Chapter 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis

Learning Objectives After reading Chapter 2, you should be able to: 1. 2. ". $. %. '. (. *. -. 10. 11. 12. 1". Describe how Freud's childhood experiences ay ha!e influenced his theory of personality. Argue pro or con whether Freud was scientific in his writings. #dentify and explain the three le!els of ental life. Describe the three pro!inces of the ind and their characteristics. &xplain Freud's concept of the sexual and aggressi!e instincts. Discuss the i portance of anxiety in psychoanalytic theory. )ist the Freudian defense echanis s and gi!e exa ples of each. +u ari,e the psychosexual stages of de!elop ent and their possible effects on personality. .race the de!elop ent of the /edipus co plex for both boys and girls. Debate the accuracy of Freud's concept of wo en. Co pare Freud's early therapeutic techni1ue with his later approach and explain how his shift in techni1ues ay ha!e per anently altered the history of psychoanalysis. &xplain Freud's concept of drea s. Discuss recent research related to Freud's concept of drea s.

Summary Outline I. Overvie o! Freud"s Psychoanalytic #heory +ig und Freud's psychoanalysis has endured because it 213 postulated the pri acy of sex and aggression4two uni!ersally popular the es, 223 attracted a group of followers who were dedicated to spreading psychoanalytic doctrine, and 2"3 ad!anced the notion of unconscious oti!es, which per it !arying explanations for the sa e obser!ations. $iography o! Sigmund Freud 5orn in the C,ech 6epublic in 1*%', +ig und Freud spent ost of his life in 7ienna. &arly in his professional career, Freud belie!ed that hysteria was a result of being seduced during childhood by a sexually ature person, often a parent or other relati!e. #n 1*-(, howe!er, Freud abandoned his seduction theory and replaced it with his notion of the /edipus co plex, a concept that re ained the center of his psychoanalytic theory. 8ear the end of his life and to escape 8a,i rule, Freud o!ed to )ondon where he died in 1-"-.

II.

III. Levels o! %ental Li!e Freud saw ental functioning preconscious, and conscious.

as

operating

on

three

le!els4unconscious,

&. 'nconscious .he unconscious includes dri!es and instincts that are beyond awareness but that oti!ate ost hu an beha!iors. Freud belie!ed that unconscious dri!es can beco e conscious only in disguised or distorted for , such as drea i ages, slips of the tongue, or neurotic sy pto s. 9nconscious processes originate fro two sources: 213 repression , or the bloc:ing out of anxiety;filled experiences and 223 phylogenetic endo ment , or inherited experiences that lie beyond an indi!idual's personal experience.

$. Preconscious .he preconscious contains i ages that are not in awareness but that can beco e conscious either 1uite easily or with so e le!el of difficulty.

C. Conscious Consciousness plays a relati!ely inor role in Freudian theory. Conscious ideas ste fro either the perception of external sti uli 2our perceptual conscious syste 3 or fro the unconscious and preconscious after they ha!e e!aded censorship. I(. Provinces o! the %ind Freud conceptuali,ed three regions of the

ind4the id, the ego, and the superego.

&. #he Id .he id, which is co pletely unconscious, ser!es the pleasure principle and contains our basic instincts. #t operates through the primary process . $. #he )go .he ego , or secondary process , is go!erned by the reality principle and responsible for reconciling the unrealistic de ands of the id and the superego.

is

C. #he Superego .he superego, which ser!es the idealistic principle , has two subsyste s4the conscience and the ego;ideal. .he conscience results fro punish ent for i proper beha!ior whereas the ego*ideal ste s fro rewards for socially acceptable beha!ior. (. +ynamics o! Personality Dyna ics of personality refers to those forces that

oti!ate people.

