." 3. "Night" and "sleeping." 4. " Sunday school' and " Sabbath school.
These examples are associated as follows
exist in
'
:
'
Snowing and sleighing both

etc.
winter;" " Flowers exist in the spring,"
11.
Contiguity.
This mode
is

to each other
new
idea
by denoting that they are approximate
in position or order.
Explanation.
There are four classes to this mode

a.
b.
c.
i.e. :
Kelating to locality.
Relating to position or direction.
Relating to order of existence.
Examples
a. 1.
for Contiguity
Mode.
Relating to locality.
" Trance" and "

b.
Germany."
2.
" Asia" and "Europe."
Relating to position or direction.

side.
2.
1.
"
Top" and "

c.
"
North" and " East."
Relating to the order of existence.

2.
1.
"A"and"B."
are associated thus:
" July" and " August."

are approximate,"
They
or,
"France and Germany
"A and B
are approximate in their alphabetical positions."
12.
Demonstration.
This mode
is

positive fact or unalterable truth
new
idea
by showing that a
exists concerning them.
Examples
1.
for
Demonstration Mode.
2.
"Exercise" and "study."

3.
"War
4.
of succession" and "rail-
road."
cine."
"Sword" and "gunpowder."
"Sick man" and "medifor studying people,"
or,
They are associated thus " Exercise is necessary " Sword and gunpowder are used for war."
:

II.
37
COMPOSING MODE.
and examples of
this
For
the definition
mode
the reader
is
referred to the article under "

(vide ut supra)
;
Composing Transformation"
and " x "
for instance, " o "
= ox,
two
etc.
III.
ATTRIBUTING MODE.
ideas into a
This mode
is
the process of associating
new
idea
by
attributing (limiting or qualifying) one
by the
other.
Examples
1.
for Attributing
Mode.
2.
3.
the
To new
associate
two
ideas,
"scenery" and "Hudson Kiver," we form
idea:
the two ideas
= To associate In these the ideas " hundred" and " soldiers" = " a hundred soldiers."
men," and "
soldiers" are limited or qualified
ideas,
"The scenery of the Hudson Kiver." "men" and "walk" "walking men."
To
associate
cases the ideas " scenery," "
by the other
" Hudson Kiver," " walking," and " hundred."
IV.
IMAGINING MODE.
;
This mode
is

i.e.,
idea by imagining certain facts in regard to them

there
ciate
is
new when
asso-
no apparent relation between two ideas we

fact
may
them by supposing some
about them.
It is not
necessary that this supposition should be a probable or possible fact, but,
on the contrary, the more impossible

memorized, as
it
it
is
the
more
easily it can be
will
make an imthis to be the
pression as a "novel idea."

ideas "
case
:
For
instance, to associate the
snow" and " book" we may suppose
"
in
As
I was sitting by the window reading, the snow
came
and wet
my
book"
for Imagining
2.
Examples
1.
Mode.
"London" and "dragon."

and
3.
"Pacific"
"Fuji
Mountain."
"Himalayas" and "America." and "desert." 4. "Snow"
5.
" Niagara" and " "Washington."
38
Association.
MNEMONICS.
1.
"I went
to
London
to see a dragon."
2. 3.
"From
"Many-
the top of the Himalayas
I expected to see
America."
4.
people cross the Pacific to climb Fuji Mountain."

see
"Did you ever
snow covering the desert?"
5.
" Washington could not have crossed
Niagara in a boat."
B.
PRECEDENT AND SUBSEQUENT WORDS.

ideas or
it
As two
this
words are always associated together in

is
Mnemonics,
convenient to give them some definite

first
name, therefore we will give to the

ideas the
of the two words or
name
" precedent word" and to the second the
name
" subsequent word."
C.
ORDER OF THE WORDS TAKEN TO FORM

ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS.
is
It
obvious that those things heard, seen, or considered

recalled in the
must be
same order
as they
were memorized.
If, therefore, in
the formation of an associated idea

first
we
trans-
pose the object in the
position to the second position
we
may
be misled in the recollection by considering the object
as originally in the second position,
and our memory
will
this
become imperfect by erring

to the order of
in the order of ideas.
For
reason the following rules have been established pertaining
words in forming association of

a.
ideas.
Proper Order of Words.

placing the precedent
(in relation to
This order
is
word
first
and the
subsequent word second

b.
one another).
Exceptional Order of Words.

is
This order
placing the subsequent
word
first
and the
precedent word second, in the reverse manner of the preceding rule.
In our experience
it
is
often impossible to use the

;
proper order and form a properly associated idea
then the

exceptional order
is
39 This
will
necessary to form a clear idea.

it
exceptional order, while
may
be confusing at
first,
with practice become very simple and useful.
D.
FORM OF ASSOCIATING
and expressive forms.
Affirmative Form.
IDEAS.
ideas,
There are three ways of forming association of

affirmative, negative,
a.
This
is
the form of associating two ideas
by affirming a
fact concerning the precedent
and the subsequent word.
Examples.
1.
London
is
part of England.
2.
The
3.
highest mountains in North

4.
America are the Rocky Mountains.

monics
is
Flowers are beautiful.
Mne-
the best friend of students.
N.B.
The italicized words are the ones to be associated.

b.
Negative Form.
two ideas by disaffirming a
This
is
the form of associating
fact concerning the precedent
and the subsequent words.
Examples.
1.
Coral
is
not a plant.
4.
2.
All animals are not

is
human
beings.
3.
Human
beings cannot fly.
War
not pleasure.
c.
Expressive Form.
This
is
the form of associating two ideas
by expressing
some
fact concerning
them without affirmation or negation.

Examples.
1.
large garden.
4.
2.
Writing a
letter
in the moonlight.
3.
The
beauty of flowers.
Excellent scenery.
N.B.
As
it
has been proven by the author that affirmative ideas

it is
make
firmer impressions than negative or expressive ideas,
better for the
reader to use affirmative forms as
much
as possible.
40
MNEMONICS.
3.Methods.
(i. e.,
These methods consist of combining the application of the
two fundamental processes

tion) practically
transformation and associato the
and systematically
many
cases fulfill-
ing the requirements of the six rules.
There are three
methods in
It
is
this
system of mnemonics.
believed that the relation between the fundamental
processes
and methods of mnemonics
is
identical
with the
relation of addition, subtraction, multiplication,

to the
and division
methods
in arithmetic.
is
If one of the four funda-
mental processes
disregarded in the methods of arithmetic,

loses a great deal
no doubt the use of arithmetic

portance.
of
its
im-
And
the same
is
true in mnemonics.
We have established
cation of the
tering, linking,
1.
three methods for the combined appliprocesses, as follows

:
two fundamental
regis-
and composing methods.

consists of registering
Registering Method, which

ideas
new
by
associating with familiar ideas already

I., II.,
memor-
ized (from Rules

II.
and V.).
consists of linking several
Linking Method, which
new
ideas together in order or sequence.
(Rules
I.,
III.,
IV., and V.)

III.
or forming
Composing Method, which many ideas into one main
consists of
idea.
composing
I.,
(Rules
III.,
IV., and Y.)

N.B.
2.
1.
These methods are more fully explained in Part II.

registering
In the application of the

to he
method the words already

and the new words In the application of the
to be
memorized
which are
or registered are the precedent words,
memorized
are the subsequent.

first
linking and composing methods the
word
memorized
first
is
the
precedent word and tbe rest are the subsequent words in the
tion,
associais
and
in the second association the second
word
to be
memorized
the
precedent word and the third the subsequent word.
FUNDAMENTAL PEOCESSES AND METHODS.

3.
41
It
must be remembered that
all
words are associated in pairs in the

necessary, if there are
system of mnemonics, thus making
it
more than
must be
two
ideas, to
make
several associations.
associations
4.
In the application of the registering method,

for
formed
every word to be memorized, so
if there are
ten simple words,
ten associations
must be found.
less
In the linking and composing methods

to be
the association will be
by one than the words
memorized
if
there are ten simple words to be memorized, nine associations will be

required.
In regard
to the relation
between the number of associations
and the number of
ideas to be memorized, the connected

;
word
is
the same
as the simple in every respect
and disconnected words transformed into
connected and simple words are just the same individually as a connected
or simple word.
PART
II.
GENERAL APPLICATION OF METHODS.

CHAPTER
I.
REGISTERING METHOD.
1.
Explanation
of the Method.
is
The registering
method, as already explained,
the
method
of recording memory objects into the " mental register" by means of a " mental pen" which represents the several mental acts.
We will
this
first
consider the reason for the establish-
ment of
method and then take up the construction of
the " mental register."
A.
ESTABLISHMENT OP REGISTERING METHOD.

The memory
objects of
which impressions are received

and
are numberless.
to
into the
brain through the senses, and the thoughts

itself,
imaginations formed in the brain
As many
people do not
know how
memorize, and
depend upon recording such objects as are
to be
memorized
upon paper, which may become

is
lost or destroyed,
and
as this
it
in
many
other
ways a very unsatisfactory method,

natural
can
be seen that any method which will develop that power
which every animal has

in acquiring a
reliable
(i.e.,
memory)
and
will aid us
much more
satisfactory
infinitely
more
method of retaining impressions.
Consequently the
author has spent a great deal of time in the consideration of

42
REGISTERING METHOD.
43
the construction of what he calls a mental register, in contradistinction to a material register (such as paper
and books),
method."
and the method of
registering
is
called " registering
This registering method

register" every external
is to associate
with the " mental
and internal impression that may be
required
to
be memorized by acts of the several mental

consideration,
powers,
imagination,
and judgment,
which
i.e.,
are collectively called the " mental pen."

three
Hence
there are
important
factors
in
this
registering
method,
" mental
1.
register," " mental pen," and " mental registration."
The Mental
Register
is
the knowledge or experience

all the things, facts,
of every individual,
i.e., it is
and words
the mental
arranged in regular order in our brain.

2.
The Mental Pen,

The Mental
and the
as already described,
is
actions,
3.
imagining, considering, and judging,

objects to be
etc.
ideas
Registration is to form an association of by means of the " mental pen" between the " mental
register"
memorized, according to the
rules of transformation
and
association.
B.
CONSTRUCTION OP MENTAL REGISTER.

REGISTER.
I.
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THE MENTAL

In a material
register, consider the thickness
size
;
of the paper,
it
its quality,
and
if the
paper
;
is
thick and hard,
may
be preserved for a long time
if it is
size,
is
of good quality, the

things can easily
same
is true,
and
it.
if it is
of large
many
be recorded on
easily
If the register
well arranged, one can
examine
is all
it
and search
for
any required entry.
This
true of the mental register.
As
already stated,
is
recording in the mental register with the mental pen

associate
to
the
objects
required to be memorized
with the
44
mental
register.
MNEMONICS.
Hence the
upon
it
objects or
words composing the

Therefore if
is
mental register must be of such a character that the mental
pen
is
able to act
quickly and easily.
each object or word used as a mental register

sive
comprehen-
enough in meaning,
it is
not difficult to form with them

also, it is
any thought or imagination, and,

form an association of
ideas.
not difficult to
And
if the objects or
words
forming the mental register be those that are easily remembered and are arranged in regular order, so that no two
words are alike

are most clearly
in the
same
register, the associations
formed
and firmly impressed, and consequently can

Again,
if the objects or
be preserved a longer time.
words
composing the register are uniformly arranged and subdivided,

it
is
very easy to recollect the order of association

index and
is
formed, just as a register furnished with an
arranged with
access.
all the
recorded matter classified
easy of
If we neglect one of the above conditions we will not have

a perfect
register.
Hence a
perfect mental register consists
of three factors
1.
2.
Words Words
Words
or objects widely applicable in meaning.
or objects that are clearly remembered and have

is
a regular arrangement and there

3.
no
repetition.
or objects that have fixed
number and arrange-
ment.
II.
FORM OF MENTAL REGISTER AND

CONSTRUCTION.
(A.)
ITS
PROPER REGISTER.
is
proper register
one which contains
all
the conditions
necessary to form a perfect register.
We
will
now
consider the objects or words necessary to
form a proper
register.
REGISTERING METHOD.
a.
45
Matter or Things.
etc.,
Such
facts
as action, intercourse, war, walking,

city, house,
or
such things as county, country,
mountain,
river,
first
glass, tree, bird, beast, insect, fish, etc.,
may have
third,
the
condition, but not the second

insufficient to be a
and the
and thus are
proper register.
b.
Signs of Matters and Things.

is, word and letter, Some may be proper registers and
In the signs of matters and things, that

there are three kinds.
some may
not.
These are words,
letters,
and numbers.
1.
"Words.
Some nouns,
adjectives, verbs,
and adverbs are susceptible
of several meanings, and therefore comprehensive enough to

satisfy the first condition of a proper register.
An
article,
a pronoun, a conjunction, a demonstrative adjective, a preposition,
and an
interjection are generally
poor in meaning, but
they can be easily transformed into the former kinds of words
by means of the
therefore, are
several transformations.
in the first condition,
it
All these words,
good
is
and consequently
every sentence
almost
all
good as
consists of these words.
But
English sentences
make
a repeated use of articles
and
prepositions,
and therefore there are few sentences which
will satisfy the second condition except
some short maxims

is
and phrases
to
which every English ear
accustomed.
But
they have no special arrangement, therefore there can be no

perfect register of
words in the English language.
Some
:
part of a sentence
thus,
1.
may
satisfy the second condition as follows
"They
tell
us,
sir,
that
we
are weak,
unable
to cope with so
formidable an adversary."

'
'
; ;
46
2.
MNEMONICS.
" But,
'
alas
you
are not all here.
Time and
the sword have thinned,
your ranks.
3.
" 'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at
my
chamber door,
Only
this
and nothing more."
But
if
every syllable and word in a poem of insufficient

register,
meaning, used as a proper
be transformed into a
word which has a

tions,
sufficient
meaning by several transforma-
they will
all
be adopted as the proper register; for
example
Given Words.
11
Bring the good old bugle, boys

Sing
Sing
it
we
will sing another song,
with a
spirit that will start
the world along
we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong, While we were marching through Georgia.
it as
'
Transformed Words.
Bring theatre good old bugle, boys wedding will sing ancient
!
athlete err son,
Singe itch wither ape spire pit thatch willow start theft world
arm
long
Sink Italian ass web used tong zinc
kit fife type
thought sand strong,
Wild weed war march inn throw georgic giant.
Explanation of the Transformation.

1.
" Oth," the second syllable of the word "another," was

syllable,
first
trans;
" ath," by the transformation by analogous sound secondly, into a word, " athlete."
formed into a
2.
"Sing,"
first
word in
third line,
was transformed into "sink" by
the changing transformation.

3. "While" was transformed into "wild," removing the letters "h" and " e" forming it by the removing transformation, and adding the
letter "
4.
d " to
it
by the adding transformation.

into
"Were," "ing," and "through" were transformed

' '
"war,"
"inn," and " throw" by the transformation by analogous sound.

5.
All the transformed words besides were transformed by the adding
transformation.
We
now have
a large proper register consisting of a
poem
lines
transformed.
This register has forty words and four

first to
each line from the
the third has thirteen words and
EEGISTERING METHOD.
the last line eight.
least
47
It
is
sure that twenty or thirty songs at

the
are
known by everybody throughout
country.
Therefore, if they adopt transformed songs as the register, a

great
many
proper registers will be easily prepared for them.

2. Letters.
The alphabet
is
too simple to satisfy the
first
condition,
its letters
but for satisfying the second and third conditions

are the best examples.
in the preceding
fect register.
If, therefore,
we transformed them
as
example of the poem, they form a most perinstance, "
For
A"
may
be transformed into
"ale,"
etc.
"B"
into " bee,"
"C"
into "cat/'
"D"
into
"day,"
Hence we have a
perfect register
numbering twenty-six
words, as follows
A ale. Bbee. C cat.
Jjar.
Dday.
E egg.
F-fly.
Kkite. L lamb. M moon.

Nnuts. 0 ox. Ppin.
Q quail.
S sun. T-toy.
II
uncle.
Y valley X xebec. Yyard.

Z^-zinc.
Wwax.
Ggun.
H horse.
I
ice.
Rrain.
If we want a larger
register,
we may omit
the vowels
from the alphabet, and by connecting them
to each
of the
twenty-one consonants we will get a register numbering one
hundred and
five, as
be,
follows
;
B ba,
bat
cat
;
beggar
;
bi, bite
ci,
bo, bone
co,
bu, bull.
cu,
C ca,
ce, ceiling
cider
comb
cucumber.
D da,
F fa,
day;
face
;
de,
fe,
den;
fence
ge,
;
di,
fi,
dike; do, dog; du,

fight
;
dummy.
fo,
fox
fu, fur.
Q ga,
gamble;
;
gentlemen;
;
gi,
;
giant; go, goat; gu, gun.

;
H ha, ham he, hem hi, hill ho, honey hu, human. Jja, jar je, jelly jo, joy ju, just. Jill K ka, kangaroo; ke, keel; ki, kite; ko, Koran; ku, kummel.
;
ji,
48
MNEMONICS.
L la,
lard
le,
;
leg
li, life
lo,
love
lu,
lump.
;
M ma, man
N na,
name
;
me, means
ne, net
;
mi, mine
mo, moon
;
mu, much.
ni,
night
;
no, noise
nu, number.
P pa, pan
pe,
pen
pi,
pin
po,
pond
pu, pupil.
Qqua,
K ra,
S
quail; que, question; qui, quill; quo,
quorum; quu, quota.
rat; re,
;
remain;
;
ri,
ring; ro, roof; ru, ruin.

;
sa, sale
tail
se, seal
te,
si,
sigh
so,
;
song
su, sun.
;
T ta,
teeth
ti,
tide
vi,
to,
tomb
tu, tube.
Vva,
exult.
vase; ve, velvet;
victim; vo, voyage; vu, vulture.
W wa, wax;
X exa,
we, wedding; wi, wife; wo, wolf; wu, woman.

exe,
example;
exempt;
exi,
exist;
exo,
exonerate;
exu,
Yya,
yarn
ye, yellow
;
yi, yield
yo,
yoke
;
yu, yule.
Z za, zambo
ze, zeal
zi,
zinc
zo,
zone
zu, zuche.
There are two cases where no word can be applied

are " quu," " wu."
these
In these
is,
cases the preceding vowels will
be again applied; that

quota," instead of "
instead of
wu" we
use " wo,
"quu" we use "quo, woman," and so on.

with " u."
"Q"
must always be used
in connection
it,
"X"
For
will be used with " e " preceding
as in " example."
convenience
"X"
and a
Z"
can be taken away from the
register of consonants because they are very difficult to con-
nect with
some vowels, and then nineteen consonants w ill

r
remain as the
th,
register.
Besides these, if
we
adopt " ch, sh,
and kn,"
etc.,
as consonants, the register will be enlarged.
They
will follow "
Z"
in alphabetical order as follows
Ch cha, charm; che, chest; chi, child; cho, choke; chu, church. Ph pha, pharmacy phe, pheasant phi, philanthropy pho, photo;
; ;
graph
phu, phonograph.*
Kn kna,
knuckle.
knapsack
kne. knell
kni, knife
kno, knowledge
knu,
Th tha,
thanks; the, theme;
thi, thief; tho,
thought; thu, thunder.
Wr wra,
wrap wre, wreck

;
wri, wrinkle
wro,
wrong
wru, wrung.
* Vide supra.
This combination cannot be used, so
we
use preceding
vowel again.
REGISTERING METHOD.
If we want a
still
49
larger register, connect the vowels before

:
.each consonant as follows
B ab, C ac,
etc.
absent
eb,
;
ebb
ib,
ibex
;
ob, obstacle
ic,
ub, ubiquity.
;
account
ec, ecclesiastic
icicle
oc, occasion
uc, ocean,*
as conso-
N.B.
"Ch, ph, kn,
th,
wr,
st,
and stv" cannot be adopted
nants in the present case because
we
are unable to connect the preceding

cases
vowels with them.
In the above examples there are sixteen
where
no word can be formed unless the vowel be changed.
These again make a

five words,
register
numbering one hundred and
and
if
used in connection with the preceding one,
we
will
have a register numbering two hundred and ten
words.
3.
Numerals.
Numerals equally with the alphabet have not a comprehensive meaning in their original
in the first condition.
state,
and thus are

It
deficient
But
for the second
and third condiis
tions there is no better register than these.
not im-
possible to
make them
will consider
satisfy the first condition, as in the
case of the alphabet.
As
it
the method to do so
is
very conis,
fusing,
we
under a different part,that
the chapter for memorizing numerals.
(B.)
COMMON
REGISTER.
satisfies
The common
register is
one that
one or two of the
conditions required for the proper register.
Thus, matters
register are
and words that can be adapted

very numerous.
It
as the
common
and words
in one's
may properly be said that all the memory are included in this class.
objects
* Vide supra.
This combination cannot be used, so
we
use preceding
vowel again.
4
50
a.
1.
MNEMONICS.
Matters and Things.
Actual Facts.
For
instance, all the important events
experienced by one's self formerly or during the last year, or
during the time from the

sent day, or acts
first
day of
this year
up
that
to the preis,
and events during a day,
things
to the
done or met with during the time from the getting up
nightly repose, or those facts heard or seen in the theatre or

at
some other entertainment.
If those facts are remembered
in right order, they can well serve for a

2.
common
is,
register.
Actual Things.
All
the parts of one's body or of

places, that
village, county,
one's house or
state,
well-known
country to which they belong.
These things will serve

as
for the
is
common
register.
(Mnemonics
commonly taught
any
as a
of this nature.)
But
in the present case there is not
necessity for adopting these facts

register, for it is far
and things
common
repre-
more convenient
to adapt the
word
senting
them than the things and

b.
facts themselves.
"Words.
1.
All the words representing the actual facts and things
described in the preceding are

2.
common
register.
A man's addressfor instance, "Mr. James Washington,

Street, Ithaca City,
No. 9 Canal
State"
3.
Cayuga County,
New York
makes a common
register
numbering fourteen words.
Famous maxims,
proverbs, and phrases to which ears
are accustomed.
(C.)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE USE OF THE PROPER REGISTER AND THE COMMON REGISTER. The proper
objects
register is the
1.
most useful for memorizing

into
numerous
which are divided
several
classes.
REGISTERING METHOD.
51
The common register is best adapted to matters small in number and without classification. 2. By means of the proper register we can instantly
recollect the order or position
is
of each object memorized as

the
it
required, but
memory by
so.
is
common
register
makes
it
very hard to do
3.
Until one
it is
well trained in the formation of associa-
tions
better to use the proper register,
and the common
register
may
be adopted after his training has been well
developed.
4.
The- association formed by the proper register

certain, while that
;
is
clear
and
by the common
register
may
be con-
fused and uncertain
but this difficulty can be avoided after
the training has been improved.

