IEEEP1726D10 20100129 FSCSpecGuide

IEEE P1726/D10D910
Draft Guide for the Specification of Fixed Series

apacitor !an"s for #rans$ission S%ste$
&pp'ications
Prepared by the Series Capacitor Working Group of the
Transmission and Distribution Committee
Copyright 20102010 by the nstitute of !"ectrica" and !"ectronics !ngineers# nc$
Three Park %&enue
'e( )ork# 'e( )ork 1001*+,--.# /S%
%"" rights reser&ed$
This document is an unappro&ed draft of a proposed !!! Standard$ %s such# this document is sub0ect to
change$ /S! %T )1/2 1W' 2S34 5ecause this is an unappro&ed draft# this document must not be
uti"i6ed for any conformance7comp"iance purposes$ Permission is hereby granted for !!! Standards
Committee participants to reproduce this document for purposes of !!! standardi6ation acti&ities on"y$
Prior to submitting this document to another standards de&e"opment organi6ation for standardi6ation
acti&ities# permission must first be obtained from the 8anager# Standards 9icensing and Contracts# !!!
Standards %cti&ities Department$ 1ther entities seeking permission to reproduce this document# in (ho"e or
in part# must obtain permission from the 8anager# Standards 9icensing and Contracts# !!! Standards
%cti&ities Department$
!!! Standards %cti&ities Department
Standards 9icensing and Contracts
::, ;oes 9ane# P$1$ 5o< 1==1
Piscata(ay# '> 0??,,+1==1# /S%
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IEEE P1726/D10D910,January January 20102010
&(stract) <Select this text and type r paste !"stract#cntents $ the Scpe %ay "e used&
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.his is an unappr-ed IEEE Standards Dra$t, su"/ect t chan*e,
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Introduction
@This introduction is not part of !!! P1.2*7D10# Draft Guide for the Specification of Ai<ed Series
Capacitor 5anks for Transmission System %pp"ications$B
The purpose of this Guide is to pro&ide genera" guide"ines to(ard the preparation of a functiona"
specification of transmission fi<ed series capacitor banks @ASCB using o&er&o"tage protection based on
three techno"ogiesC meta" o<ide &aristors# meta" o<ide &aristors (ith a forced bypass gap and thyristor &a"&e
bypass$
This document is dedicated to memory of Stan 8iske# our friend and co""eague$
Patents
%ttention is ca""ed to the possibi"ity that imp"ementation of this Guide may reDuire use of sub0ect matter
co&ered by patent rights$ 5y pub"ication of this Guide# no position is taken (ith respect to the e<istence or
&a"idity of any patent rights in connection there(ith$ The !!! sha"" not be responsib"e for identifying
patents or patent app"ications for (hich a "icense may be reDuired to imp"ement an !!! standard or for
conducting inDuiries into the "ega" &a"idity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention$
Participants
This standard (as re&ised by a (orking group sponsored by the Capacitor Subcommittee of the
Transmission and Distribution Committee of the !!! Po(er !ngineering Society$ %t the time this
standard (as appro&ed# the Capacitor Subcommittee consisted of the fo""o(ing membershipC
8ark 8cEey # Chairman
C$ 9$ Ae""ers# Secretary
$ %res S$ !dmondson S$ 5$ 9add D$ 2$ 2uthman
S$ %shmore C$ !r&en G$ !$ 9ee >$ Samue"sson
5$ 5harga&a 3$ Aender %$ S$ 8ehraban !$ Sanche6
>$ %$ 5onner C$ Goug"er >$ 8aneatis 2$ Se&igny
S$ Cesari P$ Griesmer 8$ %$ 8cEey P$ Steciuk
5$ Chai >$ !$ ;arder S$ %$ 8iske# >r$ 2$ S$ Tha""am
S$ Chano 9$ ;o""oman W$ !$ 2eid
S$ Co"&in $ ;or&at S$ 2ios+8arcue""o
%t the time this draft Guide (as comp"eted# the Series Capacitor Working Group of the Capacitor
Subcommittee had the fo""o(ing membershipC
!ruce En,'ish, Chair
-ar" -c.e%, Vice-chair
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5harat 5harga&a C"ay Ae""ers Car"et 9angford 2$ Eitta" 2ebbapragda
Pierre 5i"odeau 3ar" Aender Gera"d 9ee >an$ Samue"sson
8arce""o Capistrano 9uther ;o""oman Per 9indberg 2ichard Se&igny
5i"" Chai &an ;or&at 5en 8ehraban 3eith Stump
Stuart !dmonson >ohn >oyce 2ichard Pi(ko 2ao Tha""am
The fo""o(ing members of the ba""oting committee &oted on this Guide$ 5a""oters may ha&e &oted for
appro&a"# disappro&a"# or abstention$
@to be supp"ied by !!!B 8att Cig"ia
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C1'T!'TS
1$1&er&ie($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1
1$1Scope$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1
1$2Purpose$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1
1$=%pp"ication$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1
2$'ormati&e references$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2
=$Definitions and acronyms$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2
=$1Definitions$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2
=$2%cronyms and abbre&iations$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*
:$ASC pro0ect description$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.
,$Scope of supp"y and schedu"e$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-
,$1Scope of supp"y$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-
,$2Schedu"e$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$12
*$Site and en&ironmenta" data$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1=
.$Po(er system characteristics$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1=
?$8ain ASC characteristics$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1:
?$11&era"" ASC bank ratings$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1:
?$2Protection and contro" phi"osophy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1:
?$=Watts "oss e&a"uation F need to use spec "anguage and refer to anne<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1*
?$:2e"iabi"ity# a&ai"abi"ity# and maintainabi"ity+%nne< 5 "ook at mo&ing G$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1.
-$ASC main component reDuirements$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1?
-$1Capacitors$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1?
-$2Earistors$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1-
-$=Triggered bypass gaps$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$20
-$:Thyristors and thyristor reactors$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$20
-$,nsu"ation and air c"earances$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$21
-$*Discharge current "imiting and damping eDuipment 5ruce to add contribution$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2*
-$.5ypass s(itches$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2.
-$?!<terna" bypass disconnect s(itches and e<terna" iso"ating disconnect s(itches$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2?
-$-Protection# contro"# and monitoring$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2?
-$10 P"atforms# support structures# seismic design reDuirements 8ark 2eyno"ds to pro&ide$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2-
10$Spare parts and specia" too"s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2-
11$!ngineering studies 5ruce Wi"" 2e&ise$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$2-
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11$1Po(er system studies$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=0
11$2!Duipment design studies$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=2
12$Tests and Dua"ity assurance$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
12$1Type7design @pre+productionB testing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
12$22outine @productionB testing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
12$=Aactory and7or on+site testing of protection and contro" systems$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
12$:Pre+commissioning site testing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
12$,Specia" testing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=:
1=$Safety$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=,
1:$Documentation$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=,
1:$1Purchaser documentation$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=,
1,$Training$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=*
1*$5a"ance of p"ant This needs (ork$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=*
1.$Site ser&ices 8ark 8cEey (i"" add$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=*
1?$Technica" fi""+in data$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=*
%nne< %
@informati&eB
5ib"iography$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=.
%nne< 5
@informati&eB
'otes for a functiona" specification$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=?
5$1ASC pro0ect description# see C"ause :$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=?
5$2Scope of supp"y and schedu"e# see C"ause ,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:1
5$=Site and en&ironmenta" data# see C"ause *$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:1
5$:Po(er system characteristics# see C"ause .$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:2
5$,8ain ASC characteristics# see C"ause ?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:=
5$*ASC main component reDuirements# see C"ause -$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$,=
5$.Spare parts and specia" too"s# see C"ause 10$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*?
5$?!ngineering studies# see C"ause 11$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*?
5$-Tests and Dua"ity assurance# see C"ause !rrorC 2eference source not found$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.=
5$10Safety# see C"ause 1=$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
5$11Documentation# see C"ause 1:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
5$12Training# see C"ause 1,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
5$1=5a"ance of p"ant# see C"ause 1*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
5$1:Site ser&ices# see C"ause 1.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
5$1,Technica" fi""+in data# see C"ause 1?$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.:
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%nne< C
@informati&eB
Subsynchronous resonance risk on turbine generators$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.,
C$1Subsynchronous 2esonance @SS2B$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.,
C$2nteraction 5et(een !"ectrica" and 8echanica" 2esonant Systems$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..
C$=SS2 nstabi"ity$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.?
C$:Transient TorDue %mp"ification$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.?
C$,SS2 8itigation and Protection$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.-
C$*SS2 Protection$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?0
C$.Conc"usionsC$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?1
%nne< D
@informati&eB
!ffects of series capacitors on "ine breaker T2E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?2
%nne< !
@informati&eB
mpact of series capacitors on "ine o&er&o"tages and secondary arc e<tinction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?=
%nne< A
@informati&eB
Po(er system mode"ing for use in ASC eDuipment rating studies$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?:
A$1Defining a Po(er System !Dui&a"ent Circuit and %ssociated Aau"t Currents for /se in Defining the
Aau"t Withstand 2eDuirements of Series Capacitor Protecti&e De&ices$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?:
A$2Discussion of system studies for determining the ratings for &aristors and thyristor &a"&es$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?,
%nne< G
@informati&eB
mpact of "ine harmonics on the design and protection of ASC banks$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?.
%nne< ;
@informati&eB
Aau"t current discussion$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$??
;$1Wa&eforms and ana"ytica" e<pressions of fau"t currents in inducti&e and series compensated
net(orks $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$??
;$28ode"ing of series capacitors in traditiona" short circuit ca"cu"ations$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-=
;$=8ode"ing of series capacitors in transient short circuit ca"cu"ations$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-=
;$:Definition of Tota" Aau"t Current and Through Aau"t Current @Partia" Aau"t CurrentB $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-=
%nne< Aigure G$==$=:HCharacteri6ation of short circuits and their currents
@informati&eB
Discussion of s(ing current$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$-*
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Draft Guide for the Specification of Fixed Series
apacitor !an"s for #rans$ission S%ste$
&pp'ications
1/ 01er1ie+
1/1 Scope
This Guide provides general guidelines toward the preparations of a functional specification of
transmission fixed series capacitor banks (FSC) using overvoltage protection based on three technologies:
metal oxide varistors
metal oxide varistors with a forced triggered bypass gaps
thyristor valve bypass
The commercial aspects of the specification for a particular project are outside the scope of this Guide.
This Guide does not app"y comprehensi&e"y to Thyristor Contro""ed Series Capacitors$ % more comp"ete
reference is !!! 1,=:+2002$ The Standard for Ai<ed Series Capacitors is !!! ?2:+200:$
1/2 Purpose
Starting at Clause 4, this document presents technical clauses that may be used as the basis of a functional
FSC specification. Within this document should is deliberately used rather than shall because this is a
Guide, not a specification. However if these clauses are used in the specification for a specific project, the
wording should be adjusted accordingly.
The Annexes of this Guide include related explanatory information. The same numbering as the main part
of the document references this information.
1/2 &pp'ication
1
1
2
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1=
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1.
1?
1-
20
21
2
This Guide shou"d be considered a genera"+purpose resource and does not inc"ude a"" detai"s needed for a
specific app"ication$ n addition# since transmission ASC banks are typica""y designed to address a specific
app"ication# not e&ery part of this guide may be app"icab"e$ The user of this guide shou"d e&a"uate ho( and
to (hat e<tent each c"ause app"ies to the de&e"opment of a specification for a specific app"ication$
2/ 3or$ati1e references
The fo""o(ing referenced documents are indispensab"e for the app"ication of this document$ Aor dated
references# on"y the edition cited app"ies$ Aor undated references# the "atest edition of the referenced
document @inc"uding any amendments or corrigendaB app"ies$
!!! Std ?2:+200:# !!! Standard for Series Capacitor in Po(er Systems$
1
!!! Std 1,=:+2002# !!! 2ecommended Practice for Specifying Thyristor+Contro""ed Series Capacitors
!!! Std *-=+1--.# !!! 2ecommended Practices for Seismic Design of Substations
2/ Definitions and acron%$s
Aor the purposes of this draft Guide# the fo""o(ing terms and definitions app"y$ The Authoritative
Dictionary of IEEE Standards, Seventh Edition, shou"d be referenced for terms not defined in this c"ause$
2/1 Definitions
The meaning of other terms used in this standard sha"" be as defined in The Authoritative Dictionary of
IEEE Standards Terms# Se&enth !dition I511J
2
=$1$1 ambient temperature: The temperature of the air into (hich the heat of the eDuipment is dissipated$
=$1$2 asymmetrical fault current: Tota" Symmetrica" current p"us DC component
=$1$= bypass current: The current f"o(ing through the bypass s(itch# protecti&e de&ice# or other de&ices#
in para""e" (ith the series capacitor$
=$1$: bypass gapC % system of specia""y designed e"ectrodes arranged (ith a defined spacing bet(een
them in (hich an arc is initiated to form a "o( impedance path around one segment or a sub+segment of the
series capacitor bank$ The conduction of the bypass gap is typica""y initiated to "imit the &o"tage across the
series capacitors and7or "imit the duty to the &aristor connected in para""e" (ith the capacitors$ The bypass
gap inc"udes the e"ectrodes that conduct the bypass current# the triggering circuit @if anyB and an enc"osure$
@See Aigure 1B
=$1$, bypass switchC % de&ice such as a s(itch or circuit breaker used in para""e" (ith a series capacitor
and its protecti&e de&ice to bypass or insert the series capacitor bank for some specified time or
continuous"y$ This de&ice sha"" a"so ha&e the capabi"ity of bypassing the capacitor during specified po(er
system fau"t conditions$ $ The operation of the de&ice is initiated by the capacitor contro"# remote contro" or
1
!!! pub"ications are a&ai"ab"e from the nstitute of !"ectrica" and !"ectronics !ngineers# ::, ;oes 9ane# P$1$ 5o< 1==1#
Piscata(ay# '> 0??,,+1==1#/S%$
2
The numbers in brackets correspond to those in the bib"iography in %nne< %$
2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
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10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
2
=
:
,
*
an operator $ The de&ice may be mounted on the p"atform or on the ground near the p"atform$ @See Aigure
1B
=$1$* capacitor unit: See Kpo(er capacitorL$
=$1$. capacitor element: The basic component of a capacitor unit consisting of t(o e"ectrodes separated
by a die"ectric$
=$1$? capacitor rack: % frame that supports one or more capacitor units$
=$1$- discharge current limiting reactor: % reactor to "imit the current magnitude and pro&ide damping
of the osci""atory discharge of the capacitors during a c"osing operation of the bypass s(itch or the start of
conduction of the bypass gap$ @See Aigure 1B
=$1$10 discharge device: %n interna" or e<terna" de&ice permanent"y connected in para""e" (ith the
termina"s of a capacitor for the purpose of reducing the trapped charge after the capacitor bank is
disconnected from the energi6ed po(er system$
=$1$11 external fuse (of a capacitor unit): % fuse "ocated outside of the capacitor unit that is connected in
series (ith the unit$
=$1$12 external line fault: % fau"t that occurs on ad0acent "ines or eDuipment other than on the transmission
"ine that inc"udes the series capacitor insta""ation$
3.1.13 fixed series capacitors (FSC): A series capacitor bank that has a reactance or reactances that are
defined by the discrete reactances of the capacitors and are not variable.
=$1$1: forced-triggered bypass gap: % bypass gap that is designed to operate on e<terna" command on
Duantities such as &aristor energy# current magnitude# or rate of change of such Duantities$ The spark o&er
of the gap is initiated by a trigger circuit$ %fter initiation# an arc is estab"ished in the po(er gap$ Aorced+
triggered gaps typica""y spark o&er on"y during interna" fau"ts$
=$1$1, fuseless capacitor bankC % capacitor bank (ithout any fuses# interna" or e<terna"# (hich is
constructed of @para""e"B strings of capacitor units$ !ach string consists of capacitor units connected in
series$
=$1$1* insertion: The opening of the capacitor bypass s(itch to insert the series capacitor bank in series
(ith the "ine$
=$1$1. insertion current: The rms @root mean sDuaredB current that f"o(s through the series capacitor bank
after the bypass s(itch has opened$ This current may be at the specified continuous# o&er"oad or s(ing
current magnitudes$
=$1$1? insertion voltage: The peak &o"tage appearing across the series capacitor bank upon the interruption
of the bypass current (ith the opening of the bypass s(itch$
=$1$1- insulation level: The combination of po(er freDuency and impu"se test &o"tage &a"ues that
characteri6e the insu"ation of the capacitor bank (ith regard to its capabi"ity of (ithstanding the e"ectric
stresses bet(een p"atform and earth# or bet(een p"atform+mounted eDuipment and the p"atform$
=$1$20 internal fuse (of a capacitor): % fuse connected inside a capacitor unit# in series (ith an e"ement or
a group of e"ements$
=$1$21 internally fused capacitor (unit). % capacitor unit# (hich inc"udes interna" fuses$
=
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
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10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
2
=
=$1$22 internal line fault: % fau"t that occurs on the transmission "ine section that inc"udes the series
capacitor insta""ation$
=$1$2= platform: % structure that supports one or more segments of the bank and is supported on insu"ators
compatib"e (ith "ine+to+ground insu"ation reDuirements$
=$1$2: platform-to-ground communication insulator: %n insu"ator that enc"oses communication signa"
paths bet(een p"atform and ground "e&e"$
=$1$2, power capacitor (capacitor, capacitor unit): %n assemb"y of die"ectric and e"ectrodes in a
container @caseB# (ith termina"s brought out# that is intended to introduce capacitance into an e"ectric po(er
circuit$
=$1$2* protective device: % bypass gap# &aristor# or other de&ice that "imits the &o"tage on the capacitor
segment or sub+segment to a predetermined "e&e" (hen o&ercurrent f"o(s through the series capacitor$
=$1$2. protective level: The magnitude of the ma<imum peak of the po(er freDuency &o"tage a""o(ed by
the protecti&e de&ice during a po(er system fau"t$ The protecti&e "e&e" may be e<pressed in terms of the
actua" peak &o"tage across a segment or sub+segment or in terms of the per unit of the peak of the rated
&o"tage across the segment or sub+segment$
=$1$2? reinsertionC The restoration of "oad current to the series capacitor from the bypass path$
=$1$2- reinsertion current: The transient current# po(er freDuency current# or both# f"o(ing through the
series capacitor bank after the opening of the bypass path$
=$1$=0 reinsertion voltage: The transient &o"tage# steady+state &o"tage# or both# appearing across the series
capacitor after the opening of the bypass path$
=$1$=1 series capacitor bank: % three+phase assemb"y of capacitor units (ith the associated protecti&e
de&ices# discharge current "imiting reactors# protection and contro" system# bypass s(itch and insu"ated
support structure that has the primary purpose of introducing capaciti&e reactance in series (ith an e"ectric
circuit$
=$1$=2 series capacitor installation: %n insta""ed series capacitor bank comp"ete (ith disconnect s(itches$
=$1$== sub-segmentC % portion of a segment that inc"udes a sing"e+phase assemb"y capacitor units and
associated protecti&e de&ice# discharge current "imiting reactor# and se"ected protection and contro"
functions but does not ha&e a dedicated bypass s(itch$ @See Aigure 1B
=$1$=: segment: % sing"e+phase assemb"y of capacitor units and associated protecti&e de&ice# discharge
current "imiting reactor# protection and contro" functions and one phase of a bypass s(itch$ @see Aigure 1B$
Segments are not norma""y separated by iso"ating disconnect s(itches$ 8ore than one segment can be on
the same insu"ated p"atform$
=$1$=, switching step: % three+phase assemb"y that consists of one segment per phase# (ith a three phase
operating bypass s(itch for bypassing or inserting the capacitor segments @see Aigure 1B$ This is sometimes
referred to as a capacitor modu"e$
=$1$=* thyristor protected series capacitor bank (T!"BC % fi<ed series capacitor bank eDuipped (ith
thyristor &a"&e configured to fast bypass and7or pro&ide capacitor o&er&o"tage protection$ @see %nne<
5$,$2B The thyristor &a"&e circuit consists of a ser&ices of anti+para""e" thyristor "e&e"s and a current "imiting
reactor$ n a TPSC app"ication the thyristor is s(itched to a conducti&e condition at the specified
:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
2
=
protection "e&e" by the contro" and protection system$ When the "ine current returns to nomina" &a"ue or
bypass s(itch c"oses the thyristor &a"&e is b"ocked$
=$1$=. valve element (of a varistor unit): % sing"e non"inear resistor disc used in a surge arrester or
&aristor unit$
=$1$=? varistor: %n assemb"y of &aristor units that "imit o&er&o"tages to a gi&en &a"ue$ n the conte<t of
series capacitor banks# the &aristor is typica""y defined by its abi"ity to di&ert fau"t current around the series
capacitor units# "imiting the &o"tage to a specified protecti&e "e&e" (hi"e absorbing energy$ The &aristor is
designed to (ithstand the temporary o&er&o"tages and continuous operating &o"tage across the series
capacitor units$
=$1$=- varistor coordinating current: The &aristor current magnitude associated (ith the protecti&e "e&e"$
The &aristor coordinating current (a&eform is considered to ha&e a &irtua" front time of =0+,0 s$ The tai"
of the (a&eform is not significant in estab"ishing the protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage$
=$1$:0 varistor energy rating: The ma<imum energy the &aristor can absorb (ithin a short period of time
(ithout being damaged due to therma" shock or due to therma" runa(ay during the subseDuent app"ied
&o"tage$ This rating is based on the duty cyc"e defined by the purchaser$ This is the useab"e rating after
taking into account factors such as current sharing among para""e" co"umns$ The additiona" energy
absorption capabi"ity of the spare units is not norma""y inc"uded in this rating$
=$1$:1 varistor maximum continuous operating voltage: The rated rms &o"tage of the capacitor segment
that the &aristor is connected across$
=$1$:2 varistor unit: % sing"e insu"ated enc"osure containing one or more &a"&e e"ements in series and
possib"y in para""e"$
=$1$:= voltage-triggered bypass gap: % bypass gap that is designed to spark o&er on the &o"tage that
appears across the gap termina"s$ The spark o&er of the gap is norma""y initiated by a trigger circuit set at a
specified &o"tage "e&e"$ % &o"tage+triggered bypass gap may be used for the primary protection of the
capacitor and may spark o&er during e<terna" as (e"" as interna" fau"ts$
=$1$:: trigger circuit: The part of the bypass gap that initiates the spark o&er of the bypass gap at a
specified &o"tage "e&e" or by e<terna" command$
,
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2
=
Fi,ure 1
4
#%pica' FS Insta''ation 3o$enc'ature
'1T!S
1 Segment @1FB . 5ypass s(itch
2 S(itching step @=FB ? %dditiona" s(itching steps (hen reDuired
= Capacitor units - !<terna" bypass disconnect s(itch
: Discharge current "imiting reactor 1
0
!<terna" iso"ating disconnect s(itch
, Earistor 1
1
!<terna" grounding disconnect s(itch
* 5ypass gap 1
2
Subsegment
2/2 &cron%$s and a((re1iations
59 basic impu"se "e&e"
CT current transformer
!8 e"ectromagnetic interference
!TT e"ectrica""y triggered thyristors
A%CTS f"e<ib"e %C transmission systems
ASC fi<ed series capacitor
GT1 gate turn+off
;E high+&o"tage
;EDC high+&o"tage direct current
9TT "ight+triggered thyristors
9E "o(+&o"tage
8SC mechanica""y s(itched capacitor
8S2 mechanica""y s(itched reactor
1
10
11
9
11
10
F !
1
10
11
9
11
10
F 0
F ! F 0
10
11
11
10
F )
F )
9
1
2 3
1
2 3
7
4
6
1
12
12
6
4
2
5

*
1
1
2
=
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
2
=
PCC point of common coup"ing
PT potentia" transformer
2 radio interference
28S root+mean+sDuare
SS2 subsynchronous series resonance
ST%TC18 static compensator
SEC static &ar compensator
SES static &ar system
SWC surge (ithstand capabi"ity
TCSC thyristor contro""ed series capacitor
TA te"ephone inf"uence factor
TPSC thyristor protected series capacitor
T'% transient net(ork ana"y6ers
TSC thyristor+s(itched capacitor
TS2 thyristor+s(itched reactor
TE te"e&ision interference
E7 &o"tage7current
5/ FS pro6ect description
This specification is for the design# manufacture of eDuipment# construction# insta""ation# test# commission#
(arranty# training# and p"acement into commercia" operation of MMMa ASC bank@sB at MMMMMMMMMMM
substation on the MMMMMMMMMMM kE transmission "ine@sB connecting MMMMMMMMMMM to MMMMMMMMMMM$ The
ASC bank@sB (i"" pro&ide MMMMMMMMMMM N reacti&e compensation on these "ines$
The purpose of the ASC is toC
@1B ncrease po(er f"o( capacity of MMMMMMMMMMM kE transmission "ines#
@2B ncrease transient stabi"ity of MMMMMMMMMMM kE transmission system#
@=B 5a"ance and7or contro" po(er f"o( through mu"tip"e ad0acent "ines through the use of ASC
banks (ith mu"tip"e s(itching steps$
The nomina" ratings of the ASC bank@sB are MMMMMMMMMMM %mps continuous# MMMMMMMMMMM 1hms
capaciti&e reactance# and MMMMMMMMMMM 8E%2 per bank$
The regiona" and "oca" site "ocation map is sho(n in Aigure MMMMMMMMMMM$ % proposed one+"ine diagram of
the substation after insta""ation of the ASC bank is sho(n in Aigure MMMMMMMMMMM$ The area for the ASC
faci"ity is sho(n in Aigure MMMMMMMMMMM$ The points of e"ectrica" interconnection of the supp"ier+furnished
ASC faci"ities are sho(n on the fo""o(ing figuresC
Aigure 2# Aigure =# and Aigure : sho( e<amp"es of typica" ASC bank one+"ine diagrams$
MMMMMMMMMMM @po(er systemB
MMMMMMMMMMM @ground grid# soi" resisti&ityB
MMMMMMMMMMM @station ser&ice po(erB
MMMMMMMMMMM @contro" and protectionB
MMMMMMMMMMM @fencingB
MMMMMMMMMMM @site sub+surface and geotechnica" dataB
MMMMMMMMMMM @otherB
.
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
2
=
3
3
Fi,ure 24Exa$p'e Sin,'e78ine Dia,ra$9 FS !an" +ith -0. P'us #ri,,ered &ir Gap
3
3
Fi,ure 24Exa$p'e Sin,'e 8ine Dia,ra$9 :Gap'ess; FS !an" +ith -0. and !%pass S+itch
?
1
1
2
=
:
2
=
3
Fi,ure 54Exa$p'e Sin,'e 8ine Dia,ra$9 #PS
See %nne< 5$1 for additiona" discussion of the ASC specification o&era"" pro0ect description$
</ Scope of supp'% and schedu'e
</1 Scope of supp'%
</1/1 Supp'ier and user7furnished scope of supp'% =di1ision of responsi(i'it%>
The eDuipment# materia"s# and ser&ices to be furnished by the supp"ier and user inc"ude# but are not "imited
to# the fo""o(ingC
#ot
$pplicable
or %y
&ther
!upplier,
%id-!tage
!upplier,
ro'ect-
!tage
(ser,
%id-!tage
(ser,
ro'ect
!tage
)ocumentation ("lause *+)
Po(er system studies @C"ause 11$1 B
Po(er system asna"ysis# 81E
reDuirements# pre"iminary ca"cu"ations
@C"ause 11$1$1B

Po(er system asna"ysis# 81E
reDuirements# fina" ca"cu"ations @C"ause
11$1$1B

System dynamic stabi"ity ana"ysis# s(ing
currents @C"ause 11$1$2B

9ine breaker transient reco&ery &o"tage
@T2EB studies @C"ause 11$1$=B

SubsynchronousSub synchronous
resonance @SS2B screening studies
@C"ause 11$1$:B

9ine protection re"aying coordination
studies @C"ause 11$1$,B

-
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
2
=
#ot
$pplicable
or %y
&ther
!upplier,
%id-!tage
!upplier,
ro'ect-
!tage
(ser,
%id-!tage
(ser,
ro'ect
!tage
nsu"ation coordination study# "ine+to+
ground @C"ause 11$1$*B

!Duipment design studies @C"ause 11$2 B
81E rating study @C"ause 11$2$1B
Capacitor unit design study @C"ause
11$2$2B

Capacitor discharge current+"imiting and
damping study @C"ause 11$2$=B

nsu"ation coordination study# on+
p"atform @C"ause 11$2$:B

Structura" design and &erification
ana"ysis @C"ause 11$2$,B

2e"iabi"ity# a&ai"abi"ity# and
maintainabi"ity ca"cu"ation @C"ause ?$:B

1ther documentation
nstruction books
Training materia"
Type test reports for a"" ma0or
components @C"ause !rrorC 2eference
source not foundB

Production test reports @C"ause !rrorC
2eference source not foundB

Aie"d insta""ation test p"an and report
@C"ause !rrorC 2eference source not
found and !rrorC 2eference source not
foundB

Commissioning test p"an and report
@C"ause !rrorC 2eference source not
foundB

Specia" testing p"an and report @C"ause
!rrorC 2eference source not foundB

,-uipment supply
Capacitor units and mounting racks
@C"ause -$1B

Capacitor protecti&e fusing @if reDuired#
C"ause -$1B

8eta" o<ide &aristors @C"ause -$2B
Discharge current "imiting reactors
@C"ause -$*B

Para""e" damping resistors @if reDuired#
C"ause -$*B

Triggered bypass gaps @if reDuired#
C"ause -$=B

Thyristor &a"&es @if reDuired# C"ause
-$:$1B

Thyristor &a"&e reactors @if reDuired#
C"ause -$:$2B

5ypass s(itches @C"ause -$.B
5ypass s(itch interpo"e (ire and cab"e
Wire and cab"e from bypass s(itch to
ground+based contro" systems

10
1
2
=
#ot
$pplicable
or %y
&ther
!upplier,
%id-!tage
!upplier,
ro'ect-
!tage
(ser,
%id-!tage
(ser,
ro'ect
!tage
1n+p"atform eDuipment support
insu"ators @C"ause -$,B

2emo&ab"e maintenance "adders for
each p"atform

Current transformers and optica" @%7DB
con&erters and transmitters @C"ause
-$-$1B

Aiber optic signa" co"umns
Aiber optic cab"ing from signa" co"umn
to ground+based protection and contro"
systems

Ground+based protection and contro"
systems @C"ause -$-B

;uman+machine interface @;8B to
ground+based protection and contro"
system

2emote termina" unit @2T/B to interface
ground+based protection and contro"
system and ;8 to substation7uti"ity
SC%D% system

Set of e<terna" motor operated
disconnect s(itches inc"uding a bypass
disconnect and t(o iso"ating disconnect
s(itches (ith grounding b"ades

Wire and cab"e from disconnect s(itches
to ground+based contro" systems

!"ectrica" bus(ork# fittings# and
connectors

Digita" fau"t recorder
SeDuence of e&ents recorder
Specia" maintenance eDuipment and
too"s

Spare parts
Ground grid
ASC bank foundations and structures to
mount bus support insu"ation and
disconnect s(itches# inc"uding
grounding and ground+grid connections

Dead+end to(ers and other substation
structures

Protection and contro" bui"ding @C"ause
1*B

%u<i"iary po(er for protection and
contro" systems and s(itch po(er
@C"ause 1*B

!ite services, turnkey services (if re-uired, "lause *.)
Technica" direction by factory
representati&e during insta""ation

Training program for operation and
maintenance personne" @C"ause 1,B

Site pre+commissioning testing and
11
1
2
=
#ot
$pplicable
or %y
&ther
!upplier,
%id-!tage
!upplier,
ro'ect-
!tage
(ser,
%id-!tage
(ser,
ro'ect
!tage
representation during commissioning
Construction and erection of a""
eDuipment up to# but not inc"uding# "ine
drops @connections from disconnect
s(itches to transmission "ineB

Ci&i" (orks for the ASC bank# inc"uding
the cab"e trenching# fencing# drainage#
access# rock co&erings# and "ighting$

