*Extraversion and the reasons for its link with positive emotions 1.

There is a predisposition for extroverts to experience positive emotions since they are more inclined to prefer environments that produce positive affect (ex: being surrounded by friends). 2. Grays model of Behavioral Activation System discusses a biological component claiming that activation of this neurological system is generated by responses to signals of reward and avoidance of punishment. Thus those with higher sensitivity to this system search out experiences that will create positive affect

3. Evolutionary function: ability and preference to command anothers attention specifically when rewards are involved *capitalization: when people seek to increase the value of a positive event by sharing it with others or by marking it in some way
*percentile: a value that divides a set of scores into 100 groups of equal frequency *median: is at the 50th percentile and divides the group into two equal-sized groups *mean: the average value of a measure, which is calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores *chi-square: a statistic used with categorical variables (nominal data), where the order of the number is meaningless ; differs from ordinal data or rank order scales, because one these scales higher scores indicate more of what is being measured -- the test is based on whether the expected and obtained frequencies differ correlation: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. categorical variable: Categorical variable values cannot be sequentially ordered or differentiated from each other using a mathematical method. Eg: gender, ethnicity continuous variables: numeric values that can be ordered sequentially, and that do not naturally fall into discrete ranges. Eg: weight, extraversion scores scatterplot: A scatter plot or scattergraph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. factorial design: An experimental design that examines the effect of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable advantages of a factorial design: - A greater precision can be obtained in estimating the overall main factor effects. - Interaction between different factors can be explored, the only way - Additional factors can help to extend validity of conclusions derived. - Efficient, especially when using participant variable less cost factor: an independent variable (in factorial design) level: the conditions included in each factor main effect: the overall effect of an independent variable in a factorial design; the overall performance at each level of a particular independent variable collapsed across (averaged over) the levels of the other independent variable interaction effect: the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable differs depeding on the level of a second independent variable experimental or manipulated variable: participants are randomly assigned to condition; a true experiment. nonexperimental or participant variable: one that is based on the characteristic of the participants. Eg: personality, age, or gender.

*ANOVA for a factorial design: statistical procedure for the analysis of a factorial design study, it includes an F test for the interaction effect and an F test for each of the main effects (so in the case we are discussing that involves three F tests) F-test: test for whether an effect is statistically significant (or, in other words, is the effect significantly different from zero) - the larger the F is, the greater the statistical significance, and the smaller the p-value. Degrees of freedom: this depends on the size of the study - for the main effect, df = number of levels - 1 - for the interaction effect, df = df of factor A x df of factor B - for the error term, df = number of subjects - the number of treatments *Belmont report on research ethics: provides guidelines for behavioral and medical research; focuses on three basic ethical principles: beneficence, respect for persons (autonomy), and justice *beneficence: research must maximize benefits and minimize any possible harm to participants *respect for persons (autonomy): participants are treated as autonomous; they are capable of making deliberate decisions about their participants *justice: addresses issues of fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as bearing the burdens of accepting any risks *risk/benefit analysis: before conducting research, the researchers need to conduct a careful assessment of whether the risks of the research are justified by its potential fruitfulness for society, science, and the participants *informed consent: before people decide to participate in a study, they must be informed about these things: + purpose of the research + procedures to be used, including time involved + risks and benefits + compensation + confidentiality + assurance of voluntary participation and permission to withdraw + contact info for questions *deception: this is permitted by the APA in some conditions; in essence this constitutes breaking with informed consent and actually allowing researchers to misinform subjects *debriefing: any gaps in the participants understanding of a study must be removed once the data collection is complete *Institutional Review Board (IRB)L federal regulations require that there is a committe that reviews proposed research to ensure that it complies with federal regulations; typically a school or hospital will have one; they are supposed to make their decisions based on criteria set forth by the federal government, including informed consent and risk/benefit analysis external validity or generalizability: the extent to which a set of research findings provides an accurate description of what typically happens in the real world artifact: important but overlooked variables that are held constant in a study *WEIRD participants: much lab research focuses on weird people: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democrate *exact replication: an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether

the same results are obtained; often done when there is a surprising finding A failure to replicate could mean that the original results were a fluke, the original findings are obtained only in limited circumstances, or the replication was not done properly *conceptual replication: using different procedures to replicte a research findings, thus keeping the variables the same but changing the way of operationalizing the variables; the same IV is manipulated in a different way, and the DV may be measured differently, too *replication-plus-extension: researchers replicate the original study but add variables to test additional questions: e.g., look at a new population, or include participant variable, or examine a new situational variable *experimental realism: a lab study creates the psychological state that the researcher intends *Mitchell (2012) Revisiting truth or triviality: The external validity of research in the psychological laboratory: included 217 lab-field comparisons, results varied by subfield - fields with good lab-field convergence: IO psyc, clinical, personality - field with lower lab-field convergence: social psychology; 25% of the social psychology studies changed signs of the relationship between IV and DV (this means that the relationship between the IV and DV went from positive to negative or from negative to positive when tested in lab studies vs field studies) laboratory research: research conducted in an investigators laboratory, where the antecedent conditions can be better controlled field research: research that takes place in settings outside the laboratory, like clinics, schools, hospitals, industry; it is harder to control the antecedents experiences by subjects *converging evidence: evidence supporting a hypothesis, coming from a variety of different studies, each with different strengths and weaknesses, this can be done by using a variety of methods to test a hypothesis (lab and field, experimental and non-experimental) *literature review: sumarizes what has been found, tells the reader what findings are strongly versus weakly supported, points out inconsistencies, and discusses future directions for research meta-analysis: a statistical procedure that allows you to determine the average effect size of an independent variable over a series of experiments.