NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Prof. Dr. H.S.Djalal Tandjung
(B.Sc.,Drs.,M.Sc.,Ph.D.)
The Ecology
Entropy, Residue * Environment Pollutions :Air, Water, Land, Cross Media * Non Point Pollution: Chemical substances
Indonesian Instrument for Environmental Management & SNI; International Environmental Management System & ISO
Planning
Utilization
Control
M ainte nance
Supervision
Program Studi Magister Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Gadjah Mada 2012
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UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED) STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972 WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE
ELEMENTS OF LONG TERM : RENEWAL REUSE
V S.
DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL BASED CULTURE : SHORT TERM PLANNING MINIMAL MAINTENANCE WASTE, POLLUTION MAXIMAL EXPLOITATION OF RAW MATERIAL EMPHASIZE ON THE INDIVIDUAL
~ REPLENISH
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE, RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOPMENT
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SUSTAINABILITY: MORE EFFICIENT USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW HOLISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES (Rosemarin, 1990)
7 MACAM TEKNOLOGI DALAM REPELITA VI, 1994 - 2019
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ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
1. Danora, USA, 1948: Toxic chemical from factories caused air pollution which killed 20 people, 6000 suffering 2. London, 1952 Smog in air killed 4000 people 3. USA, 1962 Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water exterminated all animals and other living form 4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006 Mud Vulcano Blow out. Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions inundated unterwater; 25000 person evacuated. Future: river and ocean pollution forever.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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RESOURCES
ELEMENTS OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT CONSISTING OF HUMAN RESOURCES, ORGANIC NATURAL RESOURCES, INORGANIC NATURAL RESOURCES, AND MANMADE RESOURCES.
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THE SPATIAL ENTITY WITH ALL OBJECTS, POTENTIALS, CONDITIONS AND LIVING ORGANISMS, INCLUDING MAN AND HIS BEHAVIOR, WHICH INFLUENCE THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LIFE AND WELFARE OF MAN AND OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.
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SDH
SDM
SDB
The inorganic natural resources ( Physical environment, sumber daya alam non hayati) is Abiotic Environment. The organic natural environment (sumber daya alam hayati) is the Biotic Environment. The human resources ( sumber daya manusia ) and their creation so called man made resources (sumber daya buatan ) is combined as the Cultural Environment. In short, the ABCenvironment consists of A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Evironment.
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A-biotic or physical/chemical environment consists of 3 elements : water, land, and air. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plants and vegetations (flora) , animals (fauna) and microbes (bacteria , yeasts, fungi). Cultural environment consists of individual environmental interests, individual well being, social interactions and community well- being (Tandjung, 1995). Each component of the environment, e.g. the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with each other and are inseparably interrelated with their a-biotic and cultural environment (figure 3).
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Proposed Action
a-b a-b-c
AN ECOSYSTEM IS AN ORDERING OF AN ELEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH COSTITUTES A WHOLE AND COMPLETE UNIT WHICH INTERACTS TO PRODUCE ENVIRONMENT BALANCE, STABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY (RIEMA 1997)
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INTRODUCTION
FEATURES OF INDONESIA ECOSYSTEM:
THE LARGEST ISLAND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD:
The most number of Islands, 17,508 The longest coastline, 81,000 KM The most number of volcanoes, more than 100 The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 to + 5,000M
1.91 million sq km 5.10 million sq km 3.00 million sq km 2.70 million sq km 12.71 million sq km
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C. Coastal Area Coastal length Marshes Mangrove Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) D. Inland Waters Open waters (lake, river, swamp, etc) Fish Pond Rice field waters (minapadi) E. Mountains and Hills Volcanoes, more than 100
Indonesia endowed with: Highest degree of : Biological diversity Endemism 42 natural terrestrial & 5 marine ecosystems, Ranging from:
Ice fields & alpine meadows (Irian Jaya) to wide variety of humid lowland forest; Deep lakes to swallow swamps; Spectacular coral reefs to seagrass beds & mangrove swamps.