9ine drop connection ser&ices
</1/2 ?ser7furnished scope of supp'%
The eDuipment# materia"s# information# and ser&ices to be furnished by the user inc"ude# but are not "imited
to# the fo""o(ingC
aB The non e"ectrica" data to be supp"ied by the user is gi&en in C"ause *O the e"ectrica" data is in
C"ause .# C"ause ?# and C"ause -$
bB Site for the ASC bank (i"" be a&ai"ab"e MMMMMMMMM ca"endar days after contract start
cB Source of (ater for construction
dB Source of temporary station ser&ice po(er for construction at MMMMMMMM kE# a&ai"ab"e
MMMMMMMM ca"endar days after contract start
eB MMMMMMMM sources of permanent station ser&ice po(er for the ASC bank eDuipment at
MMMMMMMMM kE# a&ai"ab"e MMMMMMMMM ca"endar days after contract start
fB !<isting faci"ities and eDuipment
gB Time"y appro&a" of design reports and dra(ings and re"ease for manufacture and construction#
as app"icab"e# MMMMMMMMM ca"endar days after document submitta"$
hB
With the e<ception of the eDuipment# materia" and ser&ices furnished by the user# the supp"ier sha"" be
responsib"e for the design# engineering# manufacturing# de"i&ery# ci&i" (orks# erection# insta""ation# testing#
commissioning and fie"d &erification of the SC$
%ny eDuipment and7or function of the SC not specifica""y specified herein shou"d be designed as reDuired
by the o&era"" design of the SC system in order to ensure the satisfactory operation of the same$
See %nne< 5$2$1 for guidance on de&e"oping a scope sp"it section to the specification$
</1/2 #echnica' c'arifications and exceptions
%"" eDuipment shou"d be designed as needed to meet the reDuirements of this specification$ %"" e<ceptions
from the reDuirements in the specification sha"" be c"ear"y stated by the supp"ier in a separate "ist of
de&iations in the bid documentation$
%"" technica" e<ceptions and c"arifications shou"d "ist the c"ause of this specification they do not meet or
that app"ies to the c"arification being made# a description of the e<ception or c"arification# and a reason for
not meeting the reDuirement as app"icab"e$
</2 Schedu'e
12
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=0
=1
=2
==
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=,
2
=
Pro0ect comp"etion is MMMMMMMM ca"endar days after contract start$ The supp"ierPs pro0ect schedu"e is due
MMMMMMM ca"endar days after contract start and shou"d inc"ude such detai"s as dates for commencement and
comp"etion of (ork on se&era" key features of the pro0ect# dates for user+furnished ser&ices# dates on (hich
supp"ier+furnished dra(ings (i"" be pro&ided and appro&a" gi&en# dates for any reDuired design and
production testing of a"" ma0or eDuipment# and dates and "ength of time of any reDuired po(er outages$
Design re&ie( meetings shou"d be he"d bet(een the user and supp"ier to re&ie( and discuss progress of the
design and supp"y of the ASC bank@sB$ The first design re&ie( shou"d be he"d (ithin MMMMMM ca"endar days
after contract start$ SubseDuent design re&ie(s shou"d be he"d e&ery MMMMMMMMMM ca"endar days$
6/ Site and en1iron$enta' data
The ASC bank@sB shou"d be designed to meet a"" rating and performance reDuirements specified in this
document (hi"e operating in the fo""o(ing site and en&ironmenta" conditionsC
Site e"e&ation abo&e sea "e&e" m
8a<imum ambient dry+bu"b temperature C
8a<imum ambient (et+bu"b temperature C
8inimum ambient air temperature C
8a<imum dai"y a&erage ambient air temperature C
8inimum dai"y a&erage ambient air temperature C
ce "oading conditions kg7m
2
8a<imum ground sno( depth m
8a<imum frost depth m
8a<imum steady (ind &e"ocity m7s
8a<imum (ind gust m7s
Seismic 6one and (ithstand data
Dust concentration "e&e" or po""ution "e&e" mg7cm
2
Sa"t concentration mg7cm
2
So"ar radiation "e&e" W7cm
2
!arth resisti&ity 1hm+m
7/ Po+er s%ste$ characteristics
The fo""o(ing %C po(er system characteristics app"y$
'omina" %C system &o"tage# "ine+to+"ine kE
8a<imum continuous %C system &o"tage# "ine+to+"ine kE
8a<imum short+term %C system &o"tage# "ine+to+"ine kE
9ightning impu"se protecti&e "e&e" for "ine+to+ground
insu"ation kE peak
S(itching surge (ithstand insu"ation "e&e" for "ine+to+
ground insu"ation kE peak
Wet+(ithstand @10+second %CB insu"ation "e&e" for "ine+to+
ground insu"ation kE
Creepage distance reDuirement for insu"ators mm7kE
System po(er freDuency
8a<imum fau"t c"earing time inc"uding breaker fai"ure
;6
sec
8a<imum three+phase symmetrica" fau"t current k%
8a<imum three+phase asymmetrica" fau"t current k% peak
8a<imum sing"e+phase symmetrica" fau"t current k%
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8a<imum sing"e+phase asymmetrica" fau"t current k% peak
8a<imum three+phase short+circuit strength at termina"s of
ASC bank$ With other end of the "ine open 8E%
mpedance ang"e of abo&e short+circuit strength degrees
Significant system harmonic current magnitude %
AreDuencies of significant harmonic currents ;6
@/ -ain FS characteristics
@/1 01era'' FS (an" ratin,s
The fo""o(ing o&era"" ASC bank ratings sha"" app"yC
/ating 0alue (nits
Po(er AreDuency ;6
'omina" Capaciti&e 2eactance at Po(er
AreDuency# Per+Phase
1hms
'omina" Phase Capacitance A
'omina" Phase Current 2ating @1$0 p$u$B %28S
'omina" PhaseEo"tage 2ating @1$0 p$u$B kE28S
=+Phase 2eacti&e Po(er 2ating 8E%2
Protecti&e 9e&e" Eo"tage 2ange# Per+/nit p$u$
Protecti&e 9e&e" Eo"tage 2ange# Peak
Eo"ts across Phase
kEP!%3
'umber of Segments7S(itching Steps @See
Aigure 1B
n7a
Segment7S(itching Step 2eactance Sp"it @if
more than 1 SegmentB
1hms
81E !nergy Capacity per Phase 8>
? ;our 1&er"oad7Working Current p$u$
=0 8inute 1&er"oad7Working Current p$u$
10 8inute 1&er"oad7Working Current p$u$
1 8inute 1&er"oad7Working Current p$u$
10 Second S(ing Current p$u$
@/2 Protection and contro' phi'osoph%
@/2/1 Protection and contro' functions
The purchaser shou"d inc"ude in his specification that the fo""o(ing functions be pro&ided for the bank$
Aurther discussion is inc"uded in !!! Protection Guide$ n addition the purchaser shou"d indicate if
automatic reinsertion shou"d be pro&ided$
@/2/1/1 Protection functions a,ainst o1erstress fro$ s%ste$ conditions
Capacitor o&er"oad protection
This is a function of the specified o&er"oad current reDuirements for the bank and uti"ity
practices$
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Earistor fau"t energy protection
This function is achie&ed by measuring &aristor current and deducing &aristor energy$ This
function may a"so inc"ude monitoring the magnitude of the &aristor current$
Earistor o&er temperature protection
This function is achie&ed by measuring &aristor current and deducing &aristor temperature$
5ypass gap protections
5ypass gap protections typica""y inc"ude detection of pro"onged gap conduction$
Discharge current "imiting reactor harmonic o&ercurrent protection @optiona"B
This function detects e<cessi&e harmonic current in the reactor$
@/2/1/2 Protection functions associated +ith eAuip$ent fai'ure or $a'function
Capacitor unba"ance
P"atform fau"t
5ypass gap fai"ure
Earistor fai"ure
5ypass s(itch fai"ure
Po"e disagreement
Protection Q contro" system fai"ure
@/2/1/2 ontro' functions
5ypassing
nsertion @automatic or manua"B and reinsertion
9ockout
Temporary b"ock insertion
1peration of disconnect s(itches
@/2/2 De,ree of redundanc%
t is important that the the purchaser carefu""y specify the desired "e&e" of redundancy$ tems that may be
specified to ha&e redundancy are sho(n in the fo""o(ing "ist$ t may a"so be specified by the purchaser that
the t(o protection systems be physica""y separate# each in its o(n cabinet$ The purchaser may specify if
the protection system is to be operated from one or t(o station batteries and the degree of separation
bet(een the supp"ies that is reDuired (ithin the series capacitor bank protection and contro" system$
Digita" contro""ers and re"ays
Po(er supp"ies
P"atform+to+ground communication insu"ators
Current transformers and current sensors
Circuits to trigger the forced triggered gap
C"osing coi"s for the bypass s(itch
@/2/2 ontro' of the externa' disconnect s+itches
The disconnect s(itches associated (ith the series capacitor bank can be contro""ed by the series capacitor
contro" system or by the contro" system of the associated substation$ f these s(itches are to contro""ed by
the series capacitor bank contro" system that desire shou"d be stated in the specification$ The fo""o(ing
additiona" functions are often pro&ided and shou"d be specified if desired$
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2
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nter"ocking so that the bypass s(itch and an the three s(itches (i"" on"y operate in the
proper seDuences$
%utomatic iso"ation of the bank &ia the disconnect s(itches for certain eDuipment
contingencies for (hich the bank shou"d be iso"ated from the po(er system$
@/2/5 -onitorin, reAuire$ents =DFB9 SEB>
@/2 Catts 'oss e1a'uation D need to use spec 'an,ua,e and refer to annex/
8o&e to %nne<
'eed &endor he"p and reDuirement The purpose of this anne< is to c"arify certain aspects of the "osses of a
series capacitor bank$ %"though purchasers ha&e not typica""y e&a"uated series capacitor bank "osses since
the die"ectric "osses of a modern a"" fi"m design is Duite "o( such an e&a"uation may foster the de&e"opment
of more efficient designs$ t must be noted that a significant percentage of the "osses are associated (ith
the discharge resistor that is pro&ided to increase safety by discharging the unit fo""o(ing remo&a" of the
po(er freDuency &o"tage$
The "osses of the bank &ary (ith the sDuare of the current$ Therefore it is important that the app"ication of
the bank be re&ie(ed to se"ect the current magnitude or magnitudes for the "oss e&a"uation that best
represents norma" continuous operation of the bank$ Aor e<amp"e for a transmission system (ith t(o
para""e" "ines# the purchaser may chose to rate the series capacitor banks so that a bank can carry the current
associated (ith fu"" po(er (ith on"y one "ine in ser&ice$ n this case the norma" bank current (i"" be ,0
percent of its rated &a"ue and the bank "osses on"y 2, percent of those at rated bank current$
The "osses on the bank stem primari"y from the "osses of the capacitor and capacitor fuse "osses$ The
capacitor "osses consist of those of the interna" discharge resistors# interna" connections and die"ectric$ The
first t(o types of "osses are fair"y constant o&er the operating "ife of the capacitor$ ;o(e&er# the die"ectric
"osses decrease (ith time (ith ac &o"tage app"ied$ Thus the "osses of the capacitor unit and the bank (i""
decrease from the initia" &a"ue measured in the factory during the routine test described in .$1$2$*$ The
initia" "osses may &ary among identica" units manufactured at the same time$ ;o(e&er# the &ariation
among the units of the fina" Kstabi"i6ed "ossesL are usua""y much "ess$ 8anufacturers ha&e de&e"oped tests
that predict "ong term operating "osses for "oss e&a"uation purposes$ These techniDues are not defined in
this Standard$
8ost series capacitor banks do not ha&e any additiona" significant components of "osses other than
capacitor units and fuses$ /sua""y the discharge current "imiting reactor is in series (ith the bypass s(itch#
(hich is norma""y open$ n this operating mode the discharge current "imiting reactor contributes no
additiona" "osses to the bank$ ;o(e&er in some insta""ations this circuit is in series (ith the capacitors$ Aor
this case# or if the bank is norma""y bypassed# the "osses of the discharge current "imiting reactor must be
considered$
The po(er "osses associated (ith cabinet heaters and contro" po(er are sma"" and are not norma""y
considered in a "oss e&a"uation$
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=0
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:0
2
=
t is not practica" to measure the "osses of a series capacitor bank after it is insta""ed$
@/5 Be'ia(i'it%9 a1ai'a(i'it%9 and $aintaina(i'it%7&nnex ! 'oo" at $o1in, E
The purchaser (i"" ha&e to specify the "e&e" of redundancy that is e<pected$ 8any specifications on"y "ist a
&a"ue for e<amp"e -? N$ This a ca"cu"ated statistica" &a"ue based on the number and type of components$ t
is he"pfu" to understand that this is a theoretica" number that may make the tender difficu"t or confusing$
The user shou"d understand the a&ai"abi"ity of the unit for maintenance and appropriate"y specify the "e&e"
of component redundancy necessary to maintain the series capacitor bank$'eed a rationa" for ca"cu"ation do
(e ha&e a standard to use G
@/5/1 0(6ecti1es
The design of re"iab"e industria" and commercia" po(er distribution systems is important because of the
high costs associated (ith po(er outages$ There is a need to be ab"e to consider the cost of po(er outages
(hen making design decisions for ne( po(er distribution systems and to be ab"e to make Duantitati&e cost
&ersus re"iabi"ity trade+off studies$
% Duantitati&e re"iabi"ity ana"ysis inc"udes making a discip"ined e&a"uation of a"ternate po(er distribution
system design choices$ When costs of po(er outages are factored into the e&a"uation# the decisions can be
based upon tota" o(ning cost o&er the usefu" "ife of the eDuipment rather than simp"y first cost of the
system$
@/5/2 Funda$enta's of Po+er S%ste$ Be'ia(i'it% E1a'uation
Aundamenta"s necessary for a Duantitati&e re"iabi"ity e&a"uation of e"ectric po(er systems inc"ude
definitions of basic terms# discussions of usefu" measures of system re"iabi"ity and the basic data needed to
compute these inde<es# and a description of the procedure for system re"iabi"ity ana"ysis inc"uding
computation of Duantitati&e re"iabi"ity inde<es$
System re"iabi"ity assessment and e&a"uation methods based on probabi"ity theory that a""o( the re"iabi"ity
of a proposed system to be assessed Duantitati&e"y are finding (ide app"ication today$ Such methods permit
consistent# defensib"e# and unbiased assessments of system re"iabi"ity that are not other(ise possib"e$
The Duantitati&e re"iabi"ity e&a"uation methods permit re"iabi"ity inde<es for any e"ectric po(er system to
be computed from kno("edge of the re"iabi"ity performance of the constituent components of the system$
Thus# a"ternati&e system designs can be studied to e&a"uate the impact on re"iabi"ity and cost of changes in
component re"iabi"ity# system configuration# protection and s(itching scheme# or system operating po"icy
inc"uding maintenance practice$
@/5/2 Data 3eeded for S%ste$ Be'ia(i'it% E1a'uations
The data needed for Duantitati&e e&a"uations of system re"iabi"ity depend to some e<tent on the nature on
the system being studied and the detai" of the study$ n genera"# ho(e&er# data on the performance of
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=-
:0
:1
:2
2
=
indi&idua" components together (ith the times reDuired to perform &arious s(itching operations are
reDuired$ System component data that are genera""y reDuired are summari6ed as fo""o(sC
Aai"ure rates @forced outage ratesB associated (ith different modes of component fai"ure
!<pected @a&erageB time to repair or rep"ace fai"ed component
Schedu"ed @maintenanceB outage rate of component
!<pected @a&erageB duration of schedu"ed outage e&ent
f possib"e# component data shou"d be based on the historica" performance of components in the same
en&ironment as those in the proposed system being studied$
@/5/5 -ethod for S%ste$ Be'ia(i'it% E1a'uation
The method for system re"iabi"ity e&a"uation that is recommended has e&o"&ed o&er a number of years$ The
method# ca""ed the Kminima" cut+set methodL# is be"ie&ed to be particu"ar"y (e"" suited to the study and
ana"ysis of e"ectric po(er distribution systems as found in industria" p"ants$ The method is systematic and
straightfor(ard and "ends itse"f to either manua" or computer computation$ %n important feature of the
method is that system (eak points can be readi"y identified# both numerica""y and non+numerica""y# thereby
focusing design attention on those sections of the system that contribute most to unre"iabi"ity$
9/ FS $ain co$ponent reAuire$ents
9/1 apacitors
9/1/1 apacitor (an"s and units
aB The capacitance &ariation of any t(o phases of the same three+phase series compensation bank
must not e<ceed MMMN of the arithmetic mean capacitance of the three phases$ Such sha"" be true
for the comp"ete ambient temperature range specified under C"ause *$
bB The series compensation bank capacitance must not &ary by more than R7+MMMN of the nomina"
capacitance specified under C"ause :# for a capacitor unit interna" temperature of MMMC
cB 1n"y one type of capacitor unit must be used for the comp"ete series compensation bank$ %
second type of unit is accepted# if reDuired to feed the T%G circuits$
dB The capacitor unit series+para""e" arrangement is "eft up to the Supp"ier$ ;o(e&er# their physica"
arrangement must be such that an indi&idua" units rep"acement has no affect on the other units$
eB The po(er freDuency (ithstand &o"tage bet(een the series compensation bank termina"s must be
at "east MMMN higher than the &aristor protection @*0;6B for the interna" fau"t current indicated in
C"ause .$
fB The capacitor units must be designed for outdoor insta""ation and for a series compensation
app"ication$
gB The indi&idua" unit capacitance must not &ary by more than R7+MMMN of the nomina" &a"ue$
hB The e<terna" radio interference must not e<ceed MMME per unit$ The test &o"tage must be eDua" to
MMMMtimes the unitSs nomina" &o"tage$ The measurement freDuency being MMMM8;6$
iB The capacitor units may be fuse"ess# interna""y fused# or e<terna""y fused$
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21
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2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
2
=
0B nterna""y fused capacitors must be designed in order to function (ith a number of e"ements in
para""e" "ost 0ust be"o( the thresho"d of capacitor unba"ance current protection trigger$ %"so# in the
case of units (ithout fuses# the design must take into consideration the amount of short circuit
e"ements# in the same unit# 0ust be"o( the capacitor protection trigger$
9/1/2 Fuse'ess capacitors
8ust ha&e protection scheme that (i"" detect the shorting of an entire series group$ This is a
reDuirement for detecting a ruptured can$ 5ushing 59 shou"d be coordinated to be consistent (e
design protecti&e "e&e"$
9/1/2 Interna''% fused capacitors
!ach e"ement of the capacitor unit must be protected by an fuse ha&ing the fo""o(ing characteristicsC
8ust on"y operate in the e&ent that a fau"t occurs (ith the associated unitO must not operate (hen
the series compensation bank is sub0ected to interna" or e<terna" fau"ts
8ust not operate for the specified o&er"oad cyc"e or for fau"ts e<terna" to the series compensation
bank
The Supp"ier must inc"ude in his proposa"C
Ca"cu"ations of constraints sub0ected to the capacitor unit
The fuseSs time+current coordination cur&e$
9/1/5 Externa''% fused capacitors
The fuse associated (ith a particu"ar capacitor unit must be coordinated so as to sustain the current
constraints arising from the fo""o(ing conditionsC
1&er"oad cyc"e
Aau"t interna" or e<terna" to the series compensation bank
Discharge current resu"ting from the spark gap striking
The capacitor unit associated fuse must be ab"e to iso"ate the defecti&e unit at the ma<imum termina"
&o"tage# assuming that the series compensation bank termina" &o"tage is eDua" to the &aristor protection
"e&e"$
Aurther to a fuse operation# there must not be any e<cessi&e "eakage current nor any risk of sparking (hen a
fu"" &o"tage is permanent"y app"ied bet(een the bus bar and the defecti&e capacitor unit termina"# and such
for a"" specified atmospheric conditions$
The Supp"ier must inc"ude in his proposa"C
Ca"cu"ations of constraints sub0ected to the capacitor unitO
The fuseSs time+current coordination cur&e$
9/2 .aristors
aB The number of &aristor co"umns must be determined in order to meet the insta""ed energy
absorption and guarantee that the co"umn (ith the highest demand# temperature increase (i""
"ess than or eDua" to MMMMC$
bB The minimum number of &aristor co"umns @e<c"uding insta""ed spare co"umnsB must be chosen
to (ithstand the (orst interna" or e<terna" fau"t# taking into consideration the une&en current
sharing bet(een co"umns$
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2
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1-
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21
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2=
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2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
2
=
cB %n insta""ed spare Duantity of at "east MMMN of the tota" number of &aristors per phase# rounded
up to the ne<t (ho"e number# must be supp"ied and be operationa" on the p"atform$ % &aristor
may contain one or more &aristor co"umns in para""e" (ithin the same housing$
dB %fter one @1B minute of rest de"ay# the &aristors must be capab"e of absorbing a second time the
nomina" energy absorption$ The &aristor protection strategy must a""o( for such uti"i6ation of
this additiona" energy absorption capabi"ity$
eB The &aristor unit must be designed such as to pre&ent e<p"osi&e breakage of the housing @per
most+recent !!! ?2: standard# see pressure re"ief design test reDuirementsB in the e&ent of a
short+circuit fai"ure of one or more &aristor co"umns$ Such fai"ure being caused by a series
compensation bank discharge current at a &o"tage corresponding to the &aristor protection "e&e"
defined in C"ause ?$1 superimposed on a MMMMk%28S fau"t of MMMMcyc"e duration in the unit
itse"f$ t can be assumed that the fau"t current has an asymmetrica" component (ith ratio T72 U
MMMM$
9/2 #ri,,ered (%pass ,aps
aB The triggered air gap @T%GB must be designed to protect the 81E by Duick"y bypassing the
capacitors and 81E (hen# under interna" fau"t conditions# the absorbed energy (ou"d e<ceed
the energy absorption capacity (ithout T%G protection$ The ma<imum time de"ay from the
point at (hich the 81E high+current and7or high+energy bypass thresho"d is e<ceeded unti"
T%G conduction sha"" not e<ceed MMMMms$
bB The Supp"ier must ensure in the design of the T%G that the meteoro"ogica" conditions specific
to the substation @see C"ause *B are considered (hen ca"cu"ating minimum non+triggered
sparko&er &o"tage of the T%G e"ectrode assemb"ies$
cB The spark gap must be ab"e to sustain at "east MMMM conductions (ith a capacitor discharge
current at a &o"tage corresponding to the &aristor protection "e&e" defined in C"ause ?$1
superimposed on a MMMMk%28S fau"t of MMMMcyc"e duration before the main e"ectrodes contact
surfaces reDuire maintenance$
dB Ao""o(ing a series of discharges# the minimum non+triggered sparko&er &o"tage of the T%G
e"ectrode assemb"ies must not be reduced more than MMMN of the guaranteed &a"ue$
eB f the ASC bank &o"tage is greater than MMMMp$u$ of the nomina" &o"tage# the T%G triggering
mechanism must re"iab"y cause conduction$
fB The minimum non+triggered sparko&er &o"tage of the T%G e"ectrode assemb"ies must be greater
than the 81E residua" &o"tage at the 81E high+current bypass thresho"d# taking into
consideration the meteoro"ogica" conditions specific to the substation @see C"ause *B$
gB %fter each operation# the spark gap must be ab"e to reco&er its fu"" se"f+striking die"ectric
strength (ithin MMMM seconds$
hB The spark gaps must be physica""y protected against sno(# ice and moisture$
9/5 #h%ristors and th%ristor reactors
9/5/1 #h%ristor 1a'1es
'eed he"p 8ark 2eyno"ds to submit
9/5/2 #h%ristor 1a'1e reactors
20
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
2
=
'eed ;e"p 8ark 2eyno"ds to submit
9/< Insu'ation and air c'earances
Series Capacitors @SCsB for =+phase systems are# (ith a fe( e<ceptions @SCs for distribution net(orksB#
bui"t up by sing"e phase units$ % =+phase !;E Series Capacitor 5ank consists of three sing"e phase units$
!ach sing"e phase unit is connected in series (ith the corresponding phase of the compensated =+phase
circuit$ !ach sing"e phase unit is norma""y erected on an indi&idua" p"atform$ The p"atforms need to be
insu"ated from ground and from each other$ n addition# the SC+eDuipment mounted on each p"atform needs
to be insu"ated from the p"atform$
n summary# the fo""o(ing insu"ation systems need to be specified for a Series CapacitorC
nsu"ation bet(een each SC+p"atform and ground
nsu"ation bet(een the SC+p"atforms
nsu"ation on top of each SC+p"atform
1.2.* 3nsulation voltages
5e"o( the se"ection of test &o"tages of each of these insu"ation systems (i"" be discussed$
1.2.*.* !tandard values
The insu"ation (ithstand &o"tages of the SC insta""ation sha"" be chosen from the standard &a"ues prescribed
in !!! Std$ 1=1=+1# !!! Std$ 1=1=+2 or !C *00.1+1 and !C *00.1+2$ See tab"es 1+= be"o($
Standard (ithstand &o"tages are associated (ith K;ighest Eo"tage for !DuipmentL according to Tab"es 1+=$
Tab"e 1 F Standard (ithstand &o"tages for C"ass 1 Q 2
Table 4 5 !tandard insulation levels for range 3. (* k0 6 (m 4+2 k0) (,xtract from 3," 788.*-*)
Table 9 5 !tandard insulation levels for range 33. ((m : 4+2 k0) (,xtract from 3," 788.*-*)
21
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
2
=
1.2.*.4 3nsulation between platform and ground
The phase+to+ground insu"ation for the series capacitor bank sha"" meet the (ithstand "e&e"s specified by the
purchaser$ These "e&e"s shou"d be the consistent (ith the standard practice for nearby substations taking
into account that the &o"tage on the p"atform support insu"ators may be higher than the &o"tage at the
substation$ This is due to the &o"tage step in the &o"tage profi"e a"ong the transmission "ine produced by the
SC$ See section .$ n addition# for "ine "ocated SCs# the &o"tage rise at the SC "ocation due to the cur&ed
&o"tage profi"e of a "ong transmission "ine must be added$
9isted in Tab"e 1 + Tab"e = are &arious possib"e insu"ation "e&e"s that are consistent (ith %'S and !C
standards$ The test &o"tages for the p"atform to ground insu"ation @phase to ground insu"ationB sha"" be
se"ected among the standard &a"ues according to Tab"e 1 + Tab"e =$
Aor insta""ations at e"e&ations significant"y abo&e 1000 meters# an increased insu"ation may be reDuired$
The "eakage distance @creepage distanceB for the phase+to+ground insu"ators sha"" meet that specified by the
purchaser$
#ote. The &a"ues specified sha"" app"y not on"y to the p"atform+to+ground insu"ators# but a"so to other other
series capacitor de&ices connected bet(een phase and earth such as the "ine+to+ground insu"ator@sB of the
bypass s(itch# the p"atform+to+ground communication eDuipment insu"ator@sB and the "ine+to+ground
insu"ator@sB of the disconnectors$
1.2.*.9 3nsulation between platforms (phases)
The test &o"tages for the p"atform to p"atform insu"ation @phase to phase insu"ationB sha"" be se"ected among
the standard &a"ues of Tab"e =$
1ther(ise app"icab"e parts of the te<t of section *$1 app"ies to the phase to phase insu"ation$
1.2.*.+ 3nsulation levels for insulators and e-uipment on the platform.
1.2.*.+.* ;eneral re-uirements
The insu"ation "e&e"s for insu"ators and series capacitor eDuipment mounted on the supporting p"atform are
in reference to the p"atform$ Aor insta""ations at e"e&ations abo&e 1000 meters# higher insu"ation "e&e"s may
be reDuired$
t must be emphasi6ed that the die"ectric stress on the p"atform mounted eDuipment is of po(er freDuency
nature$ This app"ies both for sparkgap protected SCs and 81E protected SCs$
The (et (ithstand of the insu"ators and eDuipment on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected based on the protecti&e
"e&e" estab"ished by the protecti&e de&ice using the fo""o(ing eDuation$ The re"ationship app"ies to the
insu"ation across the entire segment using the protecti&e "e&e" for the segment$ t a"so app"ies to the
insu"ation (ithin the segment using the prorated protecti&e "e&e" across that part of the segment$
VPFW 1.2 VP ! 2
"1#
(here
22
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
,0
,1
,2
,=
,:
2
=
VPFW is the po(er freDuency (et rms &o"tage (ithstand
"e&e"
VP is the peak &o"tage magnitude of the protecti&e "e&e"
1.2.*.+.4 "apacitor units
Capacitor units mounted on insu"ated p"atforms or other(ise insu"ated from earth sha"" (ithstand the po(er
freDuency &o"tage bet(een termina"s and container according to eDuations @2B or @=B$ The higher &a"ue
according to eDuations @2B or @=B sha"" app"y$
EPAW@nB EPAW n7s @2B
EPAW@nB 2$, n E' @=B
(here
E' is the rated &o"tage of the capacitor unit
s is the tota" number of capacitor units in series of the actua" segment
n is the number of capacitor units in series re"ati&e to the meta" rack to (hich the containers
are connected
@e$g$ if si< units are series+connected in one rack (ith the center point connected to the rack# nU=B
#ote. + The eDuations for EPAW@nB abo&e refer to the insu"ation bet(een termina"s and container of the
capacitor unit$ The eDuations do not app"y for the test &o"tage of the capacitor die"ectric for (hich the
eDuations in !!! Std$ ?2:# 200: and7or !C *01:=+1# !d$ : app"y$
1.2.*.+.9 "apacitor racks
%ny inter+rack insu"ation# e$g$ support insu"ators bet(een racks sha"" (ithstand the po(er freDuency
(ithstand &o"tage according to eDuations @2B and @=B$ The higher &a"ue according to eDuations @2B or @=B
sha"" app"y$ n this case n corresponds to the number of units (hich span across the insu"ation in Duestion$
1.2.*.+.+ !upport insulators and other e-uipment on the platform
The insu"ation "e&e"s for eDuipment mounted on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected according to the procedure
out"ined in *$=$1 and app"ying eDuation @1B or @2B if not other(ise stated in the subc"auses be"o($ n this
case n corresponds to the number of capacitor units (hich span across the insu"ation in Duestion$
a) %us insulators
The insu"ation c"ass of the insu"ators supporting the different buses on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected based
on the abo&e re"ationship$ The insu"ator &o"tage c"ass is determined by se"ecting an insu"ator (ith an
eDui&a"ent or greater po(er freDuency (ithstand &o"tage in accordance (ith Tab"e 2 or =$ n this process
the "eft co"umn of the tab"e is not used$
b) ,-uipment insulators
n genera"# the po(er freDuency insu"ation "e&e" of the eDuipment on the p"atform sha"" be estab"ished by
eDuation @1B or @2B and app"ying the procedure described for bus insu"ators (ith some e<ceptions$
2=
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
,0
,1
,2
,=
,:
,,
2
=
c) %ypass switch
The insu"ation "e&e" across the interrupter of the bypass s(itch sha"" be based on the re"ationships defined
abo&e$
d) 0aristor
The enc"osure of the &aristor sha"" ha&e a po(er freDuency (et (ithstand &o"tage based on the abo&e
eDuation$ t is not reDuired that the specific "e&e" se"ected be a standard &a"ue from Tab"e 2 or Tab"e =$
e) %ypass gap
The insu"ators used in the bypass gap sha"" be based on the re"ationships defined abo&e taking into account
the portion of the segment &o"tage to (hich the bypass gap is e<posed$ ntermediate assemb"ies can see
high transients during the norma" breakdo(n process and sha"" be designed for these conditions$ n
addition# the (ithstand "e&e" of the po(er gap and any trigger circuit sha"" be coordinated to (ithstand a""
system disturbances (ithout breaking o&er under po(er system conditions for (hich this is inappropriate$
f) )ischarge current limiting e-uipment
The insu"ators used to support the discharge current "imiting circuit from the p"atform sha"" be based on the
re"ationships defined abo&e taking into account the portion of the segment &o"tage to (hich these insu"ators
are e<posed$
The insu"ation "e&e" across the discharge current "imiting circuit sha"" be se"ected based on the
instantaneous &o"tage appearing across the circuit (hen the bypass gap sparks o&er or the bypass s(itch
c"oses$ The po(er freDuency (ithstand of the reDuired insu"ation c"ass sha"" be at "east 1$27 2 times this
instantaneous &o"tage$ The 9W9 @59B of the circuit is then se"ected from the Tab"es$ ;o(e&er it must be
recogni6ed that the &o"tage that appears across the circuit (hen the bypass gap conducts or the bypass
s(itch c"oses is of a much higher freDuency than ,0 or *0 ;6 and that the duration is &ery brief$ %t ,0 or
*0 ;6# the magnitude of impedance of the circuit is usua""y &ery sma"" making it &irtua""y impossib"e to
perform a po(er freDuency &o"tage (ithstand test at the se"ected "e&e"$ 1n the other hand# the circuit can
be easi"y tested (ith an impu"se$ %s a resu"t# the primary focus of the insu"ation across the circuit is its
9W9 @59B$
g) "urrent transformers and &ptical current transducers
The insu"ation "e&e" of the Current transformers and the 1ptica" current transducers sha"" be based on the
re"ationsships defined abo&e$
1.2.4 "reepage distance (leakage distance)
The recommendations gi&en in !C *00.1+2# tab"e 1 sha"" app"y$ The purchaser sha"" specify (hich one of
the po""ution "e&e"s# or specific creepage distance# sha"" be app"icab"e$
n tab"e * # specific creepage distances are gi&en for the different po""ution "e&e"s according to !C *00.1+
2# tab"e 1$ @Aor more detai"ed description of the po""ution "e&e"s# see !C *00.1+2B$ The creepage distance is
ca"cu"ated by mu"tip"ying the genera" nomina" specific creepage distance in the :th co"umn (ith the rated
&o"tage across the insu"ation in Duestion$ The &a"ues in tab"e :# co"umn : are genera""y app"icab"e for any
&o"tage# i$e phase+phase# phase+earth or any &o"tages (ithin a phase segment$
f the =0 min o&er"oad current @=0B e<ceeds 1$=, pu# the creepage distances sha"" be increased "inear"y in
proportion to @=071$=, pu$B$
#ote. f the purchaser specifies that the p"atform to ground insu"ators shou"d ha&e e<tra creepage distance#
the insu"ation on the p"atform sha"" ha&e commensurate creepage distance
2:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
,0
,1
,2
,=
,:
,,
2
=
2,
1
1
2
=
#a('e 5/ Specific creepa,e distances
1.2.9 $ir clearances
2ecommendations for se"ection of air c"earance distance are found in !C *00.1+2# anne< %$ 8inimum
c"earances ha&e been determined for different e"ectrode configurations$ The minimum c"earances specified
are determined (ith a conser&ati&e approach# taking into account practica" e<perience# economy# and si6e
of practica" eDuipment in the range be"o( 1m c"earance$ These c"earances are intended so"e"y to address
insu"ation coordination reDuirements$ Safety reDuirements may resu"t in substantia""y "arger c"earances$
Tab"e ,# taken from !C *00.1+2# sha"" be used for phase+to+phase and phase+to+earth insu"ation for (hich
"ightning impu"se (ithstand &o"tage is defined$
Tab"e * and Tab"e .# taken from !C *00.1+2# sha"" be used for phase+to+earth and phase+to+phase
insu"ation for (hich s(itching impu"se (ithstand &o"tage is defined$
Aor se"ection of proper air c"earance across insu"ation paths (here on"y %C &o"tage (ithstand reDuirement
app"y# e$g$ for p"atform mounted eDuipment# the recommendations in !C *00.1+2# anne< G# sha"" be used$
8inimum air c"earance &ersus %C+(ithstand according to figure : sha"" app"y if no other more detai"ed
reDuirements are specified$
Post an e<amp"e in the %nne<
#a('e < 7 orre'ation (et+een standard 'i,htnin, i$pu'se +ithstand 1o'ta,es and $ini$u$
air c'earances/ =Extract fro$ IE 6007172>
.a"le 6 )rrelatin "et(een standard s(itchin* i%pulse (ithstand -lta*es and %ini%u% phase6t6earth air
clearances 7Extract $r% IE) 60071628
.a"le 7 )rrelatin "et(een standard s(itchin* i%pulse (ithstand -lta*es and %ini%u% phase6t6phase air
clearances 7Extract $r% IE) 60071628
Fi,ure 5/ &ir c'earance 1ersus &7+ithstand
9/6 Dischar,e current 'i$itin, and da$pin, eAuip$ent !ruce to add contri(ution
The damping circuit must consist of a reactor and other associated eDuipment to pro&ide additiona"
damping to the transient osci""ations @if additiona" damping is reDuired beyond the "e&e" pro&ided by the
reactorB$ t must be rated to sustain the discharge current superimposed o&er the fau"t current$
2*
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
2
=
The damping circuit must be capab"e of "imiting the discharge current peak &a"ue to MMMk%P!%3 (hen the
series compensation bank termina" &o"tage is eDua" to the 81E protecti&e "e&e"$
The damping circuit must be designed (ith a minimum effecti&e resistance at the discharge freDuency in
order to damp osci""ations to protect capacitors and fuses and keep i
2
t &a"ues of the discharge transient
be"o( the &a"ues of capacitor and fuse discharge testing$ n addition to this "imitation# the ratio of the first
peak of capacitor discharge current di&ided by the second peak of the same po"arity sha"" be a minimum of
MMMMM$
The damping circuit must be designed such as to be ab"e to sustain MMMM consecuti&e conductions of a
capacitor discharge current at a &o"tage corresponding to the &aristor protection "e&e" defined in C"ause ?$1
superimposed on a MMMMk%28S fau"t of MMMMcyc"e duration$
9/7 !%pass s+itches
aB The bypass s(itch sha"" be connected in para""e" (ith the capacitor bank and o&er&o"tage
protecti&e de&ice$ The s(itch is used for intentiona" or emergency bypassing of capacitor bank
and its reinsertion$ The bypass s(itch sha"" be capab"e of shorting the capacitor bank and
o&er&o"tage protecti&e de&ice and reinserting the capacitor bank under norma" or fau"t
conditions# and it sha"" not restrike after arc e<tinction$
bB The bypass s(itch sha"" be rated for the s(itching and current carrying duty imposed upon it in
its intended "ocation$
cB The bypass s(itch sha"" be capab"e of MMMMnorma" operations and MMMMMbypass operations
under interna" fau"t conditions (hen used for the ASC# (ithout reDuiring ma0or maintenance#
ad0ustment or rep"acement of components$
dB nterrupting units sha"" ha&e indicators# readi"y &isib"e from ground "e&e" to indicate open or
c"osed position$
eB f Supp"ier uses SA* interrupter techno"ogyh# there sha"" be au<i"iary contacts eDuipped for
indication of "o( gas pressure$
fB The c"osing circuit (hich sha"" inc"ude t(o separate c"osing coi"s$
gB Thermostatic heaters sha"" be supp"ied for temperature contro" and pre&ention of condensation
bui"d+up$
hB %"" operating mechanisms# inc"uding au<i"iary s(itches sha"" be housed in a (eatherproof
cabinet$ %u<i"iary po(er supp"y sha"" be MMMME@DC or %CB$
iB Contro" bo< sha"" be suitab"e for outdoor use$
0B 8a<imum c"osing time of bypass s(itchC MMMMms
kB 8a<imum opening time of bypass s(itchC MMMMms
"B 8a<imum difference in non+synchronous time bet(een phases during three+phase c"osingC
MMMMMms
mB 8a<imum difference in non+synchronous time bet(een phases during three+phase openingC
MMMMMms
nB 2eDuired operation seDuence @(ithout rechargingBC @1BC + MMMs + 1C
oB 8a<imum tota" open+c"ose cyc"e time of bypass s(itchC MMMMms
pB 2ated continuous conduction currentC MMMM%28S
DB Short time current rating @= secondBC MMMMk%28S
rB 2ated peak (ithstand currentC MMMMk%P!%3
2.
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
2
=
sB The &o"tage reco&ery capabi"ity of by+pass s(itch in open positions sha"" be such that the bypass
s(itch (i"" not restrike at a &o"tage eDua" to the ma<imum protection "e&e" &o"tage# after
breaking a ma<imum insertion current of MMMMM%28S# time to peak of MMMMMms$
9/@ Externa' (%pass disconnect s+itches and externa' iso'atin, disconnect
s+itches
The e<terna" bypass disconnect s(itches shou"d not be confused (ith bypass s(itch$ This disconnect
s(itch is typica""y used to bypass the series capacitor p"atform and a""o( the iso"ating disconnects to be
opened$ The user needs to specify in c"ear "anguage the purpose and process of operation$ This may detai"
an operationa" s(itching order$ This s(itch may be specified using !!! C=.$ TT $ The rating reDuirement
is typica""y the same as the bypass s(itch$ 8otor operation is a benefit that a""o(s remote operation that
can be incorporated in an automatic p"atform disconnect# shou"d a p"atform to ground fau"t take p"ace$
8ark (i"" (rite paragraph (ith options
aB The bypass s(itch sha"" be rated for the s(itching and current carrying duty imposed upon it in
its intended "ocation$
bB The bypass s(itch sha"" be capab"e of MMMMnorma" operations and MMMMMbypass operations
under interna" fau"t conditions (hen used for the ASC# (ithout reDuiring ma0or maintenance#
ad0ustment or rep"acement of components$ continuous conduction currentC MMMM%28S
cB C ontinuous conduction currentC MMMM% 28S
dB The ma<imum bypass &o"tage ac ros s the series capacitor bank # &o"tage peak of MMMMMms$
9/9 Protection9 contro'9 and $onitorin,
9/9/1 urrent transfor$ers
Current transformer shou"d be specified based on their app"ication$ Care and consideration shou"d be made
to match the Current Transformer c"ass to pre&ent mismatch prob"ems$ The use of optica" CTPs can be a
great benefit to reduce the necessary p"atform si6e and to simp"ify the protection$ Since 1ptica" CTPs (i""
not saturate @9inearB they shou"d not be used in a differentia" (ith con&entiona" CTPs$ t may be possib"e to
mi< and match (ith a microprocessor based re"ay but is not recommended$ % hybrid CT is a"so a&ai"ab"e
that con&erts the ana"og current to a digita" signa" on the p"atform$ 8ark (i"" try to (rite something on this
9/9/2 8ocation of protection and contro' eAuip$ent
Series capacitor insta""ations usua""y ha&e the protection and contro" eDuipment "ocated in one of t(o
possib"e "ocationsC in an outdoor bui"ding near fence surrounding the series capacitor bank or indoor in a
bui"ding associated (ith the substation at (hich the bank is insta""ed$
$utdoor %ui&din'C The supp"ier may be reDuired to pro&ide and insta"" the outdoor bui"ding$ The bui"ding
is usua""y bui"t to the standards of the purchaser$ n addition to the series capacitor protection and contro"
system the bui"ding may inc"udeC
2?
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
2
=
%c and dc distribution pane"s
5attery for contro" po(er
;eating and coo"ing for the bui"ding
8otor generator set for back up po(er
Su%station %ui&din'( The supp"ier may be reDuired to pro&ide eDuipment to be insta""ed in the substation
bui"ding in the space a""otted by the purchaser$ n this case the purchaser may prefer that the supp"ierPs
eDuipment ha&e the same physica" si6e and appearance as the other protection and contro" eDuipment in the
bui"ding$ Such preferences are usua""y achie&ab"e but this reDuires the supp"ier to de&iate from his
optimi6ed arrangement$
9/9/2 Extent and for$at for re$ote indications
Series capacitor protection systems pro&ide a"arm and indication outputs for the purchaser to transmit to
remote "ocations$ Since the number of protection functions inc"uded in a series capacitor bank is typica""y
e<tensi&e# the purchaser shou"d specify if the information must be pro&idedC
To identify (hich segment has the a"arm condition or is it sufficient to pro&ide the a"arm on a
bank basis
&ia dry contacts is one contact per indication sufficient or are mu"tip"e contacts reDuired
&ia a digita" protoco" and if so (hat type
9/9/5 &1ai'a('e supp'% 1o'ta,es
The purchaser shou"d indicate in the specification the ac and dc supp"y &o"tages that (i"" be pro&ided for
the protection and contro" system and the bypass s(itch and disconnect s(itches$
9/9/< Fi(er optic si,na' co'u$ns9 fi(er optic ca('e9 and connector reAuire$ents
Shou"d be agreed upon by supp"ier and &endor and may be app"ication specific$ The number of spares or
fibers shou"d be specified by bidder$
9/9/6 Cire9 ca('e9 ter$ina' ('oc"s9 and contro' circuit connection reAuire$ents
%"" reDuired standards for connection and termination shou"d be pro&ided by bidder$ Connection method or
termination specification may be recommended by bidder$
9/10 P'atfor$s9 support structures9 seis$ic desi,n reAuire$ents -ar" Be%no'ds
to pro1ide
This section needs to ha&e a fi"" in b"ank $ eee *-= G# ce "oading# core samp"esG # possib"e contamination$
Some of this treatment is in conditions$ % possib"e reDuirement shou"d be for tria" assemb"es of a p"atform
at the production faci"ity$ This test assemb"e shou"d be done before ga"&ani6ation$
10/ Spare parts and specia' too's
The recommended spare parts for of the ASC system as (e"" as a"" specia" too"s needed for the
troub"eshooting# maintenance and parts e<change (ithin the ASC# as reDuired$ The scope of spare parts and
specia" too"s must be coordinated (ith the reDuirements7guarantees for re"iabi"ity and a&ai"abi"ity$
11/ En,ineerin, studies !ruce Ci'' Be1ise
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11/1 Po+er s%ste$ studies
Studies of the series capacitor bank and its interaction (ith the o&era"" po(er system are reDuired in order
to proper"y app"y this techno"ogy to the system$ The fo""o(ing studies (i"" be comp"eted in the course of
the pro0ect and some or a"" of them (i"" impact the design of the series capacitor bank$
11/1/1 Po+er s%ste$ ana'%sis9 -0. reAuire$ents
The user has performed the initia" 81E duty study and has inc"uded a copy of this study in %nne< MMM
to this specification$ %"" bidders sha"" design their 81EPs based on the fo""o(ing conc"usions from the
studyC
81E protecti&e "e&e" MMMMMMMMMMMMM kEP3
81E energy capacity MMMMMMMMMMMM 8>7ph
Worst+case e<terna" fau"t
&a"ues
9ine currentC MMMMMMMMk%28S
9ine currentC MMMMMMMMMk%P3
81E currentC MMMMMMMMMk%P3
81E !nergyC MMMMMMMM 8>7ph
5ypass Thresho"ds 9ine currentC MMMMMMMMk%28S
9ine currentC MMMMMMMMMk%P3
Worst+case interna" fau"t
&a"ues
The bidder sha"" perform and inc"ude in their proposa" a pre"iminary 81E duty study based on the
system eDui&a"ent pro&ided in %nne< MMM to this specification and based on the parameters found in
Section ?$1 of this specification$ The bidderC
Can e"ect to use either gapped or gap"ess techno"ogy$
8ust use a T%G in their design$
8ust use a gap"ess approach$
8ust bid both a gap"ess and a T%G+based so"ution for comparison$
% fina" 81E duty study sha"" be comp"eted by theC
supp"ier
user
no more than MMMM days after the pro0ect is a(arded# and the fina" bank design (i"" be based on this study$
5idder sha"" supp"y some manner of e&a"uating the cost adder or deduct of differences bet(een the 81E
design proposed and the fina" 81E design @e$g$ V78>B$
11/1/2 S%ste$ d%na$ic sta(i'it% ana'%sis9 s+in, currents
The system dynamic stabi"ity ana"ysis (as performed by the user# and the (orst+case s(ing current is
sho(n in a p"ot contained in %nne< MMM of this specification$
summari6ed by the fo""o(ingC MMMMMM %28S for MMMMMM seconds$
The system dynamic stabi"ity ana"ysis (i"" be performed by the user at a "ater date# so the bidder sha"" use
the &a"ue of MMMMMM %28S for MMMMMM seconds for the (orst+case s(ing current$
The bidder sha"" use this information to design the bank to Kride throughL the (orst+case e<terna" fau"t
fo""o(ed immediate"y by the (orst+case system s(ing current (ithout bank bypass or damage to bank
eDuipment$ The bidder sha"" pro&ide an assessment of ho( much 81E conduction there (ou"d be under
these s(ing current conditions$
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11/1/2 8ine (rea"er transient reco1er% 1o'ta,e =#B.> studies
The "ine breaker T2E ana"ysis has been comp"eted and is inc"uded in %nne< MMM of this specification$
The conc"usions inc"ude the fo""o(ing design reDuirements for the series capacitor bankC
The protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage sha"" be "imited to a ma<imum of MMMMMMMMMM kEP3$
The bypass s(itch must re"iab"y c"ose (ithin MMMMMMMM ms of receipt of bypass
reDuest$ The capacitor bank must be discharged from protecti&e "e&e" to "ess than
MMMMMM kEP3 (ithin MMMMMMMM ms of receipt of this same signa"$
The T%G must re"iab"y conduct (ithin MMMMMMM ms of receipt of bypass reDuest
(hen bank &o"tage is MMMMMMMMMM kEP3 or higher$ The capacitor bank must be
discharged from protecti&e "e&e" to "ess than MMMMMM kEP3 (ithin MMMMMMMM ms of
receipt of this same signa"$
The "ine breaker T2E ana"ysis (i"" be performed byC
the user$
the supp"ier$
The ana"ysis sha"" be done no more than MMMMMMM days after the pro0ect is a(arded# and the party
performing the ana"ysis (i"" make any reDuired recommendations concerning series capacitor bank design
in the conc"usions to this study$ 2ecommendations may or may not inc"ude "imitations on ma<imum 81E
protecti&e "e&e"# use of the bypass s(itch or T%G to discharge the capacitor bank before the "ine breakers
open# and "imitations on the amount of time necessary to discharge the bank from protecti&e "e&e" to some
ma<imum &o"tage$
11/1/5 Su(s%nchronous resonance =SSB> screenin, studies
SS2 ana"ysis has been comp"eted and is inc"uded in %nne< MMM of this specification$ The conc"usions
inc"ude the fo""o(ing design reDuirements for the series capacitor bankC
The protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage sha"" be "imited to a ma<imum of MMMMMMMMMM kEP3$
The bank must be sp"it into at "east MMMM s(itchab"e segments# using a sp"it of MMMMMMM
N for the compensation "e&e"s of each of the segments$
The bank must be ab"e to operate based on system topo"ogy# s(itching in and out
segments as a function of system configurations and "oading$
5ank design sha"" inc"ude space on the p"atform and7or the in the substation to
accommodate a future TCSC or passi&e SS2 fi"ter upgrade# and the bidder sha""
describe ho( such a future con&ersion cou"d take p"ace (ith a ma<imum reuse of
eDuipment initia""y insta""ed$
SS2 ana"ysis (i"" be performed byC
the user$
the supp"ier$
performing the ana"ysis (i"" make any reDuired recommendations concerning series capacitor bank design
in the conc"usions to this study$ 2ecommendations may or may not inc"ude "imitations on ma<imum 81E
protecti&e "e&e"# "imitations or reductions in "e&e" of "ine compensation# segmentation of the bank# guidance
on ho( to operate the bank based on different system configurations and "oading @i$e$ system topo"ogyB# or
the use of TCSC or passi&e SS2 fi"ter techno"ogy$ The ana"ysis sha"" consist of a stabi"ity screening study
to identify potentia" SS2 interactions# fo""o(ed by @if necessitated by the screening studyB a transient torDue
ana"ysis to identify the potentia" for short+term @"ess than one secondB torDue amp"ification phenomenon$
11/1/< 8ine protection re'a%in, coordination studies
9ine protection re"aying coordination studies (i"" be performed byC
the user$
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the supp"ier$
The ana"ysis sha"" be done no more than MMMMMMM days after the pro0ect is a(arded$ The supp"ier sha""
submit fina" design information to the user no more than MMMMMMMM days after the pro0ect is a(arded in
order to faci"itate this study (ork$ The study sha"" consider the fo""o(ing supp"ier+pro&ided fina" bank
design characteristicsC 81E Eo"t+%mpere @EB cur&e# bypass thresho"ds# capacitor capacitance# discharge
reactor inductance# and bypass de"ay times$
11/1/6 Insu'ation coordination stud%9 'ine7to7,round
The "ine+to+ground insu"ation coordination study has been comp"eted and is inc"uded in %nne< MMM of this
specification$ The conc"usions inc"ude the support insu"ation reDuirements "isted in Section . of this
specification$
The "ine+to+ground insu"ation coordination study (i"" be performed byC
the user$
the supp"ier$
performing the ana"ysis (i"" make any reDuired recommendations concerning modifications to the
pre"iminary "ine+to+ground insu"ation specifications found in Section . of this document# or they sha""
&erify that those specifications are adeDuate based on the study resu"ts$
11/2 EAuip$ent desi,n studies
%"" eDuipment design studies sha"" be comp"eted by the supp"ier and submitted to the user for re&ie( and
appro&a" no more than MMMMMM days after the pro0ect is a(arded$ The user (i"" re&ie( and appro&e a""
studies no more than MMMMMMM days after receipt of the studies$
11/2/1 -0. ratin, stud%
The 81E rating study sha"" e&a"uate the 81E design and ensure it meets a"" of the reDuirements of this
specification as (e"" as the reDuirements identified by the system studies described in Section 11$1$ The
study sha"" inc"ude the fo""o(ing information at a minimumC
1$ 81E Eo"t+%mpere @EB cur&e$
2$ 'umber of 81E b"ocks in each co"umn$
=$ 'umber of para""e" co"umns of b"ocks in the 81E reDuired$
:$ 'umber of insta""ed spare co"umns$
,$ Dimensions and (eight of each b"ock$
*$ Discussion of uneDua" current sharing bet(een co"umns# and deri&ation of a design factor to derate
the energy capacity of each b"ock based on uneDua" current sharing p"us factory current sharing
test pass7fai" criteria$
.$ Ca"cu"ation of temperature rise for a gi&en energy absorption by the 81E assemb"y for the hottest
co"umn of b"ocks @C78>B$
?$ !&a"uation of therma" stabi"ity of 81E assemb"y gi&en the ma<imum theoretica" b"ock
temperature combined (ith the =0+minute o&er"oad reDuirement in Section ?$1 of this
specification$
11/2/2 apacitor unit desi,n stud%
The capacitor unit design study sha"" e&a"uate the capacitor design and ensure it meets a"" of the
reDuirements of this specification$ The study sha"" inc"ude the fo""o(ing information at a minimum
1$ Capacitor unit arrangement# number of series and para""e" connected units# number of series units
in each rack# number of racks per stack$
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2$ @Aused capacitors on"yB Capacitor unit interna" or e<terna" fuse coordination# e&a"uating the
reDuired peak reco&ery &o"tage for fuse operation as (e"" as coordinating the re"iab"e operation of
fuses during e"ement fai"ures (ith the re"iab"e non+operation of fuses during non+fai"ure e&ents
such as capacitor bank discharge$
=$ Capacitor unit interna" construction# number of series and para""e" connected e"ements$
:$ !&a"uation of interna" safety discharge resistor$
,$ C apacitor e"ement a&erage die"ectric thickness# both dry and after oi" added$
*$ Capacitor die"ectric &o"tage stress for rated &o"tage# protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage# and during
production testing$
.$ %na"ysis of adeDuacy of capacitor unit termina"+to+case and bushing insu"ation$
?$ %na"ysis and ca"cu"ation of unba"ance currents and e"e&ated &o"tage stresses resu"ting from
interna" e"ement fai"ures$ Deri&ations of unba"ance a"arm and bypass thresho"ds$
11/2/2 apacitor dischar,e current7'i$itin, and da$pin, stud%
The capacitor discharge current+"imiting and damping study sha"" e&a"uate the current+"imiting and
damping circuit design and ensure it meets a"" reDuirements of this specificat ion$ The study sha"" inc"ude
the fo""o(ing information at a minimumC
1$ 8a<imum capacitor bank discharge peak current$
2$ 8a<imum tota" bypass current# inc"uding discharge current superimposed on system fau"t current$
=$ 8a<imum peak current through the reactor$
:$ @f app"icab"eB 8a<imum peak current through para""e" discharge resistor$ 8a<imum energy
absorbed by para""e" discharge resistor$ !&a"uation of para""e" resistor design based on these
&a"ues$
,$ 8 a<imum capacitor discharge damping time constant and peak+to+peak reduction of discharge
current magnitude$ f app"icab"e# coordination of this time constant (ith any reDuirements for a
ma<imum discharge time deri&ed in T2E study @see Section 11$1$=B$
*$ AreDuency range of capacitor discharge# taking into account manufacturing to"erances# capacitor
e"ement fai"ures and7or fuse operations# and &ariations in capacitor unit die"ectric temperature$
.$ !&a"uation of amp"ification of harmonic currents e<isting in the "ine (hen the bank is bypassed
and the discharge reactor forms a para""e" 9C KtankL circuit# using the harmonic current
magnitudes found in %ppendi< MMMMM of this specification$
?$ Aor fused banks# coordination of discharge i
2
t on a per+fuse basis to ensure indi&idua" fuses do not
operate during capacitor bank discharge$ Aor both fused and fuse"ess banks# coordination of
discharge i
2
t on a per+unit basis to ensure capacitor bank discharge does not e<ceed &a"ues
estab"ished by capacitor discharge type testing$
-$ 2eDuired &a"ues to be used for bypass s(itch# T%G# reactor# and resistor specifications$
11/2/5 Insu'ation coordination stud%9 on7p'atfor$
The on+p"atform insu"ation coordination study sha"" e&a"uate the insu"ation "e&e"s and air c"earances for a""
on+p"atform die"ectric systems$ This study is focused on the f"oating die"ectric system "ocated on the series
capacitor p"atform and shou"d not be confused (ith the "ine+to+ground insu"ation coordination study in
Section 11$1$*$ The study sha"" be performed in accordance (ith !!! ?2:$ The study sha"" inc"ude the
fo""o(ing information at a minimumC
1$ !stab"ishment of minimum (et+(ithstand @WWSB insu"ation reDuirements for a"" "ocations$
2$ !stab"ishment of minimum creepage7"eakage distance across insu"ating materia"s for a"" "ocations$
=$ !stab"ishment of minimum "ightning (ithstand @59B insu"ation reDuirements across the reactor
coi" and para""e" damping resistor$
:$ !stab"ishment of minimum strike distances for a"" "ocations @(ith the e<ception of the T%G
e"ectrodes# if app"icab"e# as this de&ice uses type testing to estab"ish its ma<imum re"iab"e non+
f"asho&er &a"ueB$
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,$ Comparison of minimum insu"ation reDuirements and strike distances to se"ected insu"ators and
bank design "ayout$
11/2/< Structura' desi,n and 1erification ana'%sis
The structura" design and &erification ana"ysis sha"" e&a"uate the structura" design of the series capacitor
p"atform to ensure it meets the reDuirements of !!! *-= in "ight of the en&ironmenta" conditions "isted in
Section * of this specification$ The study sha"" inc"ude the fo""o(ing information at a minimumC
1$ %ssumptions used to estab"ish damping of p"atform design# and ho( these assumptions (ere
estab"ished and7or &erified by testing$
2$ %na"ysis of ca"cu"ated safety margins based on se"ected structura" eDuipment such as support
insu"ators$
=$ Ca"cu"ation of foundation reactions necessary to design foundations and anchor bo"ts$
Section 12 8ark (i"" make check or fi"" in the b"ank "ist and mo&e descriptions back to appendi<
12/ #ests and Aua'it% assurance
2efer to ?2: (7 5$- need to renumber from appendi< but does this be"ong here G
12/1 #%pe/desi,n =pre7production> testin,
The user sha"" be informed no "ess than MMM days before any type7design testing is performed and reser&es
the right to (itness this testing$ The notification of testing sha"" inc"ude detai"ed test p"ans (hich sha"" be
re&ie(ed by the user in no more than MMM days after receipt of the test p"ans$ Design7type test reports sha""
be made a&ai"ab"e to the user no more than MMMM days after comp"etion of the testing for re&ie( and
appro&a"$ The fo""o(ing type7design @pre+productionB tests (i"" be reDuired for this pro0ectC
@nsert checkbo< "ist of type tests here$B
n "ieu of performing the tests "isted abo&e# the supp"ier may pro&ide reports from pre&ious"y performed
testing as "ong as the testing (as performed on sufficient"y simi"ar eDuipment and the tests (ere performed
in the "ast MMMM years$
12/2 Boutine =production> testin,
%"" routine @productionB testing reDuired by !!! ?2: sha"" be performed on a"" series capacitor bank
eDuipment$ The user sha"" be informed no "ess than MMMM days before this testing (i"" be performed at each
factory and reser&es the right to (itness this testing$ The notification of testing sha"" inc"ude detai"ed test
p"ans (hich sha"" be re&ie(ed by the user in no more than MMM days after receipt of the test p"ans$
Production test reports sha"" be made a&ai"ab"e to the user no more than MMMM days after comp"etion of the
testing$
12/2 Factor% and/or on7site testin, of protection and contro' s%ste$s
12/5 Pre7co$$issionin, site testin,
12/< Specia' testin,
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12/ Safet%
Safety is common"y not the first consideration (hen bui"ding or designing a series capacitor bank$ The
e"ectrica" specification in standard ?2: is (ritten to pro&ide e"ectrica" safety for key components but does
not dea" (ith the practica" aspects of (orking on the series capacitor bank$ Components that are si6ed and
p"aced in the series capacitor bank may ha&e proper e"ectrica" c"earances but may not ha&e practica" space
considerations for maintenance$ %""o( p"enty of room to proper"y (ork (ith too"s or mo&ement around
components$
9ack of space on the cat(a"k may pro&ide a fa"" ha6ard# depending on ho( the rai"ing is designed$
%ttachments for fa"" harness may be reDuired by 1S;% regu"ations if "adder access is reDuired on
eDuipment$ 8ake sure proper harness attachments are a&ai"ab"e for maintenance personne"$ 8ake sure that
grounding points are "ocated on the structure that can hand"e the amount of fau"t current that can be
supp"ied in the e&ent of accident$
!&en the "ocation of the foundation may be a safety consideration if a bucket truck is reDuired for
insta""ation or maintenance$ The design of a series capacitor bank is more than 0ust e"ectrica" specification$
The design must in&o"&e a (orking kno("edge of ho( the de&ise (i"" be maintained and operated$ The
!!! standard ?2: section 10 pro&ides guidance on many issues dea"ing (ith specific codes and protection$
15/ Docu$entation
15/1 Purchaser docu$entation
Supp"y of the fo""o(ing documentation sha"" be part of the purchaserSs Scope of Work
Supp"y of the fo""o(ing documentation sha"" be part of the supp"ierPs Scope of Work$
%"" dra(ings# instructions and manua"s necessary to operate and maintain the SC5 and associated
eDuipment sha"" be pro&ided$ The dra(ings sha"" inc"ude the comp"ete set of p"ans# e"e&ations# sections#
detai"s# (iring# schematics# piping# etc$ of the comp"ete SC system$
Typica""y# the documentation (i"" inc"ude# but not "imited to# fo""o(ingsO
!Duipment description report
1ut"ine dra(ings# construction and connection diagrams
!Duipment test reports
1perator manua"s
Soft(are and operating system manua"s
Wua"ity assurance documentation
1ne+"ine dra(ings# as bui"t
Three+"ine dra(ings# as bui"t
Protection and contro" e"ementary dra(ings
P"an and profi"e dra(ings# as bui"t
Ci&i" dra(ings# as bui"t
8echanica" dra(ings# as bui"t
%rchitectura" dra(ings# as bui"t
8aintenance manua"s and repair instruction
f computer mode"s of the SC5 are reDuired for po(er system simu"ation# they shou"d be specified here$
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1</ #rainin,
The supp"ier sha"" pro&ide training for the SC5 system# therefore# the users (i"" be ab"e to proper"y operate
and maintain the SC5$ The supp"er sha"" determine the content duration of each training session$ The
training shou"d inc"ude training for the customerPs engineers# operators and maintenance personne"$
Aor operations personne"# the training course shou"d co&er# but not "imit to# fo""o(ingsC
Description of the system ob0ecti&e and function of the SC5# inc"uding specified performance
!ach component of SC5# and its performance# construction# operation and maintenance$
8aster contro" and operator interface# access# etc$
%d0ustab"e settings and reasons for their se"ection
1peration Safety
Simu"ator testing of contro"s# and soft(are
Protection princip"es and operation
nstruction on insta""ation# setup# and ca"ibration
1perations manua"s
Aor maintenance personne"# the training course shou"d co&er# but not "imited to# fo""o(ingsC
Description of the system ob0ecti&e and function of the SC5# inc"uding specified performance
!ach component of SC5# and their performance# construction# operation and maintenance$
8aster contro" and operator interface# access# etc$
8aintenance procedures and check "ist
Component rep"acement procedures
8aintenance Safety
Testing procedures
Protection princip"es and tests
Coo"ing eDuipment# its contro" and maintenance
1ther specia" eDuipment @e$g$# CTs# PTs# protection and contro"B
nstruction on insta""ation# setup# and ca"ibration
Diagnose# iso"ation# and repairing of fai"ed components
1peration and maintenance manua"s @see C"ause 1:B
The manua"s shou"d be a&ai"ab"e for each course as te<ts$
16/ !a'ance of p'ant #his needs +or"
Protection and contro" bui"ding considerations and reDuirements$ Where are the e"ectrica" components
going to go$ 'eed for %C or DC capacity or redundancy reDuirements$ Who is going to supp"y (hat$
Protection and contro" interface transition point or any hand offs bet(een the uti"ity and the app"ication$
17/ Site ser1ices -ar" -c.e% +i'' add
2efer back to scope sp"it for specific treatment$
1@/ #echnica' fi''7in data
9isa Eo&an (i"" (rite and submit
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$nnex $
7in$r%ati-e8
!i('io,raph%
I51J Go"ds(orthy# D$ 9$C K% "ineari6ed mode" for 81E+protected Series CapacitorsL $ !!! Transactions
on Po(er systems# Eo"$ 2# 'o$ :# pp -,=+-,?# 'o&ember 1-?.$
I52J >$W$ 5ut"er and C$ Concordia# K%na"ysis of Series Capacitor %pp"ication Prob"ems#L !!!
Transactions# Eo"$,*# 1-=.# pp$-.,+-??$
I5=J D$!$ Wa"ker# C$ 5o("er# 2$ >ackson# D$ ;odges# K2esu"ts of SS2 Tests at 8oha&e#L !!!
Transactions# Eo"$ P%S+-:# 'o$ ,# Sept71ct 1-.,# pp$1?.?+1??-$
I5:J 2$G$ Aarmer# 5$9$ %gar(a"# K/se of AreDuency Scanning TechniDues for Subsynchronous
2esonance# L !!! Transactions# Eo"$ P%S+-?# 'o$ 2# 8arch7%pri" 1-.-# pp$ =:1+=:?$
I5,J >$A$ Tang# >$%$ )oung# K1perating !<perience of 'a&a0o Static 5"ocking Ai"ter#L !!! P!S Specia"
Pub"ication# ?1T;00?*+-+PW2# pp$ 2=+2*$
I5*J C$!$>$ 5o("er# D$;$ 5aker# K1peration and Test of the 'a&a0o SS2 Protecti&e !Duipment# L !!!
Transactions# Eo"$ P%S+-.# >u"y7%ugust 1-.?# 'o$ :# pp$ 10=0+10=,$
I5.J !!! Subsynchronous 2esonance Working Group# KSeries Capacitor Contro"s and Settings as
Countermeasures to Subsynchronous 2esonance#L !!! Transactions# Eo"$ P%S+101# 'o$ *# >une 1-?2#
pp12?1+12?.$
I5?J 2$>$ Pi(ko# C$%$ Wegner# S$>$ 3inney# >$D$ !den# KSubsynchronous 2esonance Performance Tests
of the S"att Thyristor+Contro""ed Series Capacitor#L !!! Transactions on Po(er De"i&ery# Eo"ume 11#
ssue 2# %pri" 1--* pp$ 1112 F 111-$
I5-J C$!$>$ 5o("er# K/nderstanding Subsynchronous 2esonance#L !!! P!S Specia" Pub"ication .*C;
10**+0# PW2# >u"y 1-.*# pp$ **+.=$
I510J !!! Subsynchronous 2esonance Working Group# KTerms# Definitions# and Symbo"s for
Subsynchronous 1sci""ations#L presented at !!!7P!S 1-?: Summer 8eeting# !!! Transactions on
Po(er %pparatus and Systems# Eo"$ P%S+10:# 'o$ *# >une 1-?,# pp$ 1=2*+1===$
I511J !!! 100# The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms# Se&enth !dition# 'e( )ork#
nstitute of !"ectrica" and !"ectronics !ngineers# nc$
I512J !!! 1=1=$1+1--*# !!! Standard for nsu"ation Coordination + Definitions# Princip"es and 2u"es
I51=J !!! 1=1=$2+1---# !!! Guide for the %pp"ication of nsu"ation Coordination
I51:J !C *00.1+1+200*# nsu"ation co+ordination + Part 1C Definitions# princip"es and ru"es
I51,J !C *00.1+2+1--*# nsu"ation co+ordination + Part 2C %pp"ication guide
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$nnex %
7in$r%ati-e8
3otes for a functiona' specification
This anne< pro&ides comment and discussion on the preparation of a ASC bank specification$ 2eference is
made throughout this anne< to the corresponding specification c"auses$ Aor ease of reference# the
corresponding c"auses from the main te<t ha&e been referenced$ The term KuserL may inc"ude purchaser
and consu"tant$
!/1 FS pro6ect description9 see 'ause 5
The basic Khigh+"e&e"L functiona"ity of a transmission "ine ASC bank is to compensate the inducti&e
reactance of o&erhead "ines$
!/1/1 P'annin, and s%ste$ confi,urations
!/1/1/1 apaciti1e Beactance per 'ine )
Typica""y# the series compensation in a transmission "ine is se"ected as a fi<ed percentage of the "ine
inducti&e reactance$ This percentage is se"ected from system po(er f"o(# system stabi"ity# short circuit and
SS2 studies based onC

