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V .o.VcontroI:1134o698
Va ;..a-.c:nLio No.contro|:10340591

Torres Solis Manuel Alejandro

Teacher: Julio Csar

No.contro|:11340716
Ramirez Valenzuela

Nogales, Sonora

Friday 07 of February 2014

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Approximate Budget.....................

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For hyra
accomplished to bypass the

b
dashpot

A b
fluid

nrstricted motionis
constriction. Nonhydraulic

using a oneway checkvalve that allows fluid

dashpots may use a ratcheting gear to permit free motion in

one direction.

A dashpot

is a common

component

in adoor

closer to

prevent it from slamming shut. A spring applies force to close the door, and the dashpot forces fluid to flow through an orifice between reservoirs
which slows the motion

(the orifice is often adjustable),

of the door.

Consumer undesirable

electronics often

use

dashpots

where

it

is

for a media access door or control panel to

suddenly pop open when the door latch is released. The

_ energy. One
design consideration, whendesigning or choosing a shock
absorber, absorbers, is where that energy will go. In most shock energy is converted to heat inside the viscous

fluid. In hydraulic cylinders, the hydraulic fluid heats up, while in air cylinders, atmosphere. the hot air is usually exhausted types the of shock absorbers, energy can to the such be

In other

as electromagnetictypes,

dissipated

stored and used later. In general terms, shock absorbers help

cushion vehicles on uneven roads.

eae:i_ disl(s,j disadvariitc:g thespeed ofthevertical motion.

Q A
,. increase with

Solid state, tapered chain shock absorbers, using one or more tapered, axial alignment(s) of granular spheres, typically made of metals such as nitinol, in a casing. Fluid friction, for example the flow of fluid through orifice, constitutes the vast majority of a narrow shock

automotive

absorbers.

This design first appeared

on Mors racing cars in

1902. One advantage of this type is, by using special internal valving, the absorber may be made relatively soft to compression (allowing a soft response to a bump) and relatively stiff to

extension, controlling "rebound", which is the vehicle response to energy stored in the springs; can similarly, the a series degree of valves of stiffness

controlled

by springs

change

In electro rheological fluid damper, an electric field changes the viscosity of the oil. This principle allows semiactive application in automotive and various industries. Other principles use magnetic field variation magneto rheological damper which an electromagnet. Compression of a gas, for example pneumatic shock absorbers, which can act like springs as the air pressure is building to resist the force on it. Once the air pressure reaches the necessary maximum, absorbers. air shock absorbers will act like hydraulic shock changes its fluid characteristics through dampers

In aircraft landing gear air shock absorbers may be

combined with hydraulic damping to reduce bounce.

" :requencies

is

usuallylimitedb usinga compressiblh gas as the workingfluid

or mounting it with rubber bushings.

Approach to the problem

Can we design and produce a prototype of a shock absorber, to measure the power of impact that an automobile or vehicle creates when it crashes with a wall, using really simple

Juscaon

The project will benefit in developing a model that has the performance of a shock absorber that reproduces the actual behavior as closely as possible.

Objectives
The main objective of this project is to show the actual value of the power of impact that an automobile transfers to a solid object, designing and creating a complete prototype of a

Hypothesis
By designing and creating a simple prototype that uses a shock absorber, we could measure the amount or quantity of

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Delimit

In a time lapse of 3 months we should be testing this whole prototype, and making sure that it shows the correct value of
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Theoretical

Foundations

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Spring rate i a ratio use tomeasre ho\iv resistant a spring

is to being compressed The or expanded of the during spring the force spring's deflection. magnitude

increases as deflection increases according to Hooke&#39;s Law. Briefly, this can be stated as F = <:;1:
Where

F is the force the spring exerts k is the spring rate of the spring. x is the deflection of the spring from its equilibrium position (i.e., when no force is applied on the spring)

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Where dishe wirediameter, s the spring&#39;s shear

modulus (e.g., about 12,000,000 lbf/inz or 80 GPa for steel), and N is the number of wraps and D is the diameter of the
coil.

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asN-m/rador - egree.

inerseof spring rateis

compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series. Depending on the design and required operating

environment, any material can be used to construct a spring, so long as the material has the required combination of

rigidity and elasticity: technically, a wooden bow is a form of spnng.

Apiston

is

component

of reciprocating

engines,

reciprocating pumps, gas

compressors and pneumatic

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F : RX: ..
where R:is a constant factor characteristic of the spring, its stiffness. Hooke&#39;s equation in fact holds (to some extent) in many other situations where an elastic body is

deformed, such as wind blowing on a tall building, a musician plucking a string of a violin, or the filling of a party balloon. An elastic
assumed

body or material for which

is said to be linearelastic

this equation

can be

or Hookean.

Hookes law is only a first order linear approximation to the real response of springs and other elastic bodies to applied forces. It must eventually fail once the forces exceed some limit, since no material can be compressed beyond a certain
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nay

no

- a linear map

that can be rpresente

y a matrixof real numbers.

In this general form, Hooke&#39;s law and Newton&#39;s laws of static equilibrium make it possible to deduce the relation between strain and stress for complex objects in terms of intrinsic properties of the materials it is made of. For example, one can deduce that a homogeneous rod with uniform cross

section will behave like a simple spring when stretched, with

a stiffness3}: directly proportionalto its crosssectionarea and

inversely proportional to its length. Hooke&#39;s law is named after the 17th century British

physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated this law in 1660 as a Latin anagram, whose solution he published in 1678 as Ut tensio, sic vis; literally translated as: "As the extension, so the
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Perfect elasticity is an approximation few materials deformations.

of the real world and

remain purely elastic even after very small In engineering, the amount of elasticity of a

material is determined by two types of material parameter. The first type of material parameter is called

a modulus which measures the amount of force per unit area (stress) needed to achieve a given amount of deformation. The units of modulus are Pascals (Pa) or pounds of force per

square inch (psi, also lbf/inz). A higher modulus typically

indicates that the material is harder to deform. The second

type of parameter measures the elastic

limit. The limit can

be a stress beyond which the material is no longer elastic or a deformation beyond which elasticity is lost.
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dampe

nA

AV - A

_.,ree of freedom,

the elastic element incorporates both stiffness and damping. The project presented from their calculations using MATLAB defining a desired movement pattern of behavior that can be implemented or adapted for various applications. This project is perfect to implement models that faithfully

reproduce the behavior of each component as an essential tool to reduce the power of impact.

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lrvingfa
13-15.

, ...~-r;:ts. Newnes.pp.

Treloar, L. R. G. (1975). The Physics of Rubber Elasticity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2.

White,

Lynn Jr. (1966).

Medieval

Technology

and Social

Change. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 049-500266O., p.126127

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