LOW

TEMPERATURE E F F E C T S SLUDGE PROCESSES

ON A C T I V A T E D

by Ka-Yui B.Sc. Ng U.K., 1 9 6 8

Chu H a i C o l l e g e ,

REPORT

SUBMITTED

I N PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF

OF THE R E Q U I R E M E N T S FOR T H E DEGREE Master in o f Engineering

t h e D e p a r tme111 of

C i v i l

Engineering

This

report

is; a c c e p t e d .

Dean

o f Graduate

THE

U N I V E R S I T Y OF NEW A p r i l , .197 3

BRUNSWICK

my

Paren

i i

ABSTRACT

This the low behaviour

was of an

an

experimental study

to

investigate the con-

activated through

s l u d g e p r o c e s s under the use of a small

temperature

effect

tinuous mental

flow bench-scale plant conditions. Twelve experiments

under

controlled

environ-

were

run

for different was

tempin

erature the each

and of

retention

periods. ten and

Temperature, twenty

chosen C for each

range

zero, five,

degrees time
f

retention was

p e r i o d , and varied hours,

the

retention of the

for

experiment and

i n the

range

eight

sixteen, and

twenty-four

simulating

conventional

extended

aeration

times. coefficients t o be times 0 for the 1.038 and substrate 1.038 hrs for

Temperature removal the rate of were

found

1,033, of 8,

and 24

range

retention

16,

respect-

ively , Temperature coefficient was found coefficient to be was 1.021. not significant and 20C below 5C and 0 for the sludge yield

Nitrification was equal to 50% and 8 0%

a t 10C

respectively.

i i i

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS Page

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GLOSSARY LIST LIST OF SYMBOLS

v i i v i i i x x i i . of Activated Sludge 1 of Activated Sludge 2 1

OF F I G U R E S OF TABLES 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief History Process Basic Process

CHAPTER

1.2 1.3

Important Activated Objective

Environmental Sludge and Scope EQUATION Hypothesis of

Factors i n 3 3 5 5

1.4 CHAPTER 2

THE ARRHENIUS 2.1 2.2 Arrhenius

General Concept Equation

Arrhenius 6
1

2.3

Modification of Van1 Arrhenius Equation

Hoff8 11 11

CHAPTER

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS 3.1 3.2 General

INVESTIGATION

S u b s t r a t e Removal Sludge System 3.2.a

i n the Activated 15 Growth 16 Kinetic 20

Microbiological K i n e t i c Model Michaelis-Menten Model .

3.2.b

iv

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

- continued

Page

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Oxygen Sludge Sludge

Transfer

and U t i l i z a t i o n

....

24 26 28 30

Production Settling

Nitrification E f f e c t of Temperature Removal Rate E f f e c t of Temperature Transfer Rate Effect Yield Effect Sludge of Temperature on Substrate

32 on Oxygen 34 on Sludge 34

3.8

3.9

3.10

of Temperature Sedimentation

on

Activated 35

3.11

E f f e c t of Temperature Nitrification OF

on 35 9 36

CHAPTER

DETERMINATION 4.1

TEMPERATURE C O E F F I C I E N T 9 for

Temperature C o e f f i c i e n t S u b s t r a t e Removal Temperature C o e f f i c i e n t Oxygen T r a n s f e r Temperature C o e f f i c i e n t Sludge Y i e l d Temperature C o e f f i c i e n t Nitrification

36 9 for 38 9 for 39 0 for . 41 43

4.2

4.3

4.4

CHAPTER

E X P E R I M E N T A L WORK 5.1 Aeration Unit Methodology - Design and

43 45 47 48

5.2 5.3 5.4

Experimental Procedure Analytical Method

Experimental Results

TABLE

OF C O N T E N T S

- continued

Page

5.5 5.6 CHAPTER 6

Analysis Discussions RECOMMENDATIONS

53 63 78 80

C O N C L U S I O N S AND

REFERENCES APPENDIX I Photograph Plant APPENDIX APPENDIX I I of t h e Activated Sludge

i n Operation of Synthetic Sewage .......

84 86 88

Composition

I I I Tabulation

of Experimental Data

v i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The to

author

wishes

to express

h i ssincere

thanks

h i ssupervisor,

P r o f e s s o r G.B. W a r d , and s i n c e r e

f o rh i s continued thanks of t o D r . R.C. Environmental

guidance Landine

and encouragement,

a n d D r . D.T. K a n a n d a l l t h e s t a f f Laboratory fortheir

Engineering

assistance.

vii

GLOSSARY

OF

SYMBOLS

Symbol

Explanation

a b

coefficient coefficient solids

of sludge

yield p e r day o f suspended

or f r a c t i o n

oxidized of the chemical or reaction equation

C c D d E Enz EnzS K

product

coefficient product

concentration reaction equation

of t h e chemical

coefficient activation enzyme enzyme s u b s t r a t e complex constant coefficient energy

equilibrium oxygen

transfer

substrate reaction remaining initial

concentration rate BOD amount

2 1

k L L M R S
Q

total

of o r g a n i c

matter

constant,

E/RT T

u n i v e r s a l gas constant substrate concentration

or percent

removal

v m

Symbol

Explanation

S S

effluent initial

substrate sludge

concentration or influent

concentration

substrate S T t U V Vj V" v X^ X
v 2 r

concentration

TOC

removal temperature

absolute time oxygen overall zone zone rate

utilization velocity

rate reaction

of the

settling settling constant

velocity velocity

at at kinetic model

i n Michaelis-Menten suspended volatile

MLSS, m i x e d MLVSS, m i x e d sludge BOD BOD

liquor liquor

solids suspended solids

AX Y Y^

production or equal by toR/l-R

removed removed

biosorption at

kinematic ^2 0 viscosity

viscosity at

temperature

coefficient

LIST

OF

FIGURES

Figure 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 Energy Ideal Diagram Activated Sludge Growth With Curve Reaction Rate in

Page 7 18 23

Substrate

Concentration of

Schematic Diagram Activated Sludge Ranges Sludge Sludge

Oxygen T r a n s f e r

25 the Activated 28 Relationship Substrate 38 .. 31

3.4

of Operation of Process Growth and

3.5 4.1

Settling for

Temperature Removal Temperature Transfer Sludge strate

Coefficient

4.2

Coefficient

f o r Oxygen 39

4.3

Production as Removal R a t e

a Function

of

Sub40

4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

Temperature Temperature

Coefficient Coefficient

for Sludge

Yield

41 42 44 54

for Nitrification

Laboratory Activated Removal E f f i c i e n c y Removal Oxygen Oxygen Efficiency

Sludge Unit

vs. Temperature v s . Time .,

55 56 57 58 59 60

U t i l i z a t i o n Rate v s . Temperature U t i l i z a t i o n Rate v s . Time

Sludge A c c u m u l a t i o n v s . Time Sludge Accumulation v s . Temperature S l u d g e Volume Index vs. Temperature

LIST

OF

FIGURES - c o n t i n u e d Page S l u d g e Volume Arrhenius Plot P e r c e n t o f TOC Arrhenius Plot P e r c e n t o f TOC Arrhenius Plot P e r c e n t o f TOC Index v s . Time of Temperature E f f e c t Removal t = 8 h r s of Temperature E f f e c t R e m o v a l t = 16 h r s of Temperature E f f e c t R e m o v a l t = 24 h r s on 69 on 70 on 71 61

Figure 5.9 5.10

5.11

5.12

5.13

A r r h e n i u s P l o t o f T e m p e r a t u r e E f f e c t on Oxygen T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t t - 8 h r s ..* . . Arrhenius Oxygen Plot of Temperature Coefficient Effect 16 on

72

5-. 14

Transfer

t =

h r s ...

73

5.15

A r r h e n i u s P l o t o f T e m p e r a t u r e E f f e c t on O x y g e n T r a n s f e r C o e f f i c i e n t t = 24 h r s ... Sludge Y i e l d Coefficient Efffect on

74 75

5.16 5.17

Arrhenius Plot of Temperature Sludge Y i e l d C o e f f i c i e n t Sludge Volume I n d e x v s . F/M

76 77

5.18

xi

LIST

OF

TABLES

Table

Page

3.1

Temperature Removal

Coefficient

0 for

Substrate 33 49 49 50 51 52

i n Activated Removal

Sludge

Process

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

Percent Oxygen Sludge Sludge

o f TOC Rate

Utilization Accumulation Volume Index

Nitrification pH a n d DO i n the Aeration Unit

53

xi i

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Brief

H i s t o r y of the A c t i v a t e d Sludge Biological treatment i s t h e most treatment

Process important and

commonly municipal

used

method

of secondary

i n processing utilizes or

waste

waters.

The s a n i t a r y

engineer

biological the

oxidation to convert oxygen-consuming

the organic wastes pollutants into

so c a l l e d

inorganic

forms. The 1913 in activated sludge p r o c e s s was d e v e l o p e d Experiment Station of in a

U.S.A.

a t the Lawrence

by

series upon along was

of experiments

to determine

the effect

aeration

sewage. similar

T h i s knowledge lines

l e d to other England.

experiments This process of biol-

a t Manchester, sewage

developed sludge

by a e r a t i n g which

i n the presence investigators o f sewage

ogical

the English The

called by aeration called during lacked sludge the

"Activated in

Sludge".

treatment sludge

the presence

of such

i s now

generally

"Activated the an

Sludge

Treatment".

But, unfortunately, and o p e r a t o r s

subsequent

y e a r s , both

engineers

understanding until

of t h e mechanism 19 3 5 . G.P.

of the activated (1) s a i d

process

about

Edwards

that

mechanism

of the activated

sludge

process

probably

involves

physico-chemical, reactions have been and used that to

enzymatic, at some

biological each one

and of

bio~chemical these phenomena

time the

explain that each of

entire

process. i n the for

I t i s operation satisfactory

generally and that a

agreed

plays a

part

combination

a l l i s essential

purification.

Basic

Process The

of A c t i v a t e d sludge

Sludge i s a continuous are mixed certain settling return sludge

activated

process

system with

i n which

flocculated waste

biological under the

growths

the

influent then

water

aeration treated

for a by

period in the the

and

separated from tank.

waste

settling to

Recirculation tank waste as

i s required to with excess to

sludge

the As tank,

aeration the the raw

seed

being the

wasted

water

i s added

the

aeration

activated the flow

sludge

(microorganisms) (pollutants) tank. out, content, scheme. been in

aerobically the aeration

stabilize tank and

organic matter into a

sedimentation sludge of to

Sedimentation producing and i s an the

a l l o w s the desired

activated

settle organic

clear of of

effluent the

low

integral The

part

biological

treatment removal was

mechanism and

organic matter

has

stated as (a)

by

Weston

Eckenfelder

( 2 ) , which

theorized

the following: Organic with matter i s removed bring from solution by reaction

enzymes

that

about

coagulation.

(b) (c) (d)

Organic

matter

i s

oxidized. from organic matter removed.

Bacterial cells Cell material i s

a r e produced oxidized.