aB System stabi"ity reDuirements @more detai"B
bB Eo"tage profi"e
cB Po(er f"o( on para""e" paths
dB Short circuit considerations
eB SS2 considerations on near by generators$
fB 9ocationof series capcitor bank due to fau"t duty and economic comparison of bypass "ocated in
the midd"e of the "ine or end of "ine$
gB %dditiona" Gro(th
hB Po(er Transfer Targets
Aina""y# the economic7cost considerations# as the cost of series compensation (i"" increase as the series
compensation "e&e" is increased$
;igher series compensation can impro&e system performance e$g$ increase po(er f"o(s on "ong "ines#
impro&e system stabi"ity and impro&e &o"tage profi"e$ (<<< $dd voltage profile figure <<<) The addition
of series compensation (i"" resu"t in higher short circuit duties and may reDuire cost"y mitigation measures
for SS2# if they are c"ose to generators (ith SS2 risk$ 5ased on these considerations# a fi<ed "e&e" of series
compensation is se"ected$
Where there are se&era" para""e" paths or transmission "ines# the "e&e" of series compensation shou"d be
se"ected to either eDua"i6e the f"o(s on the para""e" circuits or to the optimi6e the po(er f"o( based on each
circuits therma" capabi"ity$
This fi<ed percentage can be any(here from 20 to ?0 percent of the "ine impedance$ Series compensation is
genera""y needed on "ong transmission "ines for impro&ing system stabi"ity and &o"tage profi"es$ t may be
app"ied on short "ines to ba"ance the po(er f"o(s$ The series compensation range is kept be"o( 100 percent
@iB as it is desirab"e to keep the "ine to appear as net inducti&e @iiB to "imit the short circuit duty contributions
from other substations# @iiiB to keep the resonant freDuency @Tc7T" < *0 ;6B of the transmission "ine be"o(
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the system synchronous freDuency$ % fifty percent "ine compensation on a 200 mi"e "ong "ine (ith 0$* ohms
"ine impedance per mi"e (ou"d reDuire *0 1hms of series capaciti&e impedance @0$, < 200mi"es < 0$*
1hms U *0 1hmsB$ This is the KCapaciti&e 2eactanceL# of the series capacitors insta""ed for the series
compensating the "ine$
!/1/1/2 3u$(er of Series apacitor !an"s in a #rans$ission 8ine)
This reactance per "ine is genera""y insta""ed either as t(o sections at c"ose to each "ine termina" or as a
sing"e capaciti&e reactance in the mid section of the "ine$ 8ore than t(o banks may be reDuired on &ery
"ong transmission "ines$ This is done to "imit the design &o"tage of the series capacitor bank and to
maintain a reasonab"e acceptab"e &o"tage profi"e on the transmission "ine$ Series capacitors genera""y cause
a step increase of &o"tage on the transmission "ine$ 5asica""y# the "ine inducti&e reactance causes a &o"tage
drop (hen the po(er# (hich most of the time has a "agging po(er factor# f"o(s on the transmission "ine$
The capaciti&e reactance causes a step &o"tage increase (ith the "agging "ine current po(er factor$ 5y
sp"itting the "ine capaciti&e reactance# the step &o"tage increase can be sp"it into ha"f# thereby a&oiding
sudden &o"tage 0umps in the "ine &o"tage profi"e and a&oid the e<ceeding the ma<imum operating &o"tage of
the transmission "ine$
The number of capacitor banks in a transmission "ine are dependent on the "ine "ength# percent
compensation# rated "ine current etc$ 5asica""y# the intent is to maintain the bank 28S &o"tage and transient
&o"tages to a manageab"e design "e&e"$ Aor a typica" ,00 kE system t is desirab"e to keep the series
capacitor bank 28S &o"tages be"o( 100 kE @ "ess than 2, NB and the transient &o"tages be"o( =00kE@ =$00
per unit or be"o( ,0 NB$ %nother reason for sp"itting the capaciti&e reactance is# simp"ifying design and
manufacturing the series capacitor banks$ Aor a *0 1hms capacitor bank# (ith =000%mpere 28S "ine
current# the &o"tage de&e"oped across the series capacitor bank (i"" be 1?0 kE rms$ This may reDuire
transient &o"tages of up to four times the 1?0 kE# that is .20 kE peak &o"tages$ 5y sp"itting the bank into
t(o capacitor banks# this (i"" be reduced to -0 kE 28S and =*0 kE transient peak &o"tage thereby
simp"ifying design and manufacturing$ %dditiona" banks at additiona" "ocations may be necessary if the
&o"tage resu"ts in e<ceeding the ma<imum operating &o"tage of the transmission "ine$
!/1/1/2 3u$(er of S+itchin, Steps in a apacitor !an")
n "ate si<ties and ear"y se&enties# (hen the series capacitors banks (ere insta""ed# the series capacitor
bypass and insertion techno"ogy used spark gaps (hich reDuired that each bypassing step be "imited to 1,+
1? kE 28S or .0+., kE peak transient &o"tage across the s(itching step$ This (as necessary to meet the
performance reDuirements of the spark gap and to ensure that the series capacitors (ou"d reinsert
successfu""y# (hen a "ine fau"t on an ad0acent "ines is c"eared$ This reDuired mu"tip"e s(itching steps for the
typica" series capacitor insta""ed on a "ong transmission "ine and a"so comp"icated the reinsertion of the
series capacitor s(itching segments$ t a"so reDuired higher spark gap "e&e"s @as high as :$, per unitB to
ensure successfu" reinsertion$ Thus any(here from three to si< s(itching steps (ere reDuired in a series
capacitor bank$ This not on"y increased the cost of the series capacitor banks# but a"so degraded the
performance of the series capacitor bank and the system by increasing the reinsertion time$ 2einsertion of
the s(itching step (as a"so comp"icated by the DC+offset &o"tage that de&e"oped across each capacitor
segment# (hen it reinserted$ t (as a"so necessary to a""o( enough time before reinsertion# to c"ear the
ioni6ed gases from spark o&er so that the gap cou"d reco&er &o"tage (ithstand strength$
mpro&ements and de&e"opments in the bypass techno"ogy today enab"es us to design and manufacture
series capacitor banks (ith higher bank &o"tages# in some cases e<ceeding 100 kE rms steady+state
&o"tages and =00 kE peak transient &o"tages$ This enab"es ma0ority of series capacitor banks to be
manufactured as a sing"e s(itching7step bank and has resu"ted in substantia""y reduced costs and superior
performance$ This has a"so reduced the risk of SS2 on the generating machines as number of SS2
probabi"ities that can occur (ith the mu"tip"e s(itching steps has been reduced$
The user# ho(e&er# must determine the number of s(itching steps by taking into account not on"y the
manufacturerPs capabi"ities# but by a"so e<amining the specific operating practices and system reDuirements
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for their indi&idua" app"ication$ This is particu"ar"y true if the app"ication is an upgrade of an o"der series
capacitor insta""ation such as the spark+gap type that is described in this section @since the ne(er
app"ications can contain fe(er stepsB# or if the app"ication is an addition to an e<isting transmission "ine
that contains e<isting compensation$ The fo""o(ing system conditions are areas the user shou"d e&a"uate
(ith the proper personne" (hen specifying the type of insta""ation are as fo""o(sC
/e-uired power flow patterns across the compensated line- The user shou"d e<amine the
"oading profi"es of the "ine to be compensated$ Such factors that can affect the "oading of the "ine
are seasona" factors# agreements (ith other entities regarding transmission capacity# and
maintenance reDuirements$ The operator7p"anner may (ish to ha&e f"e<ibi"ity in ad0usting the "e&e"
of compensation according to the different "oading reDuirements$ This factor is especia""y
important in cases (here the purchaserPs uti"ity is not the so"e o(ner7regu"ator of the transmission
"ine to be compensated# and (here the needs of outside entities# such as independent system
operators# generation o(ned by outside entities that are tying into the system# or other uti"ity
operators# (i"" be a significant factor in determining the "oading of the transmission "ine$
!ystem stability- The stabi"ity of the system can be affected by the abi"ity to ad0ust the "e&e" of
compensation$ %ny operating7s(itching reDuirements necessary for SS2 mitigation# or by the
integration of a ne(er app"ication @(hich cou"d contain fe(er s(itching steps than an o"der
app"icationB into an e<isting system shou"d be considered by the user (hen determining the
appropriate number of s(itching steps$
!/1/1/5 Future reAuire$ents for series capacitors
When se"ecting the rating of the series capacitors# the future reDuirements such as higher percentage
compensation# higher current rating# higher short circuit duties etc$ shou"d be considered$ Some of the
protecti&e schemes reDuire matched components and upgrading them may reDuire comp"ete rep"acement$ t
may be feasib"e to rep"ace the series capacitors (ith higher si6e capacitor cans# but the bypass protecti&e
eDuipment (hich may cost =0 to :0 percent of the cost of the series capacitors may ha&e to be rep"aced
comp"ete"y$ Sometimes# it may be feasib"e to increase the current rating or the percent compensation using
the e<isting bypass eDuipment# if a "o(er spark+o&er7bypass &o"tage protecti&e system is acceptab"e$ Some
additiona" space on p"atform may a"so be pro&ided to future increases$
!/1/2 !an" topo'o,% and connection orientation
The purchaser should decide if the reactor is in series with the capacitors or in the bypass path. Outline the
advantages and disadvantages of each:
#a('e !/14o$parison of reactor connection strate,%
Consideration
2eactor in series (ith
bypass path capacitors
1perating "osses if the bank is
norma""y inserted
9o(er ;igher
1perating "osses if the bank is
norma""y bypassed
;igher 9o(er
Transient o&er&o"tages on the
capacitors
9o(er ;igher
2eco&ery &o"tage on bypass
disconnect s(itch
;igher 9o(er
The purchaser should decide on the orientation of the connection of the series capacitor bank into the power
system. If the bank has one switching step, then one terminal of the bank is connected to the platform.
Whether this terminal is connected to the substation side of the bank or the line side has implications for the
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voltages that appear from platform to ground and for the stress on the bank protective device if there is a
fault from platform to ground. Discuss
!/2 Scope of supp'% and schedu'e9 see 'ause <
!/2/1 Scope of supp'%9 see 'ause </1
Pro0ect scopes can take a &ariety of forms ranging from a comp"ete turnkey to supp"ying eDuipment based
on a 0oint"y de&e"oped design$ The arrangement of the scope+sp"it in C"auses ,$1$1 and ,$1$2 are sho(n as
an e<amp"e on"y# and items found in ,$1$1 can be mo&ed into ,$1$2 and &ice+&ersa depending on the
preferences and core+competencies of the user$
Carefu" consideration of scope+sp"it KboundariesL shou"d be taken (hen (riting these sections$ Aor
e<amp"e# if the user e"ects to pro&ide and bui"d foundations and reDuires the supp"ier to pro&ide p"atform
support insu"ation# the interface point of these t(o items is the anchor bo"ts and the fasteners# and perhaps
e&en sma"" stee" structures that connect the anchor bo"ts to both the &ertica" and diagona" insu"ators$ n this
e<amp"e# the o(nership of foundation design may be gi&en to either user or supp"ier# ho(e&er if the user
takes this scope on then the supp"ier (i"" need to pro&ide KfootprintL and bo"t+ho"e pattern reDuirements# as
(e"" as foundation reaction "oadings (hich (i"" stem from the structura"7seismic design study$
!/2 Site and en1iron$enta' data9 see 'ause 6
!/2/1 3or$a' ser1ice conditions =en1iron$enta'>
% series capacitor banks sha"" be capab"e of operation at their specified current# &o"tage# freDuency ratings
and specified fau"t operationa" seDuences under the fo""o(ing conditions as specified in !!! ?2: section
:$1 C
aB The e"e&ation does not e<ceed 1000 m abo&e sea "e&e"$
bB The indoor and outdoor ambient temperatures are (ithin the "imits specified by the purchaser$
cB The ice "oad does not e<ceed 1- mm@if app"icab"eB
dB Wind &e"ocities are no greater than 12? km7h$
eB The hori6onta" seismic acce"eration @if app"icab"eBof the eDuipment does not e<ceed 0$2 g and the
&ertica" acce"eration does not e<ceed 0$1* g (hen app"ied simu"taneous"y at the base of the
support insu"ators$ Aor the purposes of this reDuirement# the &a"ues of acce"eration are static$
This is the K"o( seismic Dua"ification "e&e"L defined in !!! Std *-=+1--.$ The seismic
acce"eration and the ma<imum (ind do not ha&e to be considered to occur simu"taneous"y$
fB The sno( depth @if app"icab"eB does not e<ceed the height of the foundations for the p"atform
support insu"ators or in any fashion reduce c"earance (ith respect to ground$ @% typica" ma<imum
height is 1 m$B
!/2/2 &(nor$a' ser1ice conditions =en1iron$enta'>
Ser&ice conditions that (ou"d compromise the operation of the series capacitor bank must be considered$
!ach purchaser must "ook at the cost to benefit and determine under a"" or specific conditions the series
capacitor bank must operate$ Genera""y the (orst+case scenario must be p"aned for$ The app"ication of
series capacitor banks at other than the norma" ser&ice conditions sha"" be considered as specia" and shou"d
be identified in the purchaserPs specification$ !<amp"es of such conditions are as fo""o(s as specified in
!!! ?2: Section :$2C
aB Ser&ice conditions other than those "isted in 5$=$1
bB !<posure to e<cessi&e"y abrasi&e and conducting dust
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cB !<posure to sa"t# damaging fumes# or &apors @!<amp"e ndustria" Po""utionB
dB S(arming insects
eB A"ocking birds
fB Conditions reDuiring o&er+insu"ation or e<tra "eakage distance on insu"ators
gB Seismic acce"erations at the Kmoderate or high seismic Dua"ification "e&e"sL as defined in !!! Std
*-=+1--.$
!/5 Po+er s%ste$ characteristics9 see 'ause 7
!/5/1 3or$a' po+er s%ste$ conditions
The capacitor bank sha"" be designed to (ithstand the specified continuous rated current# emergency
"oading# s(ing current and po(er system fau"ts (ith the capacitor bank bypassed$
There are no standard current ratings for series capacitor banks$ The current ratings of capacitor banks are
based on po(er transfer reDuirements or therma" "ine "oading considerations$
aB Consider both initia" and future
bB Continuous current
i$ 5ased on po(er transfer or "ine therma" "oading considerations$
cB !mergency o&er"oad currents and durations$
ii$ Typica" range is 1$2, to 1$* pu for =0 minutes$
iii$ 1$=, is inherent# higher &a"ues impact design$
dB S(ing current and duration
i$ !<p"ain s(ing current and its importance to the design of the protecti&e de&ice$
ii$ Determined in transient stabi"ity study$
eB The capacitor bank sha"" be designed to (ithstand the specified continuous rated current#
emergency "oading# s(ing current and po(er system fau"ts (ith the ma<imum capacitor unba"ance
condition for (hich the contro" and protection system (i"" a""o( the bank to remain in ser&ice$
fB The ASC bank is norma""y inserted into the "ine# and it is bypassed on"y for protecti&e actions and
maintenance periods$
!/5/2 &(nor$a' po+er s%ste$ conditions
%s is a"so described in %nne< 5$=$2# the app"ication of series capacitor banks at other than the norma"
ser&ice conditions sha"" be considered as specia" and shou"d be identified in the purchaserPs specification$
;ere are some e<amp"es of abnorma" po(er system conditions that may reDuire additiona" ana"ysis$ Such
conditions shou"d be brought to the attention of a"" potentia" supp"iers during the bidding stage of the
pro0ect$
aB The transmission "ine on (hich the series capacitor bank is "ocated does not ha&e phase
transpositions so the reactancePs of each phase of the "ine are not appro<imate"y eDua"$
bB The ASC bank is norma""y bypassed# and it is on"y inserted for short+term o&er"oad conditions or
other specific system needs$
cB /nusua" transportation or storage conditions @e$g$ mobi"e capacitor bankB
dB Short time or o&er"oad rating due to abnorma" s(itching or reduced capacity of bank due to
capacitor unit fai"ure
eB Presence of any significant system currents other than at fundamenta" po(er freDuency @e$g$
harmonic or subharmonic currentsB$
fB Significant and7or freDuent de&iations in system po(er freDuency beyond a narro( band @R7+
0$1;6B of nomina" freDuency$
:2
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!/< -ain FS characteristics9 see 'ause @
!/</1 -a6or eAuip$ent considerations
!/</1/1 apacitor units
The capacitance of the segment is rea"i6ed by connecting capacitor units in series and para""e" to pro&ide
the reDuired capaciti&e reactance (ith the continuous current rating$ The capacitors sha"" be designed to
(ithstand higher currents such as those e<perienced during emergency "oadings @typica""y the =0+min$
ratingB# system s(ings and during fau"ts as specified by the purchaser
The capacitor units sha"" be designed to (ithstand the specified continuous rated current# emergency
"oading# s(ing current and po(er system fau"ts$ (ith the ma<imum capacitor unba"ance condition for
(hich the contro" and protection system (i"" a""o( the bank to remain in ser&ice$
f capacitor fuses are used# either interna""y or e<terna""y# the fuses shou"d be designed to operate correct"y
for bank currents of ,0N of rated current up to and inc"uding po(er system fau"t conditions$
!/</1/2 Dischar,e current 'i$itin, reactor
Typica""y the discharge current "imiting reactor is connected as sho(n is Aigure 2 and hence does not carry
current (hen the bank is inserted$ ;o(e&er in some app"ications the discharge current "imiting reactor is
connected in series (ith the capacitors @see Aigure :B$ This arrangement is infreDuent"y used to reduce
"osses (here the segment is freDuent"y bypassed and may be used to e"iminate the potentia" for harmonic
current magnification (here the reactor is para""e"ed (ith the capacitor during bypassed operation$ t is
a"so used to reduce the duty on the disconnect s(itch typica""y used in para""e" (ith the bank$
f the discharge current "imiting reactor is in series (ith the capacitors# the reactor sha"" be rated to
(ithstand the same current magnitudes and durations as reDuired for the capacitor segment$
!/</1/2 .aristor
Current through the capacitor segment produces a &o"tage stress across the &aristor$ The &aristor sha"" be
designed to (ithstand these stresses$ The &aristor protecti&e "e&e" sha"" be sufficient"y abo&e the &o"tage
produced during a system s(ing to a&oid e<cessi&e energy absorption during the s(ing$
!/</1/5 !%pass s+itch
%s in the case of the &aristor# the interrupter of the bypass s(itch are e<posed to &o"tages resu"ting from
currents through the capacitors$ n addition this eDuipment is e<posed to protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage during
po(er system fau"ts$ This eDuipment sha"" be designed to (ithstand these &o"tages$
!/</1/< !%pass ,ap
%s in the case of the &aristor# the bypass gap is e<posed to &o"tages resu"ting from currents through the
capacitors$ n addition this eDuipment is e<posed to protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage during po(er system fau"ts$
This eDuipment sha"" be designed to (ithstand these &o"tages$
!/</2 onsiderations for the se'ection of protecti1e 'e1e' of the o1er1o'ta,e protecti1e
de1ice
Since the series capacitors are in series of the "ine impedance# they can be sub0ected to "arge fau"ts currents
and thus must be protected against the o&er &o"tages$ Some of the protection schemes common"y used in
past forty years areC
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aB Spark gaps @1-*0s+.0s# =$0+:$, per unit protecti&e "e&e"s# mu"tip"e steps reDuiredB
bB Si"icon carbide resistors (ith gaps @1-.0s# 2$,+=$, per unit protecti&e "e&e"s# mu"tip"e steps
reDuiredB
cB 8eta" o<ide resistors @1-?0s+ 1--0s# 2$00+=$0 per unit bypass "e&e"s# mu"tip"e steps# but (ith "arge
&o"tage "e&e"s# reduced the number of steps reDuiredB
dB Protecti&e thyristor s(itches$ @2000+# 1$?+2$* per unit bypass "e&e"s# sing"e step feasib"e# &o"tage
per step increased substantia""yB
Se"ection of a suitab"e spark o&er or bypass &o"tage "e&e" is &ery important as it impacts the system stabi"ity
performance and SS2 that can be caused by the series capacitors$ The spark gap7bypass shou"d be high
enough to insert the series capacitors (hen needed for a system s(ing Since# the series capacitors are a
&ita" e"ement in impro&ing and maintaining the system stabi"ity on a transmission "ine# they must reinsert
before the system s(ing occurs in that "ine$ The occurrence of the system s(ing is dependent on the system
s(ing freDuency and can happen after Duarter second for a fast s(ing @1 ;6 s(ingB to ha"f second for a
@0$, ;6 s(ingB$ %"so# the capacitors shou"d not bypass during the system s(ing$ The spark o&er &o"tage
shou"d be abo&e the system s(ing current "e&e"$
Arom the SS2 standpoint# "o(er spark+o&er7bypass &o"tages are desirab"e as the energy stored in the series
capacitors (hich u"timate"y gets discharge into the system and the nearby generating machines is
dependent as sDuare of the spark o&er7 bypass &o"tage "e&e"$
With the impro&ed reinsertion7bypass techno"ogy# the spark+o&er or the bypass &o"tage reDuired for
protection and reinsertion has gradua""y reduced as the techno"ogy has e&o"&ed from :$, per unit reDuired in
the spark gaps to 2$0 reDuired in the meta" o<ide or thyristor protected series capacitors$ With some
schemes# the "o(er bypass &o"tage (ou"d reDuire more energy absorption capabi"ity and (ou"d increase the
cost of that bypass scheme$
The fo""o(ing is a discussion of the inf"uence of the protecti&e "e&e" on &arious aspects of the design of a
modern series capacitor bank$ The discussion ends (ith a recommendation that the purchaser not specify
the protecti&e "e&e" e<cept in certain cases$
!/</2/1 Inf'uence of protecti1e 'e1e' on the insu'ation 'e1e's reAuired on the p'atfor$
The insu"ation "e&e"s app"ied on the series capacitor p"atform are dependent on the protecti&e "e&e"
estab"ished by the protecti&e de&ice$ !!! Std$ ?2:+200: reDuires thatC
VPFW XU 1$2 VP 7
2
(here
VPFW is the po(er freDuency (et rms &o"tage (ithstand "e&e"
!/</2/2 Inf'uence of protecti1e 'e1e' on capacitor desi,n
The protecti&e "e&e" is a"so factor in the design of the capacitor$ The choice of protecti&e "e&e" can affect
the termina"+to+termina" die"ectric production test on the capacitor units$ This test must be performed (ith
a dc test &o"tage of at "east 1$2 times the prorated protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage$ The minimum &o"tage "e&e" for
this test is :$= times the rated rms &o"tage of the units$ These t(o reDuirements dictate the test "e&e" for the
capacitor units as indicated in the fo""o(ing tab"e$ Aor protecti&e "e&e"s abo&e 2$, pu# higher protecti&e
"e&e"s resu"t in higher test &o"tages$
rotective level in per unit )" test voltage on the capacitor units in per
unit of the rms rated voltage of the unit
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2$0 :$=0
2$2, :$=0
2$, :$=0
2$* :$:1
2$. :$,?
!/</2/2 Inf'uence of protecti1e 'e1e' on 1aristor desi,n
The &o"tage associated (ith the po(er system s(ing is often the highest non+fau"t &o"tage that the series
capacitor and the &aristor must (ithstand$ %s such# it can be the determining factor in estab"ishing the
protecti&e "e&e"$ % "o( &aristor protecti&e "e&e" may mean the &aristor (i"" e<hibit significant conduction
and energy absorption during the s(ing# necessitating a &aristor (ith a greater energy rating$ ncreasing
the protecti&e "e&e" of the &aristor can reduce &aristor energy absorption$ ;o(e&er# the capacitor design is
sub0ect to change because of the higher o&er&o"tages$
The choice of protecti&e "e&e" can a"so be inf"uenced by its re"ationship to the &aristor energy reDuirements
for e<terna" fau"ts$ Typica""y# a "o(er protecti&e "e&e" increases &aristor energy absorption for e<terna"
fau"ts$ Con&erse"y# a higher protecti&e "e&e" reDuires "ess energy absorption$ Aor interna" fau"ts a higher
protecti&e "e&e" can# in some app"ications# increase the &aristor energy absorption @if the &aristor is not
bypassed (ith a forced triggered bypass gapB$
!/</2/5 Inf'uence of protecti1e 'e1e' on SSB9 #B.9 and s%ste$ sta(i'it%
The protecti&e "e&e" can ha&e some impact on SS2# "ine breaker T2E# and system stabi"ity$
!/</2/5/1 Protecti1e 'e1e' and SSB
n the case of SS2 @subsynchronous resonanceB# the &o"tage magnitude of "arge subsynchronous
osci""ations is "imited by the &aristor$ n app"ications (here subsynchronous osci""ations are a concern#
there is a preference for a "o(er protecti&e "e&e"$ ;o(e&er the protecti&e "e&e" on"y affects the transient
torDue aspect of SS2 not the damping of steady state torsiona" osci""ations$
!/</2/5/2 Protecti1e 'e1e' and #B.
% second po(er system consideration is the affect that series capacitors ha&e on the transient reco&ery of
the transmission "ine circuit breakers @T2EB of the "ine on (hich the series capacitors are p"anned$ Series
capacitors can increase this reco&ery &o"tage$ The &o"tage is reduced by "o(er protecti&e "e&e"s$ 5oth of
these phenomena are affected by the &aristor &o"tage at currents "o(er than those associated (ith an
e<terna" fau"t$
!/</2/5/2 Protecti1e 'e1e' and s%ste$ sta(i'it%
!/</2/< Beco$$endation on protecti1e 'e1e'
Since the supp"ier is in the best position to optimi6e the bank design inc"uding the &aristors and capacitors#
it is recommended that the purchaser not specify the protecti&e "e&e" un"ess the purchaser has po(er system
app"ication reasons for doing so$
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!/</2 #%pica' fau't dut% c%c'es
The purchaser shou"d define the desired operation of the protecti&e de&ice during and fo""o(ing fau"ts on
the po(er system$ The fo""o(ing are e<amp"es of typica" fau"t duty cyc"es for the three protecti&e de&ices
described abo&e$
!/</2/1 -eta' oxide 1aristor
!/</2/1/1 3or$a' externa' fau't
aB The bank is initia""y assumed to be in the inserted condition (ith rated continuous current$
bB %n e<terna" fau"t occurs that is c"eared (ithin norma" c"earing time$$ The &aristor (i"" typica""y be
reDuired to (ithstand the duty associated (ith the fau"t$ 5ypass (ith the bypass s(itch is not
norma""y permitted$ The restoration of a"" the current back in the series capacitor units fo""o(ing
the c"earing of the e<terna" "ine fau"t is immediate$
cB The bank is e<posed to the s(ing current fo""o(ed by the post fau"t po(er current as specified by
the purchaser$ The post fau"t po(er current may be at rated current or at the =0 minute o&er"oad
current fo""o(ed by rated current$
dB The bank returns to operation at rated current$
Typica" norma" fau"t c"earing times are : to , cyc"es$ Three phase fau"ts usua""y resu"t in higher energy
absorption than sing"e+phase fau"ts$ f the po(er system has one or more para""e" "ines that are to be
compensated# the &aristor duty during an e<terna" fau"t is usua""y greater if one of the para""e" "ines is
assumed to be out+of+ser&ice$ n some cases# ungrounded phase+to+phase fau"ts and hea&y "oad current
through the bank can combine to cause &aristor energies higher than those for three+phase fau"ts$ The type
of fau"t may be important if grass fires are probab"e under the transmission "ines$
The magnitude of the s(ing current is not a significant factor if the &a"ue is 1$. pu of rated bank current or
"ess$ Aor &a"ues much higher# the s(ing condition can impact the energy rating and the protecti&e "e&e" of
the &aristor$ t is important that the specified s(ing current be re"ated to the specified e<terna" fau"t
condition$ f the s(ing current is an important factor# a tab"e of s(ing currents &ersus time must be
pro&ided so that the bidder can ca"cu"ate the energy absorbed by the &aristor during the s(ing$
!/</2/1/2 3or$a' interna' fau't
aB The bank is initia""y in the inserted condition (ith rated continuous current$
bB %n interna" fau"t occurs$ 5ypass (ith the bypass s(itch is permitted$ The &aristor must (ithstand
the duty that occurs during a norma""y c"eared and7or the bypass time &ia the bypass s(itch$ fau"t
prior to the comp"etion of the bypass$ The bypass s(itch sha"" (ithstand the resu"ting capacitor
discharge and po(er freDuency fau"t current$ The "ine circuit breakers interrupt the fau"t$
cB The "ine remains open unti" it is rec"osed (ithin the time specified by the purchaser$ The bank
must reinsert (ithin the time specified by the purchaser$ The possib"e reinsertion scenarios areC
i$ Prior to the first "ine breaker to rec"use
ii$ %fter the first "ine breaker to rec"ose by before the second
iii$ mmediate"y after the second "ine breaker rec"uses
i&$ Some time after the second "ine breaker rec"oses as directed by the system
operator
dB f the "ine rec"osing is successfu" and the fau"t is not present# the bank returns to operation at rated
current$ f the "ine rec"osing is not successfu" and the bank (as inserted prior to rec"osure# the
&aristor must be capab"e of (ithstanding this additiona" duty unti" bypassing occurs$
The interna" fau"t usua""y resu"ts in more energy absorption than sing"e+phase fau"ts$ This energy
absorption is highest if the bank is "ocated at the end of the "ine and the substation has a "o( short circuit
impedance$ f the bank is "ocated at the end of the transmission "ine# the degree of grounding at the
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terminating substation (i"" dictate (hether sing"e phase or three+phase fau"ts resu"t in higher &aristor duty
for a fau"t "ocated at the "ine side of the bank$ The &aristor duty for interna" fau"ts is much "ess for banks
"ocated out on the "ine than at a substation (ith a "o( short+circuit impedance$
Aor three+phase fau"ts near the far end of the "ine or for sing"e+phase fau"ts out on the "ine# the &aristor
protection functions may not c"ose the bypass s(itch since the duty to the &aristor is not high$ f the
purchaser (ishes the bank to be bypassed prior to "ine rec"osure# the contro" system of the bank must ha&e
additiona" "ogic and inputs$ Possib"e inputs for the "ogic may inc"udeC
9ine current
9ine &o"tage
9ine status from the "ine re"ays
!/</2/2 -eta' oxide 1aristor +ith forced tri,,ered (%pass ,ap
!/</2/2/1 3or$a' externa' fau't
The performance reDuirements for this protecti&e de&ice (i"" be essentia""y identica" to that described for
the &aristor in 5$,$=$1$1$ Typica""y neither the bypass gap nor the bypass s(itch are permitted to operate
during the norma""y c"ear e<terna" fau"t$
!/</2/2/2 3or$a' interna' fau't
aB The bank is initia""y in the inserted condition (ith rated continuous current$
bB %n interna" fau"t occurs$ 5ypass (ith the bypass gap and the bypass s(itch is permitted$ The
&aristor must (ithstand the duty that occurs prior to the comp"etion of the bypass$ The bypass gap
must (ithstand the resu"ting capacitor discharge and po(er freDuency fau"t current$ The "ine
circuit breakers interrupt the fau"t$
cB The "ine remains open unti" it is rec"osed (ithin the time specified by the purchaser$ The bank
must reinsert (ithin the time specified by the purchaser$ The possib"e reinsertion scenarios areC
i$ Prior to the first "ine breaker to rec"ose
ii$ %fter the first "ine breaker to rec"ose by before the second
iii$ mmediate"y after the second "ine breaker rec"oses
i&$ Some time after the second "ine breaker rec"oses as directed by the system
operator
dB f the "ine rec"osing is successfu" and the fau"t is not present# the bank returns to operation at rated
current$ f the "ine rec"osing is not successfu" and the bank (as inserted prior to rec"osure# the
&aristor must be capab"e of (ithstanding this additiona" duty unti" bypassing occurs$
Aor three+phase fau"ts near the far end of the "ine or for sing"e+phase fau"ts out on the "ine# the &aristor
protection functions may not trigger the bypass gap since the duty to the &aristor is not high$ f the
purchaser (ishes the bank to be bypassed prior to "ine rec"osure# the contro" system of the bank must ha&e
additiona" "ogic and inputs$ Possib"e inputs for the "ogic may inc"udeC
9ine current
9ine &o"tage
9ine status from the "ine re"ays
!/</5 Description of o1er1o'ta,e protecti1e de1ices
The practica" app"ication of series capacitor banks on transmission systems a"most a"(ays reDuires that the
bank inc"ude a protecti&e de&ice to "imit the o&er&o"tages that occur during po(er system fau"ts$ The
purchaser shou"d indicate in his specification the type or types of protecti&e de&ices that are desired$
The fo""o(ing is a description of each type$
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!/</5/1 -eta' oxide 1aristor
!/</5/1/1 01er1ie+
8eta" o<ide &aristors are one type of o&er&o"tage protecti&e de&ice$ % simp"ified one+"ine diagram is sho(n
in Aigure 5 $1 5 $2$ The &aristor is usua""y connected in para""e" (ith the capacitors$ The bypass s(itch in
a"so connected in para""e" &ia a current "imiting reactor$ The &aristor is constructed of a series and para""e"
array of meta" o<ide non+"inear resistor e"ements$ These e"ements or organi6ed into enc"osures for
protection against the outdoor en&ironment$
3
3
Fi,ure !/1 !/24-eta' oxide 1aristor o1er1o'ta,e protection
!/</5/1/2 Princip'e of 0peration
The &aristor "imits temporary o&er&o"tages across the capacitors by conducting the e<cess transmission "ine
current# usua""y due to fau"ts# that (ou"d other(ise cause e<cessi&e capacitor &o"tage$ This conduction
occurs on each ha"f cyc"e of the po(er freDuency current of the o&ercurrent condition or unti" the para""e"
bypass s(itch c"oses or the fau"t is c"eared by the "ine circuit breakers$ The ma<imum &o"tage that resu"ts
across the series capacitor is dependent upon the non"inear &o"tage+current characteristics of the &aristor
and the magnitude of the o&ercurrent$ 5ecause the &aristor &o"tage increases (ith current# the protecti&e
"e&e" is usua""y defined at a coordinating current representati&e of e<pected &aristor current during a po(er
system fau"t$ !nergy is absorbed by the &aristor during conduction$ The se"ection of the &aristor energy
capabi"ity and protection of the &aristor against o&erstress are important aspects of the series capacitor
protection system$ When the "ine breaker c"ears the fau"t# the &aristor natura""y stops conduction and a"" the
current is in the capacitors$
The &aristor is designed (ith current and energy absorption capabi"ities that sha"" be consistent (ith
anticipated po(er system fau"t conditions$ n addition to the protecti&e "e&e"# critica" factors determining
&aristor reDuirements are the eDui&a"ent impedance of the po(er system# the duration of the fau"t# and
transmission "ine circuit breaker rec"osure seDuence$ With this information# the &aristor current and energy
absorption can be determined$
Computer simu"ations are needed to adeDuate"y determine &aristor duty$ The po(er system studies to
estab"ish these reDuirements are discussed in %nne< A$
Typica""y# for the protecti&e de&ice consisting of the &aristor but no forced bypass gap# the &aristor (i"" be
designed to (ithstand the current and energy associated (ith specified interna" "ine section fau"ts$ nterna"
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"ine section fau"ts near the series capacitor bank can cause much higher &aristor current and energy$ This is
especia""y true if the insta""ation is "ocated at the end of the "ine near a substation (ith a high short+circuit
current$ ;o(e&er it is a"so important that the &aristor duty during e<terna" fau"ts be estab"ished$ Aor the
"atter condition# the series capacitor in the unfau"ted "ine remains in ser&ice during the fau"t and the critica"
post+fau"t period to enhance po(er system stabi"ity$
!/</5/2 .aristor +ith forced tri,,ered (%pass ,ap
!/</5/2/1 01er1ie+
n many app"ications the protecti&e de&ice a"so inc"udes a forced triggered bypass gap$ This gap is fired for
po(er system fau"t conditions that resu"t in higher duty to the &aristor$ The gap does not norma""y spark
o&er on the &o"tage that appears across series capacitors since that &o"tage is "imited by the &aristor$ 2ather
the spark o&er of the bypass gap is triggered based on the duty to the &aristor$ % one "ine diagram of this
protecti&e de&ice is sho(n in Aigure 5 $= 5 $:$ 'ote that the bypass gap is connected in para""e" (ith the
bypass s(itch$ The e"ectrodes of the gap are contained in an enc"osure that "imits the ingress of
precipitation$
3
3
Fi,ure !/2 !/54-0. +ith forced tri,,ered (%pass ,ap o1er1o'ta,e protection
!/</5/2/2 Princip'e of 0peration
!&en though this system inc"udes a forced bypass gap# the &aristor performs the primary o&er&o"tage
"imitation in a manner identica" to that described abo&e for the &aristor on"y system$ ' this case the
&aristor is norma""y designed to (ithstand the duty associated (ith specified e<terna" fau"ts and the gap is
triggered during more se&ere fau"ts to "imit &aristor duty especia""y during interna" fau"ts$
The &aristor (ith forced bypass gap is most often app"ied on banks "ocated at the end of the "ine and
especia""y if the fau"t current is greater than 10 to 20 k% rms$ Aor a c"ose+in fau"t on the "ine side of the
series capacitor bank# the potentia" duty to a &aristor can be Duite high$ n this case the gap is triggered
based on the high duty to the &aristor at the start of the fau"t$ Airing thresho"ds are se"ected to a&oid firing
the gap during norma" e<terna" fau"t$ n most designs the gap (i"" be conducting (ithin 2 ms after the
thresho"ds are e<ceeded$ The "ogic for the triggering and the eDuipment to achie&e it are different among
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the &arious supp"iers$ ;o(e&er# the conduction is not instantaneous so the &aristor is e<posed to high
current for a finite time$ The &aristor must be designed (ithstand the high fau"t current unti" bypass occurs$
1nce the bypass gap conducts# most designs used (ith &aristors do not ha&e much abi"ity to interrupt the
current$ n genera" this is not an important factor since the gaps are norma""y triggered on"y (hen the
&aristor duty e<ceeds that associated (ith and interna" fau"t$ Aor an interna" fau"t# the "ine a"ong (ith the
series capacitor bank are temporari"y remo&ed from ser&ice$ This e"iminates the gap current and the gap
de+ioni6es and regains its &o"tage (ithstand capabi"ity prior to norma" "ine rec"osure$
!/</5/2 #h%ristor (%pass
Capacitor o&er&o"tage protecti&e function is to be pro&ided by a thyristor &a"&e assemb"y p"aced across the
fi<ed series capacitor and is referred to as a Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor @TPSCB# refer to Aigure :$
%t norma" operating &o"tages across the capacitors the thyristor &a"&e is b"ocked and "ine current f"o(s
through the capacitor$ The thyristor &a"&e commutates fau"t current around the capacitors during "ine fau"ts$
The fau"t protection strategy in&o"&es monitoring ac+"ine current through the TPSC bank$ When the ac+"ine
current e<ceeds a thresho"d &a"ue# a fau"t condition is assumed and protecti&e &a"&e firing seDuence
initiated$ The protection seDuences for interna" and e<terna" fau"ts are simi"ar to con&entiona" gap or 81E
protection schemes$
Aor interna" fau"ts the thyristor &a"&e continues to conduct "ine fau"t current on each ha"f cyc"e unti" the
para""e" bypass s(itch c"oses$ Typica" interna" fau"t (ou"d in&o"&e 2 to = cyc"es of fau"t current$ The
thyristor &a"&e needs to be designed to (ithstand ma<imum "ine fau"t duty for operation of the backup "ine
protection of up to 10 cyc"es$
3
Fi,ure !/< !/64#h%ristor (%pass o1er1o'ta,e protection
f the fau"t current is abo&e the o&er"oad rating and "o(er than a specified thresho"d for an interna" fau"t# the
e&ent is interpreted to be an e<terna" fau"t and the &a"&e can be fired to "imit the &o"tage across the
capacitors and b"ocked during the fo""o(ing negati&e current s(ing$ The specific parameters of the s(ing
current "imiting are estab"ished in the system design studies$ The bypass breaker remains open during the
e&ent$
The thyristor &a"&e differs from the &aristors protection in that the &aristors absorb energy during
conduction and e<perience a corresponding temperature rise not e<perienced by the thyristor during
conduction$ /nder norma" fau"t c"earing conditions the thyristor modu"es (i"" e<perience "imited
temperature rise and are ab"e to return to ser&ice in minutes after a series of "ine fau"ts$ Thyristor coo"ing is
performed by a simp"e air+coo"ed mechanica" heat sink$
,0
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
2
=
The &a"&e+damping reactor is designed to "imit the capacitor discharge current through the &a"&e and
designed (ith re"ati&e"y high impedance# typica""y : 8;6$ The thyristor "e&e"s inc"ude interna" grading
resistors and "imited 81E arresters for o&er+&o"tage protection during turn+on turn+off seDuence$ The &a"&e
is "ocated on the p"atform in an enc"osed &a"&e house that is a semi+(eatherproof structure (ith (a""
bushing penetration$ Airing pu"ses are transmitted &ia redundant fiber optic circuits from the ground based
contro" and protection system$
!/</< urrent ratin,s for the (an" (%passed $ode
Current ratings for the bypassed mode shou"d a"so be specified$ They are not necessari"y the same as for
the inserted mode$ 5ypass current rating (i"" be determined by system conditions$
aB Consider both initia" and future
bB Continuous current
ii$ Sometimes a standard %'S rating is se"ected for the bypass s(itch$
iii$ 2eactor current rating shou"d be specified by the manufacture$
cB !mergency o&er"oad currents and durations
ii$ 1&er"oad currents are often not specified for the bypass mode since such
o&er"oads are not possib"e (ith the series capacitor bypassed$
iii$ S(ing current and duration
i&$ !Duipment must (ithstand this but it is not usua""y specified as not decisi&e for
the reactor or bypass s(itch$
&$ Can be determined in transient stabi"ity study
&i$ Aau"t current ratings and durations
&ii$ 5ased on short circuit study (ith the bank bypassed$ 1n"y the component of
fau"t current in the bypassed bank is of interest not the tota" current in the fau"t$
&iii$ Duration based on the e<tended fau"t c"earing time on the po(er system or
nomina" 1 or = second duration$
!/</</1 EAuip$ent onsiderations
The continuous# emergency# s(ing and fau"t currents specified for this mode of operation may be different
than those se"ected for the bank inserted mode based on po(er system operationa" considerations$ Thus the
purchaser shou"d a"so specify the current ratings for this operating mode$
!/</</1/1 Dischar,e current 'i$itin, reactor
When the discharge current "imiting reactor is in the typica" position in the bypass path as sho(n in Aigure
1# the circuit is e<posed to the continuous# emergency# s(ing and fau"t currents specified for this mode of
operation$ The circuit sha"" be designed for these conditions$ The ma<imum duration of the fau"t current
(i"" be the e<tended fau"t c"earing condition @backup po(er system re"ayingB defined as part of the fau"t
duty cyc"e for the bank un"ess the purchaser specifies a 1# 2 or = second reDuirement$
f there are significant harmonic currents anticipated in the transmission "ine# these currents shou"d be
specified by the purchaser as an abnorma" ser&ice condition$ ;armonic current can be important because#
if the bypass s(itch is in the c"osed position# the reactor is in para""e" (ith the capacitors$ This para""e"
inductor7capacitor circuit can circu"ate harmonic currents that are greater in magnitude than those present in
the transmission "ine$ This amp"ification can be significant for harmonic freDuencies that are near the
natura" freDuency of the para""e" inductor7capacitor circuit$ /nder such circumstances# it is necessary that
the inducti&e reactance be se"ected to minimi6e harmonic current amp"ification and the reactor designed to
(ithstand harmonics in addition to the po(er freDuency reDuirements$ n addition# a protection function
,1
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
2
=
can be imp"emented to c"ose the bypass disconnect s(itch in case of e<cess harmonic current in the reactor$
f the bank is often in the bypassed condition and the harmonic current in the transmission "ine is
significant# it may be desirab"e to e"iminate the amp"ification of the harmonic current by the para""e"
inductor7capacitor by "ocating the discharge current "imiting reactor in series (ith the capacitors$ ;o(e&er
this arrangement can affect the magnitude of the &o"tage across the capacitors during po(er system fau"ts$
The discharge damping de&ice sha"" be designed for permanent insertion in the "ine (ith the Capacitor
5ank by+passed$ t sha"" ha&e a continuous current rating eDua" to that of the Capacitor 5ank$ The start of
conduction of the bypass gap or the c"osure of the bypass de&ice (i"" resu"t in a capacitor discharge current$
The parameters of the discharge current "imiting reactor sha"" be se"ected to "imit the magnitude of the
discharge current and pro&ide sufficient damping of the osci""ations so that the discharge is (ithin the
capabi"ities of a"" the eDuipment of the bank$
%"" of the eDuipment inc"uded in the discharge path sha"" be designed for the magnitude and duration of the
capacitor discharge current resu"ting from bypass (ith protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage on the capacitors$ This
inc"udes the bypass gap# the discharge current "imiting reactor# the capacitors and fuses and the
interconnecting bus$ f there is no bypass gap and the bypass s(itch operates during the fau"t# the design of
the discharge current "imiting reactor sha"" be consistent (ith the capabi"ities of the s(itch$ The capacitor
discharge current can combine (ith the po(er freDuency fau"t current$ The bypass gap# discharge current
"imiting eDuipment and the bypass s(itch sha"" be designed to (ithstand this combined current$
#a('e !/24Su$$ar% of urrent Batin,s
"urrent /ating
#ormal
3n service
mode
%ypassed
=ode
'orma" "ine currentC $$$$$$ %rms
2ated continuous currentC $$$$$$$ %rms
!mergency# =0 minute# o&er"oad currentC $$$$$$$ %rms$
8a<imum s(ing currentC $$$$$$$ %rms$ 7 ;6
Y
8a<imum fau"t currents through Capacitor 5ank eDuipment
=+ interna"
Y
# ma<$ $$$$$$ k% rms
1+ interna"
Y
# ma<$ $$$$$$ k% rms
=+ e<terna"
Y
# ma<$ $$$$$$ k% rms
1+ e<terna"
Y
# ma<$ $$$$$$ k% rms
'umber of rec"osures 1+ or =+
!/</</1/2 apacitors
When the bank is in the bypassed mode# the po(er freDuency current in the capacitors is &ery sma""$
;o(e&er if the harmonic current conditions discussed in the pre&ious paragraph pre&ai"# the capacitors can
a"so carry significant harmonic current$ The capacitor design sha"" take this into account$@GGGG 'eeds beter
e<p"anation B
!/</</1/2 !%pass S+itch
The bypass s(itch is e<posed to the continuous# emergency# s(ing and fau"t currents specified for this
mode of operation$ The s(itch sha"" be designed for these conditions$
,2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
2
=
!/</</1/5 Disconnect S+itches
During norma" conditions the e<pected ma<imum current through the series capacitors and disconnecting
s(itches is the conductor rating$ During "ine outage conditions the e<pected ma<imum current through the
series capacitors and disconnecting s(itches is the =0 minute rating$ t is un"ike"y that the bypass s(itch
(i"" e<perience these ma<imum currents because of the increase series impedance in the "ine (hen the
series capacitors are bypassed$
t is recommended that the capacitor bank =0 minute rating be estab"ished as the continuous current rating
for a"" = disconnect s(itches for the capacitor banks$
!/</</2 !%passin, of the (an"
(<<<3nclude !wing "urrent curve, if available<<<)
/sers need to pro&ide data as "isted in Tab"e 5 $2 abo&e$ f user has an initia" current reDuirement (ith
p"ans for future increase in current ratings# a separate co"umn shou"d be pro&ided for the future ratings$
!/6 FS $ain co$ponent reAuire$ents9 see 'ause 9
!/6/1 apacitor fusin, and unit arran,e$ent9 see 'ause 9/1
Three different types of fusing are being app"ied on series capacitor banks$ The fo""o(ing out"ines these
types and the associated arrangement of the capacitor units$ 2efer to Aigure 5 $. 5 $?$
!/6/1/1 Externa''% Fused apacitor !an"
The typica" arrangement used (ith e<terna""y fused capacitors in&o"&es the connection of groups of fused
capacitors in para""e" as necessary to meet the current rating of the bank$ These groups are connected in
series to rea"i6e the &o"tage and impedance ratings of the bank$ The fai"ure of a capacitor unit resu"ts in
increased current in the e<terna" fuse and b"o(ing of the fuse$ This resu"ts in increased &o"tage on the
para""e" units$ The magnitude of this &o"tage increase is dependent on number of units in para""e" in the
manufacturePs design$
Dua" e"ement fuses consisting of t(o fuses in series are typica""y app"ied$ 1ne of these fuses is a current
"imiting type that is used because of the high stored energy in the para""e" capacitors$ The second fuse is an
e<pu"sion type (hich (i"" operate for "o(er current conditions and pro&ides a &isib"e break$ The tota" fuse
is designed to operate satisfactori"y at &o"tages from 0$, p$u$ up to the protecti&e "e&e"$
The capacitor units typica""y ha&e one insu"ated termina"$
The capacitor units of each segment or sub+segment are sp"it into t(o or more para""e" strings to a""o(
capacitor current unba"ance detection$ The fai"ure of a capacitor unit resu"ts in increased current in the
e<terna" fuse and b"o(ing of the fuse$ This in turn resu"ts in increased &o"tage on the para""e" capacitor
units$ Aor the purposes of estab"ishing the thresho"ds for the capacitor unba"ance protection# it is typica""y
assumed as a (orst case that additiona" capacitor units (i"" fai" and fuses b"o( in the same para""e" group$
The thresho"ds for a"arm and bypass for the capacitor current unba"ance protection function are typica""y
based on ca"cu"ations of the increasing &o"tage across this (orst capacitor group (ith an increasing number
of b"o(n fuses$ Typica""y# an a"arm occurs (hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of greater than a 1$0,
pu unba"ance factor and bypass occurs (hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of factor of greater than a
1$1 pu$ The ob0ecti&e of these thresho"ds is to restrict the operation of the capacitors and fuses to (ithin
their tested capabi"ities$
,=
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
2
=
!/6/1/2 Fuse'ess apacitor !an"
The typica" arrangement used (ith fuse"ess capacitors in&o"&es strings of series connected capacitor units$
The number of units connected in series is as reDuired to achie&e the necessary &o"tage capabi"ity$ These
strings of capacitors are connected in para""e" as necessary to rea"i6e the current and impedance ratings of
the bank$
The fai"ure of a capacitor e"ement resu"ts in a short circuit of the associated series section of that capacitor
unit$ This resu"ts in an increase in current through and increased &o"tage on the remaining e"ements (ithin
that capacitor unit and the other capacitor units in the associated string$ The degree of this increase is
dependent on the tota" number of e"ements in series in the string$ The discharge energy and current increase
are both sma"" since there are no capacitor units connected direct"y in para""e"$ The capacitor unit (ith the
shorted e"ement remains in continuous operation$ Capacitor units used in fuse"ess app"ications ha&e an a""+
fi"m die"ectric system$
The capacitor units are usua""y designed (ith t(o insu"ated bushings$
The capacitor units of each segment or sub+segment are sp"it into t(o or more para""e" groups of strings to
a""o( capacitor current unba"ance detection$ Aor the purposes of estab"ishing the thresho"ds for the
capacitor unba"ance protection# it is typica""y assumed as a (orst case that additiona" capacitor e"ements
(i"" fai" in the same string of capacitor units$ The thresho"ds for a"arm and bypass for the capacitor current
unba"ance protection function are typica""y based on ca"cu"ations of the increasing &o"tage across the
remaining capacitor e"ements in the (orst capacitor string (ith an increasing number of shorted e"ements$
Typica""y# an a"arm occurs (hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of unba"ance factor of 1$0, to 1$1pu or
(hen the eDui&a"ent of more than ,0 percent of the e"ements of a unit are shorted$ 5ypass typica""y occurs
(hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of an unba"ance factor greater than 1$1, to 1$2 pu or (hen the
eDui&a"ent of a"" the e"ements of a unit ha&e shorted$ The ob0ecti&e of these thresho"ds is to restrict the
operation of the capacitors to (ithin their tested capabi"ities$
!/6/1/2 Interna''% Fused apacitor !an"
The typica" arrangement used (ithin an interna""y fused capacitor unit in&o"&es groups of fused e"ements
connected in para""e"$ These groups are then connected in series to rea"i6e the rating for the unit$ The units
are connected in series and para""e" as necessary to meet the o&era"" ratings of the bank$ % number of
different arrangements are possib"e$
The fai"ure of a capacitor e"ement resu"ts in discharge current from the para""e" e"ements through the
associated interna" fuse and b"o(ing of the fuse$ This resu"ts in increased &o"tage on the para""e" e"ements
(ithin the unit and a much sma""er increase in the &o"tage across the associated unit$ The magnitudes of
these &o"tage increases are high"y dependent on number of e"ements in para""e" in the manufacturePs design$
!"ement fai"ure is most "ike"y to occur (hen the current in the bank is high$ nterna" fuses are designed to
operate correct"y for bank currents that are greater than 0$, pu of rated current and for &o"tages up to and
inc"uding the protecti&e "e&e"$
The capacitor units may ha&e one or t(o insu"ated bushings$
The fai"ure of a capacitor e"ement resu"ts in increased current in the associated interna" fuse and b"o(ing of
the fuse$ This resu"ts in a important increase in the &o"tage across the para""e" e"ements and a much sma""er
increase in the &o"tage across the group of capacitor units that are in para""e" (ith the affected unit$ The
capacitor units of each segment or sub+segment are sp"it into t(o or more para""e" strings to a""o( capacitor
current unba"ance detection$ These strings are sometimes interconnected &ia a current transformer in a
bridge arrangement$
,:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
,0
,1
2
=
The typica" unba"ance protection strategy has t(o partsC one for situations in&o"&ing groups of capacitors
and one for situations (ithin a unit$
)rou* of ca*acitor units( Aor a group of capacitor units# typica""y an a"arm (i"" be initiated (hen the
unba"ance current is indicati&e of an unba"ance factor of 1$0, pu and bypass occurs (hen the unba"ance
current is indicati&e of a factor of greater than 1$1 pu$ The ob0ecti&e of these thresho"ds is to restrict the
operation of the capacitors and fuses to (ithin their tested capabi"ities$
Within one unit( Aor a situation (ithin a capacitor unit# the (orst condition in&o"&es increasing numbers of
shorted e"ements and b"o(ing fuses in the same group of para""e" e"ements$ n this case bypass typica""y
occurs (hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of a unba"ance factor of greater than 1$, to 2$0 pu (ith an
a"arm initiated (hen the unba"ance current is indicati&e of an unba"ance factor of ha"f of the bypass "e&e"$$
The ob0ecti&e of these thresho"ds is to restrict the operation of the fuses to (ithin their tested capabi"ities$
t is not e<pected that the affected capacitor e"ements (i"" (ithstand these high o&erstresses continuous"y at
rated current in the bank or during a =0 minute o&er"oad condition or a po(er system fau"t that resu"ts in
protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage$
,,
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
2
=
Aigure 1 + Capacitor unit and fusing
arrangement arraarrangem#ent
@aB e<terna""y+fused
@bB interna""y+fused
@cB fuse"ess @can use mu"tip"e stringsB
Capacitor
/nit
nterna"
Discharge De&ice
5ushing
Case
!"ement
@aB
Physica"
Connection of Para""e"
Capacitor /nits in one
Group
@bB
@dB
@cB
Physica"
Connection of Series
String
Fi,ure !/7 !/@4apacitor unit and fusin,) =a> externa''%7fused9 =(> interna''%7fused9 =c>
fuse'ess
!/6/2 .aristors9 see 'ause 9/2
Series capacitor units are genera""y sub0ected to o&er&o"tages during fau"t conditions$ These o&er&o"tages
may persist unti" the fau"t is c"eared by opening of the "ine circuit breakers to the fau"ted circuit e"ement$
8odern series capacitor banks use high"y non+"inear 8eta" 1<ide Earistors @81EB to "imit the &o"tage
across the series capacitor to a desired protecti&e "e&e"$ This protecti&e "e&e" typica""y ranges bet(een 2$0
and 2$, per unit# based on the &o"tage drop at the rated bank current$ When "imiting the &o"tage across the
series capacitor to the protecti&e "e&e" during fau"t conditions# the 81E must conduct the e<cess fau"t
current and thereby absorb energy$ The 81E energy is "imited to be (ithin its absorption capabi"ity by
bypassing the para""e" capacitor781E combination by operation of a triggered gap or c"osure of the fast
acting bypass s(itch$
,*
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
2
=
Arom a system performance point of &ie(# o&er&o"tage protection bypasses the series capacitor thereby
increasing the impedance of the circuit$ This may# in turn# ad&erse"y impact net(ork stabi"ity$ The effect is
not significant for fau"ts interna" to the "ine section in (hich the series capacitors are "ocated# since the "ine
section containing the series capacitor bank is# at "east# temporari"y remo&ed from ser&ice to a""o( fau"t
c"earing$ Aor e<terna" fau"ts# ho(e&er# the impact on system stabi"ity can be significant$ Therefore#
(hiche&er type of o&er&o"tage protection scheme is adopted# it is usua""y designed not to bypass the
capacitor bank during e<terna" fau"ts$ Aor the series capacitor protecti&e bypassing by operation of a
triggered gap @81E gap systemsB or c"osure of a bypass s(itch @81E gap"ess systemsB is a""o(ed for a""
interna" system fau"ts$ 5ypassing is norma""y not a""o(ed for e<terna" fau"ts$
The 81E o&er&o"tage protection is made from indi&idua" 81E b"ocks that are connected in series in order
to achie&e the desired protecti&e "e&e" and in para""e" in order to obtain the reDuired energy absorption
capabi"ity$ The 81E b"ocks are assemb"ed in co"umns (ith porce"ain housings or po"ymer housings$ To
ensure proper current sharing# the 81E b"ocks are indi&idua""y matched for each phase and are not
interchangeab"e$ Spare 81E co"umns are norma""y insta""ed on the p"atform and energi6ed (ith the
comp"ete 81E assemb"y# if reDuired redundant 81E co"umns cou"d a"so be inc"uded$
!/6/2 #ri,,ered (%pass ,aps9 see 'ause 9/2
!/6/5 #h%ristors and th%ristor reactors9 see 'ause 9/5
!/6/< Insu'ation and air c'earances9 see 'ause 9/<
ASC banks for =+phase systems are# (ith a fe( e<ceptions @distribution net(orksB# bui"t up by sing"e+phase
units$ % =+phase !;E Series Capacitor 5ank consists of three sing"e+phase units$ !ach sing"e+phase unit is
connected in series (ith the corresponding phase of the compensated =+phase circuit$ !ach sing"e+phase
unit is norma""y erected on an indi&idua" p"atform$ The p"atforms need to be insu"ated from ground and
from each other$ n addition# the SC+eDuipment mounted on each p"atform needs to be insu"ated from the
p"atform$
n summary# the fo""o(ing insu"ation systems need to be specified for a Series CapacitorC
nsu"ation bet(een each SC+p"atform and ground
nsu"ation bet(een the SC+p"atforms
nsu"ation on top of each SC+p"atform
!/6/</1 Insu'ation 1o'ta,es
5e"o( the se"ection of test &o"tages of each of these insu"ation systems (i"" be discussed$
!/6/</1/1 Standard 1a'ues Be$o1e #a('es in section 9/< for !I89 SI8
The insu"ation (ithstand &o"tages of the SC insta""ation are typica""y chosen from the standard &a"ues
prescribed in I512J and I51=J# or I51:J and I51,J$ See Tab"e 5 $=# Tab"e 5 $:# and Tab"e 5 $, be"o($
Standard (ithstand &o"tages are associated (ith K;ighest Eo"tage for !DuipmentL according to Tab"e 5 $=#
Tab"e 5 $:# and Tab"e 5 $,$
#a('e !/24 Standard +ithstand 1o'ta,es for 'ass 1 F 2 =.$ (et+een 1<". and @00".>
5ased on I512J and I51=J
=aximum !ystem
0oltage (hase to
hase)
0m
ower >re-. !hort
)uration (*-*8 !econd)
?ithstand 0oltage
(hase to ;round)
@ightning 3mpulse
3nsulation @evel
(hase to ;round)
%3@
!witching 3mpulse
3nsulation @evel (hase
to ;round)
%!@
,.
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
2
=
k0-rms k0-rms k0-crest k0-crest
1, =: -,
110
2*$2 ,0 1,0
=*$2 .0 200
:?$= -, 2,0
.2$, -,
1:0
2,0
=,0
121 1:0
1?,
2=0
=,0
:,0
,,0
1:, 2=0
2.,
=2,
:,0
,,0
*,0
1*- 2=0
2.,
=2,
,,0
*,0
.,0
2:2 2.,
=2,
=*0
=-,
:?0
*=0
.,0
?2,
-00
-.,
10,0
=*2 -00
-.,
10,0
11.,
1=00
*,0
.,0
?2,
-00
-.,
10,0
,,0 1=00
1:2,
1,,0
1*.,
1?00
11.,
1=00
1:2,
1,,0
?00 1?00
1-2,
20,0
1=00
1:2,
1,,0
1*.,
1?00
'oteC This tab"e sho(s for a gi&en ma<imum rated &o"tage se&era" (ithstand &o"tages$ The se"ected
&o"tages are based on proper insu"ation coordination$
#a('e !/54 Standard insu'ation 'e1e's for ran,e I/ =.$ (et+een 1". and 25< ".>
@5ased on I51:JB
=aximum !ystem 0oltage
(hase to hase)
0m
k0-rms
ower >re-. !hort )uration (*-
*8 !econd) ?ithstand 0oltage
(hase to ;round)
k0-rms
@ightning 3mpulse 3nsulation
@evel (hase to ;round)
%3@
k0-crest
=$* 10 20
:0
.$2 20 :0
*0
12 2? *0
.,
,?
1
1
2
=
:
2
=
-,
1.$, =? .,
-,
2: ,0 -,
12,
1:,
=* .0 1:,
1.0
,2 -, 2,0
.2$, 1:0 =2,
12= @1?,B :,0
2=0 ,,0
1:, @1?,B @:,0B
2=0 ,,0
2., *,0
1.0 @2=0B @,,0B
2., *,0
=2, .,0
2:, @2.,B @*,0B
=2, @.,0B
=*0 ?,0
=-, -,0
:*0 10,0
'1T! F f &a"ues in brackets are considered insufficient to pro&e that the reDuired phase+to+phase
(ithstand &o"tages are met# additiona" phase+to+phase (ithstand tests are needed$
#a('e !/<4 Standard insu'ation 'e1e's for ran,e II/ =?$ G 25< ".>
@5ased on I51:JB
=aximum !ystem
0oltage (hase to
hase)
0m
k0-rms
!tandard !witching 3mpulse ?ithstand 0oltage @ightning 3mpulse
3nsulation @evel
(hase to ;round)
%3@
k0-crest
@ongitutinal
3nsulation
(#ote *)
k0-crest
hase to ;round
k0-crest
hase to hase
(/atio of the
hase to
;round 0alue)
=00 .,0 .,0 1$,0 ?,0
-,0
.,0 ?,0 1$,0 -,0
10,0
=*2 ?,0 ?,0 1$,0 -,0
10,0
?,0 -,0 1$,0 10,0
11.,
:20 ?,0 ?,0 1$*0 10,0
11.,
?,0 -,0 1$,0 11.,
1=00
-,0 10,0 1$,0 1=00
1:2,
,2, -,0 -,0 1$.0 11.,
1=00
-,0 10,0 1$*0 1=00
1:2,
,-
1
1
2
=
2
=
-,0 11., 1$,0 1:2,
1,,0
.*, 11., 1=00 1$.0 1*.,
1?00
11., 1:2, 1$.0 1?00
1-,0
11., 1,,0 1$*0 1-,0
2100
'ote 1C Ea"ue of the impu"se component of the re"e&ant combined test$
!/6/</1/2 Insu'ation (et+een p'atfor$ and ,round
The phase+to+ground insu"ation for the series capacitor bank sha"" meet the (ithstand "e&e"s specified by the
purchaser$ These "e&e"s shou"d be the consistent (ith the standard practice for nearby substations taking
into account that the &o"tage on the p"atform support insu"ators may be higher than the &o"tage at the
substation$ This is due to the &o"tage step in the &o"tage profi"e a"ong the transmission "ine produced by the
ASC @see Section 5$1$1$1B$ n addition# for "ine "ocated SCs# the &o"tage rise at the ASC "ocation due to the
&o"tage profi"e of a "ong transmission "ine must be considered$
9isted in Tab"e 5 $=# Tab"e 5 $:# and Tab"e 5 $, are &arious possib"e insu"ation "e&e"s that are consistent
(ith %'S and !C standards$ The test &o"tages for the p"atform to ground insu"ation @phase to ground
insu"ationB sha"" be se"ected among the standard &a"ues according to Tab"e 5 $=# Tab"e 5 $:# and Tab"e 5 $
,$
Aor insta""ations at e"e&ations significant"y abo&e 1000 meters# an increased insu"ation may be reDuired$
'ote$ The &a"ues specified sha"" app"y not on"y to the p"atform+to+ground insu"ators# but a"so to other other
series capacitor de&ices connected bet(een phase and earth such as the "ine+to+ground insu"ator@sB of the
bypass s(itch# the p"atform+to+ground communication eDuipment insu"ator@sB and the "ine+to+ground
insu"ator@sB of the disconnectors$
!/6/</1/2 Insu'ation (et+een p'atfor$s =phases>
The test &o"tages for the p"atform to p"atform insu"ation @phase to phase insu"ationB sha"" be se"ected among
the standard &a"ues of Tab"e 5 $,$
1ther(ise# app"icab"e parts of the te<t of section 5$*$,$1 app"ies to the phase to phase insu"ation$
!/6/</1/5 Insu'ation 'e1e's for insu'ators and eAuip$ent on the p'atfor$/
!/6/</1/5/1 Genera' reAuire$ents
The insu"ation "e&e"s for insu"ators and series capacitor eDuipment mounted on the supporting p"atform are
in reference to the p"atform$ Aor insta""ations at e"e&ations abo&e 1000 meters# higher insu"ation "e&e"s may
be reDuired$
t must be emphasi6ed that the die"ectric stress on the p"atform+mounted eDuipment is of po(er freDuency
nature$ This app"ies both for sparkgap protected ASCPs and 81E protected ASCPs$
The (et (ithstand @EPAWB of the insu"ators and eDuipment on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected based on the
protecti&e "e&e" estab"ished by the protecti&e de&ice using the fo""o(ing eDuation$ The re"ationship app"ies
to the insu"ation across the entire segment using the protecti&e "e&e" for the segment$ t a"so app"ies to the
insu"ation (ithin the segment using the prorated protecti&e "e&e" across that part of the segment$
*0
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
2
=
2
2 $ 1
P
PFW
V
V