&. Instincts Freud grouped all hu an dri!es or urges under two pri ary instincts4sex 2&ros or the life instinct3 and aggression 2the death or destructi!e instinct3. .he ai of the sexual instinct is pleasure, which can be gained through the erogenous ,ones , especially the outh, anus, and genitals. .he ob<ect of the sexual instinct is any person or thing that brings sexual pleasure. All infants possess primary narcissism- or self;centeredness, but the secondary narcissism of adolescence and adulthood is not uni!ersal. 5oth sadism 2recei!ing sexual pleasure fro inflicting pain on another3 and masochism 2recei!ing sexual pleasure fro painful experiences3 satisfy both sexual and aggressi!e dri!es. .he destructi!e instinct ai s to return a person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed against other people and is called aggression. $. &n.iety /nly the ego feels anxiety, but the id, superego, and outside world can each be a source of anxiety. /eurotic an.iety ste s fro the ego's relation with the id= moral an.iety is si ilar to guilt and results fro the ego's relation with the superego= and realistic an.iety- which is si ilar to fear, is produced by the ego's relation with the real world. (I. +e!ense %echanisms Defense echanis s operate to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety. &. 0epression 0epression in!ol!es forcing unwanted, anxiety;loaded experiences into the unconscious. #t is the ost basic of all defense echanis s because it is an acti!e process in each of the others.

$. 0eaction Formation A reaction !ormation is ar:ed by the repression ostentatious expression of its exact opposite.

of

one

i pulse

and

the

C. +isplacement +isplacement ta:es place when people redirect their unwanted ob<ects or people in order to disguise the original i pulse.

urges

onto

other

+. Fi.ation Fi.ations de!elop when psychic energy is bloc:ed at one stage of de!elop ent, a:ing psychological change difficult. +o e adults ay re ain fixated on the anal stage of psychosexual de!elop ent. ). 0egression 0egressions occur whene!er a person re!erts to earlier, ore infantile odes of beha!ior. +o e adults ay return to the oral stage as a eans of reducing anxiety. F. Projection >rojection is seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or beha!iors that actually reside in one's own unconscious. ?hen carried to extre e, pro<ection can beco e paranoia , which is characteri,ed by delusions of persecution. 1. Introjection Introjections ta:e place when people incorporate positi!e person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority.

1ualities

of another

2. Sublimation Sublimations in!ol!e the ele!ation of the sexual instinct's ai to a higher le!el, which per its people to a:e contributions to society and culture. (II. Stages o! +evelopment Freud saw psychosexual de!elop ent as proceeding fro four o!erlapping stages.

birth to

aturity through

&. In!antile Period .he infantile stage enco passes the first $ to % years of life and is di!ided into three subphases: oral, anal, and phallic. During the oral phase , an infant is pri arily oti!ated to recei!e pleasure through the outh. During the 2nd year of life, a child goes through an anal phase . #f parents are too puniti!e during the anal phase, the child ay adopt an anal triad - consisting of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy. During the phallic phas e, boys and girls begin to ha!e differing psychosexual de!elop ent. At this ti e, boys and girls experience the Oedipus complex in which they ha!e sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the other. .he ale castration complex , which ta:es the for of castration anxiety - brea:s up the ale /edipus co plex and results in a well;for ed ale superego. For girls, howe!er, the castration co plex ta:es the for of penis envy , precedes the fe ale /edipus co plex, leads to a gradual and inco plete shattering of the fe ale /edipus co plex and results it a wea:er and ore flexible fe ale superego. $. Latency Period Freud belie!ed that about age % years suppressed.

psychosexual de!elop ent goes through a latency stage 4fro until puberty4in which the sexual instinct is partially