1.3

Important Sludge

Environmental

Factors

i n the

Activated

J?rocess environmental system factors and of importance in an

Two activated factors

sludge

a r e pH

temperature. rather than the

These quantity

are

i n t e n s i t y measurements pH has a direct

measurements. growth. 9.0 there

e f f e c t on that

biological p l l 6.5 and

McKinney i s normal 6.5 the

(38) has

stated

between and

b a c t e r i a l predomination will begin to

growth. the pH The already range in a

B e l o w pH bacteria, 9.0 we

fungi

compete w i t h 4.5.

with

full

predomination of on the rate

a t pH

Above

see retardation of temperature by many

of metabolism. reaction within 10C has the

effect been 10C

biological

discussed 35C, of

investigators the

increasing the r a t e the rate system of of to

temperature

results With exceed the of a

doubling

biological reaction remain

reaction. easily On rate

high

temperature ability hand of a of low

can

the

the

aerobic. in a slow

other metabolism

temperature

results i n the

the microorganisms

tank.

Objective Since

and the

Scope low of temperature substrate effect plays and the an importof

ant

role

i n the rate

removal

rate

dissolved activated mental the

oxygen sludge to

utilization system,

by

microorganisms in this

in

an

i t i s intended temperature oxygen

experifor

work

evaluate the removal rate and rate,

coefficients rate,

substrate

transfer

overall of

nitrification the sludge

sludge

yield. and

Sedimentation the

i n the

settling

tank of

organic nitrogen water will also in

removal be the

during

stabilization Such criteria

the waste

reviewed. d e s i g n and

are especially biological

important

operation of climatic

treatment

plants

urtder C a n a d i a n

conditions.

CHAPTER

THE ARRHENIUS

EQUATION

Arrhenius's There

Hypothesis i s one f u n d a m e n t a l dealt problem i n reaction

kinetics chemist a given

that

has not been

with.

Generally, the a l l molecules of

i s brought compound

up t o b e l i e v e t h a t

are identical

(when t h e e x i s t e n c e o f i t would be expected i n the

isotopes that

i s ignored).

Therefore,

a l l molecules

of a given

compound

behave

same way

i n a chemical have found

reaction. from

B u t many

o f t h ei n that this i s rate

vestigators not and of can

experimentation

so, f o r chemical whereas t h e same react. If

r e a c t i o n s occur may react

at a definite

one m o l e c u l e type may have

immediately, several hours

another before i t

to wait

i t i s accepted

that

a l l molecules

of the that

same compound either between the

a r e e q u i v a l e n t , i tmight would occur or that lead

be expected every

no r e a c t i o n

collision In

reactant molecules case, from

would

to reaction.

latter

the reaction this point rates

would

occur

instantaneous, to

therefore, see this how

of view,

i ti s difficult Arrhenius normal

intermediate

can occur.

solved chemical

problem

i n 189 7 b y p o s t u l a t i n g t h a t

molecules those cal to

do

not

take which the

part

i n chemical more of the than

reactions. a certain are

Only c r i t i able are

molecules

possess "energy with and

energy, react.

called The

activation", activated as a

molecules i n number

energy of

extremely collision molecule

few

arise which

result

random a

between

molecules the

occasionally energy.

give

many t i m e s

average

General

Concept the

of

the Arrhenius

Equation Arrhenius rate derived

Using an equation to

idea of

activation, variation of

describe the

constant

with

temperature. The original derivation a of the Arrhenius equa-

tion

i s as

follows.

Consider

reversible

reaction,

aA* +

bB

cC

dD

The be expressed

equilibrium constant K as f o l l o w s ,

of

this

reaction

may

[CJ [DJ [A] [B]

a

d = b

111 k the the

2

where

k^ k^

i s the i s the It

rate rate

constant constant that

of of

forward backward

reaction reaction. which a i s

i s imagined possess pass the into

when

two

molecules,

between

them

activation a

energy, state

undergo which

collision,

they

transition

intermediate A the in

between diagram

the of

r e a c t a n t s and heat the content

the

products. of shown differre-

the and

( e n t h a l p y H) state to and the the heat i s

reactants, products Figure 2.1. The

transition corresponds state of to The

d i s t a n c e AB the

the the

ence

i n energy which (E^). of

between i s the

transition

actants, reaction tion

activation BC

energy

forward activaof re-

Similarly the back by

corresponds ( E so
2

energy (AH)

reaction AC, and

) .

action tion ,

i s given

by

geometrical

construc-

AB

- BC

AC

or

Transit/'on B

Sfafe

Reactanis

Produc

fs

Figure

2.1

Energy

Diagram

By that

thermodynamic of T an

arguments,

i t has

been

shown abH

the v a r i a t i o n temperature equation:

equilibrium to

constant K of

with

solute by the

i s related

heat

reaction

dln K) AH , = ( v a n ' t dT , RT

TT

Hoff

, Equation)

(2.1)

By

substituting the above

the

kinetic results K gives:

l ^~

and

AH

E^

E^

into

equation,

5_ dT or rewriting the above

in -LII

Hi
k
2

l "
.I

2
.....

RT

equation:

a a 1 3 - m k, - dT m k 2 = dT
z

E,
1

E 2
2

RT

RT

Because and and backward

of

the

equation

suggests

that

the

forward

reactions

have

independent that the

kinetic

effects might be

thus Arrhenius to give:

suggested

equation

split

dT

In k
1

E -RT

E and dT In k
A

= RT^

(2.2)

Modification of Arrhenius

van't found

Hoff-Arrhenius by experiment temperature

Equation the be variation expressed

that could

of

the

rate

constant

k with

satisfactorily

by

the simplified

equation:

dT

In k

-iL. RT

(2.3)

where of for the

I n k/dT rate

represents the

change

i n the E

natural

log

constant with termed

temperature. activation

i s a

constant and R i s the

the

reaction gas

the

energy

universal

constant. the limits of reaction

1

Taking k^ to k
2

rate

t o be

from the

and

temperature limits

from T gives:

t o T^

integrating

equation

between

k
l n j E

E (T _ ~ " T . > ) _ _ 2 _ _ l _

( 2

4 )

Most p r o c e s s e s of operate For and this over a s m a l l range the

concern of

to

sanitary near

engineers ambient. very a little con-

temperatures o f (T^ x i t can T^) be

reason,

product

changes

for the Thus that

practical

purposes be

considered to a

stant. M, so

E/RT^T^ can approximate of

considered can

equal be used

constant tempera-

an

formula rates

for

ture

dependence

reaction

which i s :

l n ^ or k = k

M ( T

- T

"

l>

(2.5)

10

Applications can ard rate The be predicted by say

of

concern one

to

the

sanitary r a t e at a the

engineer standreaction

assuming 2 0C,

reaction

temperature, at any other

and

then within be

evaluating a defined written

temperature then, can

range. as:

above

equation,

, '2
k

, 20

M(T-20)
6 C

( 2

, '

0 6 )

M The equal to a formula can be rewritten to by as considering the e

constant

9 and

referred

"Temperature

coefficient".
k

20

e C

"

( 2

'

7 )

CHAPTER

REVIEW

OF

PREVIOUS

INVESTIGATIONS

3.1

General In the past thirty years, effects c o n s i d e r a b l e work on activated has

been As

done

on

the temperature

sludge. on BOD

Shommas

(3) h a s shown,the e f f e c t of the process, from as given

of temperature by p e r c e n t Takiguchi the of

efficiency removal, that with the of at

varies

plant to plant.

(4) found

the lower a constant literature,

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ""the l o a d , o f BOD. found little Gehm

lower

efficiency data from

(5), using

d i f f e r e n c e i n the system

efficiency operating

BOD

removal

f o r an a c t i v a t e d sludge 49C, he c o n c l u d e d

either

32 and

that

the activated a t high temper-

sludge ature

process

c a n be o p e r a t e d Ludzack units

successfully

up t o 52C. sludge

e t a l (6) operated 30C w i t h for several removal Okun

continuous applied com10 little

activated load,

a t 5 and

t h e same organic was

volume

and c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h a t BOD than o n BOD

pounds, percent effect ranging batch 45 and

and found higher

a n d COD a t 5C.

about

a t 30C

(7) found

of temperature from

removal with

temperature with 35,

8 t o 3 5 C .

Hunter

e t a l (8) w o r k i n g 4,

activated sludge 55C, found

units

a t temperature

20, 28, of

that operation

a t temperatures

4C

11

12

and 28, for

55 C gave

lower

BOD

removal concluded

efficiency that

than

a t 20, except

35 a n d 4 5 C . temperature

They

i n general,

extremes

o f 4C a n d 55C,

t h e r e was no o f BOD with

particular changes BOD

trend evident i n effluent As r e t e n t i o n increased. found

levels time

i n temperature. efficiency

increased, the and Philips were

removal

Streebin COD

(9) u s i n g b a t c h constant dropped raised

cultures,

that

removals

(96%)a t temperatures only slightly

between

20C

a n d 40C a n d was a

(90%) when

the temperature

from

40 t o 6 0 C . flow

C a r p e n t e r e t a l (10) u s i n g system, concluded that

continuous BOD r e m o v a l rapidly cent

laboratory

maximum

(80.5 percent)

o c c u r r e d a t 37C was r a i s e d above

and decreased 37C (37 p e r -

as t h e temperature Garrett

a t 52C). rate

and Sawyer from

(11) found

that the sewage was liquor

maximum

o f BOD

removal

a synthetic

approximately solids

3 . 6 , 1 1 . 6 a n d 2 0.8 l b / d a y / l b o f m i x e d respectively. utilization, studies, Sawyer the rate

a t 1 0 , 20 a n d 3 0 C , In

t h e case of oxygen shown from used

and a t four

Nichols which times

(16) have

their

oxygen was being a s jrapid

a t 25C w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y Bloodgood

a s a t 10C.

(17) i n r e p o r t i n g sludge, found

studies that and

made u p o n

Indianapolis

activated

the rate quite

o f oxygen

utilization

increases

markedly

u n i f o r m l y between

10 a n d 3 0 C .

Sawyer and on from

Rohlich the rate

(18) d e t e r m i n e d of oxygen

the influence

of temperature sludge

utilization

by a c t i v a t e d

13

several

plants,

when

s u b j e c t e d to both the average

summer at

and 20,

winter 15 and

conditions. 10C t o be

They 71.2,

found 45.2 to

rates

and use

25.5%.

Winter

sludges

from a l l temper-

sources ature

were

found

more oxygen summer

at a given

than

the For

corresponding sludge that yield

sludges. et a l . BOD

and

production, Ludzack with

(6)

concluded and

solids

production varied independent on of

removal but (11) of the

was

relatively based the

temperature, Sawyer's (the net at data mass tempre-

calculations that

G a r r e t and coefficient substrate 0.53,

indicated

yield of

o r g a n i c growth per of 10, 20 and

mass

utilized) 0.44 and

erature

30C w e r e

0.38

spectively. Ludzack unit

From

their

continuous that the

flow solids

laboratory study, accumulation 5C than at per

e t a l . (6) f o u n d of BOD

weight

i n p u t was

greater at Eckenfelder industrial removed. t o be

30C. shown

Sawyer that is

e t a l . as

r e p o r t e d by and several gm of from BOD^

(23) h a v e 0.5 (24) gm a

f o r sewage

wastes Busch 0.44

gm

VSS

synthesized per total

showed per

that gm

synthesis

glucose

cells

COD.

Porges

e t a l . (25) 0.43 gm

similarly VSS per that and gm

showed COD

synthesis

from

lactose

t o be

removed. sludge yield 4C

Friedman

e t a l . (21) was equal

concluded to 0.42

the

coefficient and 19C

0.6 2 a t t e m p e r a t u r e flow experiments. growth

respectively found a

for continuous

Pipes counts

(22) and

linear removed

relationship

between

t h e COD

for activated

s l u d g e by

utilization

14

of

several

substrates. For sludge settling, Sherwood e t a l . (26) c o n on settling This low

cluded

that

the influence

of temperature

velocity influence

decreases as the concentration increases. ranges from full viscosity effects effects a t very

concentration centration. independent Weisberg duced

to negligible The t h i c k e n i n g

a t very high

con-

or compression

of sludge i s

of fluid

temperature. that high

H e u k e l e k i a n and

(27) showed

loading conditions proa h i g h bound water

a diffuse and poor that good

grayish

floe

with Ford

content showed tween of

settling. sludge l b BOD

and E c k e n f e l d e r (28) was o b t a i n e d b e i n the case was

settleability

0.1 a n d 0.8 waste,

p e r d a y p e r l b MLSS sludge

domestic

a n d good

settleability

also MLSS day that

o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n .0.1 a n d 0 . 5 l b BOD f o r petrochemical waste p e r l b MLSS a rise f o r brewery

per day p e r l b

a n d 0.2 t o 0.6 l b BOD p e r waste. Howland (29) showed

i n temperature

increased

t h e percentage r e viscosity showed increased

movals and that

by s e d i m e n t a t i o n b e c a u s e velocities

of decreased He

increased raising

of s e t t l i n g . from 70F

also

t h e temperature by about

t o 80F,

percentage showed better showed volume that

removals

13 p e r c e n t .

Takiguchi (4)

the higher

the temperature

i n the tank, t h e Hunter of e t a l . (8) sludge sludge

the settling that

of activated

sludge.

t h e r e w a s no p a r t i c u l a r retention time>

variation

index w i t h

but the highest

15

volume sludge 55C

index volume

occurred index

at

the 12 0,

lowest 77 and

temperature 68 at 4C,

and 20C

the and

was

respectively. For nitrification, did affect Sawyer the the rate e t a l . (34) of found

that The is

temperature rate

nitrification. 5 to 30C which

increased through

range of the the

i n reasonable and pH pH was

agreement w i t h did to affect be 8.4.

van't rate of et

Hoff-Arrhenius nitrification. a l . (36)' 20, on 25C the was seventh

formula Optimum showed 12, day 16, of

also found

Sawyer at"10,

that nitrate 20, their 22 ppm

production

15,

( a s ppm-N) r e s p e c t i v e l y experiment.

feeding

3.2

S u b s t r a t e Removal The removal

i n the Activated of organic

Sludge

System the waste

m a t e r i a l s from can be

waters to

by

the

a c t i v a t e d sludge

process

attributed the of carbon proto-

b i o s o r p t i o n and

assimilation. energy, with for

Bacteria utilize the production new

organic dioxide plasm,

substrate for and water and

s y n t h e s i s of growth. (23)

cellular

resulting

i n sludge

These to

phenomenona

have been (1)

s t a t e d by An initial of

Eckenfelder removal of

be: m a t e r i a l s on the

organic

contact sludge food (2)

a waste with i s stored

a biologically in the cell as a

active reserve

which

source. organic materials in direct proportion

Removal of

16

to (3)

biological

growth. material through

Oxidation

of b i o l o g i c a l c e l l u l a r

endogenous r e s p i r a t i o n . Those r e a c t i o n s series stated above c a n be illustrated by t h e

of chemical

equations.

Organic

matter

oxidation:

( C

x yz

C0

+ H 0
2

AH

Cell

material

synthesis:

( C

x yz

Cells

+ C0

+ H 0
2

AH

Cell

material

oxidation:

(Cells)

+ 0

e 2

C0

+ H 0
2

+ NH

AH

The Tamiya are

term

AH

represents that

the heat

of

reaction. reactions the reaction.

(39) h a s s t a t e d

a l l cell

synthesis by

exothermic

and hence

energy

i s supplied

3.2,a

Microbiological

Growth K i n e t i c formulation activated

Model of the removal of been

A mathematical organic materials by some during

sludge

growth

has

suggested kinetics oxidation growth

i n v e s t i g a t o r s , which growth

i s based

on t h e in a biothe rate as a of

of m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l system. Garrett sludge

as i t occurs that

(11) h a s shown

for activated

c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d

17

discontinuous directly

function, to

constant the

at

high BOD

BOD

values, present at

and low

proportional These growth

remaining

concentrations. portion lations of the

two curve

phases

c o n s t i t u t e the by

sigmoidal

exhibited food. (3.1)

b i o l o g i c a l popu-

limited for The

space

or

following

figure

i s an

ideal

growth ratio

curve but

for

a batch no

oxidation phase. curve

started at

a high

loading

assuming

lag

This phases: Phase Phase Phase

growth

expresses

three

distinct

I , I I .

constant

growth phase

(a-b) (b-c)

a d e c l i n i n g growth phase autooxidation phase

I ' l l , an

(c-d) .

At Sq L
Q

the = =

beginning initial total

of

the

oxidation

period

let:

the the

sludge of be

concentration, organic removed matter as a initially of

amount can

present the At S AS L Y Y^ Y^-Y any = = = = = =

that

limit

oxidation

process.

time

(t) l e t : concentration present, concentration,

the S~S q the the the the

sludge = the

i n c r e a s e i n sludge remaining,

o x i d i z a b l e BOD BOD BOD BOD removed, removed removed and by by

biosorption, assimilation for respir-

ation

synthesis,

18

Figure

3.1

Ideal

Activated

Sludge

Growth

Curve

19

= the fraction synthesized

o f t h e BOD to sludge

removed w h i c h i s Then

a t any time.

If

y . = 0, a y =

AS

and S =

-f

AS

+ aY

Phase The rate is i n phase

I :Logarithmic

Growth Phase assumes

(a t o b) that BOD t h e growth

two-phase

formulation

I , i n the presence

of a high

concentration, of the Thus regurate by a

limited

only

b y t h e minimum g e n e r a t i o n f o r the temperature

time used.

organisms lar is

themselves

a n d maximum m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o c c u r s , a constant maximum. Phase

and t h e growth

I i s therefore defined

constant

r a t e of sludge

increase.

dt

S b

which

integrates to
(S
Q

S)

e b
Q

= K,t l

(3.1)

or ent

i n t e r m s o f BOD r e m o v a l no i n i t i a l removal.
(S
N

( Y ) , and assuming

for the pres-

+ aY) =
S

log
e

*t
1

(3.2)

where

K^. i s t h e l o g a r i t h m i c logarithms;
Q

growth r a t e

(time)

for i s k^. line I

natural The in

the constant + aY) a g a i n s t line

f o r common t (shown

logs

plot of log ( S F i g . 3.1(b)

as s o l i d

i s a straight

function w i t h i n Phase

20

(a-b)

and

the

slope

defines

k.^. (b t o that to c) the in-

Phase The fluence growth of at

I I : D e c l i n i n g Growth Phase formulation assumes

two-phase BOD

decreasing

concentration point

begins

limit the are

some t r a n s i t i o n and to

(b), after BOD

which

growth r a t e , proportional defined by

consequently the BOD

the

removal Phase

rate,

remaining. BOD decrease.

I I is

therefore

the

r a t e of

"H
which integrates to log e u

=
Q

-K

(3.3)

is

the

l o g a r i t h m i c BOD The constant

removal for

rate

(time)

^
2

for

natural plot 3.1(b) slope

logarithms. of is Log a L

common the

logs

i s k .

The

against t line

(shown by

dashed Phase

line

in Fig. the

straight k .
2

function within

I I and

defines

Phase Phase self-metabolism as the available

I I I : Auto-Oxidation I I I shows or the

Phase in sludge mass by

decrease of

auto-oxidation becomes

cellular

protoplasm

food

depleted.

3.2.b

Michaelis-Menten This

K i n e t i c Mode1 model developed from an analysis a

i s another an

of

reaction rates in

enzyme-catalyzed

reaction in

21

biological result

sludge

system.

Pearson

(19) s t a t e d i n kinetic

that the

of h i s a n a l y s i s , to that based

expressed upon

terms, i s growth Kinetic

equivalent kinetic model. actions

a microbiological o r M-M

model such The g e n e r a l i s reviewed

as the Michaelis-Menten equation.for briefly here enzyme

substrate r e kinetic

f o r the complete

expression substrate, spectively :

a n d Enz., S , E n z S enzyme-substrate

and P r e p r e s e n t s

enzyme,

complex and p r o d u c t s r e -

Hi
Enz + S -- E n z S k
2

b.
r Enz + P k
4

(non-reactive)

(3.4)

the

total

enzyme

concentration

i n the system, On

Enz^, remains

constant above

and i s e q u a l

to Enz + EnzS.

the basis of the of enzyme-

r e l a t i o n s h i p , the rate of formation complex i s :

substrate

i (

>

( S

>

<

k 2

3> -

(3.5) = k S(Enz
1 t

- EnzS)

(k

+ k ) (EnzS)
3

For and

a particular enzyme

system

of continuous t h e enzyme a constant

substrate substrate

addition complex = 0,

concentration, will reach

concentration Therefore:

value,

so d ( E n z S ) / d t

k S(Enz
x

- EnS) =

(k

k )(EnzS)
3

22

Rearranging

we

obtain

S (Enz

- EnzS)

+ k
n

k^ K s

EnzS

or

(EnzS)

(Enz ) (S) \ s
R

(3.6)

The overall and thus

rate of

of

product

formation and

i s equal as

to V.=

the v(EnzS), the

velocity from rate the as a

the

reaction

i s given by S

relationship function of

given Enz^

equation becomes:

(3.6),

overall

and

v(Enz s

) (S)

V t

VS s

to n\

where growth

i s the

substrate

concentration

at

one-half

maximum

rate. As figure (3.2) shows a plot of ~ Enz t versus S as

well ing and a K

as

a reciprocal

plot of

of

the

M-M

growth the rate

equation

showv

graphical . Thus,

method

obtaining

constants

1 V Enz

_
t

s v

1 S

1 v

23

There

a r e two l i m i t i n g

cases

f o r the equation

(3.7).

When

<< K s

* Enz

= K'S
t

(3.8)

and

when

S >> K s

, ~
E n z t

= v

(3.9)

where K

- v/K . ' s ( 3 . 8 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t when to K s the substrate concentrareaction

Equation tion

i s low compared

, t h e r a t e o f t h e enzyme

is be

directly described K ,
g

proportional as f i r s t

t o S.

Therefore, However, when

the reaction can S i s much greater of

order.

than the

the reaction rate S.

i s a maximum

and i n d e p e n d e n t said to be

concentration

The r e a c t i o n

i s then

zero

order.

24

3.3

Oxygen T r a n s f e r Systems Oxygen

and

Utilization

in Activated

Sludge

requirements to supply

i n a system energy

i s related

to the

the

oxygen

consumed

for synthesis In

and

oxygen sludge and

consumed

f o r endogenous

respiration.

activated equipment The in

systems, oxygen into

i s s u p p l i e d by the surrounding can be

mechanical mixed

transferred transfer phases. to

liquor. occur are in a The

oxygen three

process

considered to from the gas

Oxygen m o l e c u l e s the liquid

initially saturation liquid

transferred or

surface

resulting

equilibrium has a

condition at the finite thickness of water gas phase

interface. with unique

interface This tive least film ends

properties. their negaat the

i s composed facing the

molecules and

with

i s estimated the second film by

to be phase,

three molecules must

thick. pass

During

oxygen molecules diffusion. of liquid by In uously the

through

this

molecular i n the body

I n the

third

phase

oxygen

i s mixed

diffusion an

and

convection. sludge system by oxygen i s contina i r into and

activated

supplied to liquor. from the

the microorganism The oxygen by

diffusing

mixed

i s dissolved

in solution cells for

extracted metabolism.

solution

the b i o l o g i c a l

A fer

diagram

of

the

commonly

accepted

oxygen (3.3).

trans-

scheme i s g i v e n

i n the

following Figure

25

Figure

3.3

Schematic in

Diagram

of

Oxygen

Transfer

Activated

Sludge

In mass the transfer effects

the

aeration

of

activated be modified

sludge to

the

basic for

equation the

must

account U of the

of

oxygen

utilization

rate

mixed

liquor.