EAuation 1
WhereC
VPFW is the po(er freDuency rms &o"tage (et (ithstand "e&e"
!/6/</1/5/2 apacitor units
Capacitor units mounted on insu"ated p"atforms or other(ise insu"ated from earth sha"" (ithstand the po(er
freDuency &o"tage bet(een termina"s and container according to !Duation 2 or !Duation =$ The higher
&a"ue according to eDuations !Duation 2 or !Duation = sha"" app"y$
s
n
V n V
PFW PFW
B @
EAuation 2
+ PFW
nV n V , $ 2 B @
EAuation 2
WhereC
V+ is the rated &o"tage of the capacitor unit
s is the tota" number of capacitor units in series of the actua" segment
n is the number of capacitor units in series re"ati&e to the meta" rack to (hich the containers are connected
@e$g$ if si< units are series+connected in one rack (ith the center point connected to the rack# nU=B
'ote$ + The eDuations for VPFW@nB abo&e refer to the insu"ation bet(een termina"s and container of the
capacitor unit$ The eDuations do not app"y for the test &o"tage of the capacitor die"ectric for (hich the
eDuations in !!! Standard ?2:+200: app"y$
!/6/</1/5/2 apacitor rac"s
%ny inter+rack insu"ation# e$g$ support insu"ators bet(een racks sha"" (ithstand the po(er freDuency
(ithstand &o"tage according to !Duation 2 and !Duation =$ The higher &a"ue according to !Duation 2 or
!Duation = sha"" app"y$ n this case n corresponds to the number of units (hich span across the insu"ation in
Duestion$
!/6/</1/5/5 Support insu'ators and other eAuip$ent on the p'atfor$
The insu"ation "e&e"s for eDuipment mounted on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected according to the procedure
out"ined in 5$*$,$1 and app"ying !Duation 1 or !Duation 2 if not other(ise stated in the subc"auses be"o($
n this case n corresponds to the number of capacitor units# (hich span across the insu"ation in Duestion$
!/6/</1/5/5/1 !us insu'ators
The insu"ation c"ass of the insu"ators supporting the different buses on the p"atform sha"" be se"ected based
on the abo&e re"ationship$ The insu"ator &o"tage c"ass is determined by se"ecting an insu"ator (ith an
eDui&a"ent or greater po(er freDuency (ithstand &o"tage in accordance (ith Tab"e 5 $: or Tab"e 5 $,$ n
this process the "eft co"umn of the tab"e is not used$
*1
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
2
=
!/6/</1/5/5/2 EAuip$ent insu'ators
n genera"# the po(er freDuency insu"ation "e&e" of the eDuipment on the p"atform sha"" be estab"ished by
!Duation 1 or !Duation 2 and app"ying the procedure described for bus insu"ators (ith some e<ceptions$
!/6/</1/5/5/2 !%pass s+itch
The insu"ation "e&e" across the interrupter of the bypass s(itch sha"" be based on the re"ationships defined
abo&e$
!/6/</1/5/5/5 .aristor
The enc"osure of the &aristor sha"" ha&e a po(er freDuency (et (ithstand &o"tage based on the abo&e
eDuation$ t is not reDuired that the specific "e&e" se"ected be a standard &a"ue from Tab"e 5 $= or Tab"e 5 $
:$
!/6/</1/5/5/< !%pass ,ap
The insu"ators used in the bypass gap sha"" be based on the re"ationships defined abo&e taking into account
the portion of the segment &o"tage to (hich the bypass gap is e<posed$ ntermediate assemb"ies can see
high transients during the norma" breakdo(n process and sha"" be designed for these conditions$ n
addition# the (ithstand "e&e" of the po(er gap and any trigger circuit sha"" be coordinated to (ithstand a""
system disturbances (ithout breaking o&er under po(er system conditions for (hich this is inappropriate$
!/6/</1/5/5/6 Dischar,e current 'i$itin, eAuip$ent
The insu"ators used to support the discharge current "imiting circuit from the p"atform sha"" be based on the
re"ationships defined abo&e taking into account the portion of the segment &o"tage to (hich these insu"ators
are e<posed$
The insu"ation "e&e" across the discharge current "imiting circuit sha"" be se"ected based on the
instantaneous &o"tage appearing across the circuit (hen the bypass gap sparks o&er or the bypass s(itch
c"oses$ The po(er freDuency (ithstand of the reDuired insu"ation c"ass sha"" be at "east 1$27sDrt@2B times this
instantaneous &o"tage$ The 9W9 @59B of the circuit is then se"ected from Tab"e 5 $= or Tab"e 5 $:$
;o(e&er it must be recogni6ed that the &o"tage that appears across the circuit (hen the bypass gap
conducts or the bypass s(itch c"oses is of a much higher freDuency than ,0 or *0 ;6 and that the duration
is &ery brief$ %t ,0 or *0 ;6# the magnitude of impedance of the circuit is usua""y &ery sma"" making it
&irtua""y impossib"e to perform a po(er freDuency &o"tage (ithstand test at the se"ected "e&e"$ 1n the other
hand# the circuit can be easi"y tested (ith an impu"se$ %s a resu"t# the primary focus of the insu"ation across
the circuit is its 9W9 @59B$
!/6/</1/5/5/7 urrent transfor$ers and 0ptica' current transducers
The insu"ation "e&e" of the current transformers and the optica" current transducers sha"" be based on the
re"ationships defined abo&e$
!/6/</2 reepa,e distance ='ea"a,e distance>
The recommendations gi&en in I51,J sha"" app"y$ The purchaser sha"" specify (hich one of the po""ution
"e&e"s# or specific creepage distance# sha"" be app"icab"e$