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Indonesia Ranks
FIRST in the world for species richness for:
Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic); Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic);
A huge number of indonesias marine biodiversity are still unknown & underutilized A very large proportion of total biota comprises unknown invertebrates
Third for reptiles (600 species); Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28% endemic); Fifth for amphibians (270 species); Seven for flowering plants
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INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORD, INCLUDE : 10% OF THE WORLDS FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES, 12% OF THE WORLDS MAMMAL SPECIES, 16% OF THE WORLDS REPTILE & AMPHIBIAN SPECIES, 25% OF THE WORLDS FISH SPECIES CHELINUS UNDULATUS ~ NAPOLEON WRASSE EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS ~ KRAPU MACAN CROMILEPTIS ALTIVELIS ~ KRAPU BEBEK
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DUNIA INDONESIA 4.000 300 8.900 7.500 8.000 2.000 6.000 1.000 38.000 9.500 150.000 20.000 1.250.00 250.000 0 300.000 25.000 13.000 1.250 16.000 1.500 21.000 1.800 100.000 12.000 2.700 300
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CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
THE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES WHICH ENSURES THEIR WISE UTILIZATION, AND IN THE CASE OF RENEWAL NATURAL RESOURCES, ENSURES THEIR CONTINUED SUPPLY BY CONSTANTLY MAINTAINING AND IMPROVING THEIR VALUE AND VARIETY.
The Management of Living Environment (for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) is an intergrated effort in the:
development
of the environment
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(RIEMA, 1997)
THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN TRADITIONS VALUES, AND BELIEFS IN NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INDONESIA HAS 300 ETHNIC GROUPS, VERY RICH IN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF LIFE THE CULTURE AND TRADITION HAS VARIOUS PATTERNS OF MOTIF IN WHICH ETHNICAL NORMS ARE FORMULATED AND ETHICAL DECISIONS ARE IMPLEMENTED, RESULTED e.g. ECOLOGICAL WISDOM CASE STUDY : BALI AND MINANG
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TRIHITA KARANA
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
HOUSE HOME YARD 3 COMPONENTS SHRUB FLOWER MEDIUM SIZED TREES: FRUITS TALL TREES: WOOD VARIETY OF SPECIES PARAHYANGAN PAWONGAN PALEMAHAN HABITAT 1 HABITAT 2 HABITAT 3 HABITAT VARIATIONS REGION
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (BIODIVERSITY) AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT (Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Tataruang)
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1. TRI HITA KARANA: THREE CAUSES OF GOODNESS A CONCEPT DEVIDE EVERYTHING INTO 3 COMPONENTS, e.g: A HOMEYARD CONSISTS OF : PARAHYANGAN, PAWONGAN, AND PALEMAHAN PARAHYANGAN IS PLACE FOR GROWING FLOWERS AND SHRUBS and for PURA (OFFERING QUARTER), located in front or north. FLOWERS ARE IMPORTANT MATERIAL IN HINDU BALINESE RELIGION for YADNYA (offering, sesaji) THE RELIGION IS, TO THE BALINESE, BOTH RACE AND NATIONALITY. THE BALINESE LOSES AUTOMATICALLY THE RIGHT TO BE CALL BALINES IF HE CHANGES HIS FAITH
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PAWONGAN IS A PLACE FOR GROWING MEDIUM SIZE TREES OF FRUIT, in the middle between Parahhyangan dan Palemahan PALEMAHAN is for TALL TREES AND ANIMAL HOUSE OR FISH POND AT THE BACK YARD OF THE HOUSE
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PADANG PEOPLE HAD A COMMON and STRONG BELIEF ABOUT and the RESPECT for : ALAM TAKAMBANG JADI GURU 1. ADAT ISTIADAT (good conduct and tradition) 2. RELIGION 3. EDUCATION They Strongly belief and keep in mind that Good Conduct is based on the law, the law is based on the holy book, and the holy book is based on the heart (adat bersendi syara; syara bersendi kitabullah, kitabullah bersendi hati nurani)