It

- U

(3.10)

where K a
T

i s an

overall

transfer

coefficient,

which

is

JLi usually used to compute t h e transfer rate. dC Under can be steady state conditions = 0, and K^a

determined.
K

C ^ C s at in saturation the liquid

C C

= =

oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n oxygen concentration

mg/1 mg/1.

26

The of a

oxygen

uptake

rate should demand level and

be

measured the of

i n the

absence has

immediate

oxygen

when

mixed

liquor

d i s s o l v e d oxygen K^a obtained transfer treatment during the

i n excess the

1.0 of

mg/litre the

(15).

The

includes

effects of the

specific water. state The condiload-

oxygen waste tions ing, The of

coefficient system entire

(a)

waste

m u s t be test

under

steady This and

period.

includes

d i s s o l v e d oxygen r a t e of the aerobic

concentration

feed i s

composition. independent a critical by Critical

microbial metabolism concentration values the

d i s s o l v e d oxygen Below critical of

above

value. the

rate i s reduced for respiration. i n the 0.2

limitation

oxygen

required

dissolved (15) mg/1, and

oxygen

concentrations system type of

reported range

literature to 2.0 process frefor (15),

for activated-sludge depending upon the of

from

a c t i v a t e d sludge The most value

characteristics referenced and

the

waste water.

quently

critical

d i s s o l v e d oxygen aeration basis

conventional

high-rate

i s 0.5

mg/1-

3.4

Sludge

Production

i n the of

Activated the

Sludge

System in the I t reof

The wastes

stabilization a b o u t by live

organic

matter

i s brought

the

metabolic the the the

r e a c t i o n s of

microorganisms has been shown

that

within

aeration tank. microorganisms organic matter

that bacteria are utilization of

sponsible the waste

for the

i n a c t i v a t e d sludge

systems,

therefore,

knowledge

27

of

bacterial

metabolism

should

permit

evaluation organic new

of

the

metabolic to

reactions.

Bacteria for the by

metabolize creation of of

matter

produce protoplasm i s made u p

cells. of differ-

Protoplasm ent by

a mixture bacteria

hundreds produce and

chemical molecules, metabolizing the i n the waste. to break

can

a l l these mineral be

o r g a n i c compounds To do this, the

simple

salts able the

b a c t e r i a must and

down t h e

organic molecule The

synthesize reactions oxidizing

molecules

for protoplasm. which the

synthesis o b t a i n by being

require a

energy,

bacteria

p o r t i o n of (4 0)

the organic molecules has indicated of a that

metabolized. the

McKinney ultimate and for also

about

o n e - t h i r d of i s used for

o x y g e n demand

substrate

energy required i s and of

two-thirds for synthesis. the synthesis reaction, a

Besides the small

energy

amount o f

energy

required of the

to m a i n t a i n bacteria. has

the The

a c t i v a t i o n of basal energy

enzymes

motion the It is

requirement

bacteria has been

been d e s i g n a t e d as the

endogenous

respiration. reaction of

shown t h a t

endogenous results

respiration

a continuous

reaction of

that

i n the metabolism sludge the

certain

components or

protoplasm.

Therefore the

production synthesis equation lation

accumulation and the

i s the d i f f e r e n c e endogenous indicate and

between A

reaction c a n be

reaction. the sludge

simple accumu-

considered to system

i n the

treatment

i s shown a s

follows:

28

Net

protoplasm

accumulation

Protoplasm Endogenous

synthesizedrespiration. design and

From operation, with in

the

point

of

view can

of be

actual

sludge

production

considered This

different i s depicted

various

aeration periods

provided.

Fig.

(3.4).

phase

phase

JL

phase

.0 0
s

extended

acra/(on

Figure

3.4

Ranges

of

Operation Sludge

of

the

Activated

Process

3.5

Sludge

Settling

i n A c t i v a t e d Sludge has shown

System

Sherwood sludge

(26)

t h a t a t normal a c t i v a t e d process i s considered to

concentrations

the

settling

29

be

hindered. as as

The zone they

settlement

of

activated the

sludge

i s

usually

described each zone tests at The the the a other

s e t t l i n g , because settle. Under

particles condition, In batch appears i s

hinder the settling settles

this

s e t t l i n g sequence becomes e v i d e n t . a distinct solid-liquid interface uniform rate until a transition of

and

zone

encountered. upon in

theoretical assumption suspension This at a

analysis that the

t h i s phenomena i s b a s e d at any

settling velocity on the the local

point

i s dependent that

concentration concenenup

only. tration

indicates the

initial

suspension

interface of

remains

unchanged u n t i l i t

counters from the

layer

higher the

concentration propagated or the so called will

bottom of

vessel

transition continually

state. decrease

T h e r e a f t e r , the u n t i l the One of

settling velocity stage i s

compression factors

reached. to the performance flocculation to the

the

essential

of of

the the

activated sludge.

sludge McKinney

process (3 8)

i s effective

related showed

flocculation that certain

food-to-microorga.nism organisms rapidly ratio, normally

ratio

and

present

i n activated At

sludge very

flocculate F/M optimum

under the

starvation have

condition.

high

organisms of organic

a maximum g r o w t h r a t e into keep new cells.

with

conversion level

matter to

The

energy

i s s u f f i c i e n t l y high dispersed, poor

a l l the

organisms does low not loadings,

completely occur and

therefore flocculation At

settling taking place.

very

30

unoxidized sulting lation ratio

fragments

of floe

remain

i n suspension, r e effective floccu-

i n poorer requires (declining Sludge

settling.

Therefore, low

a relatively

food-to-microorganisms sludge age). effective

growth and h i g h volume index

(SVI) i s t h e most

parameter the

to indicate sludge

the s e t t l e a b i l i t y of the sludge f o r process. gram I t i s expressed after as the settling A de-

activated

volume for

occupied

by one

of dry sludge graduated by

t h i r t y minutes i n sludge

i n a liter

cylinder. diminished volume per

crease

density i s reflected The

settleability. weight, solids density In range

greater the settled volume

unit

the larger the sludge concentration are kept changes this will

index.

I f suspended sludge index.

constant

and o n l y

affect

the sludge index

volume

general, the sludge t o 150 i n d i c a t e s i s also

volume a good by

(SVI) i n the sludge. of the sludge below of

o f 50

settling raising 3.5

Denitrification when to liberating

a factor

nitrogen gas.

Figure

i s given

indicate

the s e t t l e a b i l i t y of the sludge and g r o w t h phase.

i n terms

sludge

loading

3.6

N i t r i f i c a t i o n i n the A c t i v a t e d Sludge The most e x t e n s i v e work on

Process

nitrification i n (3 5 ) . Nitrioriginally of the

recent

y e a r s h a s been r e p o r t e d by Downing results from

fication contained

t h e o x i d a t i o n o f ammonia into n i t r i t e by

i n the waste

the action

31

phQsex cf/$pe.rsecl growth

phase

JZ

phas-& C//Sp ersed

M. p/oC

f/occu/a'fed Organ /S<ny

^/\s/ud<js

growth

S~/cidge Vo/urne

Figure

3.5

Sludge

Growth

and S e t t l i n g

Relationships

organism nitrate can be

Nitrosomonas, by N i t r o b a c t e r .

and t h e o x i d a t i o n Both of these

of n i t r i t e

to

oxidation

reactions

represented

by

the following

equations:

3 0

T ^ ^ T o T ^

2 H

2 N

Sludge is under

age, or the average plays

time

biological in

sludge

aeration,

an i m p o r t a n t r o l e

nitrification.

32.

When

the sludge

age

(G) i s g r e a t e r

than

t h e growth c a n be

rate

of

the n i t r i f y i n g taking sludge 17C place,

organisms, resulting days

nitrification

effectively A

i n the formation has been

of n i t r a t e s .

age o f f i v e

r e p o r t e d by Downing a t

foreffective

nitrification.

3.7

Effect

of Temperature

on S u b s t r a t e Removal influence

Rate

Temperature biological processes.

variations I n most

a l l c h e m i c a l and reactions, 10C

of the biological twofold

the metabolic rate rise to i n a range

may b e i n c r e a s e d

f o r each

o f optimum b i o l o g i c a l the thermal

activity. influence

I n order on t h e

estimate approximately of b i o l o g i c a l

process van't felder ship A

treatment,

a modification of the ( E q .2.7). Ecken-

Hoff-Arrhenius equation and Englande

i s used

(14) p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i svalid only within

the r e l a t i o n specific limits.

of that limit

equation

lower

i s imposed

by r e t a r d a t i o n

of bacterial

activity

f o rm e s o p h i l i c organisms freezing. a t very Relatively

as t h e temperature high reaction rates may

approaches s t i l l exist

low temperatures

f o r psychrophilic result i n a

organisms. decreased

Further increases rate

i n temperature

f o rmesophilic organisms,

a n d maximum b i o will

degradation be The

by t h e r m o p h i l i c o r g a n i s m s , a temperature coefficient ranging

however, which from 35C

obtained over temperature

t o 65C.

0 reflects i n

the reactionTable (3.1).

temperature

d e p e n d e n c y a s shown

the following

Table

3.1

Temperature

Coefficient

6 f o r Substrate

Removal

i n the Activated

Sludge

Process

Temp. Rancre (C)

MLVSS (mg/D

s (mg/1)
0

Substrate

Batch or Continuous

Detention Time ( h r )

Source

4-45

1600

623

Synthetic sewage S l u r r i e d dog food meal Dog f o o d m e a l with dextose and g e l a t i n Phenol Kraft black liquor Domestic sewage

Batch

16

1.035

Hunter e t a l . 1967 Ludzack e t a l . 1961

5-30

1100

435

Continuous

12

1.037

1100

435

1.041

1870 26-37 3200

750 229

1.016 Continuous 3 1.006 Carpenter e t a l . 1968 Wuhrmann 1966

9-17

480

108

Continuous

2.67

1.076

2640 4800 10-25 800

124 115 248 Domestic sewage Batch 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.015 Sawyei 1940

34

3.8

Effect

of

Temperature

on

Oxygen

Transfer

Rate role sludge energy

Variation in

i n temperature and transfer

p l a y s an i n the rate

important

oxygen u t i l i z a t i o n Because of the the

activated the

process. transfer on

utilization the by

reflects of

process, then, i s expressed

effect

temperature Hoff-Arrhenius effect of by

oxygen t r a n s f e r (2.7). on

the van't that may the be

equation

E c k e n f e l d e r showed oxygen transfer rate

temperature the

expressed

following:

l -

"

(3.12)

The biological

maintenance depends on

of

aerobic conditions within diffusion layers. of At a oxygen high from

the

mass

the

surface-saturated tures of the and

liquid-liquid

temperaamount lower

resultant

high utilization At low

rates

large the

floe

i s anaerobic. rate mass of the

temperatures, permit

utilization of the floe

organisms

a greater portion

to remain

aerobic.

