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doc 1/7
Closed-Loop Bandwidth
Say we build in the lab (i.e., the op-amp i not ideal! this
ampli"ie#$
%e &now that the open-ci#cuit 'olta(e (ain (i.e., the cloed-loop
(ain! o" thi ampli"ie# should be$
2
1
( !
( ! 1
( !
out
'o
in
') *
+)
') *
+
,,,
-hi will ce#tainly be t#ue "o# input i(nal
( !
in
')
at low
frequencies
)
. .ut #emembe#, the /p-amp (i.e., open-loop (ain!
(ain
( !
op
+)
decreases with frequency.
+
-
( !
in
')
( !
op
+)
*
2
*
1
'
-
'
0
i
1
i
2
i
-
10
i
0
10
( !
out
')
( !
( !
( !
out
'o
in
')
+)
')

3/2/2014 214307756.doc 2/7

2" the i(nal "#e3uency
)
become too large, the open-loop
(ain
( !
op
+)
will become less than the ideal closed-loop gain4
5ote a ome u""iciently hi(h "#e3uency ()
ay!, the open-
loop (op-amp! (ain will become equal to the ideal cloed-loop
(non-in'e#tin( ampli"ie#! (ain$
2
1
( ! 1
op
*
+) )
*
+
6o#eo'e#, i" the input i(nal "#e3uency i (#eate# than
"#e3uency )
, the op-amp (open-loop! (ain will in "act be malle#
that the ideal non-in'e#tin( (closed-loop! ampli"ie# (ain$
2
1
( ! 1
op
*
+) )
*
> < +
)
b
)
lo()
(d.!
2
0
(d.! +
t
)
0 d.
( !
op
+)
2
2
1
1 (d.!
*
*
+
_

,
ideal
'o
+
3/2/2014 214307756.doc 3/7
Q: 2" the i(nal "#e3uency i (#eate# than )
, will the non-
in'e#tin( ampli"ie# till e7hibit an open-ci#cuit 'olta(e
(cloed-loop! (ain o"
2 1
( ! 1
'o
+) * * +
,
A: +llow my #epone to be both di#ect and uccinct8NEE!"
-he (ain
( !
'o
+)
o" any ampli"ie# cont#ucted with an op-amp can
ne#er e7ceed the (ain
( !
op
+)
o" the op-amp itel".
2n othe# wo#d, the cloed-loop (ain o" any ampli"ie# can ne#er
e7ceed it open-loop (ain.
$ %e "ind that i" the input i(nal "#e3uency e%ceeds )
,
then the ampli"ie# (cloed-loop! (ain
( !
'o
+)
will equal the
op-a&p (open-loop! (ain
( !
op
+)
.
$ /" cou#e, i" the i(nal "#e3uency i less than )
, the
cloed-loop (ain will be equal to it ideal 'alue
2 1
( ! 1
'o
+) * * +
, ince the op-amp (open-loop! (ain i much
larger than thi ideal 'alue
2 1
( ! ( 1
op
+) ) * *
< + ?
!.
9 %e now #e"e# to the 'alue
2 1
1 * * +
a the &id-band
gain o" the ampli"ie#.
-he#e"o#e, we "ind "o# thi non-in'e#tin( ampli"ie# that$
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2
1
1
( !
( !
'o
op
*
) )
*
+)
+) ) )

+ <

'

>

5ow "o# one 'e#y i&portant "act$ the t#anition "#e3uency )

i
the brea' "#e3uency o" the ampli"ie# closed-loop (ain
( !
'o
+)
.
-hu, we come to concluion that )
i the (dB bandwidth o"
thi non-in'e#tin( ampli"ie# (i.e.,
3d.
) )
!4
lo()
(d.!
2
0
(d.! +
t
)
0 d.
2
( !
op
+)
2
2
1
1 (d.!
*
*
+
_

,
2
ideal
'o
+
2
( !
'o
+)
3d.
) )
3/2/2014 214307756.doc 5/7
Q: 2 the#e ome way to nume#ically dete#mine thi 'alue ,
A: /" cou#e4 *ecall we de"ined "#e3uency )
a the 'alue
whe#e the open-loop (op-amp! (ain and the ideal cloed-loop
(non-in'e#tin( ampli"ie#! (ain we#e e3ual$
2
1
( ! 1
op
*
+) )
*
+
*ecall alo that "o#
b
) ) >
, we can app#o7imate the op-amp
(open-loop! (ain a$
0
+
( !
b
op
)
+)
)

:ombinin( thee #eult, we "ind$

0 2
1
( ! 1
b
op
+) *
+) )
*)
+

;
and thu$
( )
1
2
0
1
1
b
*
) +)
*

_
+

,
.ut #emembe#, we "ound that thi "#e3uency i e3ual to the
brea'point o" the non-in'e#tin( ampli"ie# (cloed-loop! (ain
( !
'o
+)
. -he#e"o#e$
( )
1
2
3 0
1
1
d. b
*
) +)
*

_
+

,
;
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*ecall alo that
0 b t
+) )
, o that$
1
2
3
1
1
d. t
*
) )
*

_
+

,
;
2" we #ew#ite thi e3uation, we "ind omethin( inte#etin($
2
1
3
1
. t d
*
*
) )
_

,
+

;
;oo& what thi ay$ the )!*+,C- o" the ampli"ie#
(mid-band! .A/N and the ampli"ie# BAN+0/+-1 i
e3ual to the .A/N-BAN+0/+-1 )!*+,C-2
-hi #eult hould not be di""icult to #emembe# 4
-he abo'e app#o7imation i 'alid "o# 'i#tually all ampli"ie# built
uin( ope#ational ampli"ie#, i.e.$
3
( !
d. t 'o m
) ) +)
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whe#e$
mid-band (ain ( !
'o m
+) B
2n othe# wo#d,
m
)
i ome "#e3uency within the bandwidth o"
the ampli"ie# (e.(.,
3
0
m d.
) ) < <
!.
%e o" cou#e can e3ui'alently ay$
3
( !
d. t 'o m
" " + "
-he p#oduct o" the a&plifier (ain and the ampli"ie# bandwidth
i e3ual to the op-a&p (ain-bandwidth p#oduct4