5.
is
new common
it is
register can be
made
at
any time as
it
wanted, but the proper register cannot be easily made, and

necessary to prepare
it
therefore
6.
beforehand.
In view of the adaptation of the registering method to

is
daily business and scientific study there
not
much
difference
between the two kinds of
register.it
want
time.
to
memorize large books,
convenient to use a number of the
To the students who may sometimes be more common registers at one
III.
REPETITION OP THE REGISTER.
common, may be used repeatedly without any disadvantage. For instance,

.The mental register, either proper or
when one wants to associate twenty ideas to "there are many rare abilities in the world
never brings to light."
with each word there
still
this register,
that fortune
is
Although each object

same
associated
remain six objects to be associated.

register
In
this case one can again use the
and
associate
the remaining objects with the

register.
first six
words in the same
It
is
better,
however, not to repeat a register for
52
the same mass of matter.
MNEMONICS.
If
it is
adopted for a different mass

is
of matter at a different time there
no confusion or uncer-
tainty in the formation of the associations,
no matter how
is
many
times
it
may
be repeated.
So
far the
mental register
superior to the actual register, for the actual register cannot be
used more than once

records, cannot
if
it is
used again the

;
first
and second
again,
be clearly
lasts as
distinguished
and,
the
mental register
long as the brain, for nothing but

it,
some
terrible disease or death can destroy
however often
it
may
be used.
1.
a.
Proper
2.
Words.
Transformed
letters.
register
Mental
Eescister
b.
3.
Transformed numbers.
Actual
Pacts.
Common
register
matter
Signs of
Things.
matter
Words.
Mental
Keqister:
a.
Consideration
II.
Mental
b.
Imagination.
Pen:
c.
Judgment.
association of ideas according to
III. Mental
-D
&
,
J
I
Forming
the several rules,
tion
2.
Application
is
of the Method.
This exercise
to
enable us to associate the matters to

is,
be memorized into the register in the right order; that

first object
with the
first
the second, and so on.
word in the register, second with The objects and register should be
to be
examined
first
according to the rules relating to association

is
and transformation when an association

tween them.
formed be-
REGISTERING METHOD.
A.
53
SIMPLE WORDS.
Example
I.
1.
Proper Register.
Alphabet.
I, J,
1,
B, c,
r>,
E, F, G, H,
V,
W,
K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, R, X, Y, Z.
S, T,
U,
TRANSFORMED WORDS.
1.
Ape.
Bee.
Ceiling.
10.
Journey.
19. Senator.
2. 3.
11. Kitten.
12. Lily. 13.
14.
20. Tin. 21.
Uncle.
Vehicle.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Deer.
Man.
Northern.
Old.
Pupil.
22.
23.
24. 25.
Eagle.
Fire.
Waterloo.
Export.
15.
Georgia.
16.
Yellow.
8.
9.
Head.
Ice.
17. Quail.
26. Zinc.
18. Kestless.
II.
1.
Words
Japan.
Cry.
to be Memorized.
19.
Minister.
10.
11.
Assemble.
He.
2.
3.
Doctor.
20.
Leaves.
Bear.
Tree.
12.
13.
Beautiful.
21. Sing. 22. Disease.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Prowess.
14.
Indian Ocean.
Foreign language.
23. 24.
25. 26.
Napoleon.
Country.
15. Children.
16.
Hong Kong.
Soup.
8.
America. Helmet.
Fish.
17. Yes.
18.
Brooklyn Bridge.
9.
And
III.
Registration.
1.
Apes are disliked by the minister.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
The The The
bee
stung the doctor.
ceiling is
ornamented with a design of

branch of a large
leaves.
deer
is
not as strong as a bear.

tree.
An
eagle dwells in the
Large
fires are rare in the country.

is
Georgia
in
is
North America.
8. 9.
The head
Iced fish.
protected
by a
helmet.
10.
A journey to Japan.
The The
kitten cries.
lily is beautiful.
11. 12.
13.
A man must have prowess.
54
14.
MNEMONICS.
The Northern Sea and Indian Ocean have The old man is very kind to children. The pupil learns a foreign language.
1 shot a quail yesterday.
different climates.
15. 16.
17.
18.
19.
The The
restless ants.
senators assembled to-day.
20.
Tin melts in the heat.
21.
22.
My uncle sings.
A vehicle to convey diseased people.

Waterloo was a hard blow to Napoleon.
23.
24. 25.
The export from iTow^ Kong.

Yellow- colored
somjo.
20.
I picked a piece of zinc on the
Brooklyn Bridge.
IV. Analysis of Kegistered Ideas.

Association.
Transformation.
Form.
Precedent word.
No. of Ideas.
Mode.
1
'.
Order.
Subsequent word.
Imagining.
Attributing.
Proper.
Affirmative.
Adding.
None.
2
3
Proper.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding. Adding. Adding. Adding.
Adding.
None.
None.
None.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Proper.
Proper. Proper.
Proper. Proper.
4
5
6
7
Negative.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
Denoting.
None.
None.
Denoting. Denoting.
Attributing.
Composing.
None.
None.
Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper.
Expressive. Expressive. Expressive.

Affirmative. Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding. Adding. Adding.
9
10 11
12
Composing.
Attributing.
None. None.
None.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Proper.
Proper.
Proper. Proper.
Adding.
Adding.
Adding.
13 14 15
Denoting.
Expressive.
Affirmative. Affirmative. Affirmative. Affirmative.
None.
None.
Denoting.
Denoting.

Adding.
None.
None.
Adding.
16
17
Imagining.

Proper. Proper. Proper.
Proper.
Imagining.
Attributing.
18 19
Expressive.
Changing.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Adding. Adding. Adding. Adding. Adding.

None. None. None. None. None. None.
20
21
Imagining.
Attributing.
Affirmative.
22
23
24
Expressive.
Affirmative.
Denoting.
Attributing.
Attributing.
Proper. Proper.
Proper.
Expressive.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
25
Composing.
26
Imagining.
None.
REGISTERING METHOD.
55
V. Explanation of the Applications of the Table.

1.
"A"
is
transformed into
"ape" by adding
transformation.
The
precedent word " ape" and the subsequent word " minister" are associated
by imagining that "apes are

is
disliked
j
by the minister."
This association
fact.
made by taking
2.
the words in
roper order and affirming a
"B"
is
transformed into the "bee" by adding transformation.

is
The precedent word
associated with the subsequent
word "doctor" by
expressing a truth, "
The bee stung
the doctor."
This association makes
use of the words in their proper order and expresses a truth.

3.
"
C"
is
transformed into "ceiling" by adding transformation.

the subsequent word "leaves" are as-
The precedent word "ceiling" and

sociated
by imagining that " the ceiling is ornamented with a design of This association makes use of words in proper order and affirms leaves."
fact.
4.
"D"
is
transformed into "deer" by adding transformation.
The
precedent word "deer" and the subsequent word "bear" are associated
by denoting a
truth, " that the deer is not as strong as a bear. "
This assotruth.
ciation takes the words in their proper order

5.
and negatives the
"E"
is
transformed into "eagle" by adding transformation.

is
The
subsequent word "tree"

transformation.
transformed into "large tree" by composing

the subsequent words " large
in the
The precedent " eagle" and

tree.
tree" are associated
by explaining a truth that "an eagle dwells

"
branches of a large
This association takes the words in their proper
order and affirms the truth.

6.
"E"
is
transformed into "fire" by adding transformation, and
again into "large fire" by composing transformation.
The precedent
This association
"large
fire" is associated
with the subsequent "country" by explaining

are rare in the country."
the truth that "large
fires
takes the words in their proper order and affirms a truth.
N.B.
all.
We believe that these explanations will make the table clear
to
56
MNEMONICS.
Example
I.
2.
Proper Begister.
6.
7.
1.
Ba.
Be.
Bi.
Ca.
Ce.
Ci.
11.
12.
Da.
De.
Di.
2.
3.
8
9.
13. 14. 15.
4.
5.
Bo.
Co.
Do.
Du.
Bu.
10.
Cu.
II.
1.
Words Kequired
6.
7.
to be Memorized.
11.
12.
Minister.
Country.
Cries.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Doctor.
America.
Helmet.
Fish.
Beautiful.
Leaves.
Bear.
Tree.
8. 9.
13.
14.
15.
Prowess.
Indian Ocean.
Children.
10.
Japan.
III. Begistration.
1.
(Ba
minister)
2.
3.
(Be doctor)
(Bi leaves)
The baby of the The best doctor.
minister.
man
bid for
some
leaves.
4.
5.
bear) (Bu
(Bo
tree)
The
bones of a bear.
6.
7.
(Ca
(Ce
country)
A bushy branch of a tree. A cat ran to the country.

Central America.
America)
Japan)
cries)
8.
9.
(Ci helmet)
A circus exhibited an
Cod belongs
Customs of Japan.
ancient helmet.
(Cofish)
(Cu
to the^-vA family.
10.
11.
(Da
(Di
The daughter
Deer's fur
is
cries.
12
13. 14.
15.
(De beautiful)
beautiful.
prowess)
man
of dignity has prowess.

of the Indian Ocean.
(Do Indian Ocean) A dock on the shore Dutch children. (Du children)
REGISTERING METHOD.
IV. Analysis of Registered Ideas.
Association.
57
Transformation. Form.
Precedent word.
No. of Ideas.
Mode.
1
Order.
Subsequent word.
None. None.
Attributing.
Proper.
Expressive. Expressive.
Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding.
Adding.
2
3
Attributing.
Proper.
Imagining.
Attributing. Attributing.
Proper.
Proper.
None. None.
4
5
Expressive.
Adding.
composing.
Proper.
Expressive.
Adding and None.

Adding. Adding. Adding. Adding.
Imagining.
Attributing.
Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper.
Affirmative.
None.
None. Composing. None.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
8
9
10
11
Imagining.
Denoting.
Attributing.
Expressive.
Adding.
Adding.
composing.
None. None.
Imagining.
Denoting.
12
Proper.
Adding and None.

Adding and None.
composing. Adding.
13
Imagining.
Attributing.
Attributing.
Proper.
Affirmative.
14
Proper. Proper.
Expressive.
Expressive.
None.
None.
15
Adding.
Example
I.
3.
Proper Register.
6.
7.
1.
Ab.
Eb.
lb.
Ac.
Ec.
Ic.
11.
Ad.
Ed.
Id.
2. 3.
12.
13.
8. 9.
4.
5.
Ob.
Oc.
14. 15.
Od.
Ub
10.
Uc.
Ud.
II.
1
Words Required
6. 7.
to be Memorized.
11.
12. 13. 14.
Foreign language.
Yes.
Sing.
Disease.
Brooklyn Bridge
Minister.
2.
3
4.
And.
Assemble.
Be.
8.
9.
Napoleon.
Doctor.
Hong Kong.
Leaves.
5.
10. Soap.
15. Tree.
58
MNEMONICS.
III.
Kegistration.
1.
2.
3.
(Ab foreign (Eb yes)

(Ib-and)
(Ob
language) Able to speak a foreign language.

I
bought some ebony yesterday.

ibis is
4
5
6.
7.
assemble)
The The
not found in this land.
object of
an assembly.
is
(Ub hero)
Ubiquity of
God
believed by a hero.
8.
9.
sing) (Ec disease) (Ic Napoleon)

(Ac
Academy of
singing.
An
Ice
economist contracted a disease.
was the strongest enemy of Napoleon.
(Oc Hong Kong)

(Uc
I expect an occasion to go to
I
Hong Kong.
10. 11.
soap) (Ad Brooklyn Bridge) leaves)
know
man
in occupation of soap making.
Admirable Brooklyn Bridge.
12.
13.
(Ed minister)
(Id doctor)
(Od
An educated minister. An idle doctor.

The
odious smell of leaves.
14. 15.
(Ud tree)
A udometer hanging under the tree.
IV. Analysis of the Kegistered Ideas.

Association.
Transformation.
No. of Ideas.
Mode.
1
Order.
Form.
Affirmative.
Precedent word.
Subsequent word.
Imagining.
Proper.
Adding and None.

composing.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Attributing.
Proper. Proper.
Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding. Adding.
Changing.
Negative.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding.
composing.
4 5
Proper.
Proper.
Denoting.
Adding and Adding.

Adding.
6
7 8
Attributing.
Proper.
Proper.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
None. None.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Adding.
Proper.
Affirmative. Affirmative. Affirmative.
Adding.
Adding.
None.
None.
9
10
11
Imagining.
Imagining.
Attributing.
Attributing. Attributing.
Adding.
Adding. Adding.
Adding.
composing.
None.
Expressive.
Expressive. Expressive.
None.
None. None.
12
13
Proper.
Proper.
14
Attributing.
Expressive.
Adding and None.

Adding.
Composing.
15
Attributing.
Proper.
Expressive.
REGISTERING METHOD.
B.
59
CONNECTED WORDS.
I.
Register (Common).
(4) rare (5) abilities (6) in (7) the (8)
(1)
There
(2) are (3)
many
world
(9) that (10)
fortune (11) never (12) brings (13) to (14) light.
II.
1.
Words
to be Associated.
George Washington.
2.
3.
The pen
is
mightier than the sword.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

Bring back
4. 5.
6.
7.
my
bonnie to me.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
8. 9.
Time is money. Lord Mansfield. Union forever.

Oxford University.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Benjamin Franklin.
A burnt child dreads the

Into
fire.
how many
first
parts
is
the
Wadamorian Mnemonics divided?
When
To
came
is
to Yale.
save a father
a child's chief honor.
III. Registration.
1.
"There'' and " George Washington"

Street.
theatre
was on Washington
a pen
2.
"Are" and "Pen

useful art.
is
mightier than the sword"
To make
is
3.
"
Money" and " A
rolling stone gathers
no moss"
Money rolls on
the
bank's desk like stones in the road.

4.
"Care" and "Bring back

for one's bonnie.
my
bonnie to
me"
Care must be taken
5.
"Abilities" and " Napoleon Bonaparte"
The
ability
of Napoleon.
6.
7.
" In" and " Time
is
"The" and "Lord

last night.
I spend my time reposing in an inn. Mansfield" There was a thief in a man field
money"
1
8.
"World" and "Union

world
is
forever"
union of
all
the states in the
a necessity.
9.
" That" and " Oxford University"

a funny shape.
The hat of Oxford students
is
of
60
10.
MNEMONICS.
"Fortune" and "Benjamin Franklin"
fortune by his electrical invention.
Franklin did not make a
11.
"Never" and
"A
burnt child dreads the
fire"
burnt child was
lying near the river.

12.
" Brings" and " Into
divided?"
The
"When
how many parts is the Wadamorian Mnemonics Wadamorian Mnemonics is more precious than
I
diamond
13.
rings.
"
To" and
of
"
first
came
to
Yale"
Hew Haven
has the tombs
many
scientists.
14.
" Light" and "

is
To save a
father
is
a child's chief honor"
My father
so light that I
can carry him on
my
back.
IV. Analysis of Registered Ideas.

ASSOCIATION.
Transformation.
NO. OF
Ideas.
Mode.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Order.
Form.
Affirmative.
Precedent word.
Subsequent word.
Representing and
1.
Proper.
Changing.
composing.
2.
.
.
Exceptional.
Affirmative.
Composing and Removing

changing.
and
representing.
3.
Denoting.
Denoting.
Attributing.
Proper.
Affirmative.
Changing.
Removing
and
representing.
4.
5.
6.
Proper. Proper.
Affirmative.
None.
Representing. Representing. Representing.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
None.
Adding.
Imagining.
Imagining.
Exceptional.
Proper.
7.
Affirmative.
Changing and
adding.
Dividing
and
representing.
8. 9.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Denoting.
Exceptional.
Proper.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
None. Removing.
Representing.
Representing and
composing.
10.
11.
. .
Exceptional. Exceptional. Exceptional.

Exceptional.
Negative.
Affirmative.
None.
Changing.
Representing.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Representing. Representing.
Representing.
12.
13
.
Denoting.
14.
Imagining.
Exceptional.
Negative.
Removing. Adding. None.
Representing.
C.
DISCONNECTED WORDS.
Memorizing disconnected words requires principally the

combined application of the linking and composing methods,
so
it
will be explained under these heads.
: :
LINKING METHOD.
61
CHAPTER
II.
LINKING METHOD.
1.
Explanation
is
of the Method.
The
linking method
used for forming a consecutive
association, like the links of a chain,
when
it
is
required to
memorize two or more simple, connected, or disconnected words, or to combine the simple or connected words which
compose a disconnected word
There are six
present method, as follows
1.
itself.
different cases
:
for the application of the
When
is
it
is
required to memorize
many
simple words, the link
formed
like the following
diagram
00-000
In
this illustration
each ring represents a simple word, and the lines
denote the association.

ciation
is
The
relation of a
number of words and the

is,
asso-
subject to the note alread}^ explained; that
two simple or
connected words require one association, and three require two.
In the
above
2.
illustration, therefore, five rings
and four
lines are required.
When
is
it is
many
connected words, the link
formed
like the following
diagram
In
this illustration
each double ring represents a connected word, and the
lines the association.

3.
When
it is
is
many
simple and connected words
intermixed, the chain formed
like the following
diagram
CX2H0KX0)
62
4.
MNEMONICS.
When
is it is
required to memorize a disconnected word, the link
formed
like the following
diagram
In
this
diagram the dotted
line represents a disconnected word.

lines represent the simple
The
and
rings
and double rings within the dotted

association formed.
connected words enclosed in the disconnected word.
The
lines
between
them represent the

tions are likewise
5.
As
is
seen, these four associa-
formed for one disconnected word.

like the following
"When
is
it is
many
disconnected words, then
the link
formed
diagram
As may be seen
in the diagram, there are only three disconnected words,
while eight associations are required to be formed.
Or another link may
In the preceding diagram
it is
required, in order to associate several dislast
connected words with each other, to form associations between the

simple or connected words included in the
first
first
disconnected word and the
simple or connected word included in the second successively.
But
in the present diagram the disconnected words
may
be associated by
forming an association between each

cluded in the
lines
6.
first,
first
simple or connected word inis
second, and third successively, as
shown by the
When
it is
required to memorize simple, connected, and disconis
nected words intermixed, the diagram
formed
as follows
O-OS00-^2)
In
this
diagram there are
five words,
and the
associations
formed are
six.
LINKING METHOD.
2.
63
The
Application of the Method.
I.
1.
A. SIMPLE WORDS. Words Kequired to be Memorized.

5.
Tree.
Gladstone.
9.
China.
2.
3.
Paper.
6. 7. 8.
Ocean.
10.
11.
Park.
Eagle.
Mountain.
Tea.
Kocky.
Engineering.
4.
12.
Beauty.
II.
1.
Linking.
paper.
is
(-Tree
and paper)
A small tree packed in

tain.
2.
(Paper and mountain)
I have a paper on which
drawn a moun-
3.
(Mountain and
tea)
On
the mountain there are no tea plants.
4.
(Tea and Gladstone)
I attended a tea party
which was held hy

like a great
Mr. Gladstone.
5.
(Mr. Gladstone and ocean)
The fame of Mr. Gladstone

ocean.
is
6.
(Ocean and rocky)
The ocean cannot be The
seen from the tops
of the Rocky Mountains.

7.
(Kocky and engineering)

(Engineering and China)
ascension of the Rocky Mountains
by
train
8.
9.
was a great
is
feat of engineering.
Engineering
not developed in China.
(China and park)
China has not
many parks.
10.
11.
(Park and eagle)

(Eagle and beauty)
III.
I went to the park and saw an eagle.
The wings
of the eagle are beautiful.
Analysis of Linked Ideas.

Association.
Transformation.
No. of Ideas.
Mode.
1
Order.
Form.
Afl&rmative.
Affirmative.
Precedent word.
Subsequent word.
None.
Imagining. Imagining.
Proper.
Proper.
Proper.
Composing.
2
3
None.
None. Composing.
None.
Denoting.
Denoting.
Negative.
Composing.
None.
4
5
6
7
Proper.
Proper.
Proper.
None.
None.
Composing.
None.
Negative.
Affirmative.
Denoting.
Denoting.
Proper.
Proper.
None. None. None. None. None.
None.
None.
Negative.
9 10
11
Denoting.
Proper.
Proper.
Negative.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
Composing.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Proper.
None. Adding.
64
MNEMONICS.
B.
I.
CONNECTED WORDS.
to be Memorized.
!
Words Required
the last
1.
Hear the sledges with

Strike
till
their bells
silver bells.
!
2.
3.
armed
foe expires
Union
forever!
4.
5.
An
Sir.
innocent
man
needs no eloquence.
is
the perpetrator of the atrocious crime

this
!
young man.
6.
7.
Only
and nothing more.

!
"Work
work
work
till
the brain begins to swim.
8.
Rome was
not built in a day.
II.
1.
Linking.
2.
("Hear the sledges with the bells! silver bells" and "Strike till the last armed foe expires !") A gentleman on a sledge with silver bells struck his armed foe. (" Strike till the last armed foe expires !" and " Union forever !") After last armed foe was struck down, a firm union of colonies was
formed in America.
("
3.
Union
forever I"
and "
An
innocent
man
needs no eloquence")
saw a man eloquently maintaining

United States.
4.
his innocence in the court of the
("
An
innocent
man
needs no eloquence" and "

is
Sir,
the perpetrator of
the atrocious crime
young man.")
Eloquence cannot
make
man
5.
innocent
who committed an
atrocious crime.
is
("Sir, the perpetrator of the atrocious crime

"
a young
is
man" and
money
till
Only
this
and nothing more." )
Young man who
fond of
only and nothing more.

6.
("Only
this
and nothing more" and

Nothing
is
"Work! work! work!

more important than
to
the
as
brain begins to swim. ")
work
long as the brain will endure.

7.
("Work! work! work
till
the brain begins to
swim!" and "Rome
was not built in a day. ") The establishment of Rome was the greatest work of the ancients.
LINKING METHOD.
III.
65
Analysis of Linked Idkas.

Transformation.
Association.
Ideas.
Mode.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Order.
Form.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
Precedent word.
Representing. Representing.
Subsequent word.
Representing.
1 2
Proner.
Proper.
Representing
and composing.
3
4
Imagining
Denoting.
Attributing.
Exceptional.
Proper. Proper.
Affirmative.
Representing.
Representing.
Representing.
Representing.
Representing.
Negative.
Expressive.
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
5 6
7
Representing.
Representing.
Representing.
Denoting. Denoting.
Proper.
Representing.
Representing.
Exceptional.
I.
DISCONNECTED WORDS. RELATION OP DISCONNECTED WORDS TO THE LINKING METHOD.

C.
I.)
In the application of the registering method (Chapter

it
was mentioned that
to
memorize disconnected words
it is
very necessary to apply a combined use of the linking and
composing methods.
Now
the details and explanations in
regard to the disconnected words are given, and no particular
remarks
will be
made
as to the composing methods.
A dis-
connected word consists of two or more simple or connected
words.
associate
Thus,
to
memorize a disconnected word we must

to the fifth
them according
diagram
1)
by the
operation of the linking or composing methods.
Therefore,
the disconnected words have a close relation with the linking
and composing methods, and

explanation will be given here.
for this reason the following
II.
CLASSES OP THE DISCONNECTED WORDS.

disconnected word
is
The
one that consists of
many
simple
or connected words having no relation or connection with

5
66
each other.
MNEMONICS.
There are two
classes
of the present word,

class
i.e.,
the disconnected words of the
first
and those of the
second
class.
a.
The Disconnected Words of the First
Class.
The words which belong to this class ing of which we can easily understand
that
are those the
mean-
in spite of the fact

;
they include either simple or connected words
for
instance
1.
2.
The products of Japan: silk, coal, wood, and Bamboo, beef, lake, and watch
fish.
There are one connected word and four simple words

first
in the
example, and only four simple words in the second.

all
The meanings of
the words contained in both examples
are easy to be understood at one glance.
b.
The Disconnected "Words of the Second
Class.
The words which belong
to this class are those of
which
the meaning of each element included cannot be easily under-
stood without special observation, for instance

1.
Ben. P. Cunningham.
2.
Hicksbeech Strandon.
3.
Sam
Tarn,
Yam Yem,
China.
In these
cases
we cannot
easily
understand
how many
simple and connected words there are included in every disconnected word.
However, they belong

those in the
first class
to
a disconnected
word
quite
it
is
as well
as
first
class.
They
are very
different
from the
in their characters, as they are
unknown
or unfamiliar words to us.
On
this account
very necessary to adopt the two different methods for
them.
LINKING METHOD.
III.
67
EXAMPLES FOR MEMORIZING THE DISCONNECTED WORDS.