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PEOPLE RESPECT and LISTEN to LEADERS of ADAT (ninik mamak) LEADERS of RELIGION ( alim ulama) LEADERS of EDUCATION (cerdik pandai) THIS TRIPLE LEADERSHIP IS Known as : A 3 STONE STOVE (tungku tigo sajarang) Or A 3- part bouding rope (tali 3 sapilin) The summon of the 3- leader is almost the same as the law or oqual to the law- according to the adat which the respect to
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1. PARAHYANGAN ALL KINDS OF FLONER ARE PLANTED IN DIFFERENT COLORS TO PROVIDE YADNYA OR SESAJI OFFERING TO SANG HYANG WIDHI (GOD ALMIGHTY ) 2. PAWONGAN FOR ALL KINDS OF FRUITS GIVEN TO NEIGHBOURS, FRIENDS & VISITORS 3. PALEMAHAN FOR FISHPOND, AND LIVESTOCKS
BIODIVERSITY & SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
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PARAHYANGAN
~ HABLUMMINALLAH
PAWONGAN ~ HABLUMMINANNAS
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BHOPAL
PABRIK KIMIA THE UNION CARBIDE COORPORATION
BOPHAL
Ribuan penduduk terbunuh & menderita sakit sampai dengan 1985 tidak ada penyembuhan
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OZON ATMOSFERIK SEBAGAI PELINDUNG, DALAM BAHAYA SAFE OUR OZON THAT SAFE US = STOP CFC = OZON : KONSTITUEN ATMOSFER YG MELINDUNGI KEHIDUPAN DARI RADIASI UVMATAHARI; OZON STRATOSFERIK MENAHAN ( KECUALI SUATU FRAKSI DARI 1% ) RADIASI UV. DG. PANJANG GELOMBANG KURANG DARI 340 NANO METER ( 1 NANO METER : 1/MILYAR METER ) ;
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Lingkup kehidupan
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER TERCAPAI / TERJAGA BILA RATA RATA WILAYAH / KAWASAN MEMILIKI 30% HUTAN MENURUT DATA WORLD RESOURCE INSTITUTE ( 1990) HUTAN NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI YAKNI : TEMPERATE FOREST & BOREAL FOREST JAUH DI BAWAH ANGKA NILAI AMBANG BATAS ITU ; HUTAN TROPIS MASIH TERSEDIA 69 74% (TANDJUNG, 92 )
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Lengkapnya situasi kehutanan negara-negara industri & berkembang adalah sebagai berikut : Temperate & boreal forest
NATURAL FOREST AS.2,5% AUSTRALIA5% EROPA BARAT0% TROPICAL RAIN FOREST BRAZILIA43% ZAIRE63% INDONESIA..56%
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Tersisa/tinggal (%) 7 15 19 19
KESIMPULAN YANG DAPAT DITARIK DARI DATA DI ATAS IALAH YANG TERJADI
BUKAN TROPICAL DEFORESTATION
TETAPI YANG BENAR BENAR TERJADI IALAH TEMPERATE DEFORESTATION & BOREAL DEFORESTATION
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CO2 THAT CAUSE GLOBAL WARNING AND HOPE ANOTHER COUNTRY SUCH AS TROPICAL COUNTRY TO CLEAN THE MESS ?
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1.Planning of business activity, the planner have to realize the demand of public for regulation related to project. In the long run, public need to know all activities they thought against human right.
2.Utilization of opportunity in international trade agreement. Equal opportunity and equal right have to obey by parties in business, win- win solution in trade. The parties not buy the industrial waste dumping, neither sell the bad thing.
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3.Control on application of eco-labeling. The product with out eco-label will be refused by second party, the buyer have the right not to accommodate the product with out eco-label.
4.Maintenance the costumer demand for clean process and product. Apply the recycle, reuse, reduce (3 R) to keep the tradition of quality.
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5.Supervision on public demand for environmental protection. Install the CSR (Social Corporate Responsibility) and Com-dev ( Community Development ).
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