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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS


Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Purpose And Topics Covered Variables Storage Grids The Balance Equation Parabolic Flows Auxiliary Equations Boundary Conditions

1. Purpose And Topics Covered The aim of this lecture is to introduce the basic mathematical concepts behind PHOENICS. An overview of the solution algorithms used is given in a separate lecture. Topics Covered Variables What Where When Equations Balance Auxiliary Boundary conditions 2. Variables Classification Variables may be thought of as being: dependent - the subject of a conservation equation auxiliary - constant, or derived from an algebraic expression. In each case, they can be further subdivided into scalar and vector quantities: Dependent: Scalars: Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Mass fractions

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

Volume fractions Turbulence quantities Various potentials Vectors: Velocity resolutes Radiation fluxes Displacements Auxiliary: Scalars: Density Viscosity Conductivity Diffusivity Specific heat Thermal expansion coefficient Inter-fluid transport Absorptivity Compressibility Vectors: Various non-isotropic properties Gravity forces Other body forces The quantities defining the problem geometry can also be divided into scalar and vector categories: Geometric: Scalars: Cell volumes Volume porosity factors Inter-fluid surface area per unit volume Vectors: Cell center coordinates Cell corner coordinates Center to center distances Cell surface areas Cell area porosities 3. Storage The distinction between scalar and vector is important, because each is stored at a different location in space: Scalars - These are stored at the center points of six-sided cells, with values supposed to be typical of the whole cell. Vectors - These are stored at the center points of the six cell faces.

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

Nomenclature - A compass-point notation is used, as shown below

P = Cell center N,S,E,W,H,L = Neighbour-cell centers S -> N = Positive IY W -> E = Positive IX L -> H = Positive IZ T = Cell center at previous time step An array of cells with the same IZ is referred to as a SLAB. Steady or Transient Steady-State Problems - PHOENICS can proceed directly to the steady-state solution. It is not necessary to march through time to reach the steady state. Transient Problems - PHOENICS can cope with constant and variable time steps. The time step size can be a function of time. 4. Grids Storage locations Vector quantities are computed by reference to cells which are staggered with respect to the scalar cells.

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

3 velocities and 1 scalar share the same cell index (IX,IY,IZ). Any scalar or vector quantity can only be referenced by a unique (IX,IY,IZ) index. Thus the velocity on the West face of the cell P above 'belongs' to the West scalar cell. Types of Grid PHOENICS grids are structured - cells are topologically Cartesian brick elements. PHOENICS grids may be : Cartesian Cylindrical-polar Body fitted, orthogonal or non-orthogonal In all cases, the grid distribution can be non-uniform in all coordinate directions. For cylindrical-polar coordinates, the following orientation is used: X (or I) is always the angular direction Y (or J) is always the radial direction Z (or K) is always the axial direction 5. The Balance Equation Basic form The basic balance, or conservation equation is just: Outflow from cell - Inflow into cell = net source within cell The quantities being balanced are the dependent variables from the earlier panel: mass of a phase mass of a chemical species energy momentum turbulence quantities electric charge etc. Terms

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

The terms appearing in the balance equation are: Convection (i.e., directed mass flow) Diffusion (i.e., random motion of electrons, molecules or larger structures e.g., eddies) Time variation (i.e., directed motion from past to present - accumulation within a cell) Sources (e.g., pressure gradient or body force for momentum, chemical reaction for energy or chemical species) The Generalized Form The single phase conservation equation solved by PHOENICS can be written as:

where: f - the variable in question r - density - vector velocity - the diffusive exchange coefficient for f - the source term Particular Forms Particular examples are:

Momentum

Enthalpy

Continuity where Numbers. are the turbulent and laminar viscosities, and Pr t, Pr l are the turbulent and laminar Prandtl/Schmidt

Numerical solution The balance equations cannot be solved numerically in differential form. Hence, PHOENICS solves a finite-volume formulation of the balance equation.
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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

The FVE's are obtained by integrating the differential equation over the cell volume. Interpolation assumptions are required to obtain scalar values at cell faces and vector quantities at cell centers. No Taylor series expansion or variational principle is used. Finite Volume Form After integration, the FVE has the form:

where: (by continuity) The neighbour links, the a's, have the form

convection diffusion transient Correction Form The equation is cast into correction form before solution. In correction form, the sources are replaced by the errors in the real equation, and the coefficients may be only approximate. The corrections tend to zero as convergence is approached, reducing the possibility of round-off errors affecting the solution. The neighbor links: Increase with inflow velocity, cell area, fluid density and transport coefficient Decrease with internodal distance Are always positive. 6. Parabolic Flows Transient phenomena are always parabolic - the future cannot affect the past. This allows for a marching solution, with only the current and previous time step values required. Reducing time step size thus does not increase memory requirements. Steady-state flows can also be parabolic if the flow is unidirectional, and diffusion in that direction is negligible. Solution can now be achieved by marching through space, with considerable saving in memory requirement. In PHOENICS, such marching is always in the Z (or K) direction. 7. Auxiliary Equations To close the equation set, auxiliary equations must be provided for: Thermodynamic properties: density, (enthalpy, entropy) Transport properties: viscosity, diffusivity, conductivity

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

Source terms: chemical kinetic laws, radiation absorption, viscous dissipation, Coriolis etc. Interphase transport: of momentum, energy, mass , chemical species etc. There may also be 'artificial' auxiliary equations, such as False transients (for relaxation) Boundary conditions All of the above may be functions of some or all of the other solved-for variables, or auxiliary quantities, resulting in a highly non-linear set of equations. 8. Boundary Conditions Introduction Another lecture in this series is devoted to Boundary Conditions in PHOENICS, so only a brief overview and introduction will be presented here. Boundary Conditions can be: Fixed value Fixed flux Linear Non-linear General form Boundary Conditions are represented in PHOENICS as linearized sources for cells adjacent to boundaries:

a BC is termed the COEFFICIENT. is termed the VALUE. a BC is added to a P , and . is added to the RHS of the equation for

Particular forms For a fixed value boundary, a BC is made very big. The effect is:

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THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS OF PHOENICS

For a fixed flux boundary, a BC is made very small, and

is set to the required flux.

Linear and non-linear conditions can be set by appropriate prescription of a BC and

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