OP DISCONNECTED WORDS OP THE FIRST
CLASS.
I.
(A.)
Words
:
to be Memorized.
wood,
fish.
1.
Products of Japan
silk, coal,
2.
3.
Bamboo,
beef, lake, watch.
China, Kussia, United States, Corea, Germany.
II.
Linking.
The
in
associations between each simple or connected

first class
word
included in a disconnected word of the

the same
are formed
manner
as in
associating
ordinary simple or
connected words, and the links of association are the same

as
shown
in the fourth
and
fifth
diagrams
1).
Thus,
several
in the present examples,
in order to associate the
words
in the first
group with those of the second, and the

is,
second with the third, that
fish
with bamboo, and watch

first
with China, we shall associate them according to the
scheme given in the
fifth
diagram, or products of Japan with

to the second
bamboo, and bamboo with China, according

scheme given
left to
in the fifth
diagram.
The
practical exercise is
the reader.
(B.)
OP MEMORIZING DISCONNECTED WORDS OP THE SECOND CLASS.

I.
Words Eequired
to be Memorized.
1.
Ben. P. Cunningham.
2. 3.
4.
Sam Tarn, Yam Yem, Sang ing. He flies in the face of Providence.
68
II.
a.
MNEMONICS.
Trans formation.
Special Rules for Transformation.
The transformation of
the disconnected words
is
accom-
plished by transforming a disconnected
word which seems
meaningless into some familiar simple or connected words, according to the
mode
given.
There are very important points
relating to the practice of the transformation of disconnected
words.
tion
It
is
most convenient
first to select
the largest por-
which can
be easily transformed
into
a simple or
connected word from the disconnected word required to be

transformed.
Secondly, a disconnected word can be transit
formed into several other words, and
is
very important to
transform the original words into some other words that
have connections which can be easily associated with each

other.
For
:
this reason the following points
should always be
observed
1.
When
disconnected words are transformed, if there
is
a large portion which can be easily transformed into some
simple or connected word,

first
first
select
it,
whether
it
is
in the
or in the second or other parts, in a disconnected word,

rest.
and then transform the

2.
Care must be taken to transform the original words
into the
new words which can be

between them.
b.
easily associated
by having
close relation
Practice of the Transformation.
1.
Given words
....
.
Ben.
P.
Cunningham.
Transformed words
2.
Bench Pea Cunning hammer.

Given words
....
.
Transformed words
3.
Big Speech, Strand dam.
Given words
.... Sam Tarn, Yam

.
Yem, Sang
ing.
Transformed words
4
Sun Tan, Young Aim,
Singing.
Given words
.... He flies in the face of

.
Providence.
oflicer
Transformed words
Heat flying deface
Providence.
LINKING METHOD.
c.
69
Explanation.
1.
(a)
"
Ben"
is
transformed into "bench" and "
P"
into "
pea" by
the adding transformation,

(b)
2.
" Cunningham"
is
divided into " cunning" and u divided into

into
ham."
and
into
(a)
"Hicksbeech"
is
"Hick" and
" sbeech"
"Hick"
(b)
is
transformed
"big" and "sbeech"
"speech" by analogous sound,
"Strandon"
is
divided into "stran" and "don," " stran"
is
transformed into "strand" by adding transformation, and
" don" into "

3.
dam" by
transformation by analogous sound.
(a)
"
Sam"
is
transformed into "sun" by transformation by anal-
ogous sound, " tarn" into " tan" by transformation by analogous sound.
(b)
"Yam"
is
transformed
into
"young" and " Yem"
into
" aim" by the transformation by analogous sound.

(c)
"Sang ing"
is
transformed into "singing" by changing and
composing transformations.
4.
(a)
"He"
is
transformed into "neat" by adding transformation

are transformed into "flying"
"Fly" and "in"

(b)
by trans-
formation by analogous sound.
"The" and "face"
are
transformed into "deface" by the
transformation by analogous sound, and
"of"
into " officer"
by the adding transformation.

(c)
"Providence"
is
not transformed because

it
we supposed
it
to
be more convenient not to change

associations.
in regard to following
III.
Linking.
By means
which can be
of transformation the disconnected words that

into the
seem to have no meaning were transformed

easily understood.
this case
words
is
To
associate
them there
no difference between
words.
1.
and the simple and connected
(a)
Bench
is
covered by the pea vine.
(b)
(c)
2.
Pea flowers are variegated by human cunning. Cunning fox stole ham.
Big speech was made on the strand.
(a)
(b)
The broken strand made a dam
in the river.
70
3.
MNEMONICS.
(a)
Sunshine sometimes looks tan
color.
(b)
(c)
4.
Tan color is often liked by young aimless one. Young aimless men are singing in the yard.
(a)
By
heat flying insects were killed.

officer.
(b)
(c)
Flying insects defaced an
Then
officer
was rescued by Providence.
TV. Analysis of Linked Ideas.

Association.
Transfokmation.
No. of Ideas.
Mode.
(a)
Order.
Form.
Affirmative. Affirmative. Affirmative.
Precedent word.
Subsequent word. Composing.
1.
Imagining.
Denoting.
Proper.
None.
Composing.
Composing. Composing.
Composing.
(b)
(c)
2.
Proper.
Proper.
Composing.
None.
None.
(a)
Proper.
Proper.
(b)
3.
Imagining.
Denoting.
None.
Composing.
(a) (b)
(c)
Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper. Proper.

Proper.
Affirmative.
Composing.
Composing.
Composing.
Imagining. Imagining. Imagining.

Imagining.
Imagining.
Composing.
None.
None.
4. (a)
Affirmative.
None.
(b)
(c)
Affirmative.
Affirmative.
Composing.
None.
None.
None.
(C.)
MEMORIZING DISCONNECTED WORDS OP THE FIRST AND SECOND CLASSES.

is
Memorizing disconnected words

difficult, therefore
comparatively the most
another example will be given in order

the subject.
that the readers
may thoroughly understand
I.
1.
Disconnected Words to be Memorized.
2. 3.
Main Street, London. James White, Doctor of Medicine of Cambridge University.

Charles Hill,
Seneca Street, Ithaca City, Cayuga County,
New
York.
4.
American
English
cities,
Washington,
New
York, Chicago, Philadelphia,
Boston, and San Francisco.

5.
cities,
London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Dublin.
6.
Oriental countries, Japan, China, Corea, India.
LINKING METHOD.
II.
1.
71
Transformation.
Hill,
Given words
..
Charles
Main
Street,
London.
lantern.
Transformed words
2.
Charges, Bill, chain,
Given words
James White, Doctor of Medicine, Professor
Transformed words
of
well
3.
Fame, white, doctor of medicine, Cambridge University,

gamble,
rich,
professor.
off,
university.
Given words
.... Seneca Street,

.
Ithaca City, Cayuga,

care,
Transformed words
4.
snake,
easy, car,
cities,
gun,
Given words
....
.
American
United
"Washington,
New York. New York. New York,

new,
work,
Transformed words
Chicago,
cargo
5.
States,
Washington,
Philadelphia,
filled, ale,
. .
Boston,
button,
San Francisco.
sun, frank, risk.
beer,
Given words
English
cities,
London, Liverpool,
Glasgow,
Transformed words
Inn, greasy,
lantern, river, poor, grass, goat,
Dublin.
double ring.
6.
Given words
Oriental countries,
East,
India.
Japan,
rising sun,
China,
shine,
Corea,
coral,
Transformed words
India.
III.
a)
Linking.
b)
c) a)
To demand charge a merchant sent me a bill. The bill was for a watch chain that I bought. The chain to carry the lantern was destroyed To get a great fame man must work till his hair becomes white.
b)
c)
A white-haired doctor of
That doctor of medicine
off.
medicine.
is
^professor of university
d) Professors are well

e)
Man who
is
well off does not gamble.
f)
Gambling sometimes makes a
man
rich.
g)
a)
A rich man makes a large donation to a university.

Some
is
snakes can be killed easily.
b) It
c)
not an easy thing to travel long on horse-cars.
Man
d) Care
e)
must take good care of must be taken of guns.

in a car
it.
The gun was manufactured
in
New
York.
72
4.
MNEMONICS.
(a)
United States owes very
(b)
(c)
In Washington there
is
much to George much news.
Washington.
News
writing
is is
hard work.
carrying cargo
(d)
(e)
Working
man
Cargo was filled with precious things.

I filled a bottle with ale.
(f )
(g) Ale and beer are nearly the same, (h) Beer dealer has precious button.
(i)
6rod button shines great deal in the sun.
(j)
(k)
5.
New York Sun describes a frank man. Frank man often WsAs his life.
Table cloth in an inn was greasy.
It
is
(a)
(b)
(c)
greasy work to clean a lantern.

is
A boat with a lantern

Some
Groorf
sailing in the river.
(d)
(e)
River excursions are convenient for the poor.
Poor men often sleep on grass.

<jrrass is
(f )
needed to feed goat.
(g)
6.
horns are in the shape of a double ring.
(a)
Eastern sky became scarlet by rising sun.
(b) Rising
(c)
sun shines beautifully.

is
There
Coral
it is
no shine
in the coral.
(d)
is
mostly produced in the Indian Ocean.

all
N.B.
this
If
fifth
the six disconnected words in
the order according to the

chapter,
associate
diagram explained in the beginning of

first
the last word of the
disconnected word,
" lantern," with the

as
:
first
word of the second disconnected word, " fame,"

first
" lantern
is
used in famous party," or associate the

first
word of the
first
disconnected word, "charge," with the

as:
word of the second,
"fame,"
"
How
do you charge for
this
famous cutlery?"
The
rest
can be associated in the same way.
3.
Linking-
and Registering Methods.

find
it
In memorizing disconnected words we always
very
convenient to apply both linking and registering methods,
one of which cannot have any use without the other.
Hence,
when we
desire to
memorize many disconnected words we

is
should link each single or connected word which

in each disconnected
included
these
word by the linking method, and
LINKING METHOD.
73
disconnected words should be associated by the registering
method, and
the same
it is
very convenient to use these two methods at
time.
Hence
A.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINKING AND REGISTERING METHODS.

we
use both methods at the
if
it is
It has been already said that if
same time
changed.
1.
very convenient, but
they are used separeffect is
ately, the nature of each
method and the
more or
less
The
difference will be explained as follows

is
The linking method

(Chapter
I.,
first,
originated from the
first,
third, fourth,
is
and
fifth rules
Part
I.),
while the registering method
originated
from the
is
second, and fifth rules.
In other words, the linking method
the process of associating with each other the matters required to he
memorized, while the registering method

associating
is to memorize the matters by them with the objects already existing in memory. 2. In the linking method each matter is material to the formation of two associations, except the first and last ones, while in the registering
method each matter can be only a material of one association. 3. When many matters are required to be memorized by the linking method some of the associations sometimes will not be clear, while there
is
no such danger in the registering method.

4.
By
the linking
method numberless
right order, while in the registering
objects can be memorized in method the number of objects can
be no more than the number of words in the register, and thus the
matters for operation of the registering method cannot be numberless.
But
5.
in the practical case there
is
no necessity
to
memorize numberless
effect.
objects at once,
and therefore
this difference
has no practical
it
In the memory obtained by the linking method
is
difficult to
recollect instantly the order or
number of
the objects, or to recite
them
in every direction, while

6
it is
very easily done by the registering method.
The
linking method can be most conveniently used in associating
with each other simple or connected words included in a disconnected

word, while the registering method
disconnected word in
its
is
most convenient
to associate each
right order.
74
MNEMONICS.
O
En
<1
tf
Q 3 a 5 <3
c3
5
o
-5
pi
*5 si
o
c
03
CO
W S
r
c
*3
id
en
-p
3
zz
5fi
!
& a o B
s
DO
03
"a
8 * 3 1
Oi
9.
^
BQ
1
< | o 1
o
ft
fc Pi pa E<
*
2
5
<
P C P
^
ft
o o
.
Eh
g 3
S5
H c
Ed
W
ft
fc
LINKING METHOD.
(II.)
75
Association Formed by the Combined Application of the Registering and the Linking Methods.
a.
1.
Registration
(A
(B
Formed by the
An
able
Registering Method.
charged with political crime.
2.
3.
charges) fame) (C snake)

(D
man was
A big fame.
Ceiling
was covered with paper having the

States.
figure of a snake.
4.
United States)
Deer brought from the United
b.
Linking.
The
association between the simple
and connected words
included in the above disconnected words has been given in

the preceding example of the application of the linking
method.
Vide ut supra.)
C.
SIMPLE APPLICATION OP THE REGISTERING
METHOD TO THE DISCONNECTED WORDS.

Disconnected words
tering
may
In
also be
memorized by the
regis-
method
alone.
this case the disconnected
words of
the second class must be transformed equally as in the case
of the application of the linking method, and the simple or

connected words thus transformed should be associated in right
order into the words of the register equally as in the case of
registering the original simple or connected
words
but there
are two important points to be observed in this case

I.
We
must
select at
once the most adaptable register
according to the nature, form, or size of the disconnected

words, or
we must
construct a register adaptable to the words
which require
II.
to be
memorized.
in right
We
must arrange the disconnected words
order into the words of the register.

select a register
On
the contrary, if
we
which
is
not adapted to the nature, form, or
76
size of the disconnected
MNEMONICS.
words or the distribution
is
not proper
the following inconveniences will occur

a.
b.
The associations formed are not clear and certain The sphere of each disconnected word becomes very
;
indistinct
c.
The
orders of the association cannot be proper.
We
will
have an example of the operation of the
register-
ing method regarding disconnected words as follows
Example.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disconnected Words Required to be Memorized. Charles Hill. Main Street, London. James White, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of Cambridge University. Seneca Street, Ithaca City, Cayuga County. American cities Washington, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia,
I.
:
II.
1.
Transformation.
Main
Street,
Given words
....
.
Charles Hill,
charges,
bill,
London.
lantern.
Transformed words
2.
chain,
Given words
....
.
James White, Doctor of Medicine, Professor

fames,
Transformed words
white,
doctor, of, medicine,
professor,
of
office,
3.
Cambridge
University,
gamble, rich, university.
Given words
....
.
Seneca Street, Ithaca City, Cayuga County.

snake,
easy, car,
cities
:
Transformed words
4.
care,
gun.
Given words
....
.
American
United
Washington,
New
York,
Transformed words
States,
Washington.
News, work,
Chicago, Philadelphia,
Boston, San Francisco,
cargo, filled, ale, beer, bottom, san, frank, risk.
III.
Selection of Eegister and the Distribution of Disconnected Words.

it is
In the transformation,
found that in each of the

:
first
and third
;
disconnected words five words are involved
in the second, nine
and
LINKING METHOD.
in the fourth, thirteen.
77
Therefore
we can
best adapt a register consistfirst
ing of some of the consonants with the five vowels for the
third,
and
and
for the second disconnected word, consisting of ten words,
we
shall adopt
two
series of consonants,
and
for the fourth, consisting of less
than
fifteen words,
we
shall adopt three series of consonants.
IV. Register.
1.
Ba, be,
Ca, ce,
bi, bo,
ci,
bu.
2
3.
co, cu, da, de, di, do, du.
Fa,
fe, fi, fo, fu.
4.
Ga, ge,
gi, go,
gu, ha, he, hi, ho, hu, ja,
je, ji, jo, ju.
V. Registration op the Disconnected Words.

a.
Registration of the First Disconnected Word.
1.
2.
(Ba
charges)
Banker's charges.
(Bebill)
(Bi chain)
(Bo
A bird was eating beans by its

Bill for gold chain.
bill.
3.
4.
lantern)
a.
Boat with a lantern.
Registration of Second Word.
1.
(Ca
(Ce
(Ci
fame)
A captain's fame.
Ceiling
is
2.
3.
white)
office)
white.
doctor of medicine)
Cider
is
recommended by
doctor of medicine.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
professor.) (Cu (Dagamble) (De rich) (Di university)

(Co
College professor.
Nice cucumbers were brought to the
office.
Dangerous gambling.
The
dentist
is
rich.
Large diamonds are shown in the
university.
Registration of Third Word.

1.
2.
3.
(Fa sn (Fe easy)

(Fi car)
A famous show of
To
Fire burnt a car.
A. fox
snakes.
is
recover from fever
not easy.
4.
(Fogun)
was shot with a gun.
78
d.
1.
MNEMONICS.
Registration of Fourth Word.
(Ga
(Gi
2. 3.
United States) (Ge Washington)
Games
are popular in the United States.
George Washington.
4.
5.
(Go
news) work)
cargo) ale)
filled)
A giant was reading the news.

To get gold one must work. Guns were sent as cargo. The hay wagon is filled.
Health
is
6.
7.
(Gu (Ha (He

(Hi
improved by
drank
ale.
8.
9.
beer)
In the
Hole
hill I
beer.
(Ho button)
(Hu
for button.
10.
11.
12.
sun) (Jafrank) (Je risk)
I was hurt by the sun.
Japanese are frank.

Jealousy sometimes brings a risk.
CHAPTER
III.
COMPOSING METHOD.
1.
Explanation
composing a
of the Method.
of simple, connected, and
This
into one
is
for
series
disconnected words, or those included in a disconnected word,
main
idea.
Explanation.
to the linking
The
composing method
it
is
almost equal
method, in that
requires that words be asso-
ciated
two by two and

there
in right order,
but as
it
composes a
the
sentence
series.
must be a
certain
meaning
in
whole
The
following diagrams denote the application of
this
1.
method
Simple words
....
Q Q Q Q Q
(g)
()
2.
Connected words
(g)
()

'
COMPOSING METHOD.
3.
79
Simple and connected

words
Q O @ Q
.
4.
Disconnected words
Q"""Q
Q"@ QQ Q -Q Q
Qjoro
5.
Simple,
words
connected,
and disconnected
e@
above diagrams repre-
The
sent
lines penetrating the rings in the
the
main idea required
for
the
composing method.
Rings represent simple words, double rings connected words,
and dotted
lines disconnected words.
2.
Application
A.
of the Method.
SIMPLE WORDS.
a.
1.
"Words Required to be Memorized.

4.
5.
Vase.
Noise.
Garden.
7.
Gold.
2.
3.
Bat
Wise.
8. 9.
Flower.
Maid-servant.
6.
Looking.
10.
Mountain.
b.
Composition.
is
"In
room where a
vase
laid a great noise
was heard, and then

the
a maid-servant came to open the window.

at the garden.
From
window
I looked
There a bat was flying and a wise-looking
girl,
it
with
while
golden hair and whose face was beautiful as a flower, caught

she was looking at the mountain.
'
c.
1.
Explanation of the Composition.

gist,
2.
Main idea or The number
looking from a room.

method
is
of associations formed in the composing
the
same
as in the case of the linking
method.
There ten simple words,
as in
80
MNEMONICS.
easily understood that there are nine associations.
;
the above example, require nine associations, and in the above composition
it is
The modes
and ninth,
applied for these formations of associations are only two

tions
the five associa-
from the
first to
the
fifth,
and two
associations, eighth
were formed by the imagining mode, and the two associations, sixth and
seventh, attributing mode.
B.
a.
1.
CONNECTED WORDS,
"Words Required to be Memorized.

Time is money. The pen is mightier than
Union
forever.
2.
3.
the sword.
My bonnie lies over the sea.

Bacon and
potatoes.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Hear the
sledges with their bells
silver
bells.
General George Washington.
8.
Once upon a midnight dreary.
9.
A rolling stone gathers

b.
no moss.
Composition.
" Once upon a time I sent a small
my
bonnie,
States.
sum of money, pen, and sword to who lives along the sea washing the coast of the United Then she brought bacon and potatoes to entertain me. We
bells
rode on a sledge with silver
and went
to a grave-yard
where George
until
Washington
lies.
This ride was very pleasant to us, and
we drove
midnight, and took
home with
us some beautiful moss."
c.
1.
Explanation of Composition.
2.
Main idea or gist, the circumstance that one made a visit. The explanation of the transformation and association is
left
to
the readers.
C.
DISCONNECTED WORDS.
to be Memorized.
7.
4. 5.
Words Required
1.
George Hunter.
Charles Mason.
Richard Roe.
William Thompson.
Lily Campbell.
2. 3.
John Doe.
Jane Wicoff.
8.
9.
James Cobden.
6.
Jack Molton.
10.
Annie Hutchins.
'
COMPOSING METHOD.
b.
1.
81
Transformation.
George
Geology-
Given words
Transformed words
Hunter,
Hunter.
2.
Given words
Transformed words
Charles
Mason,
Charm
James
Mason.
Cobden,
Cob, den.
Eoe,
3.
Given words
Transformed words
Jam
Eichard
4.
Given words
Transformed words
Kich, yard Koe.
5.
Given words
Transformed words
.
John
Join
Doe,
Door.
Wicoff,
6.
Given words
Transformed words
Jane
Jean
Wicker, cough.
7.
Given words
Transformed words
William
Will
Lily
.
Thompson,
Ton, some.
Campbell,
8.
Given words
Transformed words
Lily
Camel.
Molton,
Melt, town.
9.
Given words
Transformed words
.
Jack
Jacket
10.
Given words
Transformed words
.
Annie
Hutchins,
Honey
Hat, chains.
c. Composition. "For the investigation of geology I went to the mountains with a hunter who had a charm that showed that he was n Mason. We took bread and jam for lunch but there were many cobwebs in a den that we went into, so we sat on the rich grass about fifty yards away and frightened a roe that was eating there. A man joined us who was standing in the
;
door of a house close by
hand.
He began
to cough,
he had on jeans and had a wicker basket in his and I said, " Will you help us to get a ton of
some
lily
as the
that I saw ?" He took off a camel's hair jacket that he had on. snow was beginning to melt and it was warm. We then returned
to the town,
where I bought some honey.

chains went home.
d.
'
I took off
my
hat to
them and
picking up
my
Explanation.
Main
idea,
-investigation of geology.
82
MNEMONICS.
3.
Difference
Between Linking and Composing'

Methods.
I.
The
linking method associates words to be memorized

associates
two by two, while the composing method

be memorized into a main idea or a gist
;
words to
in other words, the

first
linking method forms an association of ideas between the
and second words, and between the second and third words, and
so on.
There
first
is
no relation between the associations

In the composing method the
first
made of
the
and second words, and those made of the

and second words
second and third words.

association
formed between the
is
closely related to the third word, or the association
formed
between the
first,
second, and third words

;
is
also related to
the fourth word, and so on the

the
first
first
the association formed between
and second words and the association formed between

association
other, as
and the third word cannot be

it
is
different
from each
is
impossible to separate them.
It
believed that the difference
between
them
will
become
clearer
by the following diagrams
Diagram of Association of Ideas Formed by Linking

Method.
Q8G30
Diagram of Association of Ideas Formed Composing Method.
by-
II. Associations
formed by the linking method have an
independent meaning between them individually, and asso-
COMPOSING METHOD.
ciations
83
formed by the composing method are pervaded by a

collectively
:
main meaning, and they
form a
series
of sentences,
as in the following diagrams
Linking Method.
Each
ing-
line represents
an association individually independent in mean-
Composing Method.
o-e ee-o
A
long penetrating line represents a main idea weaving through
all
the associations.
III.
The
association
by the linking method
is
formed
quicker than that by the composing method in practice.
IV. The
association
formed by the composing method

is
is
firmer than that formed by the linking method and

to preserve it longer.
able
V. When
instant,
the subject
it is
is
required to be memorized in an
and
not necessary to preserve the
memory
for
long time, the linking method will be properly applied.
When
an
the
memory
of the subject
it
is
required to be preserved
for a long time

instant, the
and
is
not required to be memorized in
composing method will be conveniently ap-
plied.
4.
Difference
Each
between Composing and RegisteringMethods.

by the
method
I.
word memorized
registering
becomes a material of one association, while each word
memorized by the composing method becomes material

one or more associations.
for
Thus, in one composition which
included ten associations formed according to the order by
84
MNEMONICS.
first
the composing method, the
and second words are used ten
times as the materials for forming associations, and the third
word nine
times, fourth
word eight
times,
and so
on.
The
also
diagram of associations used for explaining the difference

between the linking and the composing methods
applied to explain this case.
II.
is
The
first,
fourth,
and
fifth differences existing
between
the linking and the registering methods equally exist in the
present case.
5.
Combined
Application of the Methods.
A.
OF COMPOSING AND LINKING METHODS.

