Forces & Motion

10 IGCSE Physics Revision Topic 9.10 Mechanics Statement Response Comment Units are metres per second ( m/s ) The steeper the slope the faster the speed. It hasn't gone anywhere! It travels equal distances in equal times. Velocity is a VECTOR quantity. Not the same as a distance-time graph.

For an object moving at steady speed in a straight line, SPEED DISTANCE / TIME = If an object moves in a straight line, its distance from a certain a distance-time graph point can be represented by . . . When a body is at rest (stationary) its distance-time graph is a . . . horizontal straight line.

When a body is moving with constant speed its distance-time diagonal straight line. graph is a . . . The VELOCITY of an object is . its SPEED in a given .. DIRECTION The motion of a body can be represented by a . . . On a velocity-time graph, a horizontal straight line represents a body which is . . . VELOCITY-TIME graph

We also need to know moving with constant speed its direction e.g. left to in a straight line. right. Its velocity is increasing if the slope is positive. It could be increasing or decreasing the rate at which its velocity is changing. Think what a rocket does. Units are metres per second squared ( m/s^2) Steeper gradient = higher speed. Steeper gradient = greater acceleration.

On a velocity-time graph, a diagonal straight line represents constant acceleration. a body moving with . . . If a velocity-time graph shows a changing its acceleration. curved line then the body is . . . The steeper the slope of a velocity-time graph . . . the greater the acceleration.

For an object moving in a change in velocity / time straight line with a steady taken for change acceleration, ACCELERATION= The gradient of a distance-time graph represents the . . . The gradient of a velocity-time graph represents the . . . speed of a body. acceleration of a body.

The distance travelled by a body AREA underneath a can be found by working out the velocity-time graph. ... When the forces acting on an object cancel each other out (balance) the object is in . . . When an object rests on a surface its weight exerts a downwards force on the surface. The surface will . . . Whenever two bodies interact, the forces they exert on each other are . . .

This is a very useful way to find the distance travelled, especially if the velocity is not constant. It cannot speed up or slow down.

EQUILIBRIUM

The size of the two exert an equal and opposite forces is the same force on the object. they balance. EQUAL and OPPOSITE This is Newton's 3rd law.

remain stationary or if it is Balanced forces have no effect already moving, it will This is Newton's 1st on the movement of an object. It continue to move at law. will either . . . constant speed in a straight line in the same direction. If the forces acting on an object do not cancel out, an ACCELERATE unbalanced force will act. This will cause the object to . . . Force, mass and acceleration are related by the equation, FORCE = The unit of FORCE (appropriately) is the . . . If the unbalanced force which acts on a body is kept constant but the mass of the body is increased, the acceleration will be . . . mass x acceleration NEWTON This is Newton's 2nd law. This is the usual form of Newton's 2nd law. 1N gives 1kg an acceleration of 1m/s^2 acceleration is inversely proportional to mass

decreased.

If the mass of a body is constant but the resultant external force increase. increases, the acceleration will . .. If a force of friction acts on a body, the external force needed greater. to give it a particular acceleration will be . . . The direction in which a in the opposite direction to frictional force acts is always . . . the motion of a body.

Acceleration is directly proportional to resultant force. It is necessary to apply a larger force to overcome the effect of the frictional force. Friction acts to reduce the speed of a body.

A force of friction is needed otherwise the tyres would when a car accelerates because not grip the road. ... Air resistance is a form of friction (drag) which limits the top speed of a racing car because . . . A sky-diver experiences a frictional drag which increases as his speed increases. The result of this is . . .

The tyre pushes against the road, which pushes back by Newton's 3rd law.

when the driving force is The car has reached equal to the friction force, TERMINAL VELOCITY the two forces are balanced. he reaches a terminal velocity and no longer accelerates.

Newton's 1st law again If forces are balanced, acceleration is zero. Also called DRAG Can be reduced by lubricating with oil or graphite. Friction between brake pads and wheel drum ( or disks) creates a lot of excess heat energy. To stop it within a given distance. Stopping distance increases dramatically with increasing speed. Because the wheels will lock and the tyres will slide against the road surface. If he has taken drugs or alcohol, his reactions will be slower. If there is water or ice on the road, the car may skid. Put your hand out of a moving car window (take care!) and feel the force.

Terminal velocity occurs when there is no resultant force ... acting on a body. A force of friction acts when an object moves . . . Friction causes objects to . . . Friction is used to slow down and stop moving vehicles by applying . . . through air or water. heat up and wear away.

the BRAKES!

In order to stop a vehicle moving at high speed we need . a larger braking force. .. For a given braking force, if a travels further before vehicle moves at a higher speed stopping. it . . . If too great a braking force is applied, the vehicle may . . . SKID

Stopping distance also depends the driver's reaction time. on . . . The braking distance depends on . . . the speed and road conditions.

The faster an object moves through a gas or liquid (fluid) the friction or drag acting on it. greater the . . .

When a body falls, it accelerates GRAVITY initially due to the force of . . . When a car has a steady speed, driving force produced by the frictional forces balance the . the engine. .. When a sky diver pulls the ripcord he slows down because upward force. the parachute exerts a large . . .

All bodies accelerate at approximately 10 m/s^2 on Earth. A bigger engine gives a bigger top speed. Initially - but as he slows down this force decreases until it equals his weight.