n Tab"e 5 $*# specific creepage distances are gi&en for the different po""ution "e&e"s according to I51,J$
@Aor more detai"ed description of the po""ution "e&e"s# see I51,JB$ The creepage distance is ca"cu"ated by
mu"tip"ying the genera" nomina" specific creepage distance in the :th co"umn (ith the rated &o"tage across
*2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
2
=
the insu"ation in Duestion$ The &a"ues in Tab"e 5 $*# co"umn : are genera""y app"icab"e for any &o"tage# i$e
phase+phase# phase+earth or any &o"tages (ithin a phase segment$
f the =0 min o&er"oad current @=0B e<ceeds 1$=, pu# the creepage distances sha"" be increased "inear"y in
proportion to @=071$=, pu$B$
'ote$ f the purchaser specifies that the p"atform to ground insu"ators shou"d ha&e e<tra creepage distance#
the insu"ation on the p"atform sha"" ha&e commensurate creepage distance
#a('e !/64 Specific creepa,e distances
@Arom I51,JB
ollution
level
,xamples of environments
(>urther details in I51,JB)
=inimum nominal
specific creepage distance
(mmAk0)
;eneral nominal
specific creepage
distance (mmAk0)
9ight
'o or "o( density of industries or houses$
%gricu"ture or mountain areas
9ocations at "east 10 to 20 km from the sea
1* 2?
8edium
ndustries not producing particu"ar"y
po""uting smoke$
;igh density of houses and7or industries but
sub0ected to freDuent (inds and7or rainfa""
Wind from the sea but not too c"ose to the
coasts
20 =,
;ea&y
;igh density of industries and suburbs of
"arge cities# producing po""ution$
%reas c"ose to the sea$
2, ::
E
Eery hea&y
ndustria" smoke producing conducti&e
deposits
%reas &ery c"ose to the sea and e<posed to
sea+spray @sa"tB
Desert areas$
=1 ,:
!/6/</2 &ir c'earances
2ecommendations for se"ection of air c"earance distance are found in I51,J$ 8inimum c"earances ha&e
been determined for different e"ectrode configurations$ The minimum c"earances specified are determined
(ith a conser&ati&e approach# taking into account practica" e<perience# economy# and si6e of practica"
eDuipment in the range be"o( 1m c"earance$ These c"earances are intended so"e"y to address insu"ation
coordination reDuirements$ Safety reDuirements may resu"t in substantia""y "arger c"earances$
Tab"e 5 $.# taken from I51,J# sha"" be used for phase+to+phase and phase+to+earth insu"ation for (hich
"ightning impu"se (ithstand &o"tage is defined$