I.
Diagrams of the Combined Application.

1.
For Simple and Connected Words.
CKEHiK^^-KD-0-H!!)
2.
For Connected and Disconnected "Words.
KB QldLD
II.
&^>^^
First Diagram.
to be Memorized.
bonnie to me.
Examples of Combined Association.
a.
Examples Corresponding to the

1.
Words Kequired
1.
Bring back
City.
my
2.
3. 4.
5.
Oliver Cromwell.
Sword.
Whale.
Twinkle, twinkle,
Pen.
Cyclone.
little star.
6.
7.
8. 9.
War of
Independence.
10.
Mnemonics.
COMPOSING METHOD.
2.
85
Linking and Composition.

city.
1.
My
The
bonnie
city
is
in
some
1
2. 3.
was the place where Oliver Cromwell was born.
Oliver Cromwell s sword once cut a large whale under star-light.
(Composing method.)
4.
5.
The
star shines like a gold pen.
A pen was blown off by a cyclone.

Cyclone was like
6.
7.
War
of Independence.
is
War
of Independence
memorized by every one.
b.
Examples Corresponding to the Second Diagram.

1.
Words Kequired
that
to be Memorized.
1.
They
tell us, sir,
we
are weak.
2. 3.
Train.
Main
4.
5.
Street, San Francisco. Hear the sledge with the bells silver
bells.
Newspaper.
Waterfall.
6.
7.
Tobacco.
8.
There are
many
rare abilities in the world that fortune never brings
to light.
2.
Transformation.
Original
word
.
Main
chain,
Street,
San Francisco.
sun, frank, risk.
New
N. B.
word
One disconnected word only required transformation.

3.
Linking and Composition.

in the train.
sunset.
1.
weak man was
by chain ran towards the frank man thought it a risk. (Composing method.) 3. A risk was experienced by a man on a sledge.
2.
When
a large train joined
4. 5.
A man on a sledge forwarded newspapers. A newspaper describing a large waterfall

for tobacco
in
some place was read
by a man
who was
man
of ability.
(Composing method.)
86
MNEMONICS.
m Q O B H % * s m
o
.
O t M
Q H
7 ^t
QQ
< ~ d
s"
fc
-P
>>
rn fl
5
O o
h1
H
LINK
licatio
>,
Pi
-i-i
fc
n <3 d ft H 2 B .3 GO & 1 1
5
c3
[
u
KJ1
.2 *s
P3
3
22
H
co CD bfl
% 2
<j
o3
Sh
a *
& M
<i
^
03
M s
g o o
PS
o
e
o o
COMPOSING METHOD.
87
5
s CO
ft-
^s
t
I
.9
^ M
pi
-.
.S3
e?
^ s ^
Hi
f ^H o
H
f-i
O o
I
i i
P, rd
P^
i-i
P<
cq
as
I
bCi
he
Hi g
6
1
?3
&
CO
CO ft P3
5
p
S3 <4
is
ft
ft EH
H H O P5 H H Eto cc o S Q
be
3 o
P3
88
MNEMONICS.
II.
1.
Registration, Linking*,
and Composition.
(Registering method.)
bill
(a)
My
axe was charged at five dollars.
(b) I
looked at the charges that were demanded by a

light of a chained lantern.
under the
(Composing method.)
(Registering
2.
(a)
Invention of rolling machine gave great fame.
method.)
(b)
(c)
A white-haired doctor of
Doctor
of
medicine.
(Linking method.)
university.
medicine
was professor of
(Linking
method.)
(d) Well-off
(e)
men do
not gamble.
(Linking method.)
rich.
Gambling sometimes makes men
(Linking method.)
(f)
rich
man made
a large donation to a university.
(Linking
method.)
3.
(a)
I stoned a snake.
(Registration.)
(b) I shot
a snake easily from a car, taking good care of a gun
bought in New York.

4.
(Composing
(a) I
gathered postage-stamps of the United States.
(Registration.)
(b)
(c)
United States owes very
In Washington there
News-writing
is
is
much to George Washington. much news. (Linking.)

(Linking.)
(Linking.)
(d)
(e)
hard work.
Workman
is
carrying cargo.
(Linking.)
(Linking.)
(f )
Cargo was filled with something.
(g) I filled a bottle with ale.
(Linking.)
(h)
(i)
Ale and beer are similar.
(Linking.)
is
Keeper of a beer-stand who

a risk.
noted for his big diamond button
got on the train after sunset.

it is
As he was
too frank, he thought
(Composing.)
(Registration.)
5.
(a)
A noisy inn.
The
(b)
table-cloth in
an inn was greasy.
(Linking.)
(c) It is
greasy work to clean a lantern.
(Linking.)
)
(d)
(e)
(f
A boat with a lantern was sailing in a river. (Linking A river excursion very convenient for poor men. (Linking.) A poor man often sleeps on grass. (Linking.)
is
(g)
(h)
6.
(a)
Some grass is used to feed the goat. (Linking. The horns of a goat are the shape of double rings. I found much moss on the east side of the river.
ing.)
(Linking.)
(Registration.)
(b)
Eastern sky became clear by the light of the rising sun.

very beautifully.
(Link-
(c)
Rising sun
shi?ies
(Linking.)
COMPOSING METHOD.
(d)
(e)
89
There
is
not
is
much
shine in coral.
(Linking.)
The
coral
found in the Indian Ocean.
(Linking.)
N.B.
In
the practical application, sometimes
we
require the
com-
bined application of three methods, and sometimes that of two, and
sometimes the simple application of either one of them.

actly describe the relation between the matters to be
We cannot exvery important
memorized and the

it is
methods
to
be properly applied to them.
Therefore
to select practically the
most convenient method
to
be applied to the
matters by looking over the nature, form, and size of them.
PART
III,
APPLICATION OF THE METHODS REGARD TO SPECIAL OBJECTS.
IN
CHAPTER
I.
MEMORIZING NUMERALS.
1.
Transformation.
All
the numerals have not the necessary meaning to be
applied with several methods, as has been stated in the pre-
ceding part.
Therefore for memorizing numerals, unless the

is
transformation
first
applied to convert them into some
other words, they cannot properly be taken as the material

for association.
At one
glance
it
seems to be impossible to
398, and 781,
transform such numerals as

etc.,
5, 8, 9, 15, 37, 67,
into such
words as have proper meaning, but every one

easily, quickly,
can succeed very
and practically by the appli-
cation of the transformation, observing
some
special points
which will be explained in the present
section.
A.
This
is
TRANSFORMATION OP
DIGITS.
by a
letter
the process of representing each digit
and simple word.
The
representing letters
must be consonants.
The
repre-
90
91
senting letters and simple words and their origin will be ex-
plained in the following table
TABLE
Number.
Representing
letter.
I.
Origin.
Transformation
Representing simple word.

o
Transfor-
mation.
"0"
"1"
"r."
zero,
Selected letter.
Different
"roe.
Adding. Adding.
"b."
beginning.
word and
"bee."
selected letter.
"2" "3"
"t."
two.
"cirei."
Selected letter.
Different
"tea."
Adding. Adding.
"d."
word and
"day."
(German.)
selected letter.
" 4"
"f."
four.
Selected letter.
Different
"foe."
Adding.
"5"
"cmq."
(French.)
o.
word and
"cake."
Adding.
selected letter.
"6"
"s."
six
o
Selected letter.
Different
"sea."
Adding.
"7"
"p."
"septem."
(Latin.)
word and
"ape."
Adding.
selected letter.
"8"
"9"
"g."
eight,
Selected letter.
"age."
Adding.
Adding.
"n."
nine.
Selected letter.
"knee.
Explanation of Table.
1.
"0"
is
represented by
"r"
because
"r"
is
taken from tbe third
letter of
"zero" by transformation by selected
letters.
etc.,
ing simple word of

transformation.
2.
"o" may
be "roe," "air,"
The representmade by adding

of " beginning,"
" 1 "
is
represented by " b," which

in
is
the
first letter
which resembles " one"
some
respects.
This change
letter.
is
formation by different word and by selected
made by transThe representing
simple word may be "bee," formed, as before, by adding transformation. 3. " 2 " is represented by " t," from " two," and the representing word
may
be "tea,"
etc., etc.
N.B.
In
the present transformation consonants only are taken as
representing characters, and the vowels are used
commonly
as the auxili-
ary for composing some simple words by these representing characters.
92
The
representing simple
MNEMONICS.
word
is
made by adding vowels
to the represent-
ing consonant, while the consonants "j," "k," "q," "x,"

are used the
"y,"and "z"
system taken
same
as the vowels, for they are not in this
to represent anything.
B.
TRANSFORMATION OF NUMERALS
ORDER.
in
IN
TWO
The numerals
10 and 99.
of each
element.
two order means
all
the numbers between
These numbers should be transformed into

letter
simple words, and for this purpose the representing

digit, as
above explained,
is
taken as the principal

letters
In associating the representing
of the digits
in
when the representing simple words of numerals

two order are made, the vowels should always be used
before or after them.
the
freely
as auxiliary letters between both representing characters or
On
the contrary, the auxiliary consoj, k, q, x, y,
nants are entirely prohibited, except

there
is
and
z,
but
no objection
to using
them
after both representing

first
characters for composing simple words, because the
two
consonants of every simple word composed are only representing characters of the numerals,
and the other consonants
have no relation to them.

nect " t " and "
characters
Several examples for composing

:
the representing simple words are given, as follows
To
con-
d"
the vowel "

is
"
is
inserted between the
and "e"
is
added
after " d."
By
this process the
noun
times
" tide"
made, representing the numeral " 23."
Some-
two vowels are inserted

;
between the representing
characters
for instance, "
b " and " f " are connected by com-
posing the noun " beef," representing the numeral " 14."
Sometimes both representing characters are connected without

the intervention of vowels, but have vowels following them,
as " s "
and " t " are composed
into the
is
word " stone,"
repre-
senting " 62."
Sometimes a vowel
put before the repre-
senting characters; for instance, to connect
93
word
affinity is
composed representing " 44."

methods the
"f" and "f" a When we

for
first
recollect that
two representing characters are composed

either of these
some words, by
" dictionary"
two conso-
nants only are taken into consideration.

is
Supposing the word

c, t,
composed
it
includes d,
n,
and
r,
all
being representing characters of numerals, but " d " and " c "
in the first part only are taken into our consideration, repre-
senting "35."
The consonants
k, q, x, y,
v,
1,
h,
m, and
are used
for other purposes
which will be explained
in another place.
The consonants
j,
and z are not used
for the pur-
pose of representation in consequence of their inability to
compose a word, but may be used as
auxiliaries.
The most important

mind,
in
is
point,
which should always be held
in
that all the simple words representing the numerals
two order must be nouns.

causes a great
If we compose an adjective,
letters
verb, or any other kind of

it
word by the representing confusion in our memory.
REPRESENTING- LETTERS
AND "WORDS OP THE
NUMERALS
N.B.
etc.,
IN
TWO
ORDER.
numerals, as "00," "01,"
There cannot be some independent
but in the practice of memorizing numerals we
may
always have
series of
such independent numerals, which are the result of the long
numerals divided.
Therefore in this system these numerals are treated
the same as the other numerals in two order, as in the following table
'
'
94
MNEMONICS.
- to
Oi
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96
MNEMONICS.
furnished for
other simple
to the
The simple words in the preceding table are examples only. The reader may compose any
process of transformation which he
able to the case.
little
words out of the representing characters according
may
consider most suit-
And
this is
more
easily
done
if
he
is
trained in the application of transformation.

is
Thus
the
own table of simple words " representing the numerals from 00 to 99," and in the above
reader required to
his
make
table
it
is
not necessary to memorize all the words, but
it
perhaps includes the most
common and
principal ones, which
should be adopted as the representative characters in the

present case.
N.B.
ever.
Some may consider that

like that
it
is
impossible to memorize a table
composed
This is a great mistake, howThe simple words in the table are those which may instantly be composed upon a glance at the representing characters. There is no such difficulty as you may imagine when required to memorize every repre95.
on pages 94 and
senting character, because they are very closely related to the original.
O.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE NUMERALS THREE ORDER.
IN
of
The numerals in three order include the whole numerals between " 000" and " 999." They have
formed into simple words,
for there
is
series
all three
representing characters, therefore all of thera cannot be trans-
one more representing
character to be composed, besides two representing characters
which can be transformed
into a simple word, as already ex-
plained in the preceding paragraph.
Then
it is
necessary to
transform this one remaining character into a simple word
and
to associate it
with the other simple word composed of
two representing
characters.
To compose them
this
one
re-
maining character should be transformed into an
adjective, the
simple word composed of the two representing characters
97
being necessarily a noun, as explained in the preceding para-
graph, and an adjective
is
associated very easily with a noun.
For
this
reason
the
numerals from "
" to " 9 " should
at first be transformed into adjectives,
and they will be asso-
ciated with the simple words representing the numerals from
" 00" to " 99," as the case
may
require.
1.
Transformation to Adjectives.
1.
The
representing character
into
"r" may
right
be transformed
or
rare,
by adding transformation
etc.
2.
red,
rotten,
The
representing character "
b" may
be transformed by
adding transformation into beautiful, bad or blue, bashful,

etc.
3.
The

tall,
"
may
be transformed by
adding transformation into

troublesome,
4.
etc.
thin or terrible, thick, timid,
The
into
"d" may
dirty
be transformed
or
deep,
by adding transformation
etc.
5.
dark,
dry,
The
representing character " f"

fine, fair,
may
be transformed by
etc.
adding transformation into

6.
funny,
The
"c" may
be transformed by
adding transformation into clean, cheap or careless, etc. 7. The representing character " s " may be transformed by
adding transformation into small,

8.
short, stale, slowr , etc.
The
p " may be transformed by
adding transformation into pure, poor, pleasant, etc. 9. The representing character " g " may be transformed by
adding transformation into good, great, greasy, gay, etc. 10. The representing character " n " may be transformed
by adding transformation into new, noble, narrow, near,

etc.
98
MNEMONICS.
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102
2.
MNEMONICS.
Transformation to Connected Word.
character out of three
The
first
may
usually be trans-
formed into an adjective and the following two characters for instance, in the numeral " 123" the into a simple word
;
first
character, " 1,"
may
be transformed into " beautiful," as
in the above explanation,
and the following " 23 " may be

table.
transformed into " tadpole," as in the second

connected word, " beautiful tadpole,"
ing, then representing the
is
Thus a
composed by combinso on.
number " 1 23," and

this
Ex-
amples of connected words made in

Table III.
N.B.
way
are given in
1.
The reader can
easily
make
out of the representing
letters
any adjective which

adjectives
tiful"
will he considered
most suitable
for the composition
of connected words, hut care must he taken not to
make two or more For instance, " beauout of " b" and "nice" out of "n" are the same in many cases,
which have equal or analogous meaning.
be very confusing when memorizing.
series
which
2
may
Table III. describes a portion of the whole
between 000
and 999 and provides examples.

table
The reader may
try to complete the
by
his
as
own
labor.
There cannot, of course, be such independent
numbers
000 or 001, but they are always found in the transformation
of such numbers as 23,000 or 56,001, they being divided into simple and
connected words b}T the lines drawn under them.
D.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE NUMERALS CONSISTING OF THE SAME NUMERAL CHARACTERS IN MORE THAN TWO ORDER.
Any
numerals
may have
a series consisting of tne same

111, 222, 333, 4444, 55555,
numerical
letters, for instance,

etc.
88888888,
i.e.,
In these
cases a special
method
is
required,
a connected
word representing many of the same nupurpose a simple word

is
merals.
For
this
first
made
be-
tween a character denoting number of the same numerals

in a series
and a character representing each numeral
itself
in a series, as in the second table.
103
Secondly, at the head of

adjective, "
;
the simple
word made
in this
way an
is
many,"
is
added, then a connected word
composed
for instance
"111"
them
is
? three " l s,"
and the representing characters
for
are "
d " and
" b,"
which are to be associated into a

adjective
simple word, " debt."
"many" being added "many debts." before it, they compose Six "5's" are represented by the two characters, "s" and "c," or a simple word, "sack," and when the word "many" is added to it a connected word, " many sacks," is composed.
The
a connected word,
an error
first
i.e.,
Unless the adjective " many" be added to the simple word will instantly occur, that is, " d " and " b " in the
example may be mistaken for 31 instead of three "

" 111."
l's,"
But the
adjective "
is
many"
avoids this difficulty,
because this adjective
specially used for this case.
TABLE
Original
IV.
numbers
.
Ill
222
3333
11111
555555
6666666
77777777
Representatives
many
.
many
dt.
many
fd.
many
cf.
many
sc.
many
ps.
many many
gypsies.
db.
Connected word
many
.
many
duties.
many
foods.
many
cuffs.
many
socks.
many
pistols.
debts.
When
applies.
the series of the same numeral characters of

is
more
than eight order
required to be memorized the same rule
For
instance: fifteen " 5's," namely, are "15, 5,"
that are represented
by "b,
c c."
In
this case " c c "
may
be associated to form a simple word and " b "
an
"
adjective, so as to
form a connected word.

"
may The
be made
adjective
many" may again be put
before the connected word.
Thus
" beauit,
" c c " compose a
word, " cock," and
b " an
added
adjective,
is
" beautiful."
connected word formed by them
tiful cock," and the adjective "
many"
is
to
and
104
"
MNEMONICS.
beautiful cocks'* represents a series consisting of
fif-
many
teen " 5's."
In another example eighteen "
7's" are repre-
sented by " b, g p." They were first composed into a connected word, " big gypsies/' and again into " many big
gypsies," another connected
word which has two
adjectives.
For the present

applied
;
case another different
method will be
that
is,
three " l's" are represented
by " dead
bee,"
and four " 2 ? s"
by
" fine tea,"
and
so on.
B.
SISTING
TRANSFORMATION OF THE NUMERALS CONOF ZEROS IN MORE THAN TWO
ORDER.
In the numerals in more than three order there may be
numbers containing
cases the above
zeros in
is
more than two
order.
In such
method
applied.
For
instance, three zeros
may
three
be transformed into
"d"
and "r,"
"d"
representing
and "r" representing
zeros.
These two representing
characters are associated to a word, " deer," and a connected
word, "many deer," represents " 000," and so on.
TABLE
Original
V.
000000
S
r.
numbers
.
000
0000
fr.
00000
0000000
00000000
000000000
Representatives
dr.
cr.
pr.
gr.
r.
Connected word
many
.
many
fires.
many
cars.
many
surgeons.
many
pears.
many
girls.
many
nurses.
deer.
F.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE NUMERALS THE FOUR OR MORE ORDER.
IN
As already explained, the numerals in one and two order may all be transformed into simple words, and the numerals themselves may be called simple words. All numerals in three order may be transformed into connected words, and the numerals themselves may be called connected words.
The numerals
in
105
trans-
more than three order cannot be
formed into simple or connected words, but they are changed

into disconnected words, for they all include
many
simple
or connected words.
For
instance
the numerals in four
order include two simple words which have no relation to
each other; those in five order include one simple and one
connected word;
those in six
;
order include three simple

those in seven order include
;
words or two connected words
two simple words and one connected word

one simple word.
those in eight
order include four simple words or two connected words and
They must be transformed

and
to
into such simple
or connected words as are equal to the disconnected words,

as already explained,
memorize the transformed parts
they must be associated with each other by the linking or
composing methods.
In the following pages the numerals

called the numerals in
in
more than three order are
many
orders.
I.
TRANSFORMATION.
1.
Special Rules Concerning Transformation of Numerals in Many Orders.

1.
Divide the numerals into simple words as much as
possible.
2.
After the memorizer
is
accustomed to the application of
the transformation
he can use either simple or connected

to his desire.
words by dividing numerals according
2.
a.
Examples,
Transformation for Numerals in Four and Five Orders.

Original numerals
1.
...
.
.
59
42
fatigue
Disconnected words
2.
cane 38
Original numerals
...
.
76
pistol
Disconnected words
dog
LO 6
3.
MNEMONICS.
.
Original numerals
46
fish
35
doctor
Disconnected words
4.
Original numerals
90
05
rice
Disconnected words
5.
nourishment
10
beer
Original numerals
90
Disconnected words
6.
nourishment
009
rare ring
Original numerals
50
car
Disconnected words
7.
Original numerals
39
348
dirty fig
Disconnected words
8.
dinner
98
Original numerals
000
Disconnected words
9.
negro
67
soaps
many
777
deer
Original numerals
Disconnected words
0.
many
depots
Original numerals
530
careless deer
59
Disconnected words
cane
b.
1.
For
Num erals
.
in Six to
580
Ten Orders.
057
Original numerals
Disconnected words
2.
careless girls
rare cap
Original numerals
300
52
cottage
59 candle
Disconnected words
3.
dark rear
90
nurse
Original numerals
000
520
Disconnected words
4.
many
deer cheap torch
Original numerals
35
doctor
666666
Disconnected words
5.
many many
sisters
Original numerals
39
dentist
000000
surgeon
78
Disconnected words
6.
Original numerals
464
fine safe
825
Disconnected words
7.
good teacher
853
Pig
Original numerals
998
noble negro
970
Disconnected words
8.
good cider
09
ring
new park
000
99
Original numerals
300 dark rear

9999
Disconnected words
9.
many
deer
noon
Original numerals
000000
Disconnected words
10. Original
many
209
.
fan
many
surgeon
numerals
003
red radish
05
rock
07
Disconnected words
terrible rain
orphan
II.
107
EXERCISE FOR MEMORIZING.
This exercise should have been given under
3 in the
order of the explanation, but for convenience and to
make
it
more
easily understood
it
was inserted
here.
Associations in the present examples are the same as those
of the simple and connected words included in a disconnected word.
They
are formed by the linking and compos-
ing methods.
a.
Associations of the Preceding Examples Transformed.

1.
The cane diminishes fatigue.
2.
3.
A dog
There
Beer
was shot with a pistol.

doctor likes to eat.
rice.
The fish which a

is is
4. 5.
6.
7.
nourishment in
nownshing.
A man on a car had a rare ring.

The dinner has
The soap was
a dirty fig.
8.
9.
A negro hunts many deer.

advertised in
many
depots.
10.
A careless deer was beaten with
a cane.
b.
Associations Formed of the Example for the Numerals from Six to Ten Grades.
1 2.
3.
careless girl
with a rare cap.

of a cottage
The dark rear
must be lighted by
candle.
4.
5. 6.
7.
A nurse looks at many deer under the light of A doctor has many sisters. A dentist has many surgeons as friends.
In the dark rear they gave rings
a cheap torch.
I saw in a store of fine safes a good teacher attending pigs.
A noble negro was drinking good cider in the new park.

to
8. 9.
many
deer at noon.
Many fans
In a
were given to the sick by many surgeons.
10.
terrible rain I
went out
to
buy a red
radish,
and near a rock
I saw an orphan.
108
MNEMONICS.
2.
Transformation
of Numerical
Words
Denoting-
the Numeration.
If the numerals required to be memorized have no decimals
or fractions there seems to be no necessity of numerating,
for
we can
is
easily tell
how many
;
orders they have
by countone char-
ing the representing characters.

acter
For example
in the order of units

;
two characters denote the
order of tens
three characters are in order of hundreds
four characters denote the order of thousands, and so on.
Even
in such a case, however, a long series of characters
needs a routine, instead of numbering the characters one

after the other in order to
know
is
their order.
If you err in
Therefore
the numbering, the order
instantly mistaken.
numerating
is
necessary, even in the numerals above the units.
But when
orize
the numerals have decimals or fractions, to

is
mem-
them
practically useless,
is
unless
they are rightly
numerated.
Suppose there
a numeral, " 8990," which

is
may
be formed into a composed idea, "Ginger

nurse."
it
brought by
This association
may
easily recall the numeral, but

it,
will be very difficult to
memorize the orders of
as
when
they
may have such
different
orders, 8,990 or 899.0 or 89.90
or 8.990 or .8990.
Thus, unless you know that the way in

is
which the order of the numeral

in
memorized
is
the same as
memorizing the numerals themselves your memory has no
value.
The
author,
knowing
this difficulty, suggests the fol:
lowing method of numeration
A.
TRANSFORMATION OF NUMERATION INTO

LETTERS.
1.
Million
is
2.
Thousand
is
represented by " w." represented by " m."
3.
Hundred
Unit
is
is
represented by "h."
1."
4.
5.
represented by "
is
Fraction
represented by " v."
B.
109
ORIGIN OF THE REPRESENTING CHARACTER.

