Anda di halaman 1dari 10

ABSTRACT Mechanical testing is useful to determine the properties of the part and to verify that it meets expected properties

and specications. There are many types of mechanical testing available, including hardness, tensile testing, and impact fracture testing. From this experiment we can determine the thickness of sample, the crystallinity and the degree of polymerization at vary angle. Good crystal structure form is at angle 0 due to their arrangement of molecule. Thus, it result of high tensile strength and strain. Anisotropy of properties can be expected to lower measured tensile and yield strength properties.

INTRODUCTION Cold drawing is used to produce high-strength steel wires for prestressed concrete in civil engineering construction. This manufacturing technique affects the steel microstructure, thus leading to crack deflection and anisotropic fracture behavior in air atmosphere and aggressive environments. This report deals with the strength anisotropy of cold drawn steels and studies, by means of computer-assisted image analysis techniques, a special mode of fracture (called exfoliation fracture throughout this paper) in notched samples of heavily drawn steels supplied from commercial stock.

Tensile testing is a way of determining how something will react when it is pulled apart which is when a force is applied to it in tension. By measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality managers to predict how materials and products will behave in their intended application. Based on data produced in a tensile test, we can determine batch quality, consistency in manufacture, aid in the design process, can reduced material costs, also ensure compliance with international and industry standards.

The equation of degree of crystallinity of thermoplastic LDPE : ( ( ) )

c = density for a pure (100%) crystalline thermoplastic a = density for a pure (0%) crystalline thermoplastic (100% amorphous) = density of the thermoplastic obtained from the experimental Xc = degree of crystallinity

Using this equation to find the value

Z = number of repeat unit per unit cell M = relative molecular mass NA = Avogadro number V = volume of a unit cell

For polyethylene, total atom calculation :Carbon atom = 2x12 =24 g/mol Hydrogen atom= 1x4 = 4 g/mol Total = 24+4 = 28 g/mol Z=2

To calculate the volume of a unit cell :

V = abc (1 + 2coscos + cos2-cos2-cos2)1/2

Given that the unit cell PE is a= 0.741nm, b=0.496nm and c=0.254nm. LDPE samples is orthorombic unit type of cell. Therefore, for 90 will be orthorhombic where = = = 90 Vc =(0.741x10-9)(0.496x10-9)(0.254x10-9) x (1+2cos90ocos90o+cos290o-cos290o-cos290o)1/2 = (0.741x10-9) (0.496x10-9) (0.254x10-9) (1) m3 = 9.335 x 10-29 m3

c for 90,

)(

= 996.003 x 103 g/m3 = 0.996 g/cm3 Given that the specific volume of the amorphous polyethylene,Va is 1.16 x 10-3 m3kg-1

a = 1/1.16 x 10-3 = 862.069 kgm-3 = 0.862 gcm-3 Subtitute the value of a and c into the equation below to find the value of degree of crystallinity. ( ( ) )

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of cold drawing and anisotropy on the properties of a polymeric material.

METHODS AND MATERIALS Material :Thermoplastic of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Apparatus :Thickness gauge, tensile testing (INSTRON 3366), two roll mill, density measure, and digital vernier caliper, tensometer, dumbell cutter, sample holder, and scissors. Method :To determine the tensile properties of the samples and calculate the crystallinity of the samples by using a density method.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1) 4 slices of LDPE was prepared with same size and thickness. Then, The thickness of LDPE was measured by using thickness gauge before put into the two roll mill. 2) The sample of LDPE was rolled into the two roll mill to get the desired thickness, which are 1.9 (one pieces), 1.4 (two pieces) and 0.8 (one pieces) respectively. 3) After we get the desired thickness, then the sample of LDPE was cutted into dumbbell shape at different angle 0, 45, 90. Only thickness of 1.4 we just need take three time of angle 0, 45, 90. 4) The density of dumbbell shape of LDPE was measured by using sample holder in density meter. The density of sample LDPE was recorded in table and the graph was plotted. 5) Only the thickness of 1.4 LDPE was tested in tensometer (INSTRON 3366) to measure its tensile strength at different angle 0, 45, 90. The data was recorded in table and the graph was plotted.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result :a. Determination of degree of crystallinity Density at thickness 1.9 Density s ( g cm 3 ) P1 P2 Average density 0C 0.915 0.917 0.916 45C 0.910 0.916 0.913 90C 0.920 0.916 0.918

Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 00C = 44 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 450C = 42 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 900C = 45 0/0

Density at thickness 1.4 Density s ( g cm 3 ) P1 P2 Average density 0 0.911 0.917 0.914 45 0.922 0.914 0.918 90 0.911 0.917 0.914

Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 00C = 42 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 450C = 45 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 900C = 42 0/0

Density at thickness 0.8 Density s ( g cm 3 ) P1 P2 Average density 0 0.912 0.908 0.910 45 0.922 0.915 0.918 90 0.915 0.905 0.910

Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 00C = 39 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 450C = 45 0/0 Degree of crystallinity, Xc at 900C = 39 0/0

Degree of crystallinity,Xc against degree of orientation


46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 0C 45C 0.8 90C 0C 45C 1.4 Degree of crystallinity,Xc 90C 0C 45C 1.9 90C

Degree of crystallinity against degree of orientation b. Determination of tensile properties

Tensile test at thickness 1.4 Tensile Properties Degree Relative to Rolling and Drawing Direction 1 0o 2 3 Average 1 45o 2 3 Average 1 90o 2 3 Average Thickness (mm) Tensile (Mpa) 1.30 1.32 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.33 1.33 1.30 1.42 1.39 1.37 110.30 128.80 113.90 117.67 135.10 110.90 127.00 124.33 213.80 223.80 215.00 217.53 Modulus Elongation Break (%) 236.70 405.80 377.50 340.00 329.20 233.30 286.70 283.07 535.00 532.50 526.70 531.40 at Tensile Strength (Mpa) 12.21 10.21 20.70 14.37 16.70 7.28 6.54 10.17 16.15 16.61 16.11 16.29

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

250 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Degree Relative to Rolling and Drawing Direction (o)

Tensile Modulus against Degree relative to rolling and drawing direction

600 Elongation at Breask(%) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Degree Relative to Rolling and Drawing Direction (o)

Elongation against degree relative to rolling and drawing direction

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Degree Relative to Rolling and Drawing Direction (o)

Tensile Strength(Mpa)

Tensile strength against degree relative to rolling and drawing direction

Discussion :a) Discuss the effect s of cold drawing on the crystallinity and tensile properties of the samples.

Polymer chain length : Molecular weight is a measure of how long the polymer backbone chain is. If the molecular weight is high, then the polymer backbone chain is long and the degree of crystallinity is reduced. This is illustrated by the behaviour of PE. HDPE molecules aree up to 100 times longer than LDPE molecules. As a result, the degree of crystallinity of HDPE is much lower than LDPE. Polar groups : Some polymers have polar groups present along the main polymer chain. These groups repel each another and prevent the formation of crystalline structures. Chain branching : The degree of branching on the main backbone chain will affect the ability to crystallize. Highly branched polymers will generally be less crystalline than linear polymers due to the presence of long branches. When the semi-crystalline LLDPE sheet is subjected to cool drawing, the molecules chains in the amorphous region elongates in the direction of the applied tensile stress. This phenomenon cause the onset of the elastic deformation occurs. In this process, the two adjacent chain-folded lamellae and the inter lamellar amorphous region or tie molecules become aligned and elongated. The deformation of the LLDPE sheets is continued until there is a transition from the elastic to plastic deformation. In the plastic deformation, the slippage of the adjacent molecular chains occurs in the direction of applied force that involved the separation of the crystalline region.

CONCLUSION For anisotropic materials such as the cold drawn steels analyzed in this paper, there is a orientation of all microstructural units in the direction of cold drawing and therefore ferrite lamellae change their orientation during cold drawing. Then the new critical fracture unit in the drawn material would be the pearlite colony more than the prior austenite grain, because different pearlite colonies in the same grain follow distinct orientations paths along the manufacturing route. The thinner of the thermoplastic sheet, the higher the density and degree of crystallinty can be observed. The density method can be used to determine the degree of crystallinty of the thermoplastic polymer after drawing.

REFERENCES 1) Kocks, U.F. (2000). Texture and Anisotropy: Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and their effect on Materials Properties. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-79420-6. 2) Toribio, J. and Ovejero, E., Microstructure-based modelling of localised anodic dissolution in pearlitic steels, Mater. Sci. Engng. A319-321, 308-311 (2001). 3) Young, R. J. (1981). Introduction to Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London. 4) Callister, W. D. (2007). Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., United States of America.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai