Fabric Filters
Fabric filtration
Air or combustion gases pass through a fabric Dust is trapped on the fabric Cleaned air exits the system
Baghouses
Rows of bags Inlet Exit Cleaning mechanism
Operation:
Dirty air enters at low velocity Multiple filters (bags)collect PM PM falls to bottom Cleaned air exits
Expense
Large area Frequent cleaning/maintenance Operating temp limitations
Types of Baghouses
Compartmented:
Shaker baghouse
Bags cleaned by oscillating framework
Reverse air
Clean air blown through bag is opposite direction
Non-compartmented:
Pulse jet
Compressed air blown down bags for cleaning
Dust loading
Fabric: filter material
Woven fibers
100-150 micron diameter
Interstitial holes
50-75 microns
Theory
P
Pf
Pp
Ps
Darcys equation
Pf Pp Df Dp V Kf , K p 60 Q A Pressure drop N/m2 Pressure drop N/m2 Depth of filter in the direction of flow (m) Depth of particulate layer in the direction of flow (m) Gas viscosity kg/m-s superficial filtering velocity m/min Permeability (filter & particulate layer m2) Conversion factor /min V = Q/A volumetric gas flow rate m3/min cloth area m2
Dust Layer
L Dust loading kg/m3 t time of operation min L Bulk density of the particulate layer kg/m3 P = Pf + Pp
Permeability, K
Permeability of filter material, (K1)( Ke )
Extrapolated from test data
S= filter drag, Pa-min/m or inches of water- min/ft W= areal dust density, kg/m2 of fabric or lb/ft2 of fabric
Dust Layer
The equation for fabric filters is based on Darcys law for flow through porous media.
Fabric filtration can be represented by the following equation:
S = K e + Ks w
Where,
Ks = slope constant. Varies with the dust, gas and fabric, N-min/kg-m
W= Areal dust density = L V t
Problem
Estimate the values of Ke and Ks for the filter drag model:
Time (min) Filter P (Pa) 5 330 10 490 15 550 20 600 25 640 30 700
Limestone dust loading L = 1.00 g/m3 Fabric Area A = 1.00 m2 Air flow rate Q = 0.80 m3/min
Solution
Step 1: Calculate the air velocity Air velocity = 0.80 (m3/min)/1.00 m2 = 0.80 m/min Step 2:
S = P/V 412.5 612.5 687.5 750 800 875
W = LVt
12
16
20
24
Example Problem
Solution
Solution
Compressor power
Major operating expense of pulse jet systems Compressor power (), kW:
= compressor efficiency = 1.4 (ratio of heat capacities Cp/Cv) P1, P2 = initial and final pressures (abs), kPa Q1 = volumetric flow rate at compressor inlet, m3/s
Compressor power
Example: Find compressor power (), kW
Flow rate (Q) = 20,000 cfm (9.5 m3/s) T = 50C (323 K) P1= 1 atm (101.3 kPa) Air pulse (P2) 100 psig (790 kPa) abs. Compressed/filtered air ratio = 0.6% Compressor efficiency ()= 50%
Compressor power
Compressor power (), kW:
Flow rate (Q) = 20,000 cfm (9.5 m3/s) T = 50C (323 K) Compressed/filtered air ratio = 0.6%
Compressor power
Compressor power (), kW:
Compressor efficiency ()= 50% P1= 1 atm (101.3 kPa) Air pulse (P2) 100 psig (790 kPa)
Fan Horsepower
Flow rate (Q) = 20,000 cfm Assume 60% efficiency () for motor
Problem
Calculate the number of bags required for an 8-compartment pulse-jet baghouse with the following process information and bag dimensions. Q, process gas exhaust rate 100,000 ft3/min A/C, gross air-to-cloth ratio 4 (ft3/min)/ft2 Bag dimensions: bag diameter 6 in. bag height 12 ft
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Shaker Baghouse
Hopper
Filtration time, tf
Shaker and reverse-air baghouses
Several compartments One compartment off-line for cleaning
tf= filtration time, min N= number of compartments tr= run time, min tc= cleaning time, min
Filtration time, tf
N=5, N-1=4
tf
Number of bags
Example: Net cloth area = 8,000 ft2
Select 3 (N) compartments
N-1 = 2 (1 off-line for cleaning) 2 compartments on line to meet NCA Each compartment = 4,000 ft2 4,000 ft2 x 3 compartments = 12,000 ft2
Filtering Velocity
All (N) compartments on-line
for Q = 20,000 cfm flow rate (QN)through one compartment:
Filtering Velocity
All (N) compartments on-line
Filtering velocity (VN) in one compartment (C):
Pressure drop
Max pressure drop (Pm) occurs
before next compartment to be cleaned (j) end of cleaning time for last compartment (j-1) at time tj (the time compartment j is on-line)
tj tf
Pressure drop
Calculating Max pressure drop (Pm)
tf= 60 min, tc = 4 min, tr = ?
tf
Pressure drop
Calculating Max pressure drop (Pm)
During tj, the cloth in compartment j has accumulated areal dust density (Wj) Given dust loading (L) of 10gr/ft3
Pressure drop
Calculating Max pressure drop (Pm)
Given Ke= 1.00 in wg-min/ft, Ks= 0.003 in wg-min-ft/gr During tj, the filter drag (Sj) in compartment j is
Pressure drop
Calculating Max pressure drop (Pm)
During tj, the actual filtering velocity (Vj) in compartment j is calculated Ratio of Vj to VN-1 Total Number of f = V /V
N j
N-1
Compartments, N
3 0.87
4
5
0.80
0.76
7
10
0.71
0.67
12
15
0.65
0.64
20
0.62
Pressure drop
Calculating Max pressure drop (Pm)
Finally, the maximun pressure drop can be calculated
A Compartment of Bags