1.
"
W"
is
the
first letter
of the word wealth, representing

million
is first
the word million.
The word
transformed into
millionaire by adding transformation

into wealth
and again transformed

This
is
by transformation by
different words.
taken for the representation of million. " is the Latin letter denoting a thousand, and this 2. "
is
taken for the representation of the word thousand by trans-
formation by different word.

3.
"
H"
L"
is
the
first
character of the
word hundred, and

Unit
is
selected as its representative.

4.
"
is
the
first
character of the
word
lowest.
;
is
the lowest order of numerals above decimals
therefore the
word
unit
is
transformed into the word lowest order by

1
transformation by different word, in which "

to represent the whole.
5.
"
is
selected
"
V"
is
the third character of the
word
divisor.
The
trans-
word
fraction is transformed into the
word
divisor
by
formation by different words which are closely related to the
denominator of the
fraction,
and the character " v "
is
selected
to represent the whole.
C.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE REPRESENTING CHARACTERS OF NUMERATION INTO ADJECTIVES.

These representing characters
may
be associated with every
representing character of the numeral to compose a simple
word.
For
instance,
the
representing
characters
of one
be "
million are " b " and " w," and they compose a word, " bow."
For
w,
fifty
million two hundred thousand there
may
c, r,
t,"
composing two words, " car" and " water."
The
repre-
senting letter of numeration
may
often be before
two repre-
110
MNEMONICS.
them r
senting characters of the numeral to be associated with
composing a connected word.

adjective.
In
this case
it
must form an
into a simple
For
t,
instance, seventeen
hundred twenty-one may-
be "
b, p, h,
b,"
and
for transforming
is first
them
and connected word, " h "

tive,
transformed into an adjec-
" heavy
then they compose the words " Baptist" and
"
heavy table."
The
adjectives
made of
the representing
characters of the order are as follows
TABLE
Original
VI.
hundred.
h.
word
million.
thousand.
unit.
1.
fraction.
v.
Representatives
w.
m.
Transformed word
worthy, wonderful.
mad,
merry.
heavy,
hard.
large,
violent,
long.
various.
In the case of decimals the representative of the unit will

be in the foremost position, and next will come that of the
decimal.
For
instance, 25.33 will
be "t,
c,
1,
d,
d" and
.582"l,c,g,t."
In the case of
fractions the representative of the unit will
be in the foremost position, next will come the representative of the numerator, next the representative of the fraction,
and
in the last the representative

t,
of the denominator.
For instance, 25f will be "

must not be
altered.
c,
1,
d, v, f."
These orders
D.
SIMPLE WORDS WHICH CONSIST OF COMBINING THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NUMERATIONS AND THOSE OF THE NUMERALS.
The following table gives an example of the simple words. The reader may make another table for himself which he
may
consider
more conveniently according
to the
above ex-
planation.
MEMOKIZING NUMERALS.
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MI
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O S
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3
G
Pi
"3
o
CD
O
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bo
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O
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CD
u
s
CD
O
is
s
a:
a
bO
m
p,
CD
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.3
CD
"3
00
Pi
a
03
X
P P P
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B.
113
TRANSFORMATION OF NUMERALS, DENOTING THE ORDERS.

I.
NUMERALS ABOVE TEN THOUSAND.

1.
Example.
687,950,000.
2,000,920,000.
2
3
39,582,500,000.
4
5
6
7
525,380,000,000. 230,090,000,000.
58,735.
590,370. 5,000,035.
8 9
90,030,703.
15,520,937.
10
2.
Transformation.
687,
1.
Original
number
million
950, thousand.
Transformed words
2.
short gypsy wonderful nickname.
Original
number
number
2,00
terrible roar
0,
million 9
20,
tear.
thousand.
Transformed words
3.
red
window
2,
Original
39,
58
cigar
million 5
00,
thousand.
Transformed words
4.
dinner
525,
tall
wicket
0, million.
Original
number
number
38
Transformed words
5.
careless teacher
dog
09
rowing.
0, million.
Original
230,
tall
Transformed words
6.
drunkard
thousand
ring
rowing.
7 3 5.
Original
number
58,
Transformed words
7.
careless
gambler
poor doctor.
Original
number
590,
careless nurse
5,
thousand
medicine
000,0
70.
Transformed words
8.
Original
number
number
million
35.
Transformed words
9.
cow
90, million
many
030,
farmer
doctor.
703.
Original
Transformed words
10. Original
nice
row
right direction
520,
pink radish.
937.
number
15, million
Transformed words
bashful coward
8
clean trunk
new
depot.
114
N.B.
MNEMONICS.
For memorizing numeration of numerals the memorizers should

series
it is
not transform more than one word denoting numeration in each

of them, because
enough
to
memorize the numeration
for a series of
is
numerals
if either
one of the representatives of numeration
memorized
with those of the numerals.
3.
Exercise for Memorizing.
(This exercise
is
inserted here for the reason given in the exercise for

orders.)
memorizing numerals of many

1.
2.
A short gypsy having a wonderful nickname. A man making a terrible roar by a red window
After dinner I smoke a cigar near a
tall wicket.
had a
tear in
his-
eye.
3. 4.
5.
A careless teacher with his dog went rowing. A tall drunkard wearing rings was rowing.
The
careless
6.
7.
gambler was formerly a poor
doctor.
A careless nurse
8. 9.
who went to buy medicine was in the park. Cows owned by many farmers were treated by a doctor.
10.
A nice row in the right direction while eating & pink radish. A bashful coward received a clean trunk in new depot.
4.
Kecollection of Numeration.
to recollect the order of the
When we want
numerals
we
reckon the number of representing characters from right to

left; starting at the representative character
of numeration,
etc.,
the
first
character will denote units, the second tens,
in
relation only to the representative character of numeration.
For example, we have the idea " A man making a We roar by a red window had a tear in his eye."
the representative characters and find
0, 0, 0, million, 9, 2, 0.
t, r, r, r,
terrible
extract
w, n,
t, r,
or 2,
To
the
recollect the order
we
start at the representative char-
acter of numeration,
left,
which
is
"
w"
in this case,
and count
to
units, tens, hundreds, thousands,
which gives us two
thousand million.
II.
115
NUMERALS IN FOUR ORDER OR LESS AND THOSE WITH FRACTIONS OR DECIMALS.

1.
Example.
9,735.90
1,696.12
2
3
. .
639.87
58.32,5
3.78,9
4
5 6
7
0.69,75 0.09,92
0.00,38,2
8 9
350T\V
10
9f
2.
1.
Transformation
9,
Original
number
thousand
35.9
dirty cane
96.
Transformed words
2.
new import
1,
Original
number
thousand 6
12
bat
Transformed words
3.
beautiful
6
museum
nest
9.
Original
number
hundred 3
87
Transformed words
4.
small head
58.
noble gypsy
Original
number
unit
325
dirty teacher
7 8, 9
Transformed words
5.
cheap glove
3.
Original
number
unit
Transformed words
6.
dealer
pure ginger-ale.
9,
Original
number
unit 6
.
75
9 2
Transformed words
7.
large snake package
Original
number
unit
9,
Transformed words
8.
large ring
nuts
3
Original
number
unit
0,
8,2
Transformed words
9.
long arrow
3_
dirty gate
Original
number
50.
unit 3 7
large
fraction 1
20
Transformed words
10.
dirty car
9.
depot
vibration trip
Original
number
unit
5 fraction 8
clean vegetable
Transformed words
inlet
116
3.
MNEMONICS.
Exercise for Memorizing.
(This
1.
is
inserted here for the reason given in the preceding exercise.)

cane.
bats.
Among new
I
2.
3.
imports there was a dirty saw in a beautiful museum a nest of
I met a
man
of small head
who was
a noble gypsy.
4.
5.
cheap glove worn by the dirty teacher.

dealer has a pure ginger-ale.
The
6. 7. 8.
A large snake in package.

One who wears a
large ring eats nuts.
A long arrow found in a dirty gate.

Because a dirty car to a Zar#e depo^ had vibration I gave up the
9.
trip.
10.
In the
inlet clean vegetables are found.
4.
Kecollection of Numeration.
In
this case the
numeration above from unit will be reck-
oned as already explained.
To
recollect the order
of deci-
mals, the representing character must be reckoned behind the unit;
when a
fraction has
an integral number,
it
to recollect
the order of the numerator

unit,
should be reckoned behind the
and the denominator behind the representative of the

Thus,
if there
fraction.
be two representatives behind the
unit and before the representative of the fraction, the numerator

is
in ten order
if there
be two behind the fraction, the
denominator also
is in
ten order.
3.
Exercise
in
Memorizing Numerals.
Concerning the transformations of several preceding cases

the following conclusions will be given for the readers' conve-
nience
I.
The numerals
in one
and two orders are
all
transformed
into simple words.

11.
The numerals
in three orders are transformed into con-
nected words.
III.
The numerals
in
more than three orders
are trans-
formed into a disconnected word.
IV. Every representing
with each representing
letter
117
numeral
is
character of every
transformed into simple and connected words, combining of numeration.
V. In
the transformation of the numerals numerated the
representing letter of the order takes a position as a numeral,
and then the number of the characters representing numerals

always increases by one.
Therefore numerals of three order
have four representing characters and those of four order

have
five,
and so on.
Thus, they being transformed into
simple or connected or disconnected words, the exercise in

the present case follows the same routine as that of the pre-
ceding part.
A.
MEMORIZING NUMERALS BY THE REGISTERING METHOD.

1.
Examples.
(11)
(1) 3
9.
5.
(6)
(7)
9 2
8.
3.9
(16) 7 6 6.
(17) 9 6
7.
(2)
5.6
5.
(12) 4 6 8.
(13)
8.
(3) 9 (4)
(5)
0.
(8) 9
(18) 3 8 3.
2.8
(9) 3 9 9.
(14)
1 9.
(19) 7 7 7. (20)
5.1
2 2
2.
(10)
9.
(15) 5 9 8.
N.B.
Transformation
is
of these numerals into simple or connected
words already given
referred to the association.

2.
Eegister.
cu, da, de, di, do, du, fa, fe,
fi,
ba, be, bi, bo, bu, ca, ce,
ci, co,
fo, fu.
3.
1. 2.
Kegistration.
(Baby dirty
(Beggar
(Bill
fine
cane)
3. 4.
5.
rock) new arrow)
A baby plays with a dirty cane. A beggar sitting on s.jine rock. A bill for a new arrow.
Bone of a thin
Bull has
leg.
(Bone
(Bull
6. 7.
8.
thin leg) many dots) (Cat negro)

(Ceiling
A cat
The
Cider
many dots on his owned by a negro.

liked
skin.
clean ulster)
ceiling covered
is
with clean ulster's
cloth,
(Cider
9.
10.
11.
new teacher) (Comb dirty nun) C ucumberknee)

(
A A cucumber
The
date
by my new teacher. comb owned by dirty nun.

is
on
my
knee.
(Date
dirty linen)
wrapped
in dirty linen.
118
12.
13.
MNEMONICS.
(Deer
fine sugar)
The
deer was eating fine sugar.
14.
15.
age) (Dog bank)

(Diver
A diver's age. A dog on the bank.

night)
(Dummy clear
(Face
met
dummy
in a clear night.
sisters.
16. 17.
18. 19.
Faces of the poor poor Fence where new soap was found. (Fence new soap) (Fighting dirty guides) I saw the fighting of the dirty guides. A fox was shot by a man carrying (Pox many dippers)
sisters)
many
20.
(Fur
careless laborer)
4.
Fur owned by
a careless laborer.
Explanation of the Begisteation.

the transformation of numerals and
left to
The explanation of
the associations applied are

B.
the reader's self study.
MEMORIZING NUMERALS BY LINKING METHOD.

1.
Examples.
borrowed
for the present purpose.
The preceding examples
are
2.
1.
Linking.
2.
A dirty cane was left near a fine rock. A fine rock was shot by a new arrow.
The new arrows
carried
3.
4.
5.
by a man with
thin legs.
A man
Many
Ulster
of thin leg with
many
dots
on
his clothes.
dots were
made by a
negro.
6.
7.
A negro wearing an ulster.

worn by
my
new
teacher.
8.
My new
teacher loves a dirty nun.
9.
A dirty nun injured on the knee.

The knee was covered by a
Fine sugar ordered by a
dirty linen.
10. 11.
12.
Dirty linen wrapping fine sugar.
man
of age.
13.
14.
The man
of age was a banker.
15. 16. 17.

18.
19.
A banker was walking on a clear night A clear night when the poor sisters were singing.
The poor
sisters
bought new
soap.
New
soaps left by a dirty guide.
The dirty guide has many dippers. The many dippers made by a careless
laborer.
N.B
The
explanations of association applied in the above cases are
all left to
the reader.
O.
119
MEMORIZING THE NUMERALS BY COMBINED APPLICATION OF REGISTERING-, LINKING, AND COMPOSING METHODS.
1.
Examples.
49,825.90,01
2
3
99,990.00,12
3.92,5
4
5 6
7
775,300.00,1
5,389,376.
500,000.99,1
035,75
100 ft
3.90,92
0.00,03,5
8 9
10
2.
Transformation.
.
1.
Original
number
number number
49,
fine
thousand
8 2
5.
,
0,0
1.
Transformed words
2.
name
0.
good teacher
unit
nurse ribbon
Original
four 9's
0, 1 2.
Transformed words
3.
many
3.
fans
rich lord
red boat.
2
5.
Original
unit 9
Transformed words
4.
dreadful lion
teacher.
Original
number number
.775,
.
m
8
0.
0,1.
robber.
Transformed words
5.
poor package
mad drunkard
9,
rarity
Original
5,w3
cool
76.
pistol.
9, 1.
Transformed words
6.
woods
0,
good Indian
three 0's.
Original
number
number
number
.50
.
unit 9
linen
Transformed words
7.
cruel arrow
many
deer
7 5.
noble.
Original
unit 3
5,
Transformed words
8.
large duck
Original
100
beautiful arrow
3.
unit 2 3
large toad
0,
fraction 5 0.
Transformed words
9.
valuable cerate.
Original
number
number
unit 9
2.
Transformed words
10. Original
.
.
dry linen
unit
large
0,
rich nuts.
3, 5.
Transformed words
red duck.
120
3.
MNEMONICS.
Associations of Transformed
Words by Linking and

rewarded a nurse with ribbon.
Composing Methods.
1.
2.
One who has
a,
fine
name
as a teacher
Many fans
purchased by a rich lord were carried away on a red
boat.
3.
A dreadful lion bit a teacher.

was
4.
which,
5.
The poor package carried by a mad drunkard contained stolen by a robber.

In a
cool
a rarity
woods a good Indian was shot with a
pistol.
many deer. The many deer were attended by boy wearing Zmew clothes. The linen was given by a nobleman.
6.
Cruel arrow shot
7.
large duck in & package.
8.
By
a beautiful arrow one killed a
Janjre
toad.
The
toad turned
out to be cerate.
9.
Dry
linen
wrapping rich
nuts.
10.
A large arrow hit a red
rfwcA;.
4.
Kegistration of all Series by Kegistering Method.

a.
Register.
f,
a, b, c, d, e,
g, h,
i,
j.
b.
Registration.
1.
2.
3.
name) (Bee many fans)

(Ale
fine
Ale
is
made by men
of fine name.
Bee flying around the many fans.
(Ceiling
dirty linen)
The
East
Foo%
ceiling is
covered by dirty linen.

a.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(Doctor
(East
cool woods)
poor package) A doctor brought

is is
poor package.
surrounded by cool woods.

not afraid of cruel ay^rows.
(Fool
(Gate
cruel arrows) large duck)
In gate I caught a large duck.

linen.
8. 9.
10.
beautiful arrow) Hat was shot by beautiful arrow. Ice packed in a dry dry linen) (Jokerlarge arrow) A joker carrying a large arrow.
(Hat
(Ice
N.B.
ceding
When
it
is
required to memorize such numerals as the prefirst
example from dictation one must

first
prepare the register;

;
secondly, associate the

associate the
word of
so on.
first series
with the register
thirdly,
words included in the
first series
with each other, and next
go
to the second series
and
6.
121
Simple Application of Registering Method without Aid of Other Methods to the Present Examples.
a.
Selecting the Register.
It is clear
enough
at a glance that each
series
includes
simple or connected words not more than five in number, and

there are ten series.
The
register for this case requires the
words of ten
series,
each series consisting of five words.
The following
register will satisfy the points required
Register.
1.
ba, be, bi, bo, bu.

ca, ce, ci, co, cu.
6.
ha, he, hi, ho, hu.
2.
3.
7- ja, je,ji, jo, ju.

8.
da, de, di, do, du.

fa, fe,
fi,
ka, ke, ki, ko, ku.
4.
5.
fo, fu.
9. la, le, li, lo, lu.
ga, ge, gi, go, gu.
10.
ma, me, mi, mo, mu.
c.
Registration.
FIRST SERIES.
1.
2.
3.
4.
fine name) (Bee good teacher) (Bible nurse) (Bone ribbon)

(Baby
Baby has &Jine name.

Bee stings the good
Bible
teacher.
owned by a
nurse.
ribbon.
Bone fastened with a
SECOND SERIES.
1.
2.
3.
many fan) (Cellar rich lard) (Ciderred boat)

(Cat
Cat playing with
many Jans.
boat.
Cellar keeps rich lard.
Cider
is
brought in the red
THIRD SERIES.
1. 2.
(Date dirty
(Deer
linen)
Dates wrapped in a dirty
linen.
teacher)
poor package)
Deer
is
watched by
teacher.
FOURTH SERIES.
1.
(Fan
2.
3.
(Pence
mad drunkard)
Fan
is
wrapped
in a poor package.
Fence damaged by a
Fire burned a rarity.
mad
drunkard.
(Fire rarity)
(Fox
4.
robber)
Fox
killed
by a
robber.
122
MNEMONICS.
FIFTH SERIES.
1.
(Gate
cool woods)
A gate
is
in the cool woods.

starts
2.
3.
(Gentleman
good undertaking)
Gentleman
a good undertaking.
(Giant pistol)
Giants had a pistol.
SIXTH SERIES.
1.
(Hare
cruel arrows)
many deer)
Hare
is
shot with cruel arrows.

deer.
2
3. 4.
(Head
Heads of many
(Hill linen)
(Horse
On
the hill I saw heavy linen.
noble)
A horse owned by a noble.

SEVENTH SERIES
1.
(Janitor
2.
large duck) (Jewel package)

(Kangaroo
(Kettle
Janitor bought a large duck.
Jewels found in a package.
EIGHTH SERIES.
1.
beautiful arrow)
A
A
kangaroo was killed by a beautiful

arrow.
2.
3.
(Kitten
large toad) valuable cerate)

linen)
Kettle
is
put on large
toad,.
kitten carried out a valuable cerate.
NINTH SERIES.
1.
(Lamb dry
(Lieutenant
Lamb
covered with a dry linen.
2.
rich nuts)
TENTH
Lieutenant ate rich nuts.
SERIES.
1.
(Map
2.
(Menagerie
large arrow) red duck)
Maps were broken by
a large ai-row.
In menagerie I saw a red duck.
MEMORIZING FOREIGN LANGUAGES.
123
CHAPTER
II.

1.
Special
Rules for Transformation.

words
The
are,
several rules for transformation of disconnected
of course, applicable to the foreign languages.
But there
are also
some
special rules which, together with the general

:
rules, will be stated as follows
Rule
I.
Unfamiliar foreign words must be transformed

In
into simple, connected, or disconnected familiar words, the
transformation by identical or analogous sounds being mostly

applied.
Rule
many
II.
the transformation of foreign words with
syllables or letters, if
you can find one or more familiar

syllables or letters, first separate
words consisting of
form the
many
them from each other by dividing transformation, and

rest in the order
trans-
of their prominence and length.

it is
Rule
III.
In the transformed words
generally well
to have as close a relation to the
meaning of the original
foreign words as possible.
Rule IV. In
familiar
the course of transformation if one whole

is
word cannot be found which

first
similar in sound to
the whole or part of the given foreign word, the sound of
only the
syllable of
some familiar word or a connected

syllables of
sound consisting of the
first
two or more familiar

words
to imitate
words
will be applied to the given foreign
the sound.
Under
these rules there are
some
different cases, as follows
124
MNEMONICS.
Examples.
1.
Japanese word "keng," which means "sword,"
is
transformed
into "cane,"
original word.
2.
which
is
a whole English word similar in sound to the
Japanese word " mong," which means "gate" in English,

is
is
trans-
formed into the sound "mong," which
first
syllable
of the word
"monger."
selected,
3.
The sound "mong"
to represent the
word "monger" was

is
applying the transformation by selected
letter.
Japanese word "yujin," which means "friend" in English,
transformed into a disconnected word
"ewe" and "gin,"
in
which the
connected sound coincides with that of the original word, the transforma-
by identical sound being applied. The Japanese word "seiteng," which means "fine weather" in English, is transformed into the sound "sa-ten," formed by a connection with the first syllables of two words, "sable and tenant." The sound
tion
4.
" sa-ten" represents the two words, " sable and tenant," by the representing transformation.
Rule V.
If,
however, some foreign words cannot be
transformed into familiar words by the application of the

preceding rules, the sound consisting of one or more of the
beginning or the ending
letters
of an English word or a con-
nected sound of those of two or more English words will be
applied to imitate the sound of the given foreign word.