C. 1enital Period .he genital period begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawa:ening of the genital ai of &ros. .he ter @genital period@ should not be confused with @phallic period.@ +. %aturity Freud hinted at a stage of psychological aturity in which the ego would be in control of the id and superego and in which consciousness would play a ore i portant role in beha!ior. (III. &pplications o! Psychoanalytic #heory . Freud erected his theory on the drea s, free associations, slips of the tongue, and neurotic sy pto s of his patients during therapy. 5ut he also gathered infor ation fro history, literature, and wor:s of art. &. Freud"s )arly #herapeutic #echni3ue During the 1*-0s, Freud used an aggressi!e therapeutic techni1ue in which he strongly suggested to patients that they had been sexually seduced as children. Ae later dropped this techni1ue and abandoned his belief that ost patients had been seduced during childhood. $. Freud"s Later #herapeutic #echni3ue 5eginning in the late 1*-0s, Freud adopted a uch ore passi!e type of psychotherapy, one that relied hea!ily on free association, drea interpretation, and transference. .he goal of Freud's later psychotherapy was to unco!er repressed e ories, and the therapist uses drea analysis and !ree association to do so. ?ith free association patients are re1uired to say whate!er co es to ind, no atter how irrele!ant or distasteful. +uccessful therapy rests on the patient's trans!erence of childhood sexual or aggressi!e feelings onto the therapist and away fro sy pto for ation. >atients' resistance to change is seen as progress because it indicates that therapy has ad!anced beyond superficial con!ersation. C. +ream &nalysis #n interpreting drea s, Freud differentiated the mani!est content 2conscious description3 fro the latent content 2the unconscious eaning3. 8early all drea s are wish;fulfill ents, although the wish is usually unconscious and can be :nown only through drea interpretation. .o interpret drea s Freud used both drea sy bols and the drea er's associations to the drea content. +. Freudian Slips Freud belie!ed that parapra.es 4now called Freudian slips4are not chance accidents but re!eal a person's true but unconscious intentions. I4. 0elated 0esearch Although Freudian theory has generated uch related research, it rates low on !alsi!iability because ost research findings can be explained by other theories. #n recent years, howe!er, any researchers ha!e in!estigated hypotheses inspired by psychoanalytic theory. .his research includes such topics as 213 unconscious ental processing, 223 pleasure and the id: inhibition and the ego, 2"3 the defense echanis s, and 2$3 drea s. &. 'nconscious %ental Processing #n recent years, neuroscience has been in!estigating the brain during a !ariety of cogniti!e and e otional tas:, and uch of this wor: relates to Freud's notion of unconscious oti!ation. For exa ple, one pair of re!iewers 25argh B Chartrand, 1--03 concluded that -%C of hu an beha!iors are unconsciously deter ined, and that Freud's etaphor of the iceberg was probably accurate. #n addition Dar: +ol s 22000, 200$= +ol s B .urnbull, 20023 argued that any Freudian concepts are

consistent with odern neuroscience research. repression, and the pleasure principle.

.hese include unconscious

oti!ation,

$. Pleasure and the Id 5Inhibition and the )go +o e research 2+ol s, 2001= +ol s B .urnbull, 20023 has established that the pleasure;see:ing dri!es ha!e their neurological origins in two brain structures, na ely the brain ste and the li bic syste . C. 0epression- Inhibition- and +e!ense %echanisms +ol s 2200$3 reported cases fro the neuropsychological literature de onstrating repression of infor ation when da age occurs to the right;he isphere and if this da aged region beco es artificially sti ulated the repression goes away= that is, awareness returns. +. 0esearch on +reams 6esearch by ?egner and colleagues 2?egner, ?en,laff, B Eo,a:, 200$3 tested Freud's hypothesis that wishes repressed during the day will find their way into drea s during the night. 6esults showed that people drea ed ore about their repressed targets than their non;repressed ones= that is, they were ore li:ely to drea about people they spend so e ti e thin:ing about, a finding 1uite consistent with Freud's hypothesis. Criti3ue o! Freud Freud regarded hi self as a scientist, but any critics consider his ethods to be outdated, unscientific, and per eated with gender bias. /n the six criteria of a useful theory, psychoanalysis we rate its ability to generate research as high, its openness to falsification as !ery low, and its ability to organi,e data as a!erage. ?e also rate psychoanalysis as a!erage on its ability to guide action and to be parsi onious. 5ecause it lac:s operational definitions, we rate it low on internal consistency.

4I.

4II. Concept o! 2umanity Freud's concept of hu anity was deter inistic and pessi istic. Ae e phasi,ed causality o!er teleology, unconscious deter inants o!er conscious processes, and biology o!er culture, but he too: a iddle position on the di ension of uni1ueness !ersus si ilarity of people.

#est Items Fill*in*the*$lan6s 1. As a young an, Freud harbored a strong wish to a:e a great disco!ery and thus to beco e fa ous. /ne such atte pt in!ol!ed the anesthetic properties of the drug FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. ?hen Freud abandoned the course of psychoanalysis. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF theory, he dra atically changed the

2.

