Assessment of 1hreats and Cha||enges of Crgan|sed

Cr|me |n kenya: A Case Study of the Munqiki

Subm|tted |n part|a| fu|f|||ment of the degree
Master of Sc|ence
Secur|ty and k|sk Management
Department of Cr|m|no|ogy
Un|vers|ty of Le|cester
Iebruary 2013
Geoffrey Ndo|o komu
Student ID 109019SSS
Word Count: 19887
ll
A8S1kAC1
Crganlzed crlme among other crlmes ls a ma[or threat to democracy, human rlghts, the rule ol
law and stablllty ln kenya. 1hls dlssertatlon addresses organlzed crlme ln kenya by explorlng the
nexus between olltlcs, soclety and economy and lts resldual ellects. 8ased on extenslve lleld
research ln several lnlormal settlements wlthln nalrobl County the dlssertatlon examlnes
organlsed crlme groups ln kenya and examlnes the challenges laced by the state ln combatlng
and contalnlng the lmpact ol thls vlce. 1he lmpact ol the revolutlons on organlsed crlme are
pegged on several varlables, among them polltlcal opposltlon to lncumbent and prevlous
reglmes, the strength ol clvll soclety ln the actlvlst processes, personal morals ol the leaders
and thelr vlews on cooperatlon wlth organlsed gangs, the presence and nature ol the outgolng
and lncomlng polltlcal elltes. 1he dlssertatlon takes lnto account larger explanatory varlables
such as unemployment, trlbal marglnallzatlon and negatlve ethnlclty by documentlng thelr role
ln shaplng organlzed crlme ln kenya. Addltlonally, the dlssertatlon ldentllles polnts ol conlllct
wlth respect to the government's ellort ln ensurlng salety and securlty ol lts cltlzens. llnally,
the dlssertatlon provldes an lnslght lnto the colluslve nature ol crlmlnal networks ln kenya's
post-colonlal era by argulng that the challenge ol overcomlng organlzed gangs ls lrequently
blurred by the upper worlds who are sometlmes the key partlclpants ln organlzed crlmlnal
actlvlty.
lll
ACkNCWLLDGLMLN1S
lt would not have been posslble to complete thls dlssertatlon devold ol the unwaverlng support
and help ol the speclal people around me, to only a lew ol whom lt ls relatlvely lmportant to
glve speclal mentlon here. Most ol all, l accolade my amazlng wlle ueborah lor her personal
and moral support and great endurance at all tlmes. not lorgettlng my chlldren Clorla and
Crlllln, lor coplng up wlth my lengthy absence due to my tlght worklng and studylng schedules.
My mother, brothers and slsters lor glvlng me thelr unequlvocal support throughout my studles
lor whlch my mere expresslon ol thanks does not sulllce.
1hls work would not have been attalnable wlthout the much needed help, patlence and
support ol my supervlsor, Mr. 8rlan ender, more lmportantly, lor hls unsurpassed advlce and
encouragement durlng my research. l would llke to appreclate the technlcal and academlc
support ol the unlverslty ol Lelcester and lts stall lor thelr tlmely and prolesslonal leedback ln
the course ol my study.
lv
1ab|e of Contents
A. A8S18AC1.............................................................................................................................................. ll
8. ACknCWLLuCLMLn1S ........................................................................................................................ lll
1able ol Contents ......................................................................................................................................... lv
1.0 CPA1L8 CnL..........................................................................................................................................7
1.1 ln18CuuC1lCn...................................................................................................................................7
2.0 CPA1L8 1WC: Ll1L8A1u8L 8LvlLW ...................................................................................................11
2.1 lntroductlon.......................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Pow 'organlsed crlme' ls lt carrled out ln kenya...............................................................................14
2.2 8ackground lnlormatlon to the Muoq|k| Movement ........................................................................13
2.3 1hreats presented by organlzed crlme .............................................................................................18
2.3.1 1hreats ol lnsecurlty...................................................................................................................18
2.4 Lllects ol organlsed crlme on the polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln kenya .......23
2.4.1 Lllects on soclo-cultural structures............................................................................................23
2.4.1.1 Cvercrowdlng..........................................................................................................................24
2.4.2 Lllects on economlc structures.................................................................................................24
2.4.2.1 Scarclty ol resources..............................................................................................................23
2.4.2.2 8uslness relocatlon or shlltlng...............................................................................................26
2.3 Challenges laced by a government ln combatlng organlsed crlme ..................................................28
2.6 osslble solutlons to control organlzed crlme ..................................................................................31
2.7. 1heorles ol organlsed crlme.............................................................................................................32
2.7.1 Allen Consplracy 1heory.............................................................................................................33
2.7.2 8atlonal cholce theory................................................................................................................33
2.7.3 Learnlng theory ..........................................................................................................................34
v
2.7.4 Soclal dlsorganlzatlon theory .....................................................................................................33
2.7.3 1heoretlcal lramework...............................................................................................................36
2.8 Scope ol the study.............................................................................................................................37
2.8. 1 8esearch Cuestlons ...................................................................................................................38
2.8.2 Slgnlllcance ol the study ............................................................................................................38
2.8.3 Llmltatlons ol the Study .............................................................................................................39
2.9 Summary ...........................................................................................................................................40
2.9.1 8esearch gaps.............................................................................................................................41
3.0 CPA1L8 1P8LL: 8LSLA8CP ML1PCuCLCC? ......................................................................................42
3.1 lntroductlon.......................................................................................................................................42
3.2. 8esearch ueslgn ...............................................................................................................................43
3.3 Study populatlon...............................................................................................................................44
3.4 Sampllng and uata Collectlon Methods ............................................................................................44
3.4.1 Sampllng technlques ..................................................................................................................43
3.3 Lthlcal lssues lor the study ln data collectlon...................................................................................47
3.6 Conllrmatlon lor artlclpatlon ..........................................................................................................47
3.7 uata collectlon Methods ...................................................................................................................48
3.7.1 Collectlon ol prlmary data...................................................................................................48
3.7.2 Collectlon ol secondary data......................................................................................................30
3.8 Analysls ol uata.................................................................................................................................31
4.0 CPA1L8 lCu8: uA1A AnAL?SlS ..........................................................................................................33
4.1 uocument 8evlew .............................................................................................................................34
4.2 Survey 8esearch Cuestlonnalre (S8C) and Structured lntervlews ...................................................62
CPA1L8 3: ulSCuSSlCn.............................................................................................................................72
3.1 Crganlsed Crlme Analytlcal lramework (Model) ..............................................................................73
7.0 8LlL8LnCLS ..........................................................................................................................................79
vl
8.0 ALnulCLS...........................................................................................................................................87
8.1 ALnulx: CuLS1lCnnAl8L .............................................................................................................87
8.2 ALnulx 2: ln1L8vlLW SCPLuuLL .................................................................................................92
8.3 ALnulx 3 - A81lClA1lCn lnlC8MA1lCn Anu CCnSLn1 lC8M...............................................93
8ackground lnlormatlon .....................................................................................................................94
8.4 ALnulx 4- l8LCuLnC? 1A8LLS....................................................................................................97
1.0 CnA1Lk CNL
1.1 INTRODUCTION
kenya as a country ls laced by threats and challenges ol organlzed gangs. 1he government ol
kenya through lts pollce lorce llsted a total ol 33 groups as organlzed gangs that conducts thelr
crlmlnal actlvltles ln kenya. 1hese groups lnclude but not llmlted to Al-5boboob, 8oqbJoJ 8oys,
cb|okototo, cooqo by lotce, Iesb| lo Mzee, komjesb, kosovo 8oys, Momboso kepubl|coo
couoc|l, 5oboot looJ uefeoce lotce, 5uoqu 5uoqu, 1ol|boo and the Muoq|k| sect (Crlsls Croup,
2008). Cut ol the 33 outlawed gangs, the Muoq|k| sect has come out to be the most lormldable
gang slnce lts lnceptlon ln the late 1980s. 1he sect has lts orlgln