N.B.
In
application of the above rule, the sound of the letter in
the beginning of a
word
is
preferred to that of the ending.
Examples.
1.
is
The German
word " Gedicht," which means "
poem"
in English,
first
transformed into a connected sound, " ga-di-hit," consisting of the

letters of the
two
words " gay" and " dignity" and of the word " hit."
in English,
2.
is
The Eussian word "netsuka," which means " thread"

three letters of the
transformed into a connected sound, "nee-ts-ka," consisting of the
first
" fruits," and of the
first
word " needle," and of the two of the word " cart."
last
two of the word
Rule VI. If the transformed words can be understood by each memorizer, it will be enough, however abnormal the
changes
may
be.
125
Origin of the Preceding Special Rules.
The preceding
rules for
memorizing unfamiliar foreign
languages are based upon the similarity of the sound elements
of the several languages.

differ
However much
the languages
may
we
from each other, the single original sounds composing

If
them are almost the same throughout the world.
analyze any language on earth into single individual sounds,
we
will
find
that
there are at
most about one hundred
original sounds
which can be uttered by the organ of the

is
human
being, though there
some
difference, either great or
small, in these sounds
when
uttered
by the same vocal organs

Therefore, although
in the different portions of the world.
there are a great

it is
many
different languages used in the world,
very evident that they are composed by different arrangesingle original sounds,
ment and combination of the same

not being used in another.
with a few exceptions, some original sounds of one language
What
are these single original
sounds?
There are two
different kinds of sound,
that of
the consonants, which are uttered
by each vocal organ with-
out the aid of the other vocal organs, and that of the vowels,
which are uttered naturally by a human being without a

special act of the vocal organs.
These simple original sounds
can never again be divided, however earnestly
we may
try.
For
instance, the
word " act" may be divided

which are uttered by
for the simple

different vocal
original sounds, " a-c-ts,"
organs, that is, "a" is uttered naturally without a special act of the vocal organs, " c " by the aid of the throat, and " ts " by the tongue with the palate. The word " hunt" may be
divided for the simple sounds " h-u-n-t," which are uttered
by the vocal organs,

the palate.
the throat, the nose,
and the tongue, with
But
these simple original sounds cannot again be divided
126
into
MNEMONICS.
smaller sounds
by our knowledge, and
as these are
it
generally used everywhere throughout the world,
will
be
understood that the several languages are similar to each

other in regard to their original sounds.
in the preceding
The sound
" acts"
example coincides with the Japanese words
"ac" and
"tsu," which
sound " hunt" coincides with
mean "bad" and "shore/' and the the Japanese word " hant,"
simple original sounds there
which means " territory" in English.
Examining
as to
how many
is
are in English,
that
to say,
how many
different
kinds of
vocal utterances are used in the pronunciation of the simple

original sounds of the language,
we
easily find that there
are not
more than about
forty.
The simple
original sounds
in English include twenty-one consonants
and some other

wh," " ng,"
etc.,
combined consonants,
as " th," " ch," " sh," "
and
five vowels, each
of which can be uttered in two differof course, some of them
ent ways, either long or short;
have
different
and more simple

letters will
original sounds.
For another
example, Japanese
be taken which are not real
simple consonants, such as those in English, but the five
vowels also are real simple original sounds.

anese consonants have
All of the Jap-
vowels, so their
number
compound sounds with one of the But if we is just seventy-five.

it
analyze them for real simple original sounds
will be easily
five
found that there are twenty simple original sounds, the

vowels being taken together.
definition can be given
I.
:
Consequently, the following
Every language consists of simple and which are the same throughout the world.
II.
original sounds
The simple
The
original sounds are not over fifty at the
most.
III.
difference of the languages
comes only from
the difference of the arrangement and combination of the
MEMOKIZING FOKEIGN LANGUAGES.

series
127
reason, if
of the simple original sounds.

is
For
this
any language
special
analyzed for
its
simple original sounds, the

is
uniformity will be found which

rules
for
the foundation of the
transforming unfamiliar languages.
In
many
cases a series of
two or three simple
original sounds
will have a general similarity in all the languages of the
world, and sometimes a series of more than three single

original sounds will
have the same similarity, and, therefore,
while a series of certain single original sounds
may
corre-
spond to one word in one language

another.
it
may
some
be a syllable in
single
Accordingly,
series
is
of
original
sounds of a language which
not familiar to us will be
made
to coincide
with
it,
applying transformation by the an-
alogous sound.
2.
Transformation
memorize
at the
and Association.
In order
ciation
to
same time both the pronunassociation is formed
and the meaning of an unfamiliar foreign word two
associations
must be formed.
The
first
first
of two or more words transformed from one foreign word,
and the second between the

of the original word.
association
and the meaning

rec-
Thus, forming two associations, a
ollection of the pronunciation instantly recalls the
meaning,
There-
and that of the meaning
recalls the pronunciation.
fore the following three courses will always be followed

1.
Transformation of unfamiliar foreign languages.

Association between transformed words from one origi-
2.
nal word.
3.
Association between the preceding association and the

original foreign language.
meaning of the
familiar
If for transforming one unknown foreign word only one
word
is
applied, the second of the preceding three
courses will be discarded from the practical application.
128
A.
MNEMONICS.
TRANSFORMATION OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

TABLE YIIL
Original
word ....
.
ichi.
itch.
ni.
san. sun.
shi.
sea.
go.
roku.
rock.
six.
Transformed word
knee.
gold.
five.
Meaning
one.
two.
three.
four.
ju.
word .... Transformed word Meaning

Original
.
hachi
sea chick.
hatchet.
ku.
cool.
Jew.
ten.
seven.
eight.
nine.
B.
ASSOCIATION.
(Or Table YIIL)

(Itch
one)
two) (Sun three) (Sea four) (Gold five) (Kock six) (Sea-chick seven)
(Knee
(Hatchet
(Cool
The itch is not good for one. The knees are two in number. The sun shines some days. A/oe escaped over the sea. Some gold to buy cakes. The rocks are small in their size.
I have seen a sea-chick seven times.
eight)
hatchet injured an aged

is
man.
knee.
nine) (Jew ten)

(
Cool water
good for an injured

beer.
Jew bought some
Vide ut supra for the transformed words of numerals.)
(Oi
1.
2.
Table IX.)
Mizzle
is
(Mizzle
water)
frost)
also water.
3.
cold) (Sea, moss

(Some, sack
I took some sacks on a cold day.
Frost whitened the seashore covered by

moss.
4.
5.
(Ewe, key
snow)
Dutchfriend)
A ewe and key lost in the snoio.

I went with
(Tomb
of
my friend to look
at a to?nb
of the Dutch.
6.
7.
(Catarrh
shoulder)
I have catarTh in the shoulder.
(Key,
oar, die
brother)
My
brother
saw a man in the water

about to
die.
with a key and an oar in his hand
who was
129
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-i
B
A
a
s
1!
tt
4>
1 d
J*
fl
2
-
,_
d
,d
$
co
-S
f3
d O a
a
d
oo
a^
S a
o
13
S.
%i
-w
3 2
2
48 e "3
111 a *
I 3 ^ > 2 in &
1
$!
a
I
*
I
-3
II
i
o
bo
a
2 TS
sag d s
-c fc
a
S3
^ S a
*
m
*d -5
_<
o3
P
2 9
tj
.a So
d d 5
bo
33
a
=
.Q
3 d
'
O H S
fc
O H 3
fc
O H
9
H g
Jzj
Eh
130
8.
9.
MNEMONICS
(Cow
(Sea,
face)
Face of cow.
(Cool, cheese
mouth)
A cool cheese in the mouth of

Sea rowing
white caps.
is
a jar.
10.
row
white;
green)
dangerous because of
11.
12.
(Middling
The middling shade
of green.
13.
picture) (Mist, aconite capital)

(Yesterday
(Bee, ointment
A picture was bought yesterday.

I went to capital on a misty day and
bought
14.
aconite.
hospital)
hospital
having some
sick persons
stung by a bee prepared a great deal

of ointment.
15.
(Gimlet
cold, bank)
I went to the bank to get
money
to
buy
a gimlet on a very cold day.

16.
(She,
buy theatre)
She went
to
bug a theatre.
spoiled
17. 18. 19.
(Mud window) (Amen rain)

(Mats, levee
The window was
by mud.
in the rain.
An insane man said

On
at a levee.
amen
holiday)
a holiday mats were prepared to use
20.
(Hillock open)
(Took, yesterday- -desk)
In the open day a
hillock
was
seen.
21.
With
desk.
five cents
I went in quest of a
22.
23.
(Smithink)
(Knee, kite -upstairs)
I saw a smith buying ink.

I injured
my
knee while flying a kite
upstairs.
24.
(Ewe, hand
(Boon, ten
(Lake, sea
supper)
For
stepper
we had ewe and
I cut
my
hand.
25. 26.
grammar) history)
A boon of
history.
ten
grammar
books.
sea
is
That a lake became a

I spoiled
clear in
27.
(Sue, gargle
mathematics)
my
suit
making
a gargle for
a mathematician.
28.
29.
(Cheatblood)
(Shoe, key, owner- religion)
To cheat is in the blood. The shoe and key having no owner found by a religionist.
Terra cotta was used for the church.
is
30.
(Terra church)
N.B.
It
is
To the other foreign languages the same method maybe applied.

Italian, etc.
superfluous to give examples of Latin, Greek, French, German,
Hebrew, Chinese, Spanish, Eussian,

3.
1.
131
Analysis
of the Association and Explanation.
Explanation of transformation of the foreign languages.
2.
Explanation of the association between the transformed
parts of a foreign word.

3.
Explanation of the association between the preceding
association
4.
and the meaning of the original word.

the analyses of the associations thus formed are
And
is,
necessary parts of the study for training in this system.
This
however,
left to
the reader's self-examination, which
he should conduct after the examples given in the exercise of

the registering method.
(Chapter
I.,
Part II.)
4.
Application
Composing"
of the
Registering",
Linking",
and
Methods
for
Memorizing-
Foreign
Languages.
When
tering
it is
necessary to memorize numerous foreign words
at one time the author's experience
shows that the

is,
regis-
method
is
most applicable.
That
when only
the
pronunciations of
many words
are required to be memorized,
the associations formed between
the transformed parts of
each word should be registered one after another.
When
are reis to
both pronunciations and meanings of
many words
:
quired to be memorized there are two methods

associate the
one
meaning of the word with the association formed
between the transformed parts of each word, and then to

register either the former or the latter
;
the other
method
is
to register the latter into the first
word of the
register
and
the former into the second
word of the
foreign
register, thus
remov-
ing the possibility of mistaking the order of the pronunciation
and meaning.
The
words may, of course, be

in
memorized by the linking and composing methods, but
132
MNEMONICS.
is
the author's experience the registering method
found
to
be
most convenient.
The
method
foreign
sentence
may
it
be memorized by the same
as the English sentence.
This method
is
explained
in the next chapter, and to
the readers are referred.
The ap-
plications of the registering, linking,
and composing methods
are omitted for the readers' self-exercise.
MEMORIZING SENTENCES.
133
CHAPTER
III.
MEMORIZING SENTENCES, INCLUDING SPEECH
AND LECTURE.
sentence
some
(including speech and lecture)
is
an expres-
sion of
facts or
thoughts by a series having a certain
length, formed
by the connection of a certain number of
simple, connected, or disconnected words.
enough that the sentence, however long
it
As it may be,
is
clear
includes
is
none but simple, connected, or disconnected words, there
no doubt that a longer sentence may be individually memorized in the
same manner as in memorizing words.
But
to
memorize each part of a paragraph which

regardless of their importance,
effect.
consists of
hun-
dreds or thousands of these words without any omissions,

is
great labor and of
little
It
is
enough
to
memorize the most important parts
of a sentence, and there exists no necessity to memorize each

part.
The
present method cannot be adopted for memorizit
ing
cal
all
the words of a sentence, but
presents a most practi-
method by which each important part of a long sentence

is
or speech
caught and associated as
it
is
heard or seen.
There
is,
however, an exception.
As
the sentences by famous

these
authors are excellent in their every word,
furnish
models for the beginner, and the purpose of memorizing such

sentences
may
often be different
from that of memorizing a
common
and
sentence.
to preserve
The memorizer may want

recite
them
in his brain
them
as he
is
required for the benefit of his friends.
To memorize them
is to
memorize the whole word, not to
134
memorize their
MNEMONICS.
essentials only.
For such
sentences several
methods are adopted to memorize their whole word individually.
In the following explanation the former

is
class
of sen-
tences
called the first class
and the
latter the second class.
I.
1.Rules.
first class
The
sentences of the
may
be memorized by
catching some important parts, selected by representing transformation, which one thinks to be comprehensive enough to
represent the significance of certain parts of the sentence.
II.
first,
The
sentence of the second class

first
may
be memorized,
by extracting the
words of each section and by
associating
them
into a register,
and secondly by
associating
the whole words in each section
by the linking or composing
methods, or by reciting one phrase after another in each

section.
III.
The
register to be used
under the present method

titles
may more
beginning.
conveniently be taken from the
given to the
sentence, or the
name of
the author, or certain words in the
2.
Exercise
A.
in Memorizing* Sentences.
OF THE FIRST CLASS.

speeches and lectures
first class,
is
The method of memorizing

fore the
just
the same as for memorizing sentences of the
there-
same process
is
is
applied to them.
Here an example
of sentences
given.
The
reader
may
improvise other kinds
of sentences.
MEMOBIZING SENTENCES.
1.
135
Example.
1.
Sentences to be Memorized.
on
"The
scribe.
grief that universally pervaded all classes at Missolonghi
the announcement of his death would be as difficult as superfluous to de-
No
honor that could be devised was too great
to
be lavished on his
remains.
At
Salona, where the Congress had assembled, his soul was

;
prayed for in the church
after
which the whole garrison and the

religious
citizens
went out
and an
into the plain,
where another
ceremony took place

fired,
under the shade of the
olive-trees.
This being concluded, the troops
oration, full of the
warmest praise and gratitude, was pronounced

in the
by the High
Priest."
(A paragraph
"Life of Lord Byron.")
2.
Method
to be Applied.
is
In memorizing sentences the registering method

example given above
of
fifteen
most
convenient to be adopted, in the author's experience.

is
The
not very long, so a register consisting
words seems
to be sufficient, as follows
3.
Eegister.
g, h,
i,
a, b, c, d, e,
f,
j,
k,
1,
m,
n, o.
4.
Association.
its ]
1.
Ape having a
offspring.
great grief on the death of
\ J
~)
First sentence.
2.
Beans with the grease (Greece).

Ceiling great honor. s was made by J an artist of & Deer's dead baby was found.
V
J
Second sentence.
4
5.
6. 7. 8.
Ear of saloon keeper was hurt. Fox don't listen to prayer.

Gin
is
Third sentence.
}
liked
by
soldiers.
citizens.
-
Hat
fashioned
among
9.
Iron mine discovered in a plain.
Fourth sentence.
10.
No joke
in the religious ceremony.
11. Kittens
playing in the shade of
olive-trees.
136
12.
13.
14.
MNEMONICS.
Lion in dread of
troops.
man fired a gun. Name of one who made an

not unknown.
excellent oration
is
Fifth sentence.
15.
Overcoat worn by a High Priest.
5.
Abridged Explanation of the Association of Ideas.

phrase,
1.
The
"The
grief that universally pervaded all classes
on
announcement of
his death
was such
as is difficult to describe,"
is
repre-
sented by a connected word, "great grief on death," under the rule of
transformation by different words.

2.
it is 3.
The
subject of the grief being " Missolonghi,"
that
is,
Greece,
transformed into " grease" by representing by different words.
lavished
4.
The phrase, " No honor that could be devised was too great to be on" is represented by a different word, " greatest honor." The subject of the honor being "his remains," it is represented
dead body."
' ' '
'
by a
5. 6.
different word, "
Salona'
'
is
transformed into
is
saloon" by changing transformation.
The word
" prayer"
extracted to represent the phrase, " his soul
was prayed
7.
for in the church."

is
" Garrison"
transformed into a different word, "soldier."
8.
" Citizens" has no transformation.

" Plain" has no transformation.
9.
10. " Keligious

11.
ceremony" has no transformation.

These
five
"Shade
of olive-trees" has no transformation.
simple
words extracted, "soldier," "citizen," "plain, "and "religious ceremony." and a combined word, " shade of olive-trees," represent the phrase, " after
which the whole garrison and

12.
citizens
went out
to
the plain, where
another religious ceremony took place under the shade of the olive-trees."
" Troops" has no transformation.
13.
" Eired" has no transformation.
These two words extracted repre-
sent the phrase, " This being concluded, the troops fired."
14.
The
is
phrase,
"an
by
a
warmest praise and
grati-
tude,"
15.
represented
combined word, "excellent oration." no transformation.

"High
priest" has
The two words
extracted
grati-
represent the phrase,

tude, was pronounced
"an
warmest praise and
by the High Priest."
Example.
137
2.
1.
Sentence to be Memorized.
"The
fireplaces
were of a truly patriarchal magnitude, where the
whole family, old and young, master and servant, black and white,
nay, even the very cat and dog,
enjoyed a community of privilege and

sit
had each a right

silence puffing
to a corner.
Here the old burgher would
in perfect
his pipe, looking in the fire with
half-shut eyes,
and
thinking of nothing for hours together; the good wife, on the opposite
side,
would employ
herself
folks
diligently
in
spinning yarn or knitting

listening
stockings.
The young
would crowd around the hearth,
with breathless attention to some old crone of a negro,

oracle of the family,
who was
the
and who, perched
like a raven in a corner of the

in-
chimney, would croak forth for a long winter afternoon a string of

credible stories about
New England New
witches, grisly ghosts, horses with-
out heads, hairbreadth escapes, and bloody encounters

(" Knickerbocker's History of
among
Indians."
York," by Washington Irving.)
2.
Selection of a Register.
is
register
which has some relation to the sentence
pre-
ferred, as follows
k, n,
i,
c,
k,
e, r, b, o, c,
k,
e, r,
h,
i,
s, t, o, r,
y.
N.B.
tical
As has already been explained under the chapter on registering

as does not include
method, the perfect register should be such

words.
two idenidentical
When
it
it is
decided to adopt an imperfect register, however,

in
as given above,
must be borne
it
mind
to transform the
two
words in a way by which

in order
into
may
and the other next.
be clearly recollected that one was first For instance, first " k " may be transformed
into
"kitchen," second
"k"
"kite," and the third

it
is
"k"
into
"kitten."
In these transformations
clear,
from the alphabetical "kite" precedes
arrangement, that
"kitten."
"kitchen" precedes "kite," and
138
MNEMONICS.
3.
Associations.
the kitchen.
1.
2.
3.
made a great fireplace in The whole family are nice. Idle men enjoy nothing.
4.
5. 6.
7.
burgher was buying cawe.

flying a kite in perfect silence.
He was
Tobacco cannot be eaten.
She thinks of nothing but

Beautiful wife.
to
buy a Hw^.
8.
9.
0d
woman
unable to
spm
or ftwil
10.
The young folks wearing
caps.
11. 12.
kitten plays
around the hearth.
Listen to a speech on economy.
13. 14.
A room occupied by
a negro.
stories.
History contained incredible
N.B.
Explanations of the transformations and associations are
left to
the reader's examination.
B.
OF THE SECOND CLASS.

Example.
1.
Sentence to be Memorized.
" Sir, the atrocious crime of being a young man, which the honorable
gentleman has with such

I
spirit
and decency charged upon me, I

;
shall
neither attempt to palliate nor deny
but content myself by wishing that

cease with their youth,
may
be one of those whose
follies
may
and not
of those
who
continue ignorant in spite of age and experience, etc."
(For the whole the readers are referred to Pitt's speech in reply to Horace
Walpole.)
The main
thus divided
significance of the
above famous speech
may
be
First paragraph explains that he
was reproached
as being
a youth.
MEMOKIZING SENTENCES.
Second paragraph explains that an aged
than a youth.
139
be worse
man may
Third paragraph explains that he was again reproached

with acting a theatrical part.
Fourth paragraph explains that he

language.
is
free to use his
own
Fifth paragraph explains that a charge was
made
that he
who
utters
any sentiments but
his
own commits a
great offence.
Sixth paragraph explains that the act which offended them

is his zeal for
the service of the country.
2.
Selection of the Register.
The famous
sentences having a title
may
be most con-
veniently memorized
by
selecting the title or
name of
the
author as a register, for by so doing the recollection of impressions

is
very easily made.
The author of
the present
system has memorized more than seventy famous compositions, as described
in
"The Models
of the Chinese
Com-
position," without failing in a word.
in this case were all the title or author's

sition.
The registers adopted name of the composelected for the
In the present instance the
title is
register, as follows
Register.
Pitt in reply to Horace Walpole.

Transformation and Kegistration.
3.
"Youth" is extracted from the first paragraph to represent the The register "Pitt" is transformed into "spit." "There is a youth who used to spit." (Kegistration.) 2. "Aged man" and "worse" are extracted from the second para" An aged man bought graph. The register is transformed into "ink."
1.
whole.
worse ink."
(Kegistration.)
140
3.
MNEMONICS.
"Theatre"
" Free"
is
extracted from the third paragraph.

(Kegistration.)
"I must
register
write
a reply to an invitation to the theatre."

4.
is
is
extracted from the fourth paragraph.
The
"to"
transformed into " token."
" The freedom
is
a token of civilization."
(Kegistration.)
5.
"A charge for borrowed opinion" and

The
register "
" offence" are extracted from

is
the fifth paragraph.

' '
Horace"
transformed into " horse."

to
met a man on horseback who made a charge for borrowed opinion others and was sued for the offence." (Kegistration.)
I
4.
Linking.
By
the above registered associations the main significance

is all
of the speech
memorized.
Now we
must
associate each
phrase in detail by the linking method.
1.
("Sir" with "the atrocious crime.")
Circumstantial evidence of
an atrocious crime.
2.
("Atrocious crime" with "young
man
")
Atrocious crime was
committed by a young man.

3. ("Young man" with "the honorable man may become an honorable gentleman.
gentleman.'
The young
4.
("Honorable gentleman" with "spirit and decency.")

spirit
Man
can-
not become an honorable gentleman without

5.
and decency.
Spirit
("Spirit and decency" with "charged.")
and decency
is
not charged by anyone.

6.
("
Charged" with "palliate or deny.")
One who
is
charged must
palliate or deny.
7.
(" Palliate or deny" with " content.")
If he succeeds in the effort
to palliate or
8.
deny he must be contented.

"wishing.")
("Content" with
contented
man
wishes
for
nothing.
9.
("Wishing" with
"follies.")
I don't wish to be a victim of
follies.
10.
("Follies" with "cease with youth.")
The
follies
cease
with
youth.
11.
(" Cease with youth" with
"no
wish.")
There
is
rarely a youth
who
has no wish.
12.
}41
no wish
to con-
("
No
wish" with " continue ignorant.")
I have
tinue ignorant.
13.
("Continue ignorant" with "age and experience.")
Ignorance
ceases with age
and experience.
to
N.B.
The readers must be very careful
understand the application
of the rules of transformation.
142
MNEMONICS.
CHAPTER
The
IV.
MEMORIZING POETICAL COMPOSITION.

poem, from
its
nature,
must be memorized word for

merely the essence
kind.
It
is
is
word, and has not
much
interest if
memorized, like the sentence of the
first
almost
the same as the sentence of the second kind, and thus the
way by which
it
is
memorized resembles the process that

latter.
is
pursued in memorizing the
I.
1.
Rules for
Memorizing- Poetical Compositions.

associated
Each word composing a verse should be
by
the linking or composing methods.

II. Next, each verse should be associated
by the linking
or composing methods.
III. If the registering
method only
is
applied, each verse
should be divided into each word and registered.
IV. One
or two words
may
be extracted from a verse, to
represent the whole,
and
registered.
2.
Exercise
in Memorizing" Poetical Composition.
A.
APPLICATION OF THE LINKING METHOD.

Example.
1.
Poem
to be Memorized.
little star,
"Twinkle, twinkle,
How I wonder what you are, Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky !"
143
2.
Linking.
1.
(" Twinkle" with " twinkle")
"Twinkle" and "twinkle"

identical.
are
2.
3.
(" Twinkle" with "

(
little
star")
4.
how I wonder") ("Wonder" with "what you are")

(" "What you are" with "
the world")
u Star" with "
A twinkling little star. A star fell, and how I wondered.

I wonder,
when asked by
are.
a man,
what you
5.
up above
We
cannot
is
there
know exactly what up above the world.
6.
7.
("
World" with " so high") ("High" with "like a diamond")

("
A word was uttered so high.

In the high mountain I found a
stone like a diamond.
8.
Diamond" with "
in the sky")
Diamonds do not
sky.
rain from
the
B.
APPLICATION OF THE REGISTERING METHOD.

Examples.
1.
Poem to be Memorized.
"
Hear the
sledges with their bells
Silver bells
What
a world of merriment their melody foretells
How
they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle,

air of night
In the icy
While the
stars that
over sprinkle
All the heavens seem to twinkle
With
a crystalline delight
Keeping time, time, time, In a sort of Runic rhyme,
To
the tintinnabulation that so musically wells the bells, bells, bells, bells, bells, bells, bells
the jingling and the tinkling of the bells."
From From
144
MNEMONICS.
2.
Selection of Eegister.
If each verse of the above poem be divided into simple or connected words less than five, a register consisting of fourteen groups, each group having five parts,
may
suffice,
as
follows
Ba, be,
Ca,
bi, bo,
bu.
Ka, ke,
La,
le,
ki,
li,
ko, ku.
lo,
ce, ci, co, cu,
lu.
Da,
Fa,
de, di, do, du.

fe,
fi,
Ma, me, mi, mo, mu.

Na,
ne, ni,
fo,
fu.
no, nu.
Ga, ge,
gi,
go, gu.
Pa, pe,.pi, po, pu.