Tab"e 5 $? and Tab"e 5 $-# taken from I51,J# sha"" be used for phase+to+earth and phase+to+phase
insu"ation for (hich s(itching impu"se (ithstand &o"tage is defined$
Aor se"ection of proper air c"earance across insu"ation paths (here on"y %C &o"tage (ithstand reDuirement
app"y# e$g$ for p"atform mounted eDuipment# the recommendations in I51,J# sha"" be used$ 8inimum air
c"earance &ersus %C+(ithstand according to Aigure 5 $- sha"" app"y if no other more detai"ed reDuirements
are specified$
#a('e !/74 orre'ation (et+een standard 'i,htnin, i$pu'se +ithstand 1o'ta,es and
$ini$u$ air c'earances/
@Arom I51,JB
Standard 9ightning mpu"se
Eo"tage @kE+crestB
8inimum C"earance @mmB
2od Structure Conductor Structure
20 *0
*=
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
2
=
:0 *0
*0 -0
., 120
-, 1*0
12, 220
1:, 2.0
1.0 =20
2,0 :?0
=2, *=0
:,0 -00
,,0 1100
*,0 1=00
.,0 1,00
?,0 1.00 1*00
-,0 1-00 1.00
10,0 2100 1-00
11., 2=,0 2200
1=00 2*00 2:00
1:2, 2?,0 2?00
1,,0 =100 2-00
1*., ==,0 =100
1?00 =*00 ==00
1-,0 =-00 =*00
2100 :200 =-00
'1T!C The standard "ightning impu"se is app"icab"e to phase to phase and phase to earth$
Aor phase to earth# the minimum c"earance for conductor+structure and rod+structure is app"icab"e$
Aor phase to phase# the minimum c"earance for rod structure is app"icab"e$
#a('e !/@4 orre'ation (et+een standard s+itchin, i$pu'se +ithstand 1o'ta,es and
$ini$u$ phase7to7earth air c'earances
@Arom I51,JB
Standard S(itching mpu"se
Eo"tage @kE+crestB
8inimum C"earance @mmB
Conductor Structure 2od Structure
.,0 1*00 1-00
?,0 1?00 2:00
-,0 2200 2-00
10,0 2*00 =:00
11., =100 :100
1=00 =*00 :?00
1:2, :200 ,*00
1,,0 :-00 *:00
#a('e !/94 orre'ation (et+een standard s+itchin, i$pu'se +ithstand 1o'ta,es and
$ini$u$ phase7to7phase air c'earances
@Arom I51,JB
Standard s(itching impu"se (ithstand &o"tage
@kE+crestB
8inimum phase+to+phase c"earance
@mmB
Phase+to+earth
kE
Phase+to+phase
&a"ue
Phase+to+phase
kE
Conductor+
conductor para""e"
2od+conductor
Phase+to+earth
&a"ue
.,0 1$, 112, 2=00 2*00
?,0 1$, 12., 2*00 =100
*:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
2
=
?,0 1$* 1=*0 2-00 =:00
-,0 1$, 1:2, =100 =*00
-,0 1$. 1*1, =.00 :=00
10,0 1$, 1,., =*00 :200
10,0 1$* 1*?0 =-00 :*00
11., 1$, 1.*= :200 ,000
1=00 1$. 2210 *100 .:00
1:2, 1$. 2:2= .200 -000
1,,0 1$* 2:?0 .*00 -:00
Fi,ure !/9 7 &ir c'earance 1ersus &7+ithstand
The re"ationship bet(een %C (ithstand &o"tage @VPFW# in kE28SB and minimum air c"earances @dAI,# in mmB
is summari6ed by !Duation : be"o( @based on assuming %C (ithstand 28S &o"tage is -0N7sDrtI2J of the
,0N breakdo(n peak &o"tage and so"&ing !Duation G$1 of I51,J for dBC
,
_
,
_
1
]
1
,, $ 0
1
*.,
e<p "n
e<p ?==
PFW
AI,
V
d
EAuation 5
Aor EPAW "ess than =00kE28S# !Duation , be"o( can be used @"inear appro<imation of !Duation : &a"id for
this &o"tage rangeBC
PFW AI,
V d = $ = 20 +
EAuation <
!Duation : and !Duation , can be used for air c"earances on the series capacitor p"atform# but it is not
genera""y app"icab"e for &erification of a"" other air c"earances in the substation$
!/6/6 Dischar,e current 'i$itin, and da$pin, eAuip$ent9 see 'ause 9/6
!/6/7 !%pass s+itches9 see 'ause 9/7
!/6/7/1 #ransient reco1er% 1o'ta,e =#B.> of (%pass s+itch durin, (an" insertion
Since the operating mechanism of a bypass s(itch is re&ersed as compared to a "ine breaker# in most cases
@e$g$ s(itches (ith a spring mechanica" storage mechanism (i"" charge the c"osing spring (hen openingB
the speed of separating contacts during s(itch opening is s"o(er than the speed of con&erging contacts
during s(itch c"osing$ 5ecause of this# their T2E Ken&e"opeL# or the capabi"ity of separating contacts not
to restrike after "oad+current break @note that bypass s(itches are not reDuired to break fau"t currentsHnor
is it desirous that they be designed to do soB# is not as good @in terms of time# but not ma<imum &o"tageB as
their "ine breaker counterparts$
5ypass s(itches shou"d be ab"e to break a specific "ine current @kno(n as Kinsertion currentLB and not
restrike in the process$ Since a bypass s(itch# by opening# inserts the ASC bank# the T2E is (e""+
contro""ed by both the para""e" capacitor @dE7dtB as (e"" as the 81E @peak kEB$ 2udimentary T2E studies
*,
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
2
=
can be performed# ho(e&er a Duick ana"ysis may be sufficient to determine (hether a gi&en set of T2E
type tests are acceptab"e to sho( the bypass s(itch is capab"e of being app"ied in a specific ASC bank$
2eco&ery &o"tage across an opening bypass s(itch can be estimated using the fo""o(ing informationC
VTT peak &o"tage at (hich T2E type testing (as performed
tTT time to ma<imum &o"tage VTT (hen type testing (as performed
- bank capacitance
f system po(er freDuency
AP peak insertion current
V.$V peak &o"tage of 81E assemb"y at AP current through it
Gi&en the type test pair of &a"ues @VTT and tTTB# (e can conser&ati&e"y estimate the T2E Ken&e"opeL# VTE@tB#
(ith !Duation *C
TT
TT
TT
TT
TT
TE
V
t
t
V
t t
t t
t V

,
_
< <
0
B @
EAuation 6
The T2E can be estimated first by assuming there is no 81E using !Duation .C
( ) [ ]
[ ]
f
t
f-
A
t V
ft
f-
A
t V
.A/
P
.A/
P
2
1
(hen # B @ ma<
2 cos 1
2
B @