".

Freud's hea!y e phasis on FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF explanations for the sa e obser!ation. Freud belie!ed that our FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF i ages, so eti es influences our beha!ior.

oti!ation

allows

for

opposing

$.

endow ent,

or inherited

unconscious

%.

9nconscious i ages ay beco e FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF after being distorted, disguised, or otherwise transfor ed.

'. (. *. -.

.he FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF ser!es the pleasure principle. .he superego has two parts, the FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF and the conscience. A FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF recei!es sexual pleasure fro According to Freud, the GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. fro two inflicting pain on other people. instincts are sex and

great

10. Doral anxiety results FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. 11. Defense

the

ego's

relationship

with

the

echanis s protect the ego against the pain of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.

12. A FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for ation is ar:ed by the repression of one i pulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite. 1". .he defense echanis whereby a person redirects unwanted urges onto another person or ob<ect is called FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. 1$. .he defense that in!ol!es the repression of substitution of cultural or social FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. the sexual instinct acco plish ents is and the called

1%. .he infantile stage is di!ided into three substages: oral , FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, and phallic. 1'. According to Freud, the FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF stage obstinacy, and iserliness in so e people. ay lead to co pulsi!e neatness,

1(. Freud belie!ed that FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF differences are responsible different psychosexual de!elop ent in boys and girls during the phallic stage. 1*. .he castration co plex ta:es the for 1-. .he castration co plex ta:es the for of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for girls. of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF for boys.

for

20. .he proper resolution of the FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF results in the e ergence of a ature superego for boys.

#rue*False FFFFF1. FFFFF2. FFFFF". FFFFF$. >sychoanalytic doctrine is based in part on Freud's analysis of his own drea s. Freud regarded hi self Freud's data were based ostly as a philosopher. ostly on experi ental in!estigation.

Freud's lifelong friendship with Carl Hung greatly influenced the final shape of psychoanalysis. 9nli:e any of his other theories, FreudIs fa ous seduction theory was one he ne!er changed. Freud belie!ed that people are oti!ated ostly by unconscious urges.

FFFFF%.

FFFFF'.

FFFFF(.

#deas that are not conscious but that can beco e so 1uite easily are said by Freud to belong to the preconscious. .he superego ser!es the idealistic and oralistic principles. sex and hunger.

FFFFF*. FFFFF-. FFFF10. FFFF11. FFFF12. FFFF1".

>sychoanalysis rests on two great instincts or dri!es: .he ai of an instinct is to see: pleasure.

8eurotic anxiety ste s fro Defense

the ego's dependence on the id.

echanis s defend the id against anxiety. echanis s because they underlie

6epressions are the ost basic of the defense all other defense echanis s.

FFFF1$.

.he per anent attach ent of libido onto an earlier stage of de!elop ent best describes the defense echanis of fixation. +ubli ations often benefit society. .he principal source of frustration during the oral period is weaning. For boys, the /edipus co plex occurs prior to the castration co plex. For girls, the /edipus co plex occurs prior to the castration co plex. During the 1**0's, Freud's practice of psychotherapy was it would beco e decades later. Freud's theory rates high on falsifiability. uch ore passi!e than

FFFF1%. FFFF1'. FFFF1(. FFFF1* FFFF1-.

FFFF20.

%ultiple Choice FFFFFF1 a. b. c. d. FFFFFF2. a. b. c. d. FFFFFF ". a. b. c. d. FFFFFF$. .he twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic sex and security. safety and security. hunger and sex. sex and aggression. oti!ation are

Freud began his self;analysis shortly after he bro:e off his relationship with Fliess. he bro:e off his relationship with Hung. his other died. his father died. As a youth and young an, Freud was strongly oti!ated to win fa e by a:ing a great disco!ery. o!erta:e his older brother Hulius. practice edicine on the poor people of 7ienna. beco e a rabbi and o!e to 8ew Jor:.