Qa, qe,
qi,
ri,
Ha,
be, bi, bo, hu.

ji,
qo,
ro,
qu.
ru.
Ja, je,
jo, ju.
Ka,
re,
3.
Registration.
1.
i
(Ba
(Be
2.
bear) tbe sledge
Baby
with tbe
bears tbe parent's voice.
Drinking beer on tbe sledges with

tbe bells.
bells)
3.
(Catbe
(Da
(De
silver bells)
A
of
car with silver bells.

is
4.
wbat
world
Dancing
a world of merriment.
merriment)
3.
-I
5.
tbeir melody)
Dentist bought bells and examined

tbeir melody.
6.
7. 8.
(Di foretells) (Fa bow they)
(Fe tinkle, tinkle,

tinkle)
A diplomat foretells eternal peace A fat man does not pay housage. A felon was disturbed by many
disturbing
tinklings.
three,
(Disturb-
ing represents
indicate
and
may
three times.
Refer to
" Memorizing Numerals.")

9.
(Ca
in
the
icy
air
of
G-ate
was broken in the icy
air of
night)
night.

10.
145
11.
(Ha (He
(Ja
while) the
all
White
over
hat.
stars that
Over the head there

that over sprinkle.
are the stars
sprinkle)
12.
the heavens)
By jackets we
heavens.
cannot cover
all
the
13.
(Je
seem to twinkle)
with a crystalline)
All jewels seem to twinkle.
14.
(Ka
A kangaroo frightened by a crystal.

I
\
I
15.
(Ke delight)
(La
(Le
am
delighted to get a foreign
kettle.
16.
17.
i
keeping) time, time, time)

a sort of Eunic
A lantern keeping light in a cell.

Alexander surviving many dangerous times.
18.
(Ma in
rhyme)
A mastering song
rhyme.
is
a sort of Runic
10.
19.
11.
(Na
to
the tintinnabula-
Nails in box ring to the tintinnabulation that so musically wells in
tion that so musically

wells)
20.
21.
moving them.
Needle found
in the well.
(Ne wells) (Pafrom)

(Pebells,
bells)
bells,
22.
bells,
12
A form made by paper. A peasant keeps many

indicate four times.)
fine bells.
-1
(Fine represents four, and
may
dirty
23,
(Quabells,
(Ra
bells, bells)
13.
A quack
bells.
doctor bought
many
|
f
(Dirty represents three.)
24.
from
the
jingling
All the rats in the house ran
away
14. {
and the tinkling of the

bells)
from the jingling and tinkling

of the bells.
O.
APPLICATION OP COMPOSING METHOD.

Example.
1.
Poem to be Memorized.
"
Be the matter what it may, Always speak the truth. If at work or if at play, Always speak the truth."
10
146
MNEMONICS.
Composition.
2.
" In the dining-room a bee stung
my mother.
I ran
away and,
leaving-
my
hat, stopped to eat.
I then went into the garden where there were
many
if at
flower-blossoms, and thought about all ways to excuse myself.
found there
my
father,
and hurried
to speak the truth,
who
told
me
that
work or
if at
play I must always speak the truth about every
trifling
matter."
MEMORIZING NAMES.
147
CHAPTER
Men's names may be
familiar
V.
MEMORIZING NAMES.
classified into
two kinds
the one is
is
and
the other is unfamiliar.
The former
a simple
or connected
principles
word and the
latter a disconnected
word.
I.,
These
have already been explained in Part
and the
several exercises taking unfamiliar
names
class.
treated
them as
are such
life
disconnected words of the second
Names
important subjects of memorization in the daily

they cannot be
left
that
to the routine concerning the discon-
nected words of the second class.
They
require
some easy
method by which they can be instantly memorized.

these reasons the following rules are given
:
For
1.
Rules Relating to the Names.

the second names that are
The kinds of
Hence
name.
are limited, while the
commonly adopted persons who adopt them are unlimited.

persons
often
there are
many
Among them there
who have the same second may be one whom you
know of personally or are acquainted with in history. Thus, when a name is required to be memorized, you should first search for the person having the same second name with whom you are personally acquainted or know of in history. If you succeed in your search, the name required to be memorized should be transformed into the name of the person already known, by which a person's name required to
be memorized becomes transformed into a familiar name,
and
is
thus easily and firmly impressed upon the mind.

is
This method
one instance of transformation by identical
148
sound.
MNEMONICS.
If you do not find any acquaintance having the
it
same name you should transform

name.
into the only familiar
When
these
two methods
fail it
must be transformed
by the same means as are disconnected words of the second

kind, which process has already been explained.
The
first
name may
also be
memorized
in the
same manner.
If you
first
have an intimate friend or relative
who
has the same
name
as that
required to be
first
memorized, and
whom you
to the
habitually called by the
name, without referring

the
second name, you
may adopt
same method as above
explained, thus transforming the
whom
you are unacquainted

If you
first
into the
find
name of the person with name of your friend

such friend or relative
or relative.
fail
to
having the same

or
name, you should search for acquainted
known persons whose second name is the same as the first name required to be memorized. And lastly, if you fail in this, you should transform the first name in hand into the
second familiar name, as Charles into Charlemagne.
three methods
fail,
If these
the first
name should be transformed by

words of the second
the
method adaptable
to disconnected
kind.
2.
Exercise
1.
in
Memorizing Names.
Examples.
Names
4. 5. 6.
to be Memorized.
7.
8.
1.
James Grant.
George Cromwell.
Frank Thomas.
Francis Tenny.
Charles Anderson.
Richard Booth.
2.
3.
William Greenleaf.
Edward
Peet.
9.
John Markly.
2.
1.
Transformation.
Grant.
Original words
Transformed words
Original words
James James (second name

of friend)
Grant (American general).
2.
George
George
(first
Cromwell.
Transformed words
name
of
Cromwell (Oliver Cromwell).
brother)
MEMORIZING NAMES.
3.
149
Original words
Transformed words
Original words
Edward Edward (Edward

Confessor)
Peet.
the
Pitt (Lord Chatham).
4.
Frank
Franklin
(discoverer
Thomas.
Transformed words
Original words
Thompson
Tenny.
(American
of electricity)
5.
.
.
electrician).
Francis
Transformed words
6.
Francis (French king)

Charles
Tennyson
Anderson.
(poet).
Original words
Transformed words
Original words
Charlemagne (the
great king)
Anderson
Booth.
(actress).
7.
Richard
Richard (Shakespeare's)
Transformed words
Booth
(actor).
8.
Original words
William
William
(baby
of
Greenleaf.
Transformed words
Original words
Greenleaf
law).
(author
of
neighbor)
9.
.
.
Transformed words
John John
Markly.
(of
Magna
Macbeth (Shake>'s).
Charta)
3.
Association.
either method.
The names may be memorized by

The
The
registering
and
composing methods severally or jointly

readers are required to form their
cient to give
may be most conveniently applied. own association. It is here suffi-
an example of transformation.
150
MNEMONICS.
CHAPTER
VI.
MEMORIZING UNFAMILIAR OR UNKNOWN THINGS AND EVENTS OR PACTS AND CONNECTION OP THE NAMES WITH THEM.
1.
Kind
of Things and Events
Unknown.
1.
Person unknown.
Birds, quadrupeds, and fish
2. 3.
unknown.
Grasses and trees unknown.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Metals and stones unknown.

Tools unknown.
Astronomical and geographical objects unknown.
Words and
letters
unknown.
8.
Events unknown.
N.B.
The
is
person
unknown
or one
(1) includes
one
is
whose name
is
unknown,
whose person
is
who is a stranger and known but whose name

person
is
unknown,
or one
whose name
known but whose
unknown.
2.
Special
some
Rules for Transformation.

and
II. are, of course,
objects or facts.
The
But
rules explained in Parts I.
adaptable for the transformation of

there are
unknown
special rules applicable to the purpose
by which
the
unknown
objects or facts are transformed into
certain familiar words, so as to be susceptible to the operation
of the methods explained in Part II.
They
are as follows
I.
^Representation by Selection.
Kepresentation by selection, like the representation by selected words

(one of transformations),
is
to extract
some prominent feature out of
character, quality, form, position, sound, color, action, smell, or other
MEMORIZING UNFAMILIAR OBJECTS.

peculiarity of the
151
words repre-
unknown
objects or facts,
and
to let the
senting the prominent feature represent the whole object or part.

instance, in a
For
man having
macula, or having one eye,

;
it is
required to
memorize the prominent feature

selected,
that
is,
macula and one eye should be

feature, will
and the words macula and one eye, indicating the
represent the man.
II.
Representation by Identification.
by
identification,
Representation
sounds,
is
like
transformation
by
identical
to find
out some feature in the character,
quality, form,
position, sound, color, action, smell, or other peculiarities of the
unknown
and
be
objects or facts
to
which
is
identical to that of
known
objects or facts,
make the words indicating the known objects or unknown ones. Thus in a case when the nature
memorized, and
glass, the
it is
facts represent the
of crystal
the
is
to
found that
is
its
transparency
is
same
as that of
word
glass
borrowed
to represent the crystal.
III.
Representation by Analogy.
Representation by analogy, like transformation by analogous sound,

is
to represent the
unknown
objects or facts
by words
to
indicating the
familiar objects
or facts
which are analogous

tree,
tree.
the
unknown
ones.
Thus, in the case of memorizing a

b>eans, the
whose leaves have the shape of
word beans represents the
IV. Representation by Position.

Representation by position
facts
is
to represent the
unknown
objects or
by the words indicating the place or position where they were found or appeared. Thus, in memorizing Fuji Mountain, the name of the
it is,
country in which
that
is,
Japan,
is
to represent
it.
V. Representation by Attributing.
Representation by attributing
is,
when any
feature explained in the
above four rules cannot be found, to attribute according to one's own

idea the
unknown
objects or facts,
and
to represent
them by the
attribut-
ing words.
Thus, in memorizing an
unknown person you may
charac-
terize his face as smiling,
and use the word smiling
to represent the person.
152
3.
MNEMONICS.
Transformation
of
Unknown
Words.
Things or Facts
into
A.
TRANSFORMATION OF UNKNOWN PERSONS INTO WORDS.

we
notice
In transforming unknown persons into words, according to

the transforming rules ( 2)
as follows
two kinds of persons,
I.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE UNKNOWN PERSONS IN WHOM SPECIAL FEATURES CAN EASILY

BE FOUND.
1.
Examples.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
One who has pock-marks on his face. One whose hairs are all white. One whose body is very fat. One whose complexion resembles that of Napoleon Bonaparte. One who is very short. One having a bald head. One having a thick beard. One who always has a gloomy expression. One who is not normal in speaking. One whose backbone is bent forward.
2.
Transformation.
the words pock-marks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by He is represented by
the words white hairs.

the words fat body.
the words Napoleon Bonaparte. the words short body. the words bald head. the words thick beard.
the the
word gloomy. word

stutterer.
the words round shoulders.
::
MEMOKIZING UNFAMILIAR OBJECTS.

II.
53
SPECIAL FOUND.
Practically
TRANSFORMATION OF PERSONS IN WHOM FEATURES CANNOT EASILY BE

we
find very
few persons who have, apparently,

2.
the special features adaptable to the rules explained in
Thus, to complete the system of memorizing the complexion,

it is
necessary to
make
the rules by which whatever face
is
met may
instantly be transformed into a representing word.

after
The author
hard study established a rule by which

is
whenever one complexion or feature

represent the person,
(as
found insufficient to
features
more than two complexions or
many
as
it is
thought
sufficient to represent) are selected,
and they are again concentrated

i.e.,
into one representing word,
a connected word.
This
is called
the selecting and con-
centrating method.
1.
Sphere of Application of the Selecting and Concentrating Method.

a.
Form
of Face.
into six kinds
5. 6.
The form of
1.
the face
is classified
3.
Eound
Square
face.
Long
face.
High- cheek
Short
face.
face.
2.
face.
4.
Middle
face.
b.
Color of Face.
The
1.
color of the face is classified into five kinds
White.
Dark.
3.
Bed.
Pale.
5.
Yellow.
2.
4.
c.
Profile of Face.
is
The
1.
profile of the face
classified into nine

7. 8.
9.
kinds
Hollowed.
4.
5.
Fat.
Small.
2.
3.
Convexed.
Plane.
Thin.
Large.
Long.
Short.
6.
154
MNEMONICS.
d.
Expression.
is classified
The expression of
1.
the face
into eleven kinds
Gloomy
expression.
7.
Poor expression.
2.
3.
Agreeable expression.
Sober expression.
Gentle expression.
Disagreeable expression.
8.
9.
Wicked expression. Wise expression.

Sulky expression.
4.
5. 6.
10. Foolish expression.

11.
Happy
expression.
2.
Formation of Concentrated "Word (Connected "Word).

is
If one of the above features

sent, there
is
thought
sufficient to repre-
no necessity
for the applying, selecting,
and
concentrating methods.
But
in the contrary case two, three,

it is
or more features must be selected as far as

cient to represent,
thought
suffi-
and they must
all
is
be concentrated.
The
formation of concentrated words
not very easy work, and
must be previously prepared by each individual.

ner in which they are formed
is
The manface as
to take the
form of
the principal element, and by associating other features with

it to
form a connected word.

is
For
instance, one
who
has a
square face of dark color
represented by a connected word,

is
dark square.
represented
One who
has a square face of plain profile

plain square.
is
by a connected word,
r
One who
has a square face of gloomy expression

connected
represented by a
w ord, gloomy
square.
features.
The
concentrated words are

it
always formed by two

one concentrated word
trated
is
When
is
thought that
not enough to represent, the concen-
word should be
associated with one or

so as to
more
features
by the composing method,

which
form a connected word
will represent the person.
The
concentrated words
formed by the author are of three kinds, as follows
MEMOKIZING UNFAMILIAR OBJECTS.
155
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Exercise for Selection and Concentration.
1.
157
Example.
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
One having square face of white color. One having round face of gentle expression. One having long and thin face. One having middle face of dark color. One having convexed and short face. One having high cheek and wise expression. One having pale and agreeable complexion. One having hollow square face of white color. One having red, long face with wicked expression. One having disagreeable long face of white color and high
cheek.
2.
Concentration.
by the concentrated word "white
1.
The person
The person
is
is
represented
squirrel" or " square kite."

2.
represented by the concentrated word " sound gentle-
man"
3.
or "gentle sound."
The person
The person
is
represented
by the concentrated word "long thing"
or " thin tongue."

4.
is
represented
by the concentrated word "middle

by the concentrated word by the concentrated word
'
park" or "dirk."
5.
The person
is
represented
'
short
convex."
6.
The person
The person The person The person
is
represented
'
'
wise
cheater."
7.
is
represented
by the concentrated word "agreeable

' '
pail.
'
8.
is
represented by the concentrated word
white squirrel
in hollow."
9. is
is
represented by the concentrated word
'
wicked song
read."
10.
The person
is
represented
by the concentrated word "cheap
kite
was bought by a
man
singing a disagreeable song."
158
B.
MNEMONICS.
BIRDS,
and
TRANSFORMATION OP UNKNOWN
RUPEDS, INSECTS,
QUADfish
AND
FISH INTO WORDS.

are
When unknown
birds, quadrupeds, insects,
required to be memorized the most eminent features in their

shape, color of feather or scales, the position of each organ,
place of living, their voice, and the kind of
movements should
considered inselect
be selected to represent the objects.

sufficient for the
If
it is
purpose of representation to
one feat-
ure, other features should be selected
and concentrated, as in
the former cases.
Examples.
1.
The Objects
is
to be Memorized.
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
A bird whose whole body white. A fish whose head looks like a bald head A fish whose one side black. A fish whose shape like a sword. A fish of blue color whose shape resembles a swallow.
is
is
8. 9.
10.
An insect whose body is covered by fine hairs. An insect which makes a sound like knocking. An insect which has a nature easily excited. An insect of black color having many feet. An insect whose body is encircled by close rings.
2.
Selection and Concentration.

represented by a simple word, white
represented by a connected word, bald head.
1. 2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The The The The The The The The The The
object
is
is is
object object
object object
object
represented by a connected word, half black. represented by a simple word, sword.

represented
is is
is
by by
a connected word, blue swallow.
represented by a connected word, fine hairs.

represented
a simple word, knocking.
object
object
object
is
is is is
represented by a simple word, excited.
represented by a connected word, black
feet.
object
represented by a connected word, linked rings.

O.
159
TRANSFORMATION OP UNKNOWN GRASSES,

TREES,
METALS,
STONES,
grasses
AND TOOLS INTO

and
trees into
WORDS.
I.
To
transform
unknown
words, the
prominent feature in the
color, shape, nature, use,
and odor
of their branches, leaves, trunks, stems, roots, barks, flowers,

or fruits should be selected, and by the
selected part they should be represented.
word
indicating the
in selecting
When
one feature
is
found
insufficient, other features
may
be added
and concentrated.
II.
To
transform
unknown
metals and stones into words,
the prominent feature in their shape, color, nature, use, and

place where they are found should be selected, and
by the
word indicating the

sented.
selected feature they should be repreis
When
To
the selection of one feature
found
insuffici-
ent, other features
may
be added and concentrated.

tools,
III.
transform
unknown
such as are newly in-
vented, the prominent feature
in their shape, color, use,
and
quality should be selected, and
by the word indicating the
selected feature they should be represented.
When
extrac-
tion of one feature is found insufficient, other features
may
be added and concentrated.

N.B.
Examples
and
their selection
and concentration are almost
similar to those given in the preceding examples.
D.
TRANSFORMATION OP UNKNOWN STARS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, CITIES, VILLAGES, AND ISLANDS INTO WORDS.
The prominent
feature (1) as to the stars
is
their position,
distance;
(2) as to the
size,
mountains and
rivers, their shape,

cities,
height and
length,
ferries
and
trees, rocks, waterfalls,

;
bridges, ships,
and
belonging to them
(3) as to the
1(30
cities, their
MNEMONICS.
shape, position, prosperity,
;
number of
residents,
and principal buildings
(4) as to the villages, their position,
number of
houses,
and some part of
their scenery
(5) as to
the islands, their shape, size, and trees should be selected, and
by the word indicating the

represented.
cient
selected feature they should be
When
selection
of one feature
is
found
insuffi-
to
represent, the other features
may
be added
and
concentrated.
N.B
Pictures and
the forms of letter or
the same method as in substantial

selection
objects.
word may be memorized by The examples of their
and concentration are
left to
the reader.
E.
TRANSFORMATION OF UNKNOWN EVENTS OR FACTS INTO WORDS.

many
But
facts
Practically there cannot be
unknown, but
if
there be some, they must be composed of
many
elements
which are
all
known
to us.
in the progressing world,
where new events occur day
after day,
sometimes there
may
appear facts which are entirely, as a whole or in part, un-
known.
In such case they should be memorized by forming
a representing word, according to the attributing representation (Rule IV., 2).
Examples of
the transformation are
deferred to the rule.
4.
Application of the Registering Method for Memorizing-
Unknown
a.
1.
Objects or Facts Transformed
into
Words.
Examples.
Objects to be Memorized.
in 3 (page 152) are
The examples given and transformed

borrowed.

2.
161
Register.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
3.
Registration.
Bee's stings deface a
1.
( 1
(
2.
pock-marks) white hairs)

Bonaparte )
man
like pock-marks.
tea.
man
with white hairs bought
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
(
(
3 fat body) 4 Napoleon

5
One day I met &fat man. A foe owned by Napoleon.

Short cake.
(
(
short body)
head)
6 bald
7
A sea man having a bald head.

An An
ape having a thick beard.
( ( (
8.
9.
thick beard) 8gloomy)

9 stutterer)
shoulders)
aged
man
of gloomy expression.
10.
(10 round
A kneeling stutterer. A bear having round shoulders.
b.
1.
Examples.
in
The examples given and transformed

borrowed.
2.
3 (page 157) are
Register.
ci,
ba, be, bi, bo, bu, ca, ce,
co, cu.
3.
Registration.
1.
(Ba
square
kite)
2.
3.
(Besound
(Bilong
(Bo
gentleman)
A baby playing on a square kite. A bee stung a sound gentleman.

On
a bicycle a long thing was carried.
fight in the middle park.
thing)
4.
5. 6.
middle park)
Boys
7. 8.
short convex) (Cawise cheater) (Ce agreeable pail)

(Bu
(Ci
Buds
in short convex.
A wise cheater carries cane.

In the
in
cellar
an agreeable pail
is
kept.
white
squirrel
the
white squirrel in the hollow with

cider.
hollow)
9.
(Co
wicked song
is
read)
A wicked song is read by my cousin.

11
162
10.
MNEMONICS.
Cheap
kite
(Cu cheap kite bought by a man singing a disagreeable

song)
bought by a
man
singing
a disagreeable song was of cucumbers.
left in
a field
5.
Memorizing Connections of the Unknown Things

and Events or Facts with
their
Names.
by a quick
at the
As memorizing
method
instance,
is
the
unknown
necessary.
objects or facts
necessary, a memorization of their

is still
names
same time
more
To
when we are introduced to may remember his appearance and not

there are
common an unknown person we

give a most
his
name, or
vice versa.
In the study of biology, mineralogy, or materia medica
many
instances where the
names
as well as the
objects are required to be
memorized.
Memorizing the con-
nection of the
name with
the object, however, does not need

rules.
very
difficult
methods, but only to memorize a few
a.
Rules for Connection of

connection
is
Name
-with its Objects.
I.
formed by associating the representative
word obtained by
object
selection or
by concentration and the name
of the object represented.

is
In other words, the name of the
taken as register to the representative word for the
association.
name of the object consists of several simple words, as the name of a man, the general rule is that the principal word, the second name of the man, for instance,
II.
When
the
should be associated with the representative.

III.
When
a reasonable association cannot be formed be-
tween the principal name and the representative, the other

part of the
name should be taken
in association with the
representative.

b.
1.
163
Exercise.
Objects.
Names and
The
representative words are borrowed from the examples

3,
given in
Chapter VI.
Pock-marks with James Grant.
1.
2.
White
hairs with George Cromwell.

Pitt.
3.
Fat body with Edward
4.
5.
Napoleon Bonaparte with Frank Thomas.

Short body with Francis Tenny.
6.
7.
Bald head with Charles Anderson.
Thick beard with Richard Booth.

Stutter with
8.
9
10.
Gloomy with William Greenleaf. John Markly. Round shoulders with Amuy Thurston.
N.B.
is
The representative of the object as given in the above example
supposed to be the eminent feature of the person.
2.
Association.
1.
One
is
never glad of pock-marks.

live until white hair.
2.
3.
Cromwell did not

Fatpig.
4.
5. 6.
7.
Napoleon did not
sail
on the Thames.
To play tennis for a short time. Met a man with a bald head in the Andes Mountains.
A man of
When you
That
round
thick beard
feel
buying
boots.
8.
9.
gloomy you should look
at green leaves.
stuttering
man
can
mark
things well.
10. I
my
shoulders to drink water, being very thirsty.
Another Example.
1.
Names and
Objects.
The examples
under B.,
4,
are borrowed of the representative
words
Chapter VI.
164
1.
MNEMONICS.
Entirely white with stork.
-
2.
3.
Bald head with octopus.
Half black with flounder.
4.
Sword with
trichiurus.
fish.
5.
6.
7. 8.
Blue swallow with flying
Fine hair with
caterpillar.
Knocking with
Black
feet
cicada.
Excite with mantis. with centiped.

caterpillar.
9.
10.
Linked rings with
N.B.
each
The
and
representative of objects,
that
is
is,
feature, attributed to
fish
insect
may
not be true, but that
immaterial.
2.
1.
Association.
October has come.
White stockings.
2.
A man with bald head must protect his head since

I saw a half-black fish floundering in a net.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
There
is
a treacherous
man
with a sword.
A fish flying like a swallow.