EAuation 7
f V@t.A/B is eDua" to or "ess than VTT# and t.A/ is eDua" to or greater than tTT# then there is no reason to
e&a"uate furtherHthe type test comfortab"y estab"ishes the capabi"ity of the gi&en s(itch in the app"ication$
f# ho(e&er V@t.A/B is greater than VTT# or t.A/ is "ess than tTT# then further ana"ysis is reDuired# taking into
account the 81E$ @'ote that this assumes that V.$V is "ess than V@t.A/B$ f it is greater# then chances are
that ne( type tests need to be performed# or a different design bypass s(itch (ith a greater T2E capabi"ity
needs to be used in this app"ication$B
The simp"est (ay to mode" the 81E in this situation is to assume that the 81E does not conduct (hen
V@tB is "ess than V.$V# and is conducting a"" of the insertion current at a constant V.$V (hen conducting that
current through the capacitor (ou"d ha&e taken the bank &o"tage abo&e V.$V$
Since V.$V is "ess than VTT @by our ear"ier assumptionB# (e need to find at (hich time reco&ery &o"tage
e<ceeds the T2E Ken&e"opeL# or (hen it hits V.$V# (hich e&er occurs first$
/sing !Duation ? be"o(# (e can find at (hat time the T2E Ken&e"opeL e<ceeds V.$VC
TT
.$V
TT E+V
V
V
t t
EAuation @
/sing !Duation . be"o(# (e can find the time at (hich 81E conduction occursC
**
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
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-
10
11
12
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1?
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20
21
22
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[ ]
1
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1
P
.$V
.$V
.$V .$V
P
A
f-V
f
t
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f-
A
2
1 cos
2
1
B 2 cos@ 1
2
1
EAuation 9
f tE+V is eDua" to or "ess than t.$V# then the T2E type test is acceptab"e# and the bypass s(itch# as designed#
can be app"ied to the ASC bank from the perspecti&e of T2E$
%s an e<amp"e# consider the fo""o(ing bypass s(itch in re"ation to its app"icationC
VTT =0,kE+crest
tTT *$=ms
- .?$2A
f *0;6
AP .*=.%+crest
V.$V =00kE+crest at .*=.%+crest
%t t.A/ U ?$=ms# V@t.A/B U ,1?kEp @!Duation .B# (hich is greater than VTT$ The T2E Ken&e"opeL e<ceeds
V.$V at tE+V U *$2ms @!Duation ?B$ The 81E is in conduction at t.$V U :$*ms @!Duation -B$ Since tE+V is
greater than t.$V# then this bypass s(itch shou"d be reconsidered$ Some options to consider at this pointC
9o(er insertion current @APB rating$ n this e<amp"e# "o(ering AP from .*=.%+crest to around
,100%+crest (i"" "o(er V.$V a "itt"e# (hich (i"" "o(er tE+V$ t (i"" a"so raise t.$V to abo&e *$2ms$
9o(er V.$V$ n this e<amp"e# "o(ering V.$V from =00kE+crest to 1:0kE+crest "o(ers both tE+V
and t.$V to about 2$-ms$
2etest same design of bypass s(itch at a higher VTT and7or sma""er tTT$
/se a"ternate bypass s(itch design (ith a "arger# more capab"e interrupting chamber that has been
tested at a higher VTT and7or sma""er tTT$
Perform some more in&o"&ed T2E simu"ations using actua" system data to see if insertion
transient is not as arduous @from the perspecti&e of bypass s(itch T2EB as this conser&ati&e
assessment sho(s it to be$
Aigure 5 $10 5 $11 be"o( sho(s graphica""y the e<amp"e abo&e$
Fi,ure !/10 !/114Exa$p'e #B. &ssess$ent of !%pass S+itch
*.
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
2
=
!/6/@ Externa' (%pass disconnect s+itches9 see 'ause 9/@
!/6/9 Protection9 contro'9 and $onitorin,9 see 'ause 9/9
!/6/10 Stee' p'atfor$s9 support structures9 seis$ic desi,n reAuire$ents9 see 'ause 9/10
!/7 Spare parts and specia' too's9 see 'ause 10
!/@ En,ineerin, studies9 see 'ause 11
Care shou"d be taken (hen (riting this section to coordinate it (ith the scope sp"it Section ,$1 so as to
ensure no contradictions or confusion$ C"ause 11 is (ritten in a checkbo< format# for the user to se"ect the
te<t most consistent (ith their goa"s and p"ans for the pro0ect and modify it as necessary$ Typica"
reDuirements are sho(n$
n the case (here the user (ishes the series capacitor supp"ier to perform any or a"" of these studies# care
shou"d a"so be taken in specifying the time to comp"ete these studies# as the studies do affect one another$
Aor e<amp"e# the s(ing current# SS2# and T2E studies a"" ha&e the potentia" to "imit the range of the 81E
protecti&e "e&e" as (e"" as dri&e reDuirements for a gapped &ersus a gap"ess so"ution# and these kinds of
Duestions must be ans(ered before the 81E duty study is e&en started$ %"so# it is imperati&e that if the
supp"ier is to perform any of these studies# the po(er system information reDuired to do these studies needs
to be recei&ed &ery ear"yH(ithin a fe( days or a coup"e of (eeks of the a(ard of the pro0ectHand the
information must be fina" and not change during the study (ork# in order for this (ork to be comp"eted in a
time"y manner and not significant"y de"ay the pro0ect$ Aurther# (hen the supp"ier performs these studies it
reDuires the user to re&ie( and appro&e the study resu"ts and conc"usions# and unti" those appro&a"s are
recei&ed the supp"ier often cannot continue (ith design (ork$
0
20000
100000
120000
200000
220000
100000
0
,
0
0
0
0
,
0
0
1
0
,
0
0
2
0
,
0
0
1
0
,
0
0
4
0
,
0
0
2
0
,
0
0
6
0
,
0
0
7
0
,
0
0
5
0
,
0
0
9
0
,
0
1
0
#i$e =Seconds>
.
o
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=
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.9: Strai*tline En-elpe
0ypass S(itch 9ec-ery :lta*e
*?
1
2
=
:
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10
11
12
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2
=
!/@/1 Po+er s%ste$ ana'%sis9 -0. reAuire$ents
The series capacitor 81E design dri&es reDuirements for e&ery other piece of eDuipment on the bank# and
it a"so has effects on system dynamic stabi"ity ana"ysis @see Section 11$1$2B# "ine breaker T2E @see Section
11$1$=B# SS2 transient torDue studies @see Section 11$1$:B# and sometimes the "ine protection re"aying
coordination studies @see section 11$1$,B$ Aor e<amp"e# the "ine breaker T2E study may conc"ude that
protecti&e "e&e" must be "imited to some ma<imum peak &o"tage &a"ue in order to mitigate the effect of the
trapped charge of the bank on nearby opening "ine breakers# and at the same time the dynamic stabi"ity
ana"ysis may reDuire the protecti&e "e&e" to be at some minimum &a"ue to a&oid e<cessi&e 81E conduction
during s(ing currents$ These sorts of interactions can @but do not necessari"yB ser&e to bracket the
a""o(ab"e 81E protecti&e "e&e" range# and shou"d be in&estigated before the 81E reDuirements study is
started$ 'ote a"so that kno(ing this range ahead of time a""o(s the user to proper"y fi"" in Section ?$1$
% 81E duty study genera""y consists of t(o steps$ The first step is to in&estigate and pinpoint the (orst+
case e<terna" fau"t duty in terms of peak 81E current# peak or 28S "ine current# and7or ma<imum 81E
energy absorbed$ The 81EPs are genera""y reDuired to Kride throughL a series of fau"ts e<terna" to the "ine
@fau"ts that are iso"ated (ithout deenergi6ing the "ine the series capacitor bank is compensatingB (ithout
being bypassed by a T%G or bypass s(itch$ The user shou"d carefu""y define these fau"ts based on "ine
protection schemes# and take into accountHfor the different kinds of fau"ts @sing"e+phase and mu"ti+phase
fau"tsBHho( "ong it takes for the "ine protection and breakers to iso"ate these fau"ts# ho( Duick"y the
attempted rec"osure into the same fau"t cou"d occur before "ockout# and ho( many of these fau"t seDuences
the bank must Kride throughL (ithout bypassing in a short period of time @in "ess than about *0 secondsB$
%fter the highest magnitude 81E peak currents# "ine peak or 28S currents# and7or 81E energy
absorption &a"ues are found for e<terna" fau"t duty# to these &a"ues a thresho"d margin is added @,N to 20N
is a typica" range for this marginB# and bypass thresho"ds are deri&ed such that the bank can monitor any or
a"" of these &a"ues to discern bet(een an e<terna" fau"t that must be Kridden throughL and an interna" fau"t
or an e<cessi&e e<terna" fau"t (here bank bypass is a""o(ed$ 'ote that in the case of primary protection
fai"ure @e$g$ stuck breakerB# backup protection (i"" deenergi6e a "arger part of the system that might inc"ude
the "ine being compensated# and in this case the fau"t no( becomes interna" and bypass (ou"d be a""o(ab"e$
With these thresho"ds# the second part of the duty study (ou"d in&estigate both c"ose+in and remote interna"
fau"ts# simu"ating the bank 81E and bypass system @T%G and7or bypass s(itchB (aiting for one or more
of the thresho"ds to be e<ceeded and then bypassing after some bypass de"ay time dependent on the bypass
techno"ogy being simu"ated$ Arom this part of the study is deri&ed the ma<imum e<pected 81E peak
current during any fau"t and the ma<imum e<pected 81E energy absorption for any fau"t$ The 81E
coordinating current @peak current through the 81E at protecti&e "e&e" &o"tageB must be eDua" to or greater
than the ma<imum e<pected 81E peak current# and the energy rating of the 81E must be eDua" to or
greater than the ma<imum e<pected 81E energy absorption$
n genera"# higher 81E protecti&e "e&e"s make the 81E "ess+sensiti&e to e<terna" fau"ts @though this is not
necessari"y true of shorter "ines and systems (ith strong short circuit strengthsB and a""o( for "o(er bypass
thresho"ds and fe(er 8> of energy reDuired# especia""y for banks (ith fast bypass de&ices such as triggered
air gaps or thyristors$ Aor s"o(er bypass de&ices such as bypass s(itches# "o(er protecti&e "e&e"s genera""y
produce sma""er energy absorptions for c"ose+in interna" fau"ts$ Gi&ing the bidders a (ide range of
protecti&e "e&e"s and the abi"ity to bid either gap"ess or gapped banks (i"" enab"e them to optimi6e their bid
based on their techno"ogy strengths$
n order to easi"y compare bids# it is often usefu" for the user to perform these studies ahead of time and
pro&ide the resu"ts to a"" bidders# reDuiring a"" bidders to bid to a specific protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage and 81E
energy rating and to specify gapped or gap"ess bypass designs$ This makes app"es+to+app"es comparisons
fair"y easy# but the tradeoff is that the bidders are not a""o(ed to optimi6e the 81E and bypass techno"ogy
design based on their strengths# for e<amp"e one bidder may ha&e a T%G that bypasses faster than others
and another bidder may ha&e a bypass s(itch that c"oses faster than others$
*-
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
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:-
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,2
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2
=
%n a"ternati&e is to pro&ide a"" bidders (ith a po(er system eDui&a"ent# a range of acceptab"e protecti&e
"e&e"s @based on other system ana"ysis# as stated beforeB# a choice to use any bypass de&ice techno"ogy they
deem optimum for the situation# and to ha&e a"" of the bidders perform a pre"iminary study as a part of the
proposa" process$ Whi"e this genera""y (i"" produce the optimi6ed bid for each bidder# e&a"uating the
studies (i"" be difficu"t# because you (i"" end up (ith &ery different ans(ers from a"" of the bidders$
%nother a"ternati&e is to perform these studies ahead of time and reDuire a"" bidders to bid to a specific
protecti&e "e&e" and energy rating to make the comparisons easy# and at the same time pro&ide the bidders
(ith the po(er system eDui&a"ent and other information so that they can perform their o(n study and
suggest ho( they (ou"d optimi6e the design based on the strengths of their techno"ogies$ n this case# they
(ou"d bid according to (hat is specified# but a"so sho( a price deduct for their optimi6ed so"ution$ This
kind of approach yie"ds the best of both (or"ds# but a"so reDuires the most (ork on the userPs part$
When pro&iding a system eDui&a"ent for bidders that (i"" enab"e them to perform their o(n studies as a part
of the proposa"# a series of benchmark fau"ts at each of the buses @S9GA as (e"" as =+phase fau"ts are
typica" benchmarksB that gi&e both current magnitude and impedance ang"e for a gi&en source &o"tage
magnitude is suggested in order to ensure a"" bidders are ab"e to bui"d a re"iab"e and consistent mode"$
8ost short circuit programs fai" to take into account the action of the 81E# so it is genera""y better to
benchmark an eDui&a"ent system (ith a"" banks bypassed rather than inserted$ Part of the bidder Ps study
(ou"d be to make sure their fau"t "e&e"s are consistent (ith the benchmarks$
System eDui&a"ents shou"d take into account future system gro(th# as much as is kno(n# or if not kno(n
the source eDui&a"ent impedances cou"d be reduced by some margin to account for une<pected future
additions that (ou"d increase short+circuit strength at a gi&en bus$
!/@/2 S%ste$ d%na$ic sta(i'it% ana'%sis9 s+in, currents
The primary purpose of a dynamic stabi"ity ana"ysis is to ensure that the "e&e" of series compensation is
sufficient to pro&ide system stabi"ity @&o"tage and freDuencyB at the desired po(er f"o($ This kind of study
shou"d ha&e been comp"eted# a"ong (ith po(er f"o( ana"ysis# before the "e&e" of compensation (as
se"ected and the resu"ts of these studies form the basis for ho( many 1hms and %mperes the series
capacitor bank is reDuired to ha&e$
n addition to this# the resu"ts of such a study (ou"d produce a (orst+case s(ing current through the series
capacitor bank$ The p"ot of this current @%28S as a function of time# o&er a 1 to 10 second s(ing periodB
(i"" a""o( the series capacitor bank supp"ier to ensure that the bank can Kride throughL the s(ing (ithout
bypassing and (ithout any eDuipment damage$ The "argest s(ing currents typica""y occur (hen there is a
fau"t on an ad0acent "ine and that "ine is deenergi6ed$ The bank that (i"" see the s(ing (i"" first e<perience
an e<terna" fau"t @see notes in pre&ious sectionB and then a s(ing transient immediate"y fo""o(ing$ f the
81E conducts significant"y during this s(ing transient# bypass thresho"ds cou"d be e<ceeded and the bank
(i"" bypass# and bypassing during the s(ing is perhaps the (orst time for a bank to bypass# from the
standpoint of system dynamic stabi"ity$
The user shou"d pro&ide to bidders either a current p"ot from this study that represents the (orst+case
system s(ing or pro&ide some other information such as ma<imum %mperes for a gi&en duration in order
to ensure the bidders can design the bank to accommodate this s(ing$
!/@/2 8ine (rea"er transient reco1er% 1o'ta,e =#B.> studies
n some interna" fau"ts# the series capacitor bank may Kride throughL the fau"t and not bypass$ %s the "ine
breakers open# typica""y at 6ero+current crossing# to iso"ate the fau"t the series capacitor bank (i"" retain a
trapped DC charge at about ?0+-0N of protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage$ This trapped charge can offset the T2E
en&e"ope of the opening "ine breakers and increase the "ike"ihood of restriking across the breaker contacts$
.0
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
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2
=
Fi,ure !/124 Effect of Series apacitors on 8ine !rea"er #B.
n the abo&e e<amp"e# a series capacitor bank (ith a protecti&e "e&e" of 0$** p$u$ of "ine+to+ground &o"tage
"ea&es a residua" trapped charge of 0$,* p$u$ @b"ue "ineB# or ?,N of protecti&e "e&e"# and the T2E of the "ine
breaker on that phase is offset to 2$?? p$u$ @red "ineB (hereas for the same fau"t in the uncompensated case
the ma<imum reco&ery &o"tage is on"y 1$-2 p$u$ @green "ineB$
% T2E study that in&estigates se&era" kinds of fau"ts and different fau"t "ocations under different system
configurations shou"d be done (ith the series capacitor proper"y mode"ed$ n cases (here the series
capacitor cause the T2E of the "ine breakers to e<ceed the capabi"ity en&e"ope gi&en by the "ine breaker
manufacturer# se&era" options are a&ai"ab"e to the user to mitigate this effect of series capacitors # the user
may find one or more of these options appropriateC
1$ f the "ine breakers are not yet specified and purchased# specify and purchase a "ine breaker that
can hand"e the e<tra T2E reDuired$ Aor e<amp"e# specify and purchase a ,00kE "ine breaker for a
=:,kE system and derate the "ine breaker for the app"ication on the namep"ate$
2$ 9imit the ma<imum protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage across the series capacitor bank in order to reduce the
trapped charge across the bank and the offset of the T2E transient$ 'ote that this shou"d be
coordinated (ith any minimum protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage reDuired to Kride throughL ma<imum
s(ing currents as described in the pre&ious section$
=$ 5ypass and discharge the series capacitor bank befor e the "ine breakers open in order to remo&e
this trapped charge$ n a gap"ess configuration# this (ou"d entai" sending a signa" to the bypass
s(itch to c"ose and at the same time de"aying the opening of the "ine breakers to gi&e the bank
time to discharge$ n a gapped configuration# firing the T%G from a ground signa" cou"d
discharge the bank before the "ine breakers open (ithout reDuiring the "ine breaker opening to be
de"ayed$
n the gapped case# it shou"d be noted that T%GPs genera""y reDuire a minimum bank &o"tage in order to be
triggered# un"ike bypass s(itches that mechanica""y connect the circuit and can bypass the bank at 6ero
&o"tage$ f the user e"ects to specify a ground+fired T%G as a mitigation of "ine breaker T2E# they shou"d
specify a minimum &o"tage abo&e (hich the T%G (i"" re"iab"y fire (hen the ground signa" is present$ %
typica" &a"ue for this minimum &o"tage is ?0N of protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage# ho(e&er this &a"ue shou"d be
deri&ed from simu"ation$
7$ ile IEEE.9:Exa%ple,pl4; x6- ar t8
factors:
offsets:
1
0
- <0=1>I)60=1?@)
2.45E-06
0
- <0=2>I)60=2?@)
2.45E-06
0
- <)!P>I)6)!P?@)
-2.45E-06
0
40 20 60 70 50 90 A%sB
61
62
61
0
1
2
A:B
7$ ile IEEE.9:Exa%ple,pl4; x6- ar t8
factors:
offsets:
1
0
- <0=1>I)60=1?@)
2.45E-06
0
- <0=2>I)60=2?@)
2.45E-06
0
- <)!P>I)6)!P?@)
-2.45E-06
0
40 20 60 70 50 90 A%sB
61
62
61
0
1
2
A:B
.1
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
2
=
t is best for the user to perform the "ine breaker T2E studies before (riting the specification# because the
conc"usions from this study (i"" affect bank design$ % T2E study comp"eted after the a(ard of the pro0ect
may p"ace ne( design "imitations on the bank that (ere not there at the proposa" stage# and the impacts of a
T2E study during the pro0ect can inc"ude a design change# additiona" unanticipated pro0ect costs# and de"ay
of the pro0ect schedu"e$
!/@/5 Su(s%nchronous resonance =SSB> screenin, studies
See %nne< C for a technica" introduction to the SS2 phenomena$ t is best for these screening studies# and
if necessary the fo""o(+up transient torDue studies as (e""# to be performed before the series capacitor
specification is (ritten$ Certain high+"e&e" design constraints can be affected by SS2 studies# inc"udingC
1$ 9imitations or reductions in "e&e" of compensation @"o(er bank 1hmsB $
2$ 2eDuirements to break the bank into mu"tip"e segments and guidance on ho( to operate the bank
based on different system configurations and "oading# or Ksystem topo"ogy$L
=$ 9imitations on the ma<imum 81E protecti&e "e&e" &o"tage$
:$ 8aking a portion of the bank into a thyristor contro""ed series capacitor @TCSCB# or a passi&e SS2
fi"ter# or "ea&ing room on the p"atform and7or in the substation for a future TCSC or fi"ter upgrade$
Specification of TCSC or passi&e SS2 fi"ter banks is outside of the scope of this guide$ 2efer to !!!
1,=: for guidance on the app"ication of TCSC banks$
!/@/< 8ine protection re'a%in, coordination studies
During a fau"t# series capacitors operate in a capaciti&e region for a portion of e&ery ha"f cyc"e# and then in
a resisti&e region for the remainder of the ha"f cyc"e$ The bank might a"so bypass during the fau"t# causing
the net system impedance to change e&en more$ Distance re"aying that attempts to "ocate the fau"t based on
apparent fau"t impedance @2 R 0TB can be foo"ed by the series capacitor bank and e&en open the (rong "ine
breakers if the re"ay is not programmed correct"y$ This is particu"ar"y an issue (hen series capacitor banks
are introduced into an e<isting "ine that is using o"der "ine protection re"ays$
8ore modern re"ays are programmab"e to dea" (ith the presence of series capacitors# and differentia"
protection is genera""y unaffected by series capacitors$ n any case# an e&a"uation of e<isting "ine protection
shou"d be performed to see if the introduction of series capacitors to the "ine (i"" ha&e an effect on its
operation$ n the case of ne( "ines and7or ne( "ine protection re"ays# the "ine protection genera""y fa""s
outside of the scope of the series capacitor pro0ect# and either the user or the "ine protection re"ay supp"ier
(i"" perform the re"ay coordination study$
To perform a re"ay coordination study# information on bank design is reDuired# inc"udingC 81E Eo"t+
%mpere @EB cur&e# bypass thresho"ds# capacitor capacitance# discharge reactor inductance# and bypass
de"ay times$ This study can genera""y be comp"eted after the series capacitor bank pro0ect is a(arded but
before the ne( "ine protection re"ays are se"ected or the e<isting re"ays are reprogrammed$ The information
reDuired to perform this study is from the fina" bank design# so it is genera""y impractica" to perform such a
study ear"ier than during the series capacitor pro0ect$
!/@/6 Insu'ation coordination stud%9 'ine7to7,round
This study shou"d genera""y be comp"eted before the specification is (ritten# because the conc"usions from
it dri&e the se"ection of p"atform support insu"ation# bypass s(itch support co"umn insu"ation# e<terna"
disconnect s(itch support insu"ation# yard bus support insu"ation# and minimum phase+to+ground and
phase+to+phase e"ectrica" c"earances$
%n a"ternate approach is to pick insu"ation "e&e"s and c"earances that ha&e been deri&ed for a nearby
substation7"ine of the same &o"tage c"ass# and to perform this study during the pro0ect to &erify the se"ected
insu"ation "e&e"s$ Caution shou"d be used (hen taking this approach# ho(e&er# because it (i"" genera""y
.2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
:.
:?
:-
2
=
de"ay the order of support insu"ators unti" the study is comp"ete and appro&ed# and it cou"d a"so de"ay the
structura" design of the bank @see Section 11$2$,B because insu"ation "e&e"s (i"" affect the minimum "ength
of structura" support insu"ation$
!/@/7 EAuip$ent desi,n studies
These studies are performed by the series capacitor supp"ier# and in genera" eDuipment orders cannot be
p"aced unti" these studies are comp"eted and appro&ed$ These studies focus on the eDuipment design and
ensure that# as+designed# the eDuipment meets or e<ceeds a"" of the reDuirements p"aced upon them$
!/9 #ests and Aua'it% assurance9 see 'ause Error) Beference source not found
!/9/1 01era'' Goa's of a Pro6ect #estin, Pro,ra$
% pro0ect testing program shou"d remain focused to @aB ensure the goa"s of testing are accomp"ished# and
@bB a&oid Ktesting for the sake of testing$L ;ere are some things to consider (hen (riting a testing section
to the ASC specification# as (e"" as (hen considering testing programs as proposed by eDuipment7system
manufacturers$
The o&era"" goa"s of a testing programs are to @aB de&e"op confidence in the design# app"ication# Dua"ity# and
coordination of indi&idua" components# and @bB de&e"op the understanding of both operators and
maintenance personne" (ith respect to ASC eDuipment$
!/9/1/1 #%pe/Desi,n =Pre7Production> #estin,
The goa" of type testing @a"so ca""ed design testingB of eDuipment components is to ensure that the
eDuipment# as designed# (i"" sur&i&e the app"ication$ To estab"ish a (e""+founded confidence in the
eDuipment design# a prototype pre-production unit or assemb"y or prorated sub+assemb"y is constructed
and sub0ected to stresses @&o"tage# energy# current# etc$B that are consistent (ith stresses as predicted by an
ana"ysis of the app"ication$
5ecause type testing can be &ery time+consuming and e<pensi&e# and because it must be finished before the
fina" design is comp"eted and production of eDuipment can commence# it is important to gi&e proper
consideration of reports of type+tests pre&ious"y performed on simi"ar eDuipment before reDuiring tests to
be re+performed$
!/9/1/2 Boutine =Production> #estin,
The goa" of routine testing @testing performed as a part of eDuipment productionB is to ensure that each
component produced and p"aced in ser&ice meets the Dua"ity standards$ Whi"e some routine testing is
de"iberate"y stressfu" on components @e$g$ DC tests on capacitor termina"s# energy+absorption on 81E
disksB# it is not the task of production testing to pro&e eDuipment design$ 2outine testing can be thought of
as a Kfi"terL that shou"d catch substandard units and pre&ent them from being shipped to the fie"d$ There is
a tradeoff bet(een aggressi&e @high+stressB testing that takes "ife out of eDuipment @fatigue "ife e<penditureB
and conser&ati&e @"o(+stressB testing that may a""o( too many "o(er+Dua"ity components to get to the fie"d$
!/9/1/2 Factor% and/or 0n7Site #estin, of Protection and ontro' S%ste$s
The goa" of PQC functiona" testing in the factory# and7or at site# is to ensure these systems operate as
designed$ The focus of this testing shou"d be functiona"ity$
.=
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!/9/1/5 Pre7o$$issionin, Site #estin,
The goa" of pre+commissioning preparation and pre+energi6ation site testing is to ensure a"" eDuipment has
been proper"y connected and that energi6ation (i"" not cause damage to any eDuipment$
!/9/1/< Specia' #estin,
Specia" testing# such as staged fau"t testing# shou"d be directed at checking the accuracy of DA2 eDuipment
and o&era"" coordination of PQC systems$
!/10 Safet%9 see 'ause 12
!/11 Docu$entation9 see 'ause 15
!/12 #rainin,9 see 'ause 1<
!/12 !a'ance of p'ant9 see 'ause 16
!/15 Site ser1ices9 see 'ause 17
!/1< #echnica' fi''7in data9 see 'ause 1@
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$nnex "
7in$r%ati-e8
Su(s%nchronous resonance ris" on tur(ine ,enerators
%pp"ication of series capacitors in "ong e"ectric po(er transmission "ines is a cost+effecti&e method to
increase po(er transfer$ ;o(e&er# use of series capacitors has sometimes been "imited because of the
concerns for subsynchronous resonance @SS2B# a detrimenta" interaction bet(een series capacitors and
nearby turbine+generators$ With todayPs understanding of the SS2 phenomenon and pro&en methods for
SS2 mitigation and protection# series capacitors can be app"ied (hi"e effecti&e"y managing the risks
associated (ith SS2$
/1 Su(s%nchronous Besonance =SSB>
Subsynchronous resonance is an interaction bet(een series capacitors and the torsiona" natura" freDuencies
of turbine+generator rotors$ n 1-=.# Concordia reported the potentia" for ad&erse interactions bet(een a
series capacitor and a turbine+generators I52J# but such interactions ne&er materia"i6ed unti" 1-.0 (hen the
first kno(n SS2 e&ent occurred at the 8oha&e p"ant I5=J$
Aigure C $1= C $1: i""ustrates the e"ements of the interaction# using the 8oha&e generating station as an
e<amp"e$ The series compensated transmission "ines ha&e "ine inductance# resistance and series capacitance
(hich resu"t in e"ectrica" resonant freDuencies @feB be"o( the fundamenta" po(er freDuency$ @In +orth
America, the fundamenta& *o0er fre1uency is 23 45. This is a&so ca&&ed the synchronous fre1uency.
,esonant fre1uencies %e&o0 the fundamenta& fre1uency are ca&&ed su%synchronous.B Turbine+generators
ha&e rotating shaft systems comprised of "arge inertia" masses that are interconnected (ith shafts that act as
springs$ These "arge masses and shafts create torsiona" resonant freDuencies# fm# some of (hich are a"so
subsynchronous$ f the transmission "ine resonant freDuency# fe# is c"ose to the comp"ementary mechanica"
system freDuency @*0+fmB of the generating machine# then the t(o osci""atory systems can interact (ith
each other$ n some operating conditions# the interaction can resu"t in damaging shaft torDues on a turbine+
generator shaft$ This interaction is ca""ed SS2# and it occurs because of the interchange of energy bet(een
the series capacitors on the transmission "ines and the mass+spring system of the turbine+generator shaft$
This interchange occurs at the subsynchronous resonance freDuency by modu"ating the *0 ;6 (a&e form$
The SS2 phenomenon actua""y occurred at the 8oha&e generating p"ant in southern 'e&ada# /S%#
resu"ting in shaft fai"ures in 1-.0 and 1-.1$
.,
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E8E#BI&8 0SI88&#I03
SEBIES 0-PE3S&#ED -0H&.E78?G0
8I3E &3D E8E#BI&8 SIS#E-
-EH&3I&8 0SI88&#I03
-0H&.E #?B!I3E GE3EB&#0B
B0#&#I3G SH&F# SIS#E-
Inducti1e reactance of
'ine and s%ste$
0ther Generators
in 8/ &/ area
-oha1e 7 8u,o series
capacitors
Besistance of 8u,o
'ine and s%ste$
#o
-oha1e
Generators
#orAue effect of
e'ectrica' s%ste$
app'ied here
Exciter
Generator Botor
I/ P/ #ur(ine
H/ P/ #ur(ine
?3S#&!8E
I3#EB&#I03
Fi,ure /12 /154Interaction (et+een e'ectrica' trans$ission resonant freAuenc% =fe> and
the tur(ine7,enerator $echanica' resonant s%ste$ =607f$>/
.*
1
1
2
=
:
2
=
/2 Interaction !et+een E'ectrica' and -echanica' Besonant S%ste$s
% series compensated transmission "ine in a simp"e e"ectrica" po(er system as sho(n in Aigure C $1, C $
1*# has "ine reactance @T "ineB# transformer reactance @TtB and the machine dynamic reactance @TmB$
Genera""y# the series compensation reactance @TcB in the "ine is maintained bet(een 2, to ., percent$ The
ratio of the capaciti&e reactance to the tota" "ine# machine and transformer reactance is e<pected to be
bet(een 1, to ,0 percent$ The e"ectrica" resonant freDuency for a simp"e transmission system can be
ca"cu"ated as sDrt@Tc7@T"ineRTtRTmBB<*0 ;6$ The natura" e"ectrica" freDuency @feB# in this case# (ou"d be
bet(een 2=$2 ;6 for 1, percent tota" reactance to :2$, ;6 for ,0 percent tota" reactance$ The
comp"ementary mechanica" freDuencies for this range of natura" e"ectrica" freDuencies (i"" be 1.$, ;6 to
=*$? ;6$ f there are mu"tip"e series compensated transmission "ines in pro<imity to the generators# they
(i"" create additiona" e"ectrica" resonant freDuencies$ %"so# higher the compensation in the "ines raises the
e"ectrica" resonant freDuencies and "o(ers the comp"ementary mechanica" freDuencies$ 'earby
uncompensated transmission "ines can a"so change the e"ectrica" resonant freDuencies$
9ecei-in* Syste%
7-ery l( i%pedance8
C
line
C
c
C
t
C
%
Fi,ure /1< /164Si$p'e series7co$pensated trans$ission s%ste$
Aor typica" "arge nuc"ear or fossi"+fue"ed steam turbine+generators# there are four to eight "arge masses (ith
interconnecting shafts$ Such machines are "ike"y to ha&e = to * natura" torsiona" freDuencies be"o( *0 ;6$
The mechanica" freDuencies may range from . ;6 to ,0 ;6$ Thus there are mu"tip"e e"ectrica" freDuencies
and mechanica" freDuencies that may interact (ith each other depending on the system configuration$
n genera"# "o(er torsiona" freDuencies are more "ike"y to interact (ith the e"ectrica" transmission system
than higher torsiona" freDuencies$ This is due to the mode shapes and torsiona" interaction factors that
resu"t from the inherent geometry and physica" nature of the shaft system$ n &ie( of this consideration#
SS2 prob"ems are more "ike"y to occur (ith high "e&e"s of series compensation$ Con&erse"y# the SS2
prob"em may be a&oided by keeping the series compensation "e&e"s "o($
8echanica" damping for torsiona" &ibrations is a"(ays positi&e but sma""$ t is main"y due to friction# (ind
"osses# and steam f"o( @or gas f"o(B around the rotor$ t is minimum (hen a turbine+generator is at no+
"oad# and increases (ith the "oad$ 8easured no+"oad damping for steam turbine+generator torsiona" modes
is typica""y in the range of 0$02 to 0$0,7sec$ t is &ery sma"" due to sma"" amount of steam f"o(ing in the
turbine at no+"oad$ The fu""+"oad damping is around 0$27sec or more$ 'o+"oad damping is significant"y
higher for a gas turbine+generator because the coa<ia" compressor operating at the rated speed is a
significant shaft+"oad @typica""y 20 to 2, N of rated generator outputB$ There is significant gas f"o( @or
airf"o(B in both the turbine and compressor stages e&en at no+"oad$ 8easurement on a particu"ar gas
turbine+generator yie"ded no+"oad damping of 0$17sec# and estimated fu"" "oad damping is 0$=7sec$
Shaft torDues due to SS2 are caused by t(o types of interaction mechanismsO SS2 instabi"ity and SS2
transient torDue amp"ification$
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/2 SSB Insta(i'it%
Series capacitor compensation has a tendency to act as a negati&e damping on torsiona" &ibrations of
nearby turbine generator units$ When this negati&e damping effect o&ercomes the inherent mechanica"
damping of one of the shaft torsiona" &ibration modes# the &ibration (i"" gro( e<ponentia""y and "ead to
damage on a shaft$ Genera""y# such gro(th in shaft torsiona" &ibrations occurs (ith a "ong time constant on
the order of many seconds$ This negati&e damping effect (as the cause of the 8oha&e shaft fai"ures$
Torsiona" interaction (ith the negati&e damping effect becomes unstab"e and e<cessi&e if the e"ectrica" and
torsiona" resonance freDuencies near"y coincide as fundamenta" freDuency @,07*0 ;6B comp"ements and if
the inherent mechanica" damping is "o(er than the negati&e damping effect of series capacitor$
Aigure C $1. C $1? sho(s the gro(th of torDues from an !8TP simu"ation of a SS2 instabi"ity e&ent$ The
shaft torDue on the critica" shaft @generator+e<citerB reaches about $0? per unit in 1$* seconds$ Aor this shaft#
the endurance torDue "e&e" (here significant fatigue "ife e<penditure starts to occur is about 0$=* per unit$
The s"o( gro(th of torDues in this case enab"es adeDuate time to trip a transmission "ine# bypass series
capacitors# or trip the turbine+generator to pre&ent damage to the shaft$ This type of SS2 instabi"ity
phenomenon resu"ted in shaft fai"ure on the 8oha&e turbine+generators in the ear"y 1-.0Ps$
TCSC2SS1>MACH 1-TOR 3 (Type 9)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Time (mS)
T
o
r
!
e

(

"
#

)

M$%&
Mi'&
A()&
A*+&
RMS&
C, &
,, &
0.0823052
0.0211425
0.0528398
0.0823052
0.0537504
1.53125
1.01723
Fi,ure /17 /1@4SSB Insta(i'it% sho+in, shaft torAues on ,enerator7exciter Shaft/
!8TP simu"ation of a critica""y tuned system$
/5 #ransient #orAue &$p'ification
Series capacitors a"so ha&e a tendency to amp"ify the shaft stress during ma0or net(ork transient e&ents
o&er abo&e the stress "e&e" that (ou"d e<ist (ithout the series capacitors$ The transient torDue on the
turbine+generator shaft shou"d be e&a"uated as (e"" as the resu"ting "oss of "ife of the shaft due to the
cumu"ati&e fatigue$ The critica" measure of the transient torDue is the magnitude of the shaft &ibration
e<cited during each net(ork transient e&ent typica""y "asting on the order of one second$ Aigure = sho(s an
e<amp"e of SS2 transient torDue amp"ification (here the resu"ting shaft torDues are higher (ith .0N series
compensation than (ith *0N$ The e"ectrica" torDue and ;P+P shaft torDue are sho(n$ Transient torDue
amp"ification becomes important on"y (hen the generator becomes near"y radia" on "ines that are hea&i"y
compensated (ith series capacitors$
%"though there is no record of se&ere damage due to transient torDue amp"ification# the anticipation of this
prob"em has "ed to a number of system design and operating criteria to "imit the e<posure of a turbine+
generator to radia" feed configurations through high"y compensated "ines after a system fau"t c"earance$ %
.?
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so"ution is to "imit the &o"tage across the series capacitor (ith meta"+o<ide &aristors or protecti&e gaps and
hence to reduce the transient energy in&o"&ed in the transient torDue amp"ification$ %n a"ternati&e so"ution
is to b"ock the SS2 current from f"o(ing into a generator$
% simi"ar type of shaft torDue amp"ification can occur (ith automatic high speed rec"osing of transmission
"ines$ 2ec"osing @particu"ar"y (hen the fau"t sti"" e<istsB can resu"t in a second e"ectrica" torDue stimu"us to
the shaft system# that dependent upon timing# can increase the torsiona" osci""ations (hich ha&e not
decayed sufficient"y from the first fau"t c"earing$ Whi"e indiscriminant three+phase rec"osing (ou"d be the
(orst rec"osing practice# sing"e+po"e rec"osing can a"so pro&ide e<tra torsiona" stimu"us$
Aigure C $1- C $20 sho(s the gro(th of transient torDues from a simu"ation of a system e&ent$ The system
is e<cited by a "o( impedance "ine fau"t on a series compensated transmission "ine# (hich is c"eared in
about fi&e cyc"es$ The torDues# in this case# gro( &ery rapid"y to o&er =$0 per unit in "ess than 0$* seconds$
n fact they approach critica" "e&e"s in "ess than 100 mi""iseconds$ This rate of gro(th reDuires a &ery fast
acting SS2 mitigation system to pre&ent damage to the shafts$

=a> 70J o$pensation
E'ectrica' #orAue
Shaft #orAue
E'ectrica' #orAue
Shaft #orAue
=(> 60J o$pensati on
187G fau't
187G fau't