3.9

Effect

of

Temperature

on

Sludge

Yield the growth of to

Temperature organisms, estimate and thus

variations sludge effect

affect

the

accumulation. on be sludge used to

In order the

the

temperature

yield,

van't

Hoff-Arrhenius sludge yield

m o d i f i c a t i o n can temperature

express

the

and

dependency

relationship.

35

3.10

Effect

of Temperature

on

A c t i v a t e d Sludge on the sludge the

Sedimentation i s vis-

Temperature effectively cosity of and

effects

settling kinematic

directly

concerned

with

the size

solution and

i n the

activated are

sludge assumed

process, i f t o be invarto

particle iant with represent

specific

gravity

temperature. the zone

Tesarile

( 3 3)

gave and

an

equation

settling

velocity

kinematic

viscosity

relationship: V, 0 where sludge T ,

2

y,

1/3 (3.13)

and and

are u
2

the
a r e

zone
t n e

settling

velocities

of of

the T^ and

and

kinematic viscosity temperature. i t can the be

where T

represents the the

Using the higher of the the

above e q u a t i o n

said

that vissettling

temperature solution and

concerned,

lower higher

the the

cosity rate of

t h e r e f o r e the

the

sludge.

3 11

Effect Sludge

of Temperature Process

on

Nitrification

i n the A c t i v a t e d

Temperature w i l l fication. ture van't the Downing (35)

exert

a profound that the the

effect and

on

nitri-

reported by

rate

temperaof the by

relationship

i s indicated

application as

Hoff-Arrhenius

modification equation,

shown

following: k = k 1.143
( T

(3.14)

CHAPTER

DETERMINATION

OF T E M P E R A T U R E

COEFFICIENT

Temperature The

Coefficient

6 f o r Substrate

Removal treatment

temperature

influence

on t h e w a s t e

process removal the

i s usually

reported

by t h e change I n order

of the percent predict

of the substrate.

to adequately on a

magnitude of t h e temperature an a p p r o p r i a t e

influence must

system's be-

efficiency, cause

8 value

be employed,

the temperature rate

coefficient

r e f l e c t s t h e change i n by g r a p h i c a l equation methods. to evaluate

reaction

and c a n be computed

Eckenfelder the

(14) d e r i v e d

the fallowing

0 coefficient: The BOD removal relationship can be defined as

_U__ e in which S
A

K X
V

(4.1)

and S

are the i n f l u e n t concentrations

and

effluent

respectively, concentration,

X t K

i s the aeration i s the aeration i s t h e mean

volatile solids time, rate

reaction

c o e f f i c i e n t and

f r a c t i o n removal

(R)

(4.2)

Combining

equations

(4.1)

and

(4.2)

one

obtains:

r - r

(4-3)

Let t

the

left

side

of

equation

3 equal

Y, to
h e

then, Y ^
o

i f X can

and re-

remain the

constant, equation
K T =

i s proportional (T-20)
K

one
r m

write

20

"*~ (T-20)

'

where G

i s a constant.

Thus

log

log

(T-20)

log

(4.4)

As of t

shown i n F i g u r e a and semilog X . plot

(4.1), of

i s computed

from for

the a

slope constant

Y versus

temperature

38

Figure

4.1

Temperature

coefficient

f o r s u b s t r a t e removal

4.2

Temperature

Coefficient

8 f o r Oxygen T r a n s f e r will play an important process. which eval-

Temperature role As i n oxygen

variation

transfer

i n the a c t i v a t e d shown t h a t of

sludge

i t has

already been the energy

utilization

rate, c a n be

reflects uated Then, by

transfer

the process,

using the van't the equation

Hoff-Arrhenius

modification.

from

and be

by

using the van't as

Hoff-Arrhenius

equation

which

can

rewritten

T By substitution

"L

20C

(T-20)

(4.5)

39

where U C Equation equal

i s the oxygen u t i l i z a t i o n - C i s t h e oxygen

rate,

deficit. and by letting ^ s

(4.5) c a n be
T

rewritten
m

a constant

(K a) .

Then,

log

(K a)
T

log K

20C +

(T-20)

log

(4.6)

Therefore plot

log 8 can

be

o b t a i n e d by as

plotting

the

semilog

of F v e r s u s

temperature

follows:

~7~<smperature

( cj

Figure

4.2

Temperature Oxygen

Coefficient

for

Transfer

4^

Temperature

Coefficient

8 for Sludge 8 can

Yield be used to relate

A temperature the sludge y i e l d to

coefficient

temperature

variations be of

i n the

activated i s the utilized, effluent

sludge process. net can mass be

Sludge

y i e l d , which

definition substrate and

of organisms by

grown p e r mass neglecting the

determined

influent

40

suspended

solids

using

the following

equation:

where per per time yield

a i s the sludge of sludge

yield

coefficient AX

and b

i s the

fraction

day

oxidized,

i s the sludge and

production retention the sludge

d a y , X^

i s MLSS

i n the process From by

t i s the

of t h e p r o c e s s .

t h e above plotting

equation, AX/X a

c a n be d e t e r m i n e d

versus

S /X t r a

as

the following figure

shows:

Xa
6 Figure 4.3 Sludge strate Production Removal as a Function of Sub-

Rate 6 for different sludge the yields van't of

The v a l u e of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t at different temperature

c a n be d e t e r m i n e d by on a

using semilog

Hoff-Arrhenius sludge yield

modification equation based,

plot

versus temperature

the following

41

equation:

log

= log& o
20

(T-20) l o g 6

(4.8)

Zo

7<?mpero-fc/re

( "C j

Figure

4.4

Temperature Sludge Yield

Coefficient for

4.4

Temperature The

Coefficient 9 for Nitrification of the b a c t e r i a l by t h e complex by nitrification consecutive of

reaction

ammonia action; bacteria

can be d e s c r i b e d t h e ammonia to n i t r i t e

re-

i s oxidized which

the Nitrosomonas i s oxidized by t h e

i n turn

Nitrobacter various first

bacteria to nitrate. forms

The removal o f t h e on t h e b a s i s o f

nitrogen

c a n be p r e d i c t e d The p r e d i c t i o n

order

kinetics.

of the temperature i s rather rate

coefficient difficult in terms

0 for the consecutive considered

reactions

and c a n be

as an o v e r a l l removal removal at the

of the percentage of nitrogen

42

different

temperature equation

considered. c a n be

The van * t

Hoff-Arrhenius f o r the

modification evaluation movals

considered as v a l i d 0 for different at different of nitrogen after

of the c o e f f i c i e n t

percent r e temperatures,

of nitrogen i n the process the percent removal nitrate formed

furthermore, lated The

can be r e oxidation. t o the

to the total

complete manner

equation

c a n be e v a l u a t e d i n a s i m i l a r equation (4.4):

substrate

removal

log

log G +

(T-20)

log 0

(4.9)

Figure

4.5

Temperature

Coefficient

for

nitrification

The Y

l o g 0 c a n be o b t a i n e d versus temperature

by p l o t t i n g

the semilog 4.5.

plot

of

a s shown

in Figure

CHAPTER

E X P E R I M E N T A L WORK

This continuous of flow

investigation involved bench scale plant

the use of a

small

to determine sludge

the effect I n

low temperatures

on t h e a c t i v a t e d

process

terms

of the temperature oxygen and

c o e f f i c i e n t 9 f o r the removal of accumulation and

substrate,

t r a n s f e r , sludge nitrification.

settleability

5.1

Aeration

Unit

- Design

and Methodology unit was u s e d i n the ex-

A plexiglass aeration perimental model that work. This unit

i s a continuous

treatment com-

combines

both

an a e r a t i o n using

and a s e t t l i n g

partment can is is

i n a single unit

two b a f f l e s , b o t h

of which

be a d j u s t e d

to the i d e a l condition. the sludge

One o f t h e b a f f l e s

available for adjusting located near t h e bottom

r e c i r c u l a t i o n and u n i t and The other

of t h e a e r a t i o n

connecting baffle sired

i twith

the settling to adjust

compartment. weir

i s provided elevation unit.

the overflow unit

to the deto the i s approx-

i n the aeration

adjacent

settling imately depth. type

The volume of t h e a e r a t i o n with 1 1 x 12 s u r f a c e area

tank

25 l i t e r s

a n d 14 i n . "V" shape

The s e t t l i n g

compartment

i s a transverse

connected

to the aeration

unit.

The a i ri s s u p p l i e d

43

44

by

the

transverse of the

cylindrical tank.

diffuser The

located

near

the

bottom of this

aeration bench the

detailed i s shown

construction 5.1. shown

small of I .

scale plant

plant

in Figure are

Photographs in Appendix

in actual

operation

5.2

Experimental Ideally,

Procedure the feed to the activated sewage. for in the the to the sludge plant to of

should have a the

have been feed of

fresh

domestic

However, duration

constant would be of

composition difficult; delivery plant of to

experiments be the

addition fresh

there domestic Thereex-

would sewage fore a

problem the

from

treatment

laboratory. achieve the

synthetic

s e w a g e was

required,

perimental

objectives. The feeding waste was a synthetic (37). used in sewage, Tap the as

developed from the

from city

previous of

investigations N.B. was

water prep-

Fredericton,

aration

of

the The

synthetic seeding

waste. taken from the activated Pollution sludge was

s l u d g e was by In the order

sludge Control

plant

operated

Fredericton to l e t the the

Area

Commission. to the to at

seeding mixed

acclimatize first about

synthetic the

waste,

liquor and

adjusted two weeks For

required

concentration

aerated

room of the

temperature. experimental was operated at runs, the a contintemperao of Q ,

each

uous

activated

sludge

unit

inside

ture-controlled

walk-in

incubator

temperatures

4 6.

5,

10 a n d 20C

respectively, hours

a t detention times f o r each

of

eight,

sixteen

and t w e n t y - f o u r During

temperature. unfor-

the preparation of the experiment, rate to achieve a

tunately, period

the r e q u i r e d flow hours

retention a t a constant

o f four

was d i f f i c u l t

to control unit,

continuous tions

feeding

to the aeration

therefore, condi-

to simulate high-rate systems The mixed liquor

was n o t p e r f o r m e d .

concentration i n the aeration f o r each of the waste i n a a

u n i t was chosen twelve fresh cool runs.

a t 1 8 0 0 mg p e r l i t e r t o keep

I n order

the synthetic

c o n d i t i o n i t w a s made e v e r y

day a n d k e p t aeration

inside unit

room and a d j u s t e d t o t h e i n t e n d e d

temperature. Sludge on the f i r s t accumulation or production after was recorded

day o f each

experiment

the required was

period

f o r a c c l i m a t i o n t o t h e ambient No sludge wasting

environment

achieved. recording day with

was n e c e s s a r y d u r i n g t h e on t h e t h i r d upon t h e

period. sufficient

Every

sample was t a k e n wasting

sludge

depending

sludge unit

accumulation, per

keeping liter.

t h e MLSS i n t h e a e r a t i o n

a t 1 8 0 0 mg In

order

to get consistent hour,

results,

t h e flow unit temper-

rate ature

was checked as well.

every

and the aeration were analysed

A l l t h e samples

immediately.