Fine hairs sticking to a pillow.
To knock
Excited
the scales.
a mantel.
8.
9.
man buying
A man of
black feet buying a cent's worth of peas.

to a pillar.
10.
Linked rings fastened
APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF SCIENCES.
165
CHAPTER
VII.
APPLICATION OP MNEMONICS TO THE STUDY
OP SCIENCES.
The
present system
science, as
may
be applied to the study of any
branch of
geography, history, physics, chemistry,

etc.
law, medicine, mathematics, zoology,

these sciences or
One who
studies
who
is
required to be examined on them can
apply the system to great advantage.
The
special rule
by
which the methods are applied
to
these
purposes will be
explained in the following section.
1.
Geography.
size,
Students in geography generally complain that the

latitude
and longitude, population, kinds of the products,

imports, heights of mountains, lengths
in each country are too difficult to
amount of exports and

of rivers,
etc.,
remember.
But
these facts,
by the application of the present system,
may
ing,
be transformed into the words which are easiest to be
memorized.
Either method, registering, linking, or compos-
may
be applied, as one thinks most convenient.
When
must
the
to
the registering
method
is
applied, however, a register

less
be selected which has more or

object required to be memorized.
feet in reference to the
direct relation
instance, if
For
15,000
Rocky Mountains be
required to be
memorized, the word Rocky should be taken as the register
and
associated with 15,000 feet.
166
MNEMONICS.
Example.
1.
In the
There are twenty-three ports open to foreign trade in China.

year 1891 the total amount of imports was 134,003,863
of exports 100,947,849
taels.
taels,
and that
2.
Transformation.
13
bed,
4,
23;
thousand
891
great noble
1
million
3,
8 6
3.
toad
bamboo
fowl 4
7,
red radish
8 4
9.
good saddle.
0,
million 9
beautiful arrow
window
fop
great fan.
3.
Kegistration.
a.
Register.
g, h,
a, b, c, d, e,
f,
i,
j,
k.
b.
Registration.
1.
(A
(B
(C
2. 3.
toad) bamboo)
great noble)
I drove
Ape playing with a toad. away bees with a bamboo Cat owned by a great noble.
is
stick.
4.
5.
(D
(F
bed)
Deer's bed
the grass.
(E fowl)
I like to eat the fowls' flesh.
6. 7.
red radish)
good saddle)
Failure in red radish production.
(G-
A general
Hunt with
owns a good
saddle.
8. 9.
(H
(I
beautiful arrow)
great fan)
beautiful arrows.
window)
Icicle in icindow.
10. 11.
(J
fop)
(K
A joking fop. A knock with

4.
a great fan.
Composing.
" There stands a
man
with a face like a toad, carrying a cane made of
bamboo,
at a
who
is
a great noble of the country.
He
laid in bed
and looked
fowl which was eating red radish near him.
He
soon got up and
167
put a good saddle on his horse and rode, carrying a beautiful arrow, and
in the
window of a house he saw a fop with a great fan who was
looking out."
2.
History.
The
matters most difficult to remember in the study of his-
tory are the periods
or ceased, the dates

the names of the
event.
is
when certain important events occurred when certain heroes were born or died, or persons who were concerned in an important
nor will there be in geog-
By
application of the present system, however, there
no
difficulty in these matters,
raphy.
The
register in this case should be such as has
some
relation to the matters required to be memorized.
Example.
1.
Object to be Memorized.
fifty
" About one hundred and

the grandson of
years after that event (deluge) Nimrod,
Ham,
the son of Noah, built Babylon, on the river

built
Euphrates
and Assur, the son of Shem, and grandson of Noah,
the city of Nineveh, on the river Tigris, which became the capital of the Assyrian Empire."
2.
Eegister.
a, n, c,
i,
h,
i,
s, t,
o, r, y,
o, f,
e, n, t,
a, g, e.
3.
[Registration.
car.
1.
(H
(I
150)
Horse pulling a beautiful
2.
3.
4.
5.
An idol lost in the deluge. deluge) (S Nimrod) A surgeon was asking the name of a lad. (T grandson) Toy bought for a grandson. Omelet having pieces of ham. (O Ham)
(R (Y
(F
6.
son)
A rascal talking with

An
Fruits on a few plates.
the sow.
7.
8.
Noah)
Yes and no are antagonistic.

ox has a baby on his back.
(O Babylon)
9.
Euphrates)
168
10.
MNEMONICS.
(A assur)
An
11.
12. 13.
son) (C Shem)
(N
(I and)
ape on ass. In the night I sing a
song.
Captain got a shame.

Isolated land.
I
14. 15. 16. 17.

18.
grandson) (NT Noah) (T Nineveh)

(E
gave an eagle to
my grandson,
No and
iVoaA are of analogous sound.
Nine trunks were bought.
(A (G
Tigris) Assyria)
Arm
at a tiger.
A #rea asylum.
3.
Law.
In the study of law,

very
to
especially of codified law, there are
do
can
many items to be memorized, and it is almost impossible it. By application of the present system, however, we do it without using the least labor. The way by which
is
law
memorized
is
not very different from the process used
in the case of
geography and history.
But one thing

so-and-so
to
be
noticed
rules,
is
that every municipal law consists of hundreds of

to
and
memorize that
in
Article
certain
matters are provided, or that such and such matters are pro-
vided in Article so-and-so,
is
very confusing.
To
save this
confusion the author has provided a very simple and easy
method.
That
is, first,
to transform each article
number
into
simple or connected words according to the rules of trans-
formation of numerals; and, secondly, to associate with

the essence of the provided rules.
it
Example.
1.
Penal Code, the person punishable crimi-
1.
In Section
is
16,
New York
is
nally
2. 3.
denned.
defined.
is
In Section 96 perjury
In Section 174 the crime of attempting suicide
provided
for.

4.
5.
169
In Section 179 homicide is defined. In Section 224 robbery is denned.

In Section 686 the penalty
for
6.
attempt to commit a crime
is
specified.
2.
Association.
Failure in business does not
1.
16
person punishable)
make a
person punishable.
2.
(
96
perjury)
attempting suicide)
man
of
Koman
nose was con-
victed of perjury.
3.
(174
man
selling
a beautiful puffin
attempted
4.
suicide.
(179
homicide)
A man wearing a beautiful pin committed homicide.
5.
(224
(686
robbery)
attempt to commit a crime)
Thin
taffy
was taken by
robber.
6.
He
attempts to
commit the crime of
stealing a small goose.
4.
Physics,
to
Chemistry, Medical Science, Etc.

purpose of memorizing the
it is
In the medical
most convenient
science, for the
proportion of the kinds of medicines in compounding,
make
the
name of
the medicine a register.
For the purpose of memorizing chemistry, name of the elements, their proportion of
each other, and the
for instance, the

associations with
name of
the
compound they form,

its
the
name of
the element should be associated with
proportion.
When
there are
many
elements,
;
first,
each element should be
associated with each proportion
second, each
word formed by
its
an association between the name of the element and

portion should be again associated
;
pro-
and, thirdly, the
name of
the
compound
to be
formed by the chemical operation should
be associated with
infer
it.
For
the other sciences the reader

in the present
may
from what has been explained
work the
170
MNEMONICS.
Here
most convenient way by which they can be memorized.

the detailed explanation
is
not given, which should not be

is
considered a defect in the work, for the author
quite confi-
dent that the reader can easily understand the application of

the several methods to them.
APPENDIX.
TIME
I.
AND METHOD REQUIRED FOR THE STUDY

OP THIS SCIENCE.
are
T^HERE
is
two methods of studying mnemonics.

instruction
One
less
direct
and the other
is
self-teaching.
One
of the two methods will naturally require more or
time than the other for the study.
however, I can state definitely that

finish his
From my any one may
experience,
be able to
study in
less
than thirteen lessons, each lesson con-
sisting of
two hours'
instruction.
Most of the Japanese
stu-
dents did not require more than ten lessons to finish their
studies.
But here
in America,
owing
to the difference in the

it
language,
my
explanation cannot be so lucid as

lessons
would be
in Japanese,
and a few additional
may
be demanded.
That
is
why
I said that thirteen lessons will be sufficient.
As
to self-teaching, I
am
not safe in
it
making any
definite state-
ment about the
time, because
depends upon the ability of the
student and his diligence in studying the subject.
As only
case, in
it.
about a dozen lessons are demanded in the former

the present case none need spend
many days
:
over
Let
me
give the reader a bit of advice
should he start once in
self-teaching, he should never give
it
up half way.
feel
Let him
remember that
his study
means nothing but adapting the
natural powers of his brain.
Do
not
discouraged with
the study because
it
seems too
difficult at first, for its results
are amazing in the end.

171
172
II.
APPENDIX.
THE PERMANENCE OP THE MEMORY.

to
There can be no better way to measure the strength of the
memory than
ral.
make
a comparison between the permanence
of the scientifically cultivated
memory and
power
that of the natu-
While
it
is
is
beyond
my
to give exact statistics,
because there
a difference wholly or partially dependent
upon the capacity of the memorizer and the nature of the

things memorized,
still
I shall set forth
some
results obtained
by myself.
We
is
must bear
in mind, however, that the act of repeating
the sole and the absolute method for strengthening the

If, therefore,
memory-stamp.
a thing
is
once committed to
memory,
it
twice, thrice,
and over and over again impressed,

to
will cause the
memory-stamp
indelible.
become surer and

at the
it
surer,
and more and more

the
Even
moment when
apt to revive
it
memory-stamp show a
is
very nearly effaced,
is
through the act of repeating.

possible to
This being
in the
true,
is
im-
different degree
measure of the
permanence of memory as long as we are not sure of the

proportion of repetition between the two memorizers.
Sup-
pose
we
find that
two memorizers have used an equal propor-
tion of repeated impressions.
Then we have nothing

Hence
but the
sameness of the fixed memory, and the difference between

the two methods cannot be inferred.
tained that the
I have ascerafter
memory-stamp which has been repeated

is
the
first
memorizing
not to be reckoned in any comparison
of the permanence of the memory.

tion, the following results
According
to this asser-
have been obtained by myself.
Degree of the Permanence of Memory.

(1.)
In regard
to
mauy numbers,
etc.,
characters, vocabularies,
and foreign languages,
which cannot be remembered
as
easilv as with the aid of
mnemonics
In regard
to
these
APPENDIX.
things there
is
173
a great gulf between the scientifically cultivated
and the natural memory.

cultivated
For
first
instance, in
some
cases the
memory may
retain impressions for three or four
weeks from the time of

vated
memorizing, while the uncultiafter
memory may be exhausted
two or three days.
Again, in other cases the memory-image can be preserved for

a week or two by the cultivated memory, but only thirty
minutes or an hour by the uncultivated memory

in
however,
some other
cases differences between
the two
may
when
not
the
occur more than twice or thrice.

difficulty
But
in general,
of memorizing by the uncultivated memory-power

then the difference
is
is greater,
the wider between the per-
manence of the
the natural.
ratio
scientifically cultivated
memory and
that of
In a word, the
scale of difficulty is in
an equal
with the degree of difference in the permanence of the
two.
(2.)
In regard
to things
which present
less
difficulty in
memorizing, either for the cultivated

natural,
memory
or for the
facts,
on account of the easy nature of things and

little
we have very
between
the
to say, except that there is a difference
permanence
of the
scientifically
cultivated
;
memory and
is to say,
that of the natural in

is
some small degree
that
the former
comparatively firm and unyielding,
therefore preferable.
III.
FORG-ETFULNESS.
This question has been put
let
Will the memory-image obtained through the system of
mnemonics never be forgotten?

to
it
me
from time
to time.
But
me
state here at
once that
has no valuable scientific application.

it is
Our
daily experi-
ence teaches us that
natural for us to lose
memory-image
no
as the days go by.
Therefore
it
many a will make

has been
difference about its being forgotten,
whether
it
174
APPENDIX.
obtained through mnemonics or not, should the forgetting take place prior to the growing up of a fixed memory-image.
To memorize
is active,
and
to forget is passive
both actions
are natural to man.
But
to repress forgetfulness
we have a
simple, easy, yet effective method.

ing,
This
is
the act of repeat-
with repetition again and again at the proper time,

is,
that
will
while the memory-image
is
not yet obliterated
it
grow
into the never-to-be-forgotten,
and will be com-
prised in the family of the fixed memories.
IV.
THE BENEFIT OP MNEMONICS.
There can be no doubt that when we memorize things by a

scientific
method, we shall have far greater advantages than

act with the
when we
mere aid of the natural uncultivated

first
memory-power.
The
great benefit
is
that
we economize
our time, and the second, that we economize our brain-power.
1.
The Economy of our Time.

an accurate manner, we
In order
to discuss this subject in

it
must divide
into
two
parts, as in the previous discussion
of the permanence of the memory.

the second part of
it is
But, as
we have
first.
seen,
not so important as the

first,
Here
we
shall simply follow the
omitting the second, in con-
sidering the
less,
of the
The degree, greater or economy of time depends upon the capacity of

economy of our
time.
the memorizer and upon the nature of the things which are
to be memorized.
For
instance,
by the
scientific
method
one can memorize at once such things as

vocabularies, foreign languages,
etc.,
many numbers,
memorizer two
in ten or fifteen minutes.
On
the other hand,
it
will take the natural
or three hours.
There are some other things which
may
APPENDIX.
be committed to
175
memory by
the scientific memorizer in an
hour or two, while the same things will take the natural
memorizer ten or
least
fifteen hours.
On
the whole, counting the

scientific
advantage in every comparison, the
memorizer
spends no more than one-third of the time required by the

natural memorizer.
2.
The Economy of Brain-Power.
am
well aware that people have been greatly interested
in this timely subject.
At
the same time, I

its
am aware
and
that
they are apt to misunderstand
real value
character.
Here
is
my
declaration
the
economy of our brain-power
surpasses that of our time.
nics
Now, men may very likely imagine that though mnemomay serve for the economy of time in memorizing, yet,
it
per contra,
will waste
more of the brain-power on account
of the saving of time.
To
illustrate
here
is
a certain object
which may be supposed
to
be memorized by the natural
memorizer within say ten hours and with a hundredth part

of the brain-power, and the same memorized by the scientific
memorizer in only an hour.

spent in an hour.
is
Here they jump

This inference
all.
at the
conclusion that in the last case a
hundredth part of the
brain-power
fair
is
at
first,
but
very erroneous after
may seem As we all

itself,
know,
after
allowing our brain-power to battle for
without compass or method, against complicated things and

facts,
we
feel that it is greatly
exhausted.
On
the
other
hand, leading our brain-power systematically to uncomplicated things
and So
facts,
it is
we
shall feel less exhausted
by our
brain- work.
with our
memory work.
we
Our memorymemory-
power without
scientific aid
always struggles with difficulty

direct our
against things and facts, while if
176
APPENDIX.
scientifically
power
we can work
effectually and, I
:
cheerfully.
Let
me
illustrate a little further
the methods of
mnemonics
in order to
may add, you who apply memorize things may

by the
train,
is less
be likened to those
instead of on foot,
who
it
travel on the wheel or
and your brain-power
wasted, or
more economized, than
otherwise would be.
INDEX.
PAGE
Accompaniment mode Adding transformation Analogous sound in mode of

in transformation
34
24
association
33
25
,
Analogy mode
Analysis of linked ideas
of registered ideas
33
63, 65, 70
54, 57, 58,
60
79
63
Application of composing method

of linking method of methods in regard to special objects
90
165
52
31
of mnemonics to the study of sciences

of registering
method
Association
Attributing
Benefit of
mode
37
mnemonics
174
34
Causation
mode
application of the three methods
.
Changing transformation
24
86
Combined
of composing and linking methods
84
74 78
37
of linking and registering methods
Composing method
mode
transformation
28
43
Condition required for the mental register
Connected words
in application of composing
in that of linking
20
method
80
64
59
method
method
numerals
in that of registering
in
memorizing unfamiliar things and events
154-156
98-101, 103, 104
in transformation of
.......
Connection of unfamiliar things and events with their names

12
...
177
162
178
Construction of mental register
INDEX.
PAGET
43
36
mode Contrary mode

Contiguity
Definition of
33
13
,
mnemonics
Demonstration mode
36
Denoting mode
Difference between the composing
32
and linking methods between the linking and registering methods

in application of
82
73
Disconnected words
21
composing method
80
65
60
'
in that of linking
method
method
in transformation of numerals
105, 106
Dividing transformation
Establishment of the registering method
Exercise in memorizing names
in in in
27
42
147
,
memorizing numerals
116
memorizing
poetical compositions
142
133
78
memorizing sentences and speeches
Explanation of composing method
method of registering method Foreign languages, for memorizing

of linking
61
42
123
Forgetfulness
173
39
Form
of associating ideas
processes
Fundamental
22
42
13
General application of methods

General discussion
Geography
History
Identical sound in
165
167
mode
of association
32
in transformation
25 32
37
Identity
mode
register
Imagining mode
Kinds of mental
of
44
150 168
61
2434r
unknown
things and events

to
Law, application of mnemonics Linking method

Literal transformation
Locality
mode
INDEX.
Memorizing
names
numerals
poetical composition
,
179
PAGE
foreign languages
123
147
91
142
133
sentences
and speeches
tilings
unknown
and events
150
19
Memory
Mental
objects
register
43
Methods
composing
for studying this science
40
78
171
61
linking
registering
42
32
37
Modes of
association
attributing
composing
denoting
37
32 37
147
13
20, 21
imagining
Names,
for
memorizing
Natural memory Numbers
Numerals
for
memorizing
to
90
108
Numeration
for transformation
Order of the words taken
form an association of ideas
38
91
.
Origin of representing characters of numerals

of the special rules for transformation of foreign languages
of those of numeration
.
125 109
Permanence of the memory Precedent word in association

Principles
172
38
14
t
Kegister
44 42
65
Registering method
Eelation of disconnected words to linking method
Eemoving transformation
Repetition of register
24
51
Representation by analogy
151
by by by by
attributing
identification
151
151
position
selection
151
150
180
Representing transformation
Selection
INDEX.
PAGE
27
and concentration
in application of composing
in that of linking
157
Simple words
20
method
79
method
method
63 53
91, 94, 95, 111, 11
.
.
in transformation of numerals
Special objects in application of methods
90
123
rules for transforming foreign languages
unfamiliar things and events

Specification
150
.'
mode
34
133
38 19
Speeches, for memorizing
Subsequent word in association
Things and
facts or events
as register
45, 50
Time and method Time mode

Transformation
required for the study of this science
171
35
23
by analogous sounds by identical sounds composing

dividing
literal
25
25
28 27
24
68
123, 127
of disconnected words
of foreign languages
of numerals
of numeration
90
108
things and events
of
unknown
152
27
representing
Unknown
"Words
things and events for memorizing
150
20
connected
disconnected
for register 45,
20
21
50
simple
20
COMMENDATORY
Letter from Prince
ese
EXPRESSIONS.
Atsumaro Konoye, President of the JapanNobles' College,
House of Lords and of the Japanese
July
21, 1895.
Mr. Kikujiro Wadamori
My Dear
Sir,
Many thanks for your kindness

Kogo
It is
in giving
the lectures and experiments on the subject of mnemonics in the Nobles' College and
Club.
Your new
theories are
a great discovery, and of such wonderful practical bearing as

to excite great interest. possible
my
desire to help
you
in every
way
towards the publication of your system.
Hoping
to have an opportunity of expressing

in person,
my
senti-
ments to you
ness, I remain,
and that you will meanwhile accept
this as a partial evidence of
my
gratitude for your kind-
Yours very
truly,
Prince Atsumaro Konoye.
Letter
from Mr. Jigoro Kano, President of

College in Tohio.
the
High Normal
July
7,
1895.
Dear
come
Sir,
We
thank you
for
your kindness
in
having
to our college
and given a lecture with experiments
on the subject of mnemonics.
We
congratulate you on the

181
182
COMMENDATORY EXPRESSIONS.
work
after the hard study of several
success of your valuable

years.
Hereby we
desire to express our best thanks.
Yours very
respectfully,
Jigoro Kano. Ph.D.,

President of
High Normal
College.
Letter from the Professors of the Tokio Imperial TJriiversity.
Tokio, June 23, 1895.
Dear Sir, We thank you your new laws of mnemonics

us to
tice,
for being so
in
kind as to teach
as to enable
little
such
manner
and a
apply them.
After the
lecture
prac-
we
are able to memorize
many
words, phrases, and

practice in applylittle
numerals without any trouble.

branch of
closed,
With more
ing the laws, they will doubtless help not a

scientific investigation.
in every
As your
lectures are
now
we
take the present
opportunity of offering our
thanks.
Yours very
truly,
MUNEO KUMAKAWA,
M.D.,
Professor, Medical Department.
Asataro Okada, D.C

Professor,
L.,
Law
Department.
Kenji Tsuruta, D.Sc,

Professor,
Department of Physics.
Aikichi Tanakadate, D.Sc,

Professor, Department of Physics.
Hiroshi Tanaka, B.Y.M.,

Professor, Agricultural Department.
Sakuro Tanabe, D.Sc,

Professor, Engineering Department.
JlNTARO TAKAHASHI, M.D.,

Professor, Medical Department.
COMMENDATORY EXPRESSIONS.
From Mr,
Eiichi Shibusawa, President of Tohio
the First
183
Chamber of
etc.
Commerce and of
National
Bank
in Tolcio,
Mr. Kikujiro Wadamori, upon completion of his work,

asked
me
to
add a word.
In the spring of this year I heard
his lecture
on new laws of memory, with experiments, and

at the
scientific
was greatly astonished

said to myself: " It himself,
is,
results.
Then
however, an art special to the author
and of no avail to the public."
On my
expressing
I
that opinion, he assured
me
it
was
entirely erroneous.
then tried to study his laws with several gentlemen, and

to our great surprise
such basis as
we found them to be established on made them capable of being put in practice
by any learner. Consequently I persuaded him to publish them and set forth their great advantages to the public. In
that
way was originated the present work. When I once read in Chinese history the
story of Cho-Jin,
in the time of the "
Tang" dynasty, whose memory was so
retentive that he never needed to look at a book twice, I
thought
it
a foolish exaggeration.
Now
upon learning the
author's laws of memorizing, I have ascertained that history
has not deceived
us.
I earnestly
hope that each seeker after
knowledge
for
may
learn the author's laws,
and so apply them
memorizing as to be
like the ancient Cho-Jin.
Eiichi Shibusawa.
Tokio, July
28, 1895.
DEC
15
1898
I** 9
fEB.B

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

LAWS FOR MEMORIZING, AND

THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION

LAWS OF MNEMONICS," BY WHICH THE

SYSTEM HAS BEEN INTRODUCED INTO SEVERAL UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

" THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MNEMONICS

AND CRIMINAL CODE," ETC.

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR

LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

economizing time and labor, gives every one of us a

wonderful and mysterious power that can be

obtained by studying this system ?

the results given

students, I can state definitely that

Memorizing about one hundred simple words seen or

heard only once, such as "nightingale, ink,

Memorizing about one hundred numbers seen or heard

only once, such as "

or heard only once, such as " G,

words seen or heard

only once, such as "

umi (bow), gakumon

shomotsu (book), kami (paper),

any one using only common sense

without difficulty and apply

effectually as I, the inventor,

I presume that the most of

readers stand in the

same position that I once stood

wondering what can be

done to strengthen the memory and quicken the formation of

But when they

stood that they have the mysterious

in their fellow-creatures as well,

the use of this mysterious power of

formerly hidden, but which were discovered by myself, they

have the word " wonder" or " impossible" on

Indeed, the study and application of mnemonics

any one, because they are

nothing but the process of adopting practically the mysterious

power of memory by using several other powers in the

easily applied to things

from the moment

and methods are undersystem

this respect the application of the arts

from that of other

This statement might

appear too bold were

truth not proven by the following

have various testimonials in

those Japanese students

have instructed on the

In these testimonials they conjointly

and methods of mnemonics as soon as they understood

also declare that there is nothing that cannot

inventor of this system of

some doubt about the

was always overcome

I was always able to memorize

That many persons

have often been surprised at the

our mysterious power of

results, if the rules