1991 1995 2007 2011 2000 2002

Khayat 1-Deterioration of Lightweight Fly Ash Concrete due to Gradual Cryogenic Frost Cycles 2-Frost Durability of Concrete Containing Viscosity-Modifying Admixtures 3-Frost Durability and Salt Scaling of SCC 4-Behavior of self-compacting concrete made with lightweight aggregate (in French) 5-Optimization and Performance of Air-Entrained Self-Consolidating Concrete 64-Air-Void Stability in Self-Consolidating Concrete

ISI ISI Report Thesis ISI ISI

1995 2008 2007 2010 2009 2009

Hooton 6-Salt scaling resistance of concrete containing slag and fly ash 7-Ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete mix design in central Canada 8-Long-Term Scaling Performance of Concretes Containing Supplementary Cementing Materials 57-Development of Test Methods for Assessment of Concrete Durability for Use in PerformanceBased Specifications 62*Effect of de-icer and anti-icer chemicals on durability,microstructure and properties of cement-based materials* 63- METAKAOLIN EFFECTS ON CONCRETE DURABILTY

Thesis ISI ISI Thesis Thesis Thesis

2012

2003 2013 2000 2000

B. Benmokrane and R. Masmoudi 9-EVALUATION OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MECHANICAL LOADING AND FREEZE/THAW CYCLES ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF ONE-WAY GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS (Masmoudi) 10-Durability Gap Analysis for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Civil Infrastructure 11-Combined effect of sustained load and freezethaw cycles on one-way concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP 12-Effect of freezethaw cycles on the bond durability between FRP plate reinforcement and concrete 13-Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Sustained Load on Flexural Behaviour of GFRP and CFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams 15-Bond Performance of Near-Surface-Mounted FRP Bars Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on The Compression Strength of Concrete-Filled-FRP Tube Cylinders 50- Creep and durability of sand-coated glass FRP bars in concrete elements under freeze/thaw cycling and sustained loads

Conf

ISI Conf ISI Project

2011 2011 2006

ISI Conf ISI

2002 2002 2008 2002 2012 2006 2011 2005 2003 2004

16-Effect of chloride salt, freezethaw cycling and externally applied load on the performance of the concrete (W. Sun) 17-Interaction between loading, freezethaw cycles, and chloride salt attack of concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement (R. Mu) 18-HYDRATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND DURABILITY OF SCC (Schutter) 14-A METHOD TO PREDICT THE FROST-RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF HPC UNDER EXTERNAL LOAD (wu) 20-EFFECTS OF ADDING WASTE CELLULOSIC FIBERS ON THE FROST RESISTANCE OF SCC (Ghorbel) 21-On the internal frost resistance of SCC with and without polypropylene fibres (Persson) 22-Experimental Study on Creep and Durability of High-Early Strength Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Elements (Kim) 23-Durability Evaluation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strengthened Concrete Beams: Experimental Study and Design (Singh) 44- Internal frost resistance and salt frost scaling of self-compacting concrete(Persson) 45- Durable fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (Corinaldesi)

ISI ISI Conf Conf Conf ISI ISI ISI ISI

2014 2008 2013 2013 2012 2012 2005 2007 2010

46- Freezethaw resistance, mechanical and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregate (Tuyan) 47- The effect of silica fume and high-volume Class C fly ash on mechanical properties, chloride penetration and freezethaw resistance of SCC (Yazici) 48- The type of air-entraining and VMA and porosity and frost durability of HPSCC (Lazniewska) 49- The frost resistance versus air voids parameters of HPSCC modified by non-air-entrained admixtures ( Lazniewska) 51- The influence of selected new generation admixtures on the workability,air-voids parameters and frost-resistance of SCC ( Lazniewska) 52- Effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the durability of self-consolidating concrete (Hassan) 53-Durability of SCC (Hela-RILEM) 54- FREEZE/THAW RESISTANCE OF SCC IN COMBINATION WITH DEICING SALTS (Boel-RILEM) 56- Effect of Freezing-Thawing Cycles on the Resistance of SCC to Sulfate Attack (Bassuoni)

ISI ISI ISI ISI ISI ISI Conf Conf Conf

2008 2013 1990 2005 2013 2012 2009 2011 2005 2012 2013 2012 2012 2010 2005 2010 2001 2009 2008 1995 1999 2012 2012 2007

THESIS & BOOK 24-COMBINED EFFECTS OF FREEZE-THAW AND SUSTAINED LOADS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH FRPS 25-Thermal strain of concrete under low temperatures and durability and Processing techniques of concrete with CNTs 26*The microstructure of air-entrained concrete* 28*INTERNAL FROST DAMAGE IN CONCRETE : Experimental studies of destruction mechanisms* 29-Effect of Lightweight Aggregate Moisture Content on Internally Cured Concrete 30-DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS 31-Characteristics of Wastepaper Sludge Ash and its Potential Applications in Concrete 32-EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS VIA FIELD ASSESSMENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 33-FINITE ELEMENT ANAL YSIS OF COMPOSITE SHEET PILES SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM LOAD AND HARSH ENVIRONMENTS 34-Freeze-Thaw Durability and Digital Hardened Air Void Analysis of SCC 35* FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE DUE TO ADDITION OF CRUMB RUBBER AGGREGATES* 36* INTEGRATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION TO STUDY INTERNAL FROST DAMAGE IN CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS* 37-EVALUATING BOND DURABILITY OF FRP-CONCRETE SYSTEMS in ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES 38-Durability of GFRP Bars Bond to Concrete under Different Loading and Environmental Conditions 39-Durability Studies of High Performance Concrete Used for Bridge Decks 40-FREEZE-THAW AND SUSTAINED LOAD DURABILITY OF NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED FRP STRENGTHENED CONCRETE 41* DURABILITY ENHANCEMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE* 42-SORPTIVITY TESTING TO ASSESS DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AGAINST FREEZE-THAW CYCLING 55-Effects of Aggregate Grading and Admixtures/Fillers on Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC 58*Engineering Properties of HPC Containing Large Volume Class C Fly Ash* 59- EFFECTS OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLING ON ANCHORAGE OF FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYMER SHEETS BONDED TO REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS 60* LIGHTWEIGHT SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE: STATISTICAL MODELLING, MIXTURE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATIO* 61- MACRO SYNTHETIC FIBER ADDITION TO CONCRETE MARINE STRUCTURES IN FREEZE THAW ENVIRONMENTS 43-Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (Bentur-Mindess)

Ontario (Queen) Colorado California Lund Arkansas Pennsylvania Sherbrooke Colorado Mc Gill Virginia Carolina Michigan Colorado Manitoba Virginia Ontario Hong Kong Mc Gill Virginia Saskachewan Ontario Ryerson Dalhousie Book

LWC + FT SCC + FT + SALT SCC + FT HPC + FT FRC + FT FRC + FT + LOAD FRC + FT + LOAD + CHLORIDE FRC + FIBER + FT NORMAL + FT NORMAL + FT + FRP NORMAL + FT + LOAD

1,29,60 54,56 3,5,18,22,34,44,46,47,48,49,51,52,53,60,64 2,39,58 7,25,61 14 17 20,21,45,55 26,28,31,35,36,41,42,57,62,63 12,15,23,30,32,37,59 9,11,24,38,40,50

Khayat, K.H., Hwang, S.D., Durability of Self-Consolidating Concrete Used in Repair Applications, Proceedings Raymundo Rivera International Symposium on Durability of .Concrete, May 12-13, 2005, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, pp. 121-141

Durability Evaluation Projects

1.Durability Performance of Glass FRP Bars as Reinforcements for Concrete Structures 2.Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Sustained Load on Flexural Behaviour of GFRP and CFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams 3.Durability of GFRP Reinforcing Bars in Hydrothermal Aging Condition Under Zero Stress 4.Nanoclays and their Composites with Vinyl Ester Resin: Preparation, Characterization and Study of Water Absorption and Desorption Behavior 5.Temperature Effect on Bond Properties of FRP Bars Embedded In Concrete 6.Thermal Effect on the Structural Performance of FRP Reinforced Concrete Elements 7.Performance and Durability of New GFRP Bars Coated with Innovative Moisture Barrier

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Sustained Load on Flexural Behaviour of GFRP and CFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams
Kader Laoubi, Ph.D. Candidate - Supervised by Brahim Benmokrane

Recently, there have been concerns regarding the long-term behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete members. Freeze/thaw degradation is among the most important factors affecting cracked concrete members taking into account the fact that concrete is a permeable material. Thus, water could potentially accumulate at the FRP-concrete interface. As temperatures drop below freezing, the water will expand and as it crystallizes it could potentially induce forces that will damage the bond between the FRP and concrete. In addition, the behaviour of concrete members under sustained loading changes with time due to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. The gradual development of creep strain in a beam causes an increase in curvature and beam deflection. As in service conditions, the concrete members can be subjected to freeze/thaw and sustained load (dead load plus portion of live loads) simultaneously. The coupled effects of both conditions are also of great concern. Very limited experimental and analytical data is available on the effects of cold temperature or freeze-thaw action on concrete members reinforced with FRP bars. Virtually no work has been done on the combined effects of freeze/thaw cycles and sustained load action on concrete members reinforced with FRP bars. An extensive research program investigating the individual and coupled long-term effect of sustained loads and freeze/thaw cycles on the flexural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with different types of glass and carbon FRP bars is currently in progress. The research program is carried out on 50 concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars (Glass and Carbon) and subjected to different numbers of freeze/thaw cycles (100, 200, and 300 cycles - between -20 C and + 20 C) and sustained loads (1.4 times the cracking moment of the beams, which is equivalent to 23% to 27% of the ultimate strain of the FRP bars under consideration). The beams are 1800 mm long with a rectangular cross-section of 130-mm width and 180-mm depth. Furthermore, a new loading system to apply constant sustained loads to beams has been developed and 50

systems were fabricated at the machine shop of the Faculty of Engineering of Universit de Sherbrooke. To date, 15 GFRP reinforced concrete beams were exposed to 200 freeze/thaw cycles either in an unstressed state or loaded in bending and tested up to failure in four-point bending. 35 beams are in conditioning to be tested on August 2002. The preliminary results show that the change in the overall behaviour in terms of deflection, cracking, ultimate capacity, and mode of failure, for the tested beams after conditioning compared to unconditioned control beams can be considered insignificant.

Main Findings
The change in the ultimate capacity for the tested concrete beams after conditioning compared to unconditioned control ones was very small ( 6%) and can be considered insignificant. However, the small increase in the capacity of concrete beams subjected to the individual effect of freeze/thaw cycles may be due to the increase in concrete strength as a result of longer and better curing. Based on the results of the micro-structural analysis that was carried out on GFRP naked bars or bar samples extracted from the concrete beams after conditioning under different number of freeze/thaw cycles, no evidence of degradation of the fiber, resin, fiber-resin interface, resin-sand interface, or FRP bar-concrete interface was observed. Creep strain in the GFRP bars are less than 2.0 % of the initial value after 26 weeks (4,360 hr) of sustain tensile loading. This value was obtained under considerably high sustained stress of 27% of the ultimate tensile strength of the GFRP bars, which is about 2.33 times the currently recommended value by ACI 440.1R-03 for creep control. The ACI 440.1R-03 equation to predict the long-term deflections due to creep and shrinkage over-estimates the experimental measured values.

Project Presentation
Laoubi, K., (2004). "Durability Studies on Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars". Ph.D. Thesis (in French), Department of Civil Engineering, Universit de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qubec, November, 205 p. Laoubi, K., El-Salakawy, E. F., and Benmokrane, B., "Durability of Sand-Coated Glass FRP Bars in Concrete Elements under Freeze/Thaw Cycles and Sustained Loads," submitted to ACI Structural Journal, (September 2004). Laoubi, K., El-Salakawy, E. F., Pigeon, M., and Benmokrane, B., (2003), "Durability of Concrete Beams reinforced with GFRP Bars under Different Environmental and Loading Conditions," Proceedings, 6th International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-6), Singapore, July, pp. 737-748. Laoubi, K., El-Salakawy, E. F., Benmokrane, B., and Pigeon, M., (2003), "GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Freeze/Thaw and Sustained Loads," proceedings, CSCE 31st Annual Conference, Moncton, NB, June, GCF-371: 1-10. Laoubi, K., El-Salakawy, E. F., Pigeon, M., and Benmokrane, B., (2002) "Behaviour of FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams under Sustained Load and Freeze-Thaw Cycles," Proceedings, Second International Conference on Durability FRP Composites for Construction, CDCC 2002, Montral, Qubec, May 29-31, pp.453-464. Benmokrane, B., Zhang, B., Laoubi, K., Tighiouart, B., and Lord, I. (2001), "Tensile and Bond Properties of New CFRP Bars For Concrete Structures," Proceedings of International Conference on Composites in Construction (CCC 2001), Porto, Portugal, 10-12 October, Balkema, 147-152. Benmokrane, B., Ton-That, M.T., Laoubi, K., Robert, J.F., and Wang, P. (2001), "Durability Evaluation of Glass FRP Composites Rods in Concrete Environment," Proceedings of the third International Conference on Concrete Under Severe Conditions: Environment & Loading, Vancouver, June 18-20, Vol. 2, p. 1239-1246.

http://www.civil.usherbrooke.ca/chaire/english/project_2-2.htm