Fi,ure /19 /204Su(s%nchronous Besonance #ransient #orAue &$p'ification
/< SSB -iti,ation and Protection
'umerous methods for mitigating SS2 ha&e been de&e"oped and imp"emented$ The type of mitigation
se"ected for a particu"ar app"ication depends on the se&erity of the SS2# the performance reDuired# and
economics$ System studies are performed to Duantify the "e&e" of SS2 and to de&e"op appropriate
mitigation and protection schemes for a gi&en app"ication I5:J$
Tab"e C $10 "ists se"ected sites of SS2 mitigation and protection scheme insta""ations$
%t the 'a&a0o po(er p"ant of the Sa"t 2i&er Pro0ect# passi&e SS2 b"ocking fi"ters (ere insta""ed to b"ock the
currents at SS2 freDuencies f"o(ing through the generator step+up transformer neutra" connections to
ground I5,J I5*J$ %"so supp"ementa" e<citation damping contro"s @S!DCsB (ere insta""ed to pro&ide
damping at the SS2 freDuencies I5*J$ The 'a&a0o units ha&e been ab"e to to"erate higher "e&e" of series
compensation (ithout risking an SS2 prob"em since 1-.*$ They are protected (ith redundant torsiona"
re"ays against SS2 conditions and possib"y other potentia""y damaging operating conditions$ Present"y# the
rotating e<citers on the units are being rep"aced (ith bus+fed e<citation systems# and the SS2 mitigation
and protection schemes are being upgraded$
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%t >im 5ridger po(er p"ant# the series capacitors in three "ines are segmented into t(o stages# and the
compensation "e&e" is changed according to the "oad "e&e" of both the "ines and the generators$ This
s(itched capacitor section scheme together (ith S!DCs for SS2 damping has performed &ery (e"" since
1-.- I5.J$ The >im 5ridger units are protected (ith redundant torsiona" re"ays$
%t S"att in 'orthern 1regon# /S%# site tests demonstrated that a (e""+designed TCSC contro" cou"d
e"iminate SS2 affecting the 5oardman generating p"ant I5?J$
%t many other sites# the "e&e" of series compensation (as carefu""y se"ected such that no SS2 mitigation
(as needed$ n these cases# torsiona" re"ay protection (as a"" that (as needed$
.a"le ),10#Exa$p'es of SSB So'utions
;enerating
lant
(nits x
=0$
@ine
k0
B
"omp
!!/ =itigation and rotection
8oha&e 2 < -0- ,00 .0 X 2*
2educed compensation
Torsiona" re"ays
'a&a0o = < ?-2 ,00 .0
SS2 b"ocking fi"ter
S!DC
2edundant torsiona" re"ays
>im 5ridger : < ,-0 =:, :,
9oad+s(itched series capacitor
S!DC
2edundant torsiona" re"ays
Co"strip
2 < =..
2 < ?1-
,00 =, Torsiona" re"ays
Wyodak 1 < :02 2=0 ,0 Torsiona" re"ays
5oardman 1 < ,-0 ,00 2-
TCSC
Torsiona" re"ay
San >uan
2 < :10
2 < *1.
=:, =0+=:
Torsiona" re"ay
Dynamic stabi"i6er @no "onger needed after
the 1--0sB
9a Pa"ma 1 < 1-2 =:, ,0
S(itched series capacitor segments &ia SS2
current monitoring
/6 SSB Protection
% torsiona" re"ay is designed to continuous"y monitor the turbine+generatorPs shaft for torsiona" osci""ations#
and pro&ide trip output contacts (hen shaft fatigue reaches predetermined "e&e"s$ 2e"ays (ere first
de&e"oped in the 1-.0Ps# and ha&e continuous"y e&o"&ed and impro&ed since then$
% torsiona" re"ay can be configured to protect a sing"e turbine+generator (ith mu"tip"e torsiona" modes# or it
can be configured to protect mu"tip"e turbine+generator units @eg$# in mu"ti+shaft combined cyc"e p"antsB$ %
torsiona" re"ay typica""y monitors shaft speed at one or t(o "ocations# and fi"ters the signa"s to iso"ate
indi&idua" torsiona" modes$ Aor each mode# an amp"itude+&ersus+time trip cur&e is used to trip the unit or a
"ine that iso"ates the affected turbine+generator from the source of torsiona" stimu"us$
Torsiona" re"ays are the most (ide+used techniDue for addressing risks due to SS2$ Aor most systems# SS2
risk is "o( during norma" operation or "o(+"e&e" contingency situations @i$e$# '+1 or '+2 "ine outagesB$ SS2
risk typica""y becomes significant during rare mu"tip"e+outage contingencies# (here continued operation is
not critica" to the o&era"" po(er grid$ Aor these app"ications# torsiona" re"ays are used to detect conditions
(ith e<cessi&e torsiona" stress and trip the turbine+generators if necessary$
?0
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/7 onc'usions)
Series capacitors can significant"y increase the po(er transfer capabi"ity of ac transmission systems$
;o(e&er# in some app"ications# series capacitors may introduce detrimenta" side effects# inc"uding SS2 and
transient torDue amp"ification$
Se&era" pro&en methods e<ist for mitigating the effects of SS2# inc"udingC
SS2 b"ocking fi"ters
Supp"ementa" e<citer damping contro"s @S!DCB
Thyristor+contro""ed series capacitor @TCSCB
Dynamic stabi"i6er at generator
S(itching of series capacitor segments
9imiting the tota" amount of compensation to a to"erab"e "e&e"
n addition# torsiona" re"ays are used to protect turbine+generators from damage in the e&ent that mitigations
fai" or unanticipated system e&ents occur$
Po(er system engineers ha&e designed# insta""ed# and safe"y operated numerous series+compensated
transmission systems$ Aor some systems# the best SS2 mitigation schemes ha&e been re"ati&e"y simp"e
@e$g$# "imiting ma<imum compensation to a&oid SS2B$ n other systems# a combination of SS2 mitigation
measures (as imp"emented to enab"e secure operation at higher compensation "e&e"s @e$g$# b"ocking fi"ter R
S!DC R torsiona" re"aysB$
Se"ection of the best mitigation scheme for gi&en transmission system depends on many factors# inc"udingC
Ea"ue of po(er transfer
Cost of SS2 mitigation eDuipment
1perationa" constraints imposed by SS2 mitigation
Cost of a"ternati&es to series compensation @e$g$# additiona" transmission "ineB
System studies performed ear"y in the e&o"ution of a transmission system can "ead to a design (ith the best
o&era"" ba"ance of performance# re"iabi"ity# and cost$
?1
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2-
=0
2
=
$nnex )
7in$r%ati-e8
Effects of series capacitors on 'ine (rea"er #B.
During fau"t current interruption on a "ine (ith series capacitors# a breaker (i"" often e<perience a
substantia" increase in transient reco&ery &o"tage @T2EB$ This is particu"ar"y true for modern series
capacitor insta""ations that emp"oy meta"+o<ide &aristors @81EB for capacitor o&er&o"tage protection$ The
effect of the 81E is to keep the series capacitor in the circuit for the duration of the fau"t# un"ike the o"der
sparko&er gap protection that (ou"d norma""y bypass a series capacitor ear"y in the fau"t$
/pon fau"t current interruption# the "ine &o"tage rings do(n to 6ero and the bus side rises to appro<imate"y
prefau"t "e&e"# (ith both &o"tages o&ershooting their fina" &a"ue$ With modern series capacitors# current
interruption "ea&es a trapped charge on the bank appro<imate"y eDua" to the 81E c"ipping "e&e"$ This
trapped charge adds substantia" &o"tage to the breaker T2E$ The high T2E can e<ceed the capabi"ities of
an o"der breaker or e&en a ne( breaker (ith standard ratings$
Series capacitors bet(een the breaker and the fau"t increase the breaker T2E by the fu"" "e&e" of the trapped
charge# (hereas on the source side of the breaker# other uncompensated "ines (i"" attenuate the trapped
charge effect$ f the 81E is protected by a triggered gap# then the high+T2E fau"ts (ou"d be at "ocations
that do not cause the gap to fire$ Series capacitors a"so compensate part of the fau"t impedance and cause
an increase in the fau"t current$ The higher T2Es and fau"t current are "argest for mu"ti+phase fau"ts$
1ne of the simp"est methods to decrease the T2E is to app"y arresters on the "ine side of the breaker#
thereby "imiting the "ine &o"tage to the arrester c"ipping "e&e"$ /nder certain configurations it may a"so be
necessary to ha&e an arrester on the bus side of the breaker$ /nfortunate"y# e&en (ith arresters# the
resu"ting T2E can e<ceed the breaker standards and reDuire a specia" purpose breaker$ %"though se"dom
emp"oyed# opening resistors or arresters across the breaker contacts (i"" contro" the T2E to acceptab"e
"e&e"s$ Aor systems (ith series capacitors# detai"ed transient ana"ysis is reDuired to determine breaker
reDuirements$
?2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2
=
$nnex ,
7in$r%ati-e8
I$pact of series capacitors on 'ine o1er1o'ta,es and secondar% arc
extinction
?=
1
1
2
=
:
,
2
=
$nnex >
7in$r%ati-e8
Po+er s%ste$ $ode'in, for use in FS eAuip$ent ratin, studies
F/1 Definin, a Po+er S%ste$ EAui1a'ent ircuit and &ssociated Fau't urrents for
?se in Definin, the Fau't Cithstand BeAuire$ents of Series apacitor Protecti1e
De1ices/
%s noted in %nne< 5$,$2$,# it is recommended that the purchaser perform studies to define the &aristor
reDuirements for the specification$ ;o(e&er it is usefu" to inc"ude in the specification# an eDui&a"ent circuit
for the po(er system from (hich the supp"ier may perform confirming studies or the bidder may ascertain
the fau"t current reDuirements of the bypass path$
F/1/1 EAui1a'ent circuit
The minimum e<tent of the po(er system (ou"d inc"ude the "ines to be compensated and eDui&a"ent
impedances at the "ine termina"s$ t is preferab"e to inc"ude at "east one "ine segment bet(een the actua"
compensated "ine and the source impedance@sB$ t is a"so preferab"e to inc"ude transfer impedances
representing the under"ying net(ork$ % one+"ine diagram shou"d be pro&ided$ The transmission "ine data
shou"d inc"ude the positi&e and 6ero seDuence series impedances and shunt capacitances$ This app"ies if the
"ines are transposed$ f the "ines are not transposed# a parameter matri< is reDuired$ Data on "ine shunt
reactors must be pro&ided$ %t the termina"s of the "ines# the eDui&a"ent positi&e and 6ero seDuence
impedances must be pro&ided$ The data can be pro&ided in (ritten form but a data fi"e in the !8TP7%TP
format is preferred$
F/1/2 Fau't currents
The definition of fau"t currents for series capacitor bank specification is prob"ematic$ The fau"t current that
affects a series capacitor bank is on"y the component of current through the bank and not the tota" fau"t
current$ n addition# the impedance of the bank to through fau"t currents is mu"ti+faceted$ The bank may be
bypassed (ith the bypass s(itch or (ith the bypass gap$ n this mode the bank is usua""y a &ery "o(
inducti&e reactance and the current can be determined$ f the bank is inserted it is possib"e to ca"cu"ate a
&ery high fau"t current through the bank if the fau"t is assumed to be "ocated on the po(er system (here the
inducti&e reactance of the po(er system is cance"ed by the capaciti&e reactance of the bank$ Such a
condition is on"y theoretica" since (ith an actua" bank the high current (ou"d resu"t in high &o"tage across
the bank protecti&e de&ice and the conduction of that de&ice$ This conduction fundamenta""y changes the
apparent impedance of the bank and the ca"cu"ated &ery high current does not occur$ f the protecti&e
de&ice inc"udes a &aristor# the on"y (ay to determine the current through an inserted bank is to use a
program "ike !8TP7%TP$ See %nne< ; for a further discussion of Aau"t currents in connection (ith series
capacitors$
t is recommended that the specification shou"d inc"ude the eDui&a"ent circuit and associated impedances as
discussed abo&e$ The specification can a"so inc"ude ca"cu"ated fau"t current through the bank for the
bypassed condition @inducti&e supp"y net(orkB$ The resu"ts of "inear ca"cu"ations (ith the bank inserted
shou"d not be inc"uded in a specification as these resu"ts are meaning"ess un"ess the fau"t current is "ess than
t(o times the rated current of the bank$
?:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
2
=
F/2 Discussion of s%ste$ studies for deter$inin, the ratin,s for 1aristors and
th%ristor 1a'1es
F/2/1 Genera'
%s Section 10 indicates a &aristor is pro&ided in most modern series capacitor design to contro" the &o"tage
across the capacitor units to (ithin the tested capabi"ity of the capacitor$ n doing this the &aristor is
e<posed# during fau"ts# to significant duties (hich cou"d affect the sur&i&abi"ity of the de&ice$ Computer
simu"ations are reDuired to accurate"y identify these duties and proper"y si6e the &aristor$ These
simu"ations inc"ude assumptions regarding the type# "ocation and duration of a fau"t@sB and fo""o(ing fau"ts
the temporary @system s(ings and =0+min$ ratingsB and the continuous &o"tage stresses that are present$
The duties (hich the &aristor are e<posed to during fau"ts can be contro""ed by bypassing the &aristor
through the use of a triggered gap# bypass breaker or thyristors$ n some cases such as a fau"t e<terna" to
the "ine section being compensated# bypassing may not be a""o(ed$ f bypassing is not a""o(ed or de"ayed
either intentiona""y or due to the operating time of the bypass de&ice# the &aristor must be si6ed to (ithstand
this duty and be therma""y stab"e for other stresses fo""o(ing this duty$
F/2/2 !%passin,
%s indicated abo&e# &aristor si6ing must account for the time to bypass and the duty cyc"e that the bank is
e<pected to (ithstand$ The fo""o(ing pro&ides typica" &a"ues (hich ha&e been assumedC 5ypass breaker
,0+.0 msec# Triggered gap : msec and thyristor bypassing in 1msec$ n must be recogni6ed that the abo&e
times to bypass on"y app"y after the protecti&e thresho"d has been e<ceeded$ Typica""y (ith &aristor current
being monitored the thresho"d (i"" be associated (ith &aristor current magnitude# accumu"ated energy
based on monitored current and assumed protecti&e "e&e" and7or rate of rise of current$
F/2/2 -ode'in,
Earistor si6ing studies a"so reDuire that a number of assumptions must be made about the po(er system# the
possib"e series cap future modifications# and the criteria for bank bypassing and "ock out$ These
assumptions are described be"o($
System Configuration F 8ust be based on the generation# transformation and "ine additions e<pected during
the "ife of the pro0ect$
Series Capacitor 2atings F 8ust account for the initia" and u"timate continuous current rating# =0+min
o&er"oad rating# and e<pected protecti&e "e&e" @puB$ %"though there are other considerations# (hich must be
addressed by and coordinated (ith the manufacturer# typica""y the protecti&e "e&e" is 0$, pu abo&e the 10+
sec system s(ing$
1ther 5anks %"" other series capacitors banks in the &icinity must a"so be mode"ed as is or (ith their fina"
characteristics to determine the greatest &aristor duty$
F/2/5 Externa' Fau't riteria
This criteria has been used to define the system configurations and types of fau"ts (hich the series capacitor
(i"" be reDuired to Zride throughZ (ithout bypassing$ These fau"ts are e<terna" to the "ine containing the
series capacitor and determine the minimum possib"e 81E energy reDuirements and bypass current and
energy thresho"d "e&e"s$ The fo""o(ing items summari6e this criteria$
1$ 1ne piece of eDuipment or one transmission "ine cou"d be out of ser&ice prior to a fau"t$
?,
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
:2
:=
::
:,
:*
2
=
2$ Sing"e phase or mu"ti phase fau"ts are used at any e<terna" "ocation$
=$ The ma<imum norma" breaker c"earing time is four cyc"es and the minimum is t(o
cyc"es$ This a""o(s a ma<imum of t(o cyc"es of ZstaggerZ bet(een "ine ends in c"earing a
fau"t
:$ % 5reaker fai"ure condition is used on"y for sing"e phase fau"ts$ The c"earing time for
breaker fai"ure is 12 cyc"es from the time of fau"t$
,$ The ma<imum 81E energy and current for any fau"t case are found (ith any pre fau"t
"oading "e&e" up to the =0 minute rating$
F/2/< Interna' Fau't riteria
This criteria has a"so been used to determine the 81E energy reDuirements for fau"ts interna" to the "ine
containing the series capacitor bank$ The purpose of this criteria is to insure that the bank has adeDuate
81E energy capabi"ity to hand"e the (orst case interna" fau"t e&ent prior to a bypass operation$ The
fo""o(ing items summari6e this criteria$
1$ %ny system configuration is a""o(ed$
2$ %ny type of fau"t at any "ocation is a""o(ed for interna" fau"ts# inc"uding c"osing into the
fau"t manua""y# or rec"osing automatica""y @S9 G fau"tsB$
=$ The ma<imum norma" breaker c"earing time is four cyc"es and the minimum is t(o
cyc"es# a""o(ing a ma<imum of t(o cyc"es of ZstaggerZ bet(een "ine ends in c"earing a
fau"t$
:$ 2ec"osing is done on"y for sing"e phase fau"ts$
,$ Sing"e phase and three phase breaker fai"ures are a""o(ed (ith a c"earing time of 12
cyc"es from initiation of the fau"t$
*$ 81E protection (i"" be from a triggered gap or bypass breaker$ The contro" system
bypass thresho"ds (i"" be set at 120N of both the peak 81E current and highest 81E
energy from a"" e<terna" fau"ts consistent (ith the criteria abo&e$
.$ The bank bypassing de"ay times after crossing 81E current or energy thresho"ds (i"" be
assumed to be the fo""o(ingC triggered gapC = ms# bypass breakerC : cyc"es
F/2/6 Discussion
Arom past e<perience# the most economica" series capacitor bank ne<t to a strong bus (i"" use a triggered
gap to protect the &aristor$ 2ecent"y some designs ha&e significant"y reduced the &aristor si6e by using a
thyristor as a bypass de&ice$ Gap"ess design# near a strong bus# typica""y reDuire a significant"y "arger
&aristor# to sur&i&e a =+ph interna" fau"t (ith breaker bypass protection$ Gap"ess designs may be
economica" for mid+"ine app"ications$
?*
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
2
=
$nnex ;
7in$r%ati-e8
I$pact of 'ine har$onics on the desi,n and protection of FS (an"s
?.
1
1
2
=
:
2
=
$nnex C
7in$r%ati-e8
Fau't current discussion
n this %nne< (e (i"" discuss some important aspects regarding fau"t currents in Series Compensated
net(orks$ We (i"" a"so discuss ho( mode"ing of the Series Capacitor (i"" affect the resu"t of a fau"t current
ca"cu"ation$ The fo""o(ing aspects (i"" be discussedC
Wa&eforms and ana"ytica" e<pressions of fau"t currents in inductive @non+series+compensatedB and
series compensated networks.
8ode""ing of Series Capacitors in traditiona" short circuit ca"cu"ations
8ode""ing of Series Capacitors in transient short circuit ca"cu"ations
Definiton of Total >ault "urrent and Through >ault "urrent @artial >ault "urrentB$
H/1 Ca1efor$s and ana'%tica' expressions of fau't currents in inducti1e and series
co$pensated net+or"s
Transmission "ines are inherent"y inducti&e$ n a net(ork (ithout series capacitors# fau"t currents are
inducti&e in character and the "ine current a"(ays "ags the &o"tage by some ang"e$
With the series compensation of the transmission "ines# capaciti&e e"ements are introduced and the resu"ting
net(ork is no "onger on"y inducti&e under a"" fau"t conditions$ The degree of this change depends on the
"ine and net(ork parameters# the e<tent of series compensation# the type of fau"t# and the fau"t "ocation$
We (i"" use the reduced and simp"ified net(ork sho(n in Aigure A $21 ; $22 to i""ustrate abo&e$
Fi,ure F/21 H/2244Si$p'ified representation of a fau't in a series co$pensated net+or"
;ere C U Tc 7 # 2 U 2S9 R d[2"# and 9 U 9S9 R d[9"$ %s usua"#
Tc IJ is the reactance of the series capacitor#
is the angu"ar freDuency of the source !8As#
2S9 IJ is the resistance of the source#
2" IJ is the resistance of the po(er transmission "ine#
9S9 I;J is the inductance of the source#
9" I;J is the inductance of the po(er "ine#
d I+J is the re"ati&e distance from the re"ay point to the fau"t "ocation A$
K
e = t >
B
8
D

??
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
2
=
We assume that the fau"t occurs at t U 0 and that is the fau"t inception ang"e$
!Duation 10 defines the source !8AC
( ) ( ) + t E t e
m
sin
EAuation 10
!Duation 11 gi&es the &o"tage re"ations for the non-series-compensated lineC
( ) ( ) + + t E t i ,
dt
di
m f
f
sin
EAuation 11
!Duation 12 defines the fau"t current if @tB for the non-series-compensated lineC
( ) ( ) ( ) t i t i t i
ft fs f
+
EAuation 12
;ere ifs@tB I%J is the steady+state part of the fau"t current and ift@tB I%J is the transient part$ !Duation 1=#
!Duation 1:# and !Duation 1, define the steady+state part of the fau"t currentC
( ) ( ) + t
6
E
t i
m
fs
sin
EAuation 12
( )
2 2
, 6 +
EAuation 15
( )
,
t'

EAuation 1<
!Duation 1* and !Duation 1. define the transient part of the fau"t currentC
( )
,
t
ft
e 7 t i

0
EAuation 16
( )

sin
0 0
6
E
I 7
m
t
EAuation 17
;ere tU0 is the current through the inductance at t U 0
?-
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2
=
The fau"t current for a fau"t in a non+series+compensated net(ork consists of a steady+state part and a
transient part$ The transient part consists of a damped DC+current$ The "atter dies out (ith a time+constant
eDua" to 972$
Aigure A $2= ; $2:sho(s a typica" (a&eform of a fau"t current in a non-series-compensated network The
fau"t inception ang"e has been &aried in order to obtain ma<imum &a"ue of the transient fau"t+current$
7$ile da%pttEepE1221,pl4; x6-ar t8 c<! 60
0,00 0,04 0,05 0,12 0,16 0,20
AsB
6100
672
620
622
0
22
20
72
100
A'!B
Dault6current, Fn6series6c%pensated net(r',
Fi,ure F/22 H/254-axi$u$ transient fau't7current in a non7series7co$pensated
=inducti1e> net+or"
!Duation 1? defines the &o"tage "oop for the series compensated lineC
( ) ( ) + + + t E t i
- dt
di
,
dt
i d
m f
f f
cos
1
2
2
EAuation 1@
!Duation 1- defines the fau"t current if @tB in the series compensated lineC
( ) ( ) ( ) t i t i t i
ft fs f
+
EAuation 19
;ere ifs @tB I%J is the steady+state part and ift @tB I%J is the transient part of the fau"t current$ !Duation 20#
!Duation 21# and !Duation 22 define the steady+state part of the fau"t currentC
( ) ( ) + t
6
E
t i
m
fs
sin
EAuation 20
2
2
1
,
_
+
-
, 6
EAuation 21
-0
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2
=
( )
,
-
t'

1
EAuation 22
!Duation 2=# !Duation 2:# and !Duation 2, define the transient part of the fau"t currentC
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t 7 t 7 e t i
t
ft
+

sin cos
2 1
EAuation 22
( )

sin
0 1
6
E
I 7
m
t
EAuation 25
EAuation 2<
;ere tU0 is the current through the inductance at t U 0# and EtU0 is the &o"tage across the capacitor at t U 0$
!Duation 2* and !Duation 2. define the parameters and C
EAuation 26
2
2
:
1
,
-

EAuation 27
The fau"t current for a fau"t in a series compensated net(ork consists of a steady+state part and a transient
part$ The transient part consists of a damped osci""ation$ The "atter has an angu"ar freDuency and dies out
(ith a time+constant of 17$ This osci""ating transient part corresponds to the DC transient part in a non+
compensated net(ork$ The short+circuit current has a s"o( increase dependent on the degree of
compensation$ % particu"ar"y characteristic feature is the de"ayed beginning of the osci""ations and the
o&ershooting beyond the steady+state &a"ue after a fe( cyc"es$
Aigure A $2, ; $2* sho(s a typica" (a&eform of a fau"t current in a series-compensated network. The
fau"t inception ang"e has been &aried in order to obtain ma<imum &a"ue of the transient fau"t+current$
( ) ( ) ( ) 7
E V
,
I
E
6
E ,
6
m t t
m m
2 0 0
1
2 2

1
]
1

sin cos sin
-1
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
2
=
7$ ile da%pttEepE1212,pl4; x6-ar t8 c<! 60
0,00 0,04 0,05 0,12 0,16 0,20
AsB
6100
672
620
622
0
22
20
72
100
A'!B
Dault6current, series c%pensat ed net(r', Ideal series capacitr (ithut - er- lta*e prtectin,
Fi,ure F/2< H/264-axi$u$ transient fau't7current in a series7co$pensated net+or"/ Idea'
series capacitor +ithout -0. o1er1o'ta,e protection/
The (a&eform in Aigure A $2, ; $2* is app"icab"e for fau"ts remote from the SC for (hich the protecti&e
"e&e" &o"tage of the o&er&o"tage protection de&ice (i"" not be reached$ Aor c"ose+in fau"ts# the high fau"t
current (i"" produce a high &o"tage across the series capacitor (hich (i"" cause the o&er&o"tage protection
de&ice to operate$ Aigure A $2. ; $2? sho(s the (a&eform of the fau"t+current if the SC is eDuipped (ith a
81E o&er&o"tage protection de&ice$ The fau"t inception ang"e has been &aried in order to obtain ma<imum
&a"ue of the transient fau"t+current$
'ote that the transient part of the fau"t current is hea&i"y damped by the 81E$ The resu"t is that the
asymmetry in the fau"t+current is &ery sma"" and steady state condition is reached after on"y 1+2 cyc"es$
7$ile da%pttEepE122,pl4; x6-ar t8 c<! 60
0,00 0,04 0,05 0,12 0,16 0,20
AsB
6100
672
620
622
0
22
20
72
100
A'!B
Dault6current, series c%pensated net(r', Series capacitr (ith G@: -er-lta*e prtectin,
-2
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
2
=
Fi,ure F/27 H/2@4 -axi$u$ transient fau't7current in a series7co$pensated net+or"/
Series capacitor eAuipped +ith -0. o1er1o'ta,e protection/
#ote. f the SC is eDuipped (ith a bypass gap# the SC (i"" be short+circuited (hen the bypass gap operates$
This (i"" immediate"y transform the fau"t circuit from an 2+9+C+circuit to an 2+9+circuit$
H/2 -ode'in, of series capacitors in traditiona' short circuit ca'cu'ations/
/se of traditiona" soft(are for ordinary short+circuit ca"cu"ations @"ike PSS7!B (i"" gi&e fa"se resu"ts (hen
app"ied to a series compensated net(ork$ Depending upon the fau"t "ocation# fau"t currents (hich are 2+,
times too "arge may resu"t$ The reason is# that the series capacitors are represented as idea" capacitors
during the fau"t ca"cu"ation and no regard is taken to the o&er&o"tage protection of the series capacitor$
To o&ercome this# a soft(are for ordinary short+circuit current ca"cu"ations shou"d be comp"emented (ith
e$g$ a "inear 81E mode" I51J for appro<imate ca"cu"ation of fau"t currents in a series compensated
net(ork$ Spark gaps may be represented by current+contro""ed s(itches$
H/2 -ode'in, of series capacitors in transient short circuit ca'cu'ations/
The on"y (ay to ca"cu"ate the actua" fau"t current and the partia" fau"t+currents (hen the SC is operated in
the inserted mode (ith the &aristor conducting# is to use an e"ectromagnetic transient computer soft(are
"ike !8TP7%TP$ The SC must be mode"ed together (ith the 81E and the bypass gap if app"icab"e$ The
current "imiting damping eDuipment sha"" a"so be inc"uded in the mode"$ The 81E o&er"oad re"ay
protection and spark gap re"ay protection shou"d be mode"ed in T%CS @!8TP7%TPB$
#ote. t shou"d be obser&ed# that care must be e<ercised (hen the partia" fau"t+current through the current
"imiting damping reactor is going to be ca"cu"ated (hen the SC is in the bypassed mode$ f Series
Capacitors are insta""ed in the ad0acent "ines# the partia" fau"t current through the current "imiting damping
reactor will not be inductive$ ;ence# the ca"cu"ation of the partia" fau"t+current a"so in the bypassed mode
has to be performed by !8TP7%TP$ The SCs in the ad0acent "ines must be mode"ed together (ith their
81Es and the bypass gaps if app"icab"e$
H/5 Definition of #ota' Fau't urrent and #hrou,h Fau't urrent =Partia' Fau't
urrent>
The fau"t current (hich affects the SC is on"y the component of the fau"t current that f"o(s through the SC
bank and not the tota" fau"t current$ See Aigure A $2- ; $=0 be"o($ The component of the the fau"t current
(hich f"o(s through the SC bank is ca""ed Kthrough fau"t currentL or Kpartia" fau"t currentL @ 1 or 2B$ The
tota" fau"t current is denoted f $ See a"so Aigure A $2, ; $2*$
f
Aau"t node7"ocation
Fi,ure F/29 H/204Definition of :throu,h fau't current; = I1 F I2 > and :tota' fau't current;
= If >/
Aor con&enience# some usefu" definitions re"ated to c"assica" @inducti&eB fau"t currents
@short+circuit currentsB are inc"uded be"o($ 2eference is made to the attached Aigure A $=1 ; $=2 and
Aigure G $== $=:$ Some of these definitions might a"so be app"ied to Kcapaciti&eL fau"t currents$
$. >ault current : o&er+current resu"ting from a short circuit in an e"ectric system
-=
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
=.
=?
=-
:0
:1
2
=
%. !ymmetrical fault current: r$m$s$ &a"ue of the a$c$ symmetrica" component of a fau"t current # the
aperiodic component of current# if any# being neg"ected$
". )ecaying (aperiodic) component i d.c. of short circuit current: mean &a"ue bet(een the top and the
bottom en&e"ope of a short circuit current decaying from an initia" &a"ue to 6ero according to Aigure A $=1
; $=2$
): eak fault current 3 p : ma<imum possib"e instantaneous &a"ue of the fau"t current @see Aigure A $=1
; $=2B
'1T!$ The magnitude of the peak fau"t current &aries in accordance (ith the moment at (hich the short
circuit occurs$
,. !teady state fault current 3k : r$m$s&a"ue of the fau"t current (hich remains after the decay of the
transient phenomena @see Aigure A $=1 ; $=2B$
/emark. Definitions %# 5# D and ! may be app"ied a"so for fau"t currents supp"ied by series compensated
net(orks$
Fi,ure F/21 H/224Short7circuit current of a far7fro$7,enerator short circuit +ith constant
a/c/ co$ponent =sche$atic dia,ra$>
-:
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
2
=
-,
1
1
2
=
$nnex 3 Fi,ure G/22 I/254haracteriLation of short circuits and their
currents
7in$r%ati-e8
Discussion of s+in, current
During and fo""o(ing disconnection of a po(er system fau"t# the synchronous machines of the po(er
system (i"" start to osci""ate @s(ingB against each other (ith a "o( freDuencyO usua""y around 0$, + 2 ;6$
These osci""ations# (hich are ca""ed e"ectromechanica" osci""ations# (i"" cause osci""atory currents and
&o"tages to appear in the po(er system$ The Series Capacitor current associated (ith the osci""ating
synchronous machines is ca""ed the s(ing current$ The "o( freDuency osci""ation is superimposed upon the
fundamenta" freDuency current# i$e$ the "ine current is amp"itude modu"ated by the "o( freDuency
osci""ation$ The s(ing current produces a s(ing &o"tage across the fi<ed series capacitor @ASCB of the
po(er system$
)efinition: The s(ing current of a ASC is the greatest &a"ue of the osci""atory portion of the ASC current
during the transient period fo""o(ing a "arge disturbance$ The s(ing current is measured in % rms and is
characteri6ed by a specified freDuency and decay time+constant$
#ote: 1sci""ations of this type shou"d be based on po(er s(ings of the system generating units in response
to the most se&ere contingency that the system is designed to (ithstand$ Po(er s(ings inc"uding s(ing
currents are ca"cu"ated by means of con&entiona" stabi"ity computer soft(are$ The output currents of a
con&entiona" stabi"ity computer program (i"" be in direct# Duadrature# and 6ero+seDuence components in
%28S or k%28S$ % typica" SC s(ing current fo""o(ing a fau"t and c"earing of a para""e" "ine is depicted in
Aigure G $=, $=* be"o(C
Fi,ure G/2< I/264 #%pica' current ti$e profi'e of an S (an" fo''o+in, a fau't and c'earin,
of a para''e' 'ine/ #he fau't current is not sho+n/
S H S . E G S I I F J
E G E 9 J E F ) H ? @ ! D I F J
) @ F . I F K @ K S ? @ ! D I F J
D ! K ? .
S E ) @ F D S
# I - E
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
!
&
3
*

?
B
B
E
3
#
=
i
n

p
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

r
a
t
e
d
>
G I F K . E S > @ K 9 S

-*
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
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-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2
=
!tresses on a >!" caused by a swing current
The s(ing current (i"" stress the ASC components in different (ays depending on the type of ASC bypass
system and the ASC operation state$ The ASC bank sha"" be designed to (ithstand the associated stresses$
Typica" range of a SC s(ing current is 1$. F 2$, p$u$ of the rated SC current$ The most common &a"ue is
1$.+2$0 p$u$ The typica" duration of the SC s(ing current ranges from 1s to 10s$
;ap-protected banks
,xternal faults: The bank is norma""y bypassed for e<terna" fau"ts$ The bank sha"" be designed to reinsert
against the s(ing current after disconnection of the fau"t$
1
Remark: f the bank is not bypassed for an e<terna" fau"t# the bank sha"" be designed to (ithstand the
stresses caused by the s(ing current$
3nternal faults: The bank is bypassed for interna" fau"ts$ The bank sha"" be designed to reinsert against the
s(ing current after disconnection of the fau"t and rapid autorec"osing of the "ine$ f the "ine is manua""y
rec"osed# the bank sha"" be designed to reinsert against the actua" "ine current# (hich is norma""y much
sma""er compared to the s(ing current$
!rrorC 2eference source not found

=&0-protected banks
,xternal faults: The bank is norma""y not bypassed for e<terna" fau"ts$ The bank sha"" be designed to
(ithstand the stresses caused by the fau"t and the subseDuent s(ing current$
2

Remark: f the bank is bypassed for an e<terna" fau"t# the bank sha"" be designed to reinsert against the
s(ing current after disconnection of the fau"t$
3nternal faults: The bank is norma""y bypassed for interna" fau"ts$ The bank sha"" be designed to reinsert
against the s(ing current after disconnection of the fau"t and rapid autorec"osing of the "ine$ The 81E
energy associated (ith the reinsertion transient sha"" be taken into account in the 81E design$ f the "ine is
manua""y rec"osed# the bank sha"" be designed to reinsert against the actua" "ine current# (hich is norma""y
much sma""er compared to the s(ing current$!rrorC 2eference source not found
1
The Protecti&e 9e&e" Eo"tage @/P9B of the capacitor sha"" be se"ected high enough in order that the ASC can be reinserted against the
s(ing current (ithout spark o&er of the protecti&e gap due to the appearing SC reinsertion &o"tage$ f t(o or more ASC segments are
reinserted# due regard sha"" be taken to the DC+component in ASC reinsertion &o"tage$ This (ou"d norma""y resu"t in a &ery high &a"ue
of /P9 # un"ess some kind of ASC reinsertion &o"tage "imitation is emp"oyed$
2
We can distinguish bet(een t(o cases depending upon the se"ection of the Protecti&e 9e&e" Eo"tage @/P9B of the 81E$
/P9 is s"ight"y abo&e @say 10 NB the s(ing &o"tage or "o(er than the s(ing &o"tage$ The reason for this se"ection of /P9
cou"d be mitigation of transient torDue stresses on T+G shafts due to SS2$ n this case the 81E sha"" be designed for the
e<tensi&e energy in0ection during the s(ing in addition to the energy in0ection caused by the initia" po(er system fau"t$
This (ou"d norma""y resu"t in a &ery "arge energy rating of the &aristor$ This case is &ery rare$
/P9 is se"ected to be 1, F 20 N abo&e the ma<imum s(ing &o"tage$ This is the norma" case$ %fter ha&ing been e<posed to
the energy in0ection during the po(er system fau"t# and the corresponding temperature increase# the &aristor sha"" be
therma""y stab"e against the s(ing &o"tage caused by the po(er system s(ing$ The s(ing &o"tage (i"" appear as an
o&er"oad &o"tage stress on the &aristor for the specified duration of the s(ing &o"tage$
-.
1
1
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*
1.
1?
1-
20
21
22
2=
2:
2,
2*
2.
2?
2-
=0
=1
=2
==
=:
=,
=*
2
=
:
,
*
.
?
-
10
11
12
1=
1:
1,
1*

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Draft Guide for the Specification of Fixed Series

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