?hat analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the idK a. rider and horse b. groo and bride

c. chic:en and egg d. ha er and an!il FFFFFF%. a. b. c. d. FFFFF'. a. b. c. d. FFFFFF(. a. b. c. d. FFFFFF*. a. b. c. d. FFFFFF -. a. b. c. d. FFFFF10. a. b. c. d. FFFFF11. a. b. c. d. FFFFF12. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1". a. b. c. d. .he id ser!es the FFFFFFFFFF pleasure reality oralistic idealistic ?hich regions of the id and superego id and ego id only ego and superego ?hich of these is a anxiety narcissis sadis lo!e principle.

ind ha!e no direct contact with the external worldK

anifestation of both sex and aggressionK

A asochist recei!es sexual pleasure fro inflicting pain on others. <oining a credit union. recei!ing pain inflicted by others. watching other people undress. Freud called the outh, anus, and genitals /edipal stri!ings. erogenous ,ones. the ai of the sexual instinct. the ai of the aggressi!e instinct. .he guilt a person experiences after !iolating personal standards of conduct is called FFFFFFFF anxiety. realistic neurotic anifest oral According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the id. ego. superego. conscience. Defense echanis s protect the ego against feelings of sha e. guilt. anxiety. public disgrace. #n Freudian theory, anxiety reduces repression. triggers repression. increases repression. is caused by repression.

FFFFF1$. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1%. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1'. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1(. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1*. a. b. c. d. FFFFF1-. a. b. c. d. FFFFF20. a. b. c. d. FFFFF21. a. b. c. d.

After a dri!e or i age has been repressed, it ay re ain unchanged in the unconscious. could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged for . could be expressed in a disguised or distorted for . any of the abo!e. ?ith this defense echanis , exaggerated expression. fixation reaction for ation subli ation pro<ection a repressed desire finds an opposite and

A co pletely weaned child goes bac: to the bottle after a younger sister is born. .his return to a ore infantile pattern of beha!ior expresses a reaction for ation. fixation. regression. pro<ection. Chad has great ad iration for his history teacher. Ae atte pts to i itate this teacher's lifestyle and anneris s. .his is an exa ple of displace ent. subli ation. pro<ection. intro<ection. .his defense society. pro<ection fixation subli ation regression .o Freud, the infancy. latency. genital. aturity. echanis , unli:e the others, usually results in so e benefit to

ost crucial stage of de!elop ent is

.he anal triad consists of all these characteristics &LC&>. iserliness. aggressi!eness. stubbornness. co pulsi!e neatness. Freud belie!ed that differences de!elop ent are due to parental expectations. cultural experiences. anato y. hor ones. between boys and girls in psychosexual

FFFFF22. For boys, the castration co plex a. ta:es the for of penis en!y. b. shatters the /edipus co plex.

c. co es before the /edipus co plex. d. all of these are correct. e. none of these is correct. FFFFF 2". a. b. c. d. e. FFFFF 2$. a. b. c. For girls, the castration co plex ta:es the for of penis en!y. shatters the /edipus co plex. co es after the /edipus co plex. all of these. none of these.

For boys, the /edipus co plex co es before the castration co plex. the castration co plex ta:es the for of castration anxiety. the /edipus co plex is sol!ed when they identify with their father4at around age % or '. d. none of these. e all of these are correct. Freud belie!ed that, with few exceptions, the unconscious an expression of early childhood trau as. wish;fulfill ents. experiences of the day before. feelings of inferiority. eaning of drea s is

FFFFF2%. a. b. c. d. FFFFF2'. a. b. c. d. FFFFF2(. a. b. c. d.

>sychoanalytic therapy is ost li:ely to include this techni1ue. ho ewor: assign ents free association interpretation of early recollections an acti!e, aggressi!e therapist During the past do,en or so years, psychoanalysis has recei!ed support fro operant conditioning. sociology. religion. neuroscience. ost research

Short &ns er 1. )ist se!eral theories. personal 1ualities of Freud that contributed to his psychoanalytic

2. &xplain how the three le!els of ind.

ental life relate to the three pro!inces of the

". )ist and briefly describe at least eight Freudian defense

echanis s.

$. Co pare and contrast the course of de!elop ent for both the /edipus co plexes.

ale and the fe ale

%. Discuss the strengths and wea:nesses of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory.

'. Discuss recent neuroscience research as it relates to Freud's theory.