47

5^

Analytical The

Method parameters for this experiment

required follows:

were chosen (a)

as

Suspended effluent

solids

f o r both

the

influent

and

wastewater. nitrite-nitrogen, the influent and nitrateeffluent

(b)

Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrogen, for both

wastewater. (c) Sludge was (d) TOC volume index, where o f f from the the mixed aeration was liquor

siphoned (Total of of

unit. inbe-

o r g a n i c carbon)

determined demand)

stead cause

BOD the of

( B i o c h e m i c a l oxygen long BOD. rate liquor was time required

for the deter-

mination (e)

Oxygen u t i l i z a t i o n ing and o f f the mixed r e c o r d e d by oxygen

checked a BOD

by

siphon-

into

bottle,

oxygen i n the

meter. aeration a t hour was unit was re-

(f)

Dissolved corded by

oxygen meter unit

intervals. every three

(g)

MLSS i n a e r a t i o n hours except

checked

at night

time. checked by determination the day. and pro-

(h)

Sludge of

a c c u m u l a t i o n was solids

suspended

every hour, the

during first

duction (i) pH

recording period of the

v a l u e s f o r both liquor by pH

influent, aeration

effluent unit were

the mixed measured

i n the meter.

48

All

the parameters

were

determined

according to the (41)

thirteenth solids Ammonia

edition

o f "Standard Methods". determined

Suspended methods. method,

a n d MLSS w e r e

by g r a v i m e t r i c and t i t r a t i o n measurement, organic

n i t r o g e n by d i s t i l l a t i o n by p h o t o m e t r i c

nitrite-nitrogen nitrogen

nitratecarbon

by b r u c i n e method analyzer. Results

and t o t a l

(TOC) b y a c a r b o n 5.4 Experimental The analysed periods (a)

results

of these twelve experiments to the variation

were

with respect

i n retention

and t e m p e r a t u r e s . Substrate RemovalEfficiency The effect of temperature on t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f as a

substrate function reduction that with The

removal

r e p r e s e n t e d b y TOC w a s c a l c u l a t e d period. Table

of the retention o f TOC

(5.1)gives the and shows

as a function

of temperature

the percentage increasing substrate

reduction of substrate from

increased degree C.

temperature

zero to twenty as a function

removal

efficiency

of tempera s shown

ature in

for various

retention (5.3).

p e r i o d s were p l o t t e d

figure

(5.2) and

(b)

Oxygen

Utilization

Rate on t h e oxygen i n Table utilizafor

The e f f e c t tion rate

of temperature

was c a l c u l a t e d

and t a b u l a t e d During

(5.2)

various

retention

periods.

the present studies, i t

I Ti

Table

(5.1)

P e r c e n t Removal

of

TOC

Temperature degree C

Percentage

o.f TOC R e m o v a l

8 hrs

16 h r s

24 h r s

0 5 10 20

85.6 87.5 88.6 92.0

86.0 87.1 89.1 93.5

86.8 88.4 89.4 94.4

was

found

that

the rate

of oxygen markedly of zero rate

utilization

of the

actiof The and

vated

sludge increased

with

the increasing d e g r e e C.

temperature plot

i n the range

to twenty against

o f oxygen u t i l i z a t i o n time

temperature (5.5)

retention ively.

a r e shown i n F i g u r e s

( 5 . 4 ) and

respect-

Table

(5.2) Oxygen U t i l i z a t i o n

Rate

Temperature degree C

Oxygen U t i l i z a t i o n

Rate

mg/l-hr

8 hrs

16 h r s

24 h r s

0 5 10 20

8.64 10.20 13.40 23.30

8.40 10.80 13.70 22.80

8.44 11.10 14.30 24.40

50

( ^

Sludge

Production effect

or on

Accumulation sludge production was

Temperature tabulated The i n Table

(5.3) f o r v a r i o u s r e t e n t i o n p e r d a y was shown to

periods. increase of zero

accumulation with

of sludge

markedly to twenty

increasing C,

temperature

i n the range increasing

degrees

but decreased of sludge

with

reten-

tion

times.

The p l o t

accumulation i s shown

against r e (5.6)

tention and

p e r i o d and

temperature

i n figures

(5.7) r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Table

(5.3) Sludge

Accumulation

Temperature degree C

Sludge

Accumulation

mg/l-day

8 hrs

16 h r s

24 h r s

0 5 10 20

200 296 320 376

116 116 .145 198

66 76 83 134

(d)

Sludge Sludge

Settleability volume index ( S V I ) was used to indicate sludge index, (5.4).

the

settleability

of the sludge effects on

f o r the activated the sludge volume

process. for

Temperature

various retention

times were

tabulated i n Table

51

It

i s seen

that

the sludge temperature The p l o t

volume i n d e x i n the range

(SVI) decreased of zero to against (5.8)

with

increasing degree C.

twenty

of s l u d g e volume index time i s shown i n figures

temperature and

and r e t e n t i o n

(5.9) r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Table

.(5.4) S l u d g e

Volume

Index

Temperature degree C 8 hrs

Sludge

Volume I n d e x

16 h r s

24 h r s

0 5 10 20

174 132 126 120

178 137 132 122

179 134 129 121

(e)

Nitrification Percent nitrification, of total a s d e f i n e d by E c k e n f e l d e r nitrate formed after comon zero

(38), plete

i s the percentage oxidation.

Temperature

e x e r t e d a marked e f f e c t At temperatures was of

nitrification and Data five

during this C little

study.

degree

o r no n i t r i f i c a t i o n a t the l a t t e r

observed. temperain

relating

the r e s u l t s

and o t h e r

tures , for various Table (5.5).

retention

periods i s tabulated

Table

(5.5)

Nitrification

Temperature degree C

Retention Time (hr) Amm-N

Influent Nitrite-N

mg/1 Nitrate-N Amm-N

E f f l u e n t mg/1 Nitrite-N Nitrate-N

8 0 16 24 8 5 16 24 8 10 16 24 8 20 16 24

75.2 74.8 75.7 76.0 76.2 75.2 75.7 75.9 76.2 77.2 76.3 74.9

0.1

73.6 72.0 75.2 75.5 74.1 73.2 32.0 33.2 30.1 8.2 . 7.3 6.9

1.2 2.0 0.2 0.1 1.7 1.6 2.6 1.2 2.6 4.1 1.4 1.1

0.1

- -

0.2 37.0 42.2 43.5 63.2 66.7 64.6

0.2

53

Dissolved pH

oxygen

i n the a e r a t i o n u n i t

and

the

v a l u e were recorded and

during

the p r e p a r a t i o n of the (5.6)-.

experiment

t a b u l a t e d as i n T a b l e

Table

(5.6)

pH

and

DO i n

the

Aeration

Unit

Temperature degree C 8 hrs

pH

value

Dissolved

Oxygen

mg/1

16 h r s

24 h r s

8 hrs

16 h r s

24 h r s

0 5 10 20

7.15 7.5 7.3 7.1

7.4 7.1 7.3 7.0

7 .4 7 .0 7 .4 7 .0

11. 8 10.2 8.7 6.5

11.7 10.0 8.7 6.6

11.7 10 .4 8.9 6.6

5.5

Analysis (a)

(Temperature Removal

Coefficient

Determination)

Substrate

Temperature be

effects by

on

the s u b s t r a t e removal 9 i n terms The the

can of

predicted adequately removal with

the coefficient

percentage erature plot of 4. and on

r e s p e c t to temperature. e v a l u a t e d by plotting

tempsemilog in

coefficient versus The

9 was

temperature

as p r e v i o u s l y d e t a i l e d 8 reported

Chapter (5.11) based and

coefficient was equal

as i n f i g u r e s (5.10) , 1.038 and 1.038,

(5.12)

t o 1.033,

the v a r i a t i o n

i n the r e t e n t i o n time

o f 8 h r s , 16 h r s

24 h r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

F/g.5.2 Fern01/0/ Efficiency VS. Temperature

/ oo

/6

24

Detent/on

Time (f?r)

Fig. 5.3 Rem ova/ Effic ien eg VS. Time

Fig. 5F

Oxygen Uf/Hzotion Rofe V. S. Temperature

25

z
Q

'

'

16

24

Detention Fig. 5. 5

T/me c/ir>

Oxygen Utilization Rote V.S. T/me

Detention Tig. 5.6

Time

<r/?r>

S/acfge Accamutot/'on V.5. T/me

Fig. S. 7 Sludge Accumulation VS. Temperature

60

2oo

100 _
O

/O

/5

2o

Temperature

(X>

Fig. 5.8 S/ucfge Vo/ume Jnaex V.S. Temperature

2oo

/so A

<0

too

Detention Fig. F9 Sfudge

Time (hr)

Vo/ume Index V.S.

62

(k)

Ox^en

T r a n s f o r Coeficient oxygen and i t s transfer from the was

Dissolved surrounding influenced coefficient effect was rate was

saturated by the

medium t o t h e b a c t e r i a l temperature. what

cell

change of used

Temperature temperature 0 value

0 c a n be on

to predict transfer plot The of

the oxygen a

coefficient. oxygen

e v a l u a t e d by

semilog

utilization experi-

versus temperature. 1.042, times 1.049 and as and

0 reported for this based on the

ment was retention and

1.044

different (5.14)

shown i n F i g u r e s

(5,13),

(5.15).

(c)

Sludge The

Yield c a n be e v a l u a t e d by the This plotting solids

sludge y i e l d i f one and

AX/X^ in

versus S^X^t the influent The

neglects

suspended

both

effluent. the

i s shown i n coefficient

Figure

(5.16). t o be of

v a l u e s of 0.64, 10 and the

sludge y i e l d 0.9 0 lb

were found

0.64, 0, 5,

0.7 5 a n d

l b TOC MLSS-day From these

temperatures results, cant the the the in

20C r e s p e c t i v e l y . temperature has a

i t can

see that on the

signifito depict

influence temperature temperature semilog of

sludge yield. on the

I n order

effect

sludge y i e l d ,

therefore, plotting as shown

coefficient sludge y i e l d The

0 was

e v a l u a t e d by

versus temperature found to be

Figure

(5.17).

0 v a l u e was

1.021.

63

( )

Sludge Two

Settling govern the sedimentation of One i s the the

factors

sludge effect cess. by

in the activated and For the other this ratio

sludge.

temperature the pro-

i s t h e o r g a n i c loading of organic loading can 0.37, be

study, and

evaluated 0.123

t h e F/M l b TO""
1 1

i s equal to

0.18 5 a n d

lb-day'^L^SS" ^ ively. loading (5.18). ^ A

o r

times

8,

16

and

24

hrs,

respect-

plot

of

s l u d g e volume

index

versus organic i s shown in figure

for the various

temperatures

Discussion All the parameters by used to e v a l u a t e biological the of orgathe

reactions nisms

are governed

the metabolic rate Temperature

of

i n a given environment. factors

i s one

important of

i n these biological the metabolic

reactions. rate of the

Changes orgato the

temperature

influence

nisms.

Consequently, reactions This study

a l l the parameters also change. that

relating

biological

reveals on the the

temperature sludge

seems

to

exert rate, uptake of

t h e same e f f e c t as evidenced of by

activated

oxidation of oxygen effect from

increase

in the rate But

sludges with r i s i n g on efficiency This the

temperature. of

the

temperature to plant.

the process v a r i e s to the

plant of

i s attributed differences

variability plant

t h e p r o c e s s and

i n treatment

64

design erature

and

mode o f o p e r a t i o n . i t s influence and

The on

side

e f f e c t s of oxygen

temp-

including gas net and

dissolved

saturation, ute to the

transfer

sedimentation also has or

contrib-

effect that

temperature

the general

performance The to

p u r i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y of of

the process. relate sludge

following the low

discussion

the present studies the a c t i v a t e d

temperature

e f f e c t on

process.

( )

S u b s t r a t e Remova1 Most of the plays early an investigations role as on have stated

that

temperature

important

substrate figure time,

removal. (5.2), the

From t h e p r e s e n t s t u d i e s , found that, a t the

shown i n

i t was

same r e t e n t i o n not the to

substrate

removal

e f f i c i e n c y was As

dependant inthe

upon t h e change of creased removal between to 8%.

temperature. from

temperature degree net C,

i n the range

zero to twenty and the

efficiency also z e r o and I t was twenty

increased degree the

difference equal orgaeven

C was

approximately of the

evident that

retardation lower

nisms at

was

not

s i g n i f i c a n t a t the C. figure

temperature,

zero degree From

(5.3) i t c a n

be

said that

at

the dethat

same t e m p e r a t u r e , pendant on

the removal time.

e f f i c i e n c y was However,

rather

the retention

i t i s found

65

the was the

difference

between

the

8 and. ? 4 h r s r e t e n t i o n based the

times upon meta-

l o w e r when c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n c e temperature rate of change. I t was was evident that influenced than

bolic by

the

organisms temperature

predominantly retention

t h e change of

rather

the

time. The be i n the temperature and coefficients not 0 were found to by to (5.11)

same r a n g e

appreciably influenced They were equal (5.10),

the variation 1,033, and

i n retention 1.038 as

times.

1.038, and

shown i n f i g u r e s

(5.12)

respectively.

(b)

Oxygen From

Utilization (5.4) i t was markedly zero to found as that the oxygen

figure

utilization increased was C.

rate

increased range of

the

temperature C and degree the

in the

twenty as

degree at zero

approximately The oxygen

three times

a t 20C was

utilization

rate

approximately time. 8 was

same a t the c o r r e s p o n d i n g The the The temperature as

temperature coefficient (5.13),

evaluated and

by

semilog p l o t

i n figures

(5.14)

(5.15). 1.04 4

0 values were determined f o r the various

t o be times.

1.04 2,

1.04 9 a n d

respectively

66

( )

Sludge Both the

Production factors of temperature on and retention

times The

have

an

important

influence period

sludge lower

production. sludge organisms. the was the organisms also results i t was propori t

longer

the retention due hand, to the

the

the the of

accumulation, On is the other

auto-oxidation of the metabolic the of as sludge rate

since

temperature-dependant, by the change

production From

influenced of the

temperature. shown i n figure was the

present studies, that to the sludge the increase i n a markedly

(5.6),

found tional

accumulation of time; as

inversely time of

increased,

resulted tion it the

decreased On the

rate

sludge from

accumula(5.7) upon the

i n the process. that sludge

other

hand, was

figure

reveals

production and

also

dependant as

change of

temperature from

increased to twenty to

markedly degree C.

temperature ature

varied

zero

Temperwhat was equal that the

coefficient

0 i s a good on

factor yield

indicate

temperature determined to the as 1.021. sludge rapid

influence as

sludge

i s , and and found also

this

shown i n f i g u r e the was latter

(5.17)

t o be be seen

From yield

figure

i t can one

approximately at 0C. The than

and

one-half the

times

a t 20C a s

values of those

sludge other

yield

were

somewhat h i g h e r

r e p o r t e d by

investigators.

67

There the The is sludge. viscosity increased. the The of

are

two

factors governing the

the

settling loading.

of

tertrparature and the the liquid

organic as the

i s reduced loading This

temperature the i s

As

organic growth.

i s increased the energy

higher

dispersed to resist

means the the

sufficient At lower

f l o c c u l a t i o n of of

sludge sludge

particles. takes at has in place

loadings,

auto-oxidation in dispersed sludge can From

which

also results loadings

floes. be

Therefore

optimum good

the

f l o c c u l a t e d and study, as

settling

properties. sludge

this

shown with

figure

(5.8) , t h e

volume, i n d e x This implies as

decreased that the

increasing ability creased. dicates the the of

temperature. the On sludge other sludge was

settlei n -

better from

the

temperature (5.9),

the

hand,

figure i s

i t in-

that the the of

volume

index

approximately therefore the retention

same a s settling

r e t e n t i o n time the sludge

i s increased, of

i s independant

period

under t h e

same t e m p e r a t u r e

conditions.

(e)

Nitrification Nitrification i s basically the to achieved by sequential and

operations; the nitrite of

oxidation by

of

ammonia by produce

Nitrosoraonas The

Nitrobacter nitrifying

nitrates.

growth by the

the

b a c t e r i a i s markedly From the

influenced studies,

change of

temperature.

present

68

nitrification and 20C was

was

not

s i g n i f i c a n t below 50% and. 8 0%,

5C

and

at

10 Unbe On

equal to the

respectively.

fortunately, evaluated the

temperature

c o e f f i c i e n t 6 could not good enough.

because

the r e s u l t s were not i s also an

o t h e r hand,

s l u d g e age of

important bacteria

factor and even Tempbiolog-

regarding the

the growth

the n i t r i f y i n g t h i s was not

nitrification,

but of

investigated. phase in

erature-dependance ical oxidation was

the n i t r i f i c a t i o n t o be

found

consistant

with other i n -

vestigations .

0' /-o33

10 Temperoture Fig. S./O Arr/ientus on Plot TOC

'5 <*C > of Temperature t = 3/?rs

Effect

Removot

70

Fig. S.ll Arr/ientaS Effect on

Plot

of

Temperature

TOC tfemovot f*/6/?/*s

9 * / o33

Temperature 5./2 A'rrfyenius P/of Effect on TOC

c*C j of Temperature

/remove t t=?4/?rs

72

Fig.S./3 Effect

Arrhenius

Pi of of

Temperature

on Oxygen Transfer Coefficient cx = o.g / *-8 hrs

73

50

io

/ I
O

r-

/O

'&

2o

25

Temperature cCj

E~/ff. EJ4

/I rrf?eniu$ P/of of Tempera fa re

Effect o/? Oxygen Transfer Coeff/c/'enf ot- 0.9

/ -7(5

hrS

74

F/g.S.lS

Arrhenius

P/of of

Temperature

Effect on Oxygen Transfer Coefficient 0.9 / ' ?4f>rs

o-2S

Fig. 5/6

vS fudge Y/c/cl

to

2o

2S

/emperorure

C c j

/VQ.

6~/7 Arrhen/u3

P/ot of Tempera fare

Effect on Sfudge Y/'^/d Coefficient a

77

/6 TOC /do# /6 A^S$

Fig. .18 S/udffe i/a/ame Index

VS. F

/M

CHAPTER

C O N C L U S I O N S AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Temperature parameters and This such

sensitivity

of design process

and

operating b e known conditions. processes

i n the a c t i v a t e d sludge especially true under

should

utilized, i s also

Canadian

climatic treatment

f o r other

biological filters.

a s lagoons

and t r i c k l i n g

Following study sludge 1. regarding system.

a r e t h e c o n c l u s i o n s based effect

on

this

t h e low temperature

on t h e a c t i v a t e d

Total organic was dependant from

carbon

(TOC) r e m o v a l

efficiency and

upon t h e change o f temperature 8 6% a t 0C t o 9 5 % a t 2 0 % . 0 f o r the substrate

increased erature

Tempremoval

coefficients equal

r a t e were the and 2. range

t o 1.033,

1.038 a n d 1.038 f o r of 8 h r s , 16 h r s

of r e t e n t i o n times respectively. coefficients

24 h r s ,

Temperature r a t e were spectively

0 f o r oxygen

transfer

found

t o be 1.042,

1. 0 4 9 a n d - 1 . 044 r e -

f o r 8, 1 6 a n d 24 h r a e r a t i o n . t h a t the sludge accumulation was time

3.

I t was f o u n d inversely but

proportional to the retention

directly

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e change of

78

79

temperatures. the 4. sludge

Temperature was found settling

coefficient to be 1.021.

0for

yield sludge

Activated things, organic

depends,

among

other

o n two f a c t o r s ; t e m p e r a t u r e loading. I twas found that

and the sludge t o the organic vol-

ume i n d e x change

was i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l the temperature and

o f both

loading. 5. Nitrification was equal was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t below 5C a n d

t o 5 0 % a n d 8 0% a t 1 0 C a n d 2 0 C

respectively. The further 1. study following and recommendations a r e made f o r

consideration: research i s required to relate plants etc., tempersuch a s so t h a t

Further ature

sensitivity contact

t o commercial stabilization

high-rate, true

performance-cost

evaluations

c a n b e made

when c o n s i d e r i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s . 2. Further methods of these research would be u s e f u l in determining

of reducing treatment

the temperature-sensitivity plants, i fthis i s ata l l

possible. 3. Because entering seasonal be ' / of the v a r i a b i l i t y a treatment plant of flows and m a t e r i a l s

on a d a i l y and conditions should

basis, unsteady-state

investigated

and a c t u a l f u l l - s c a l e

plant p e r -

formance

r e l a t e d to t h e temperature

effect.

REFERENCES

E d w a r d s , G.P. "A R e v i e w o f A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e T h e o r y " , S e w a g e W o r k s J o u r n a l , T^zl'.n , J a n . , 1 9 5 9 . W e s t o n , R . F . , E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W. "Application of B i o l o g i c a l Treatment to I n d u s t r i a l Wastes", Sewage and I n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s , 27:7:802, J u l y , 1955. Shammas, N.K. ' "The I n f l u e n c e o f T e m p e r a t u r e on t h e A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P r o c e s s " , E S E N o t e s 2_, 4, Oct. 1965. T a k i g u c h i , Y. " E f f e c t o f W a t e r T e m p e r a t u r e on t h e A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P r o c e s s " , Hakko Kogaku Z a s s h i , 1 9 6 8 , 4JS, 5 4 5 - 5 6 8 , Chem. A b s t r . , 1 9 6 8 , 69_, 7 4 9 9 and 8 3 9 2 . E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W., J r . , McCabe, J . "Biological Treatment of Sewage and I n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s " , V o l . I , R e i n h o l d P u b l i s h i n g C o , , N.Y., 1956. L u d z a c k , F . J . , S c h a f f e r , R.B. a n d E t t i n g e r , M.B. "Temperature and F e e d a s V a r i a b l e i n A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P e r f o r m a n c e " , JWPCF, 33_, 2, 1 4 1 - 1 5 6 , 1961. O k u n , D.A. "System of B i o p r e c i p i t a t i o n of O r g a n i c M a t t e r from Sewage", Sewage Works J o u r n a l , 21, 5, 7 6 3 , S e p t . 1 9 4 9 . H u n t e r , J.V., G e n t e l l i , E . J . " T e m p e r a t u r e and R e t e n t i o n Time R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P r o c e s s P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 2 1 s t I n d . W a s t e C o n f . P u r d u e U. P a r t 2, 9 5 3 - 9 6 3 , May, 1966. Streebin, L.E. "Comparison Between T e r m o p h i l i c and M e s o p h i l i c A e r o b i c B i o l o g i c a l Waste Treatment", P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t 1966 a n n u a l m e e t i n g o f P a c i f i c Northwest P o l l . C o n t r o l Assn., P o r t l a n d , Oregon, Oct. 1966. C a r p e n t e r , W.L., Vamvakias, J.G., Gellman, I . "Tempera t u r e R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n A e r o b i c Treatment and D i s p o s a l o f P u l p a n d P a p e r W a s t e s " , JWPCF, 4_0, 5, 7 3 3 , May, 1968.

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G a r r e t t , 14.T, " K i n e t i c s of Removal of S o l u b l e by A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e " , Proceedings of Ind. Conf. P u r d u e U. E x t . s e r . 79_, 5 1 , 1953.

f

BOD Waste

12.

E r m a n , A.P. " K i n e t i c s of B i o l o g i c a l T r e a t m e n t " , A d v a n c e d i n W a t e r Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e m e n t I , U. Texas, Austin, 1963.

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13.

Benedek, P a l . "The I n f l u e n c e o f T e m p e r a t u r e on the R e a c t i o n s of the A c t i v a t e d Sludge P r o c e s s " , Symposium W a t e r P o l l u t i o n i n C o l d Climates, A l a s k a U. 1970. E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W., Englande. "Temperature E f f e c t s on B i o l o g i c a l Waste Treatment P r o c e s s , Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l i n C o l d C l i m a t e s , A l a s k a U., 1970. C l a r k , J.W., V i e s s m a n , W., Hammer, M.J. Water Supply and P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l , 2nd E d i t i o n , I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e x t b o o k Company, S c r a n t o n , T o r o n t o , L o n d o n , 1971. S a w y e r , C.N., N i c h o l s , M.S. "Activated Sludge Oxidat i o n I , E f f e c t o f S l u d g e C o n c e n t r a t i o n and Tempe r a t u r e U p o n O x y g e n U t i l i z a t i o n " , JWPC, 1 1 , 51, 51-67, 1939. B l o o d g o o d , D.E. "Studies of A c t i v a t e d Sludge Oxidat i o n a t I n d i a n a p o l i s " , Sewage Works J o u r n a l 10, 26, 1938. S a w y e r , C.N., R o h l i c h , G.A. "Activated Sludge Oxidation IV. The I n f l u e n c e of T e m p e r a t u r e upon t h e R a t e o f O x y g e n U t i l i z a t i o n by A c t i v a t e d Sludges", JWPCF, 1 1 , 9 4 6 - 1 6 4 , 1939. E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W. "Advance i n Water Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e ment I , U n i v e r s i t y o f T e x a s , A u s t i n , 19 6 3 . E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W. Chem. E n g r s . , P a p e r p r e s e n t e d i n Amer. I n s t . A t l a n t a , Georgia, Feb. 1960. Of

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20.

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F r i e d m a n , A.A., S c h r o e d e r , E.D. "Temperature e f f e c t s on G r o w t h a n d Y i e l d o f A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e " , JWPCF 4 4 , 7, J u l y 1972. P i p e s , W.O. "Aerobic C e l l Yield.and T h e o r e t i c a l Oxygen Demand", P r o c . 1 8 t h , I n d . W a s t e C o n f . , P u r d u e U. E x t . S e r . 1 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 1963. E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W. McGraw-Hill I n d u s t r i a l Water B o o k C o m p a n y , N.Y., Pollution 1966. Control.

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B u s c h , A,W. , M y r i e k , N. "BOD Progression i n soluble s u b s t r a t e s - I I I - s h o r t - t e r m BOD a n d B i o oxidation S o l i d s Production", Proc. 15th Ind. W a s t e C o n f . , P u r d u e U., 9 - 1 5 , 1960. E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W., McCabe, J . "Biological Treatment of Sewage and I n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s " , V o l . I , R e i n h o l d P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , N.Y., 1956. S h e r w o o d , C.R., Murphy, R.S. "Low-Temperature A c t i v a t e d Sludcre S e t t l i n g " , P r o c e e d i n g s o f ASCE, 9 5 , 7 4 7 - 7 6 7 , SA4, A u g u s t 1 9 6 9 . H e u k e l e k i a n , H. "Bound W a t e r and A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e B u l k i n g " , S e w a g e a n d I n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s 2 ^ , 4, April 1956. Ford, D.L., E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W. " E f f e c t of P r o c e s s V a r i a b l e s on S l u d g e F l o e . F o r m a t i o n and Settling C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s " , JWPCF 39_, 1 1 , 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 5 9 , Nov. 1967. on 2, Sewage 161-169,

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30.

R i c h , L.G. U n i t O p e r a t i o n of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g , J o h n W i l e y a n d S o n s , I n c . , New Y o r k , 1961. Kynch, G.J. actions Isnberg, E. Works, "A t h e o r y o f S e d i m e n t a t i o n " , F a r a d a y S o c i e t y , 48_, 1 9 5 2 . "Sludge Volume 106, 1959. Index", Water Trans-

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33.

Tesarik, I . "Flow i n S l u d g e - B l a n k e t C l a r i f i e r s " , P r o c e e d i n g s o f A S C E , 9 3 , S A 6 , D e c . 19 6 7 . S a w y e r , C.N., W i l d , H.E., McMahon, T . C . Affecting Nitrification Kinetics", 9, 1 8 4 5 - 1 8 5 4 , 1 9 7 1 . "Factors JWPCF 4_3,

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D o w n i n g , A . L . , P a i n t e r , H.A., K n o w l e s , G. "Nitrif i c a t i o n i n the A c t i v a t e d Sludge P r o c e s s " , I n s t i t u t e o f Sewage P u r i f i c a t i o n , 130-151, 1964. S a w y e r , C.N. " A c t i v a t e d Sludge Oxidation VI of F e e d i n g E x p e r i m e n t s t o D e t e r m i n e t h e of t h e V a r i a b l e s Temperature and S l u d g e t r a t i o n " , JWPCF 1 2 , 2, 2 4 4 - 2 5 9 , 1940. Results Effect Concen-

36.

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B a l k r i s h n a n , S. "Nitrogen Relationships i n b i o l o g i c a l treatment processes - I - N i t r i f i c a t i o n i n the A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P r o c e s s , W a t e r R e s e a r c h , _3' Jan. 1969. McKinney, R.E. "Microbiology f o r S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r s " , M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , 19 6 2 . E c k e n f e l d e r , W.W., O'Connor, D . J . " B i o l o g i c a l Waste Treatment", Pergamoh-Press, L t d . , London, 1961. McKinney, R.E. "Mathematics o f Complete-Mixing Activated Sludge", Transactions of t h e American S o c i e t y C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , 123, 497-524, 1963. "Standard Methods" f o r t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f water and w a s t e w a t e r 1 3 t h e d i t i o n , APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1 9 7 1 .

38.

39.

40.

41.

84

APPENDIX

85

Lab-scale

of A c t i v a t e d

Sludge

System

i n Operation.

APPENDIX

II

87

The

Composition

of Synthetic

Sewage

Component

Medium c o n e ,

mg/1

Dextrose Beef

(Difco) (Difco)

180.0 60.0 125.0 6.8 8.7 150.0

Extract

Tryptone
K H

(Difco)

2
2

4
4

K HP0
A

Na C0
2

MgS0 EDTA

5.0 5.0

Micronutrients Fe Ca Zn Mn Cu Co Mo NH C1
4

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 75.0

TOC
l

= 2 2 0 mg/1
3

Na2C0 NH^Cl no

was used

to instead

o f KHCO2

i n addition contained i n the present study

Boron

Ref.

P i p e s , W.O., "pH v a r i a t i o n a n d BOD R e m o v a l i n S t a b i l i z a t i o n P o n d s " , JWPCF, 3 4 , 1 1 4 0 - 1 1 5 0 , 1 9 6 2 .

88

ft

APPENDIX

III

Substrate

Removal

Retention (hr)

Time

Temperature (c)

X
a

Influent TOC Concentration TOC

Effluent Concentration

Removal (R) (%)

R 1 - R

0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20
c

1800 1802 1806 1810 1804 1812 1810 1800 1807 1804 1806 1810

220.5 222.3 224.6 225.1 221.1 220.2 220.1 226.1 222.2 223.4 222.2 226.2

31.9 28.3 26.1 18.1 31.1 28.6 24.1 16.1 29.7 26.4 23.6 12.4

85.6 87.5 88.6 92.0 86.0 87.1 89.1 93.5 86.8 88.4 89.4 94.4

5. 95 7.30 8.10 11.50 6.14 6.75 8,07 14.40 6.57 7.60 8.42 16.81

Oxygen

Utilization

Retention (hr)

Time

Temperature (C)

D i s s o l v e d Oxygen = A t Zero Minute A t Ten Minute

Difference

Oxygen U t i l i z a t i o n mg/l-hr

(U)

0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20 0 5 10 20

14.0 12.4 10.2 9.2 12.5 13.0 10.2 8.0 13.0 12.1 13.4 9.0

12.56 10.70 7.97 5.80 11.1 11.8 7.92 4.2 12.6 10.25 11.02 4.90

1.44 1.20 2.23 3.40 1.4 1.8 2.28 3.80 1.40 1.85 2.38 4.06

8.64 10.20 13.40 23.30 8.40 10.80 13.70 22.80 8.44 11.10 14.30 24.40

91

Oxygen T r a n s f e r

Coefficient

Retention

(t)

aC
c

aC

U
C

aC s

hrs

0 5 10 20

8 .64 10 .2 13 .4 23 .3

1 4 . 65 1 2 . 79 1 1 . 27 9. 02

11. 8 10. 2 8. 7 6. 5

13. 2 11. 5 10. 2 8. 1

1. 4 1. 3 1. 5 4. 6 .

6. 16 7. 85 8. 9 1 4 .55

' 16

0 5 10 20

8 .4 10 .8 13 .7 22 .8

1 4 . 65 1 2 . 79 11, 27 9, 02

11. 7 10. 0 8. 7 6. 6

13, 2 11. 5 10. .2 8 .1

1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 4. 5

5. 62 6. 66 9. 14 15. 2

24

0 5 10 20

8 .44 1 1 .1 14 .3 24 .4

14 .65 12 .79 11 .27 9 .02

11. 7 10. 4 8. 9 6. 6

13 .2 11 .5 10 .2 8 .1

1. 5 1. 1 1. 3 4. 5

5. 62 10. 1 11. 0 15. 2

Sludge

Accumulation

Retention (hr)

Time

Temperature (C)

F i r s t Day X (mg/1) 1800 1810 1800 1806 1805 1811 1800 1802 1801 1804 1803 1806

Second Day X (mg/1) 2000 2106 2120 2182 1921 1927 1945 2000 1867 1880 1886 1940

Sludge
a

Accumulation (mg/1) 200 296 320 376 116 116 145 198 66 76 83 134

0 5 10 20

16

0 5 10 20

24

0 5 10 20

93

S l u d g e Volume

Index

(SVI)

Retention (hr)

Time

Temperature (o )
C

S e t t l i n g Volume (ml/1)

SVI

0 5 10 20

313 238.1 227 216.2

174 132 126 120

16

0 5 10 20

320 246 237.5 220

178 137 132 122

24

0 5 10 20

322.2 241 232.5 217,8

179 134 129 121

VITA

Candidate's

full

name:

Ng

Ka-Yui

Schools

attended

(with

dates):

Primary Middly

School, School,

1952-1958 1958-1964

Universities

attended

(with

dates

and degrees

obtained):

B . S c , Chu H a i C o l l e g e 1964-1968 M . E n g . , U.N.B. 1971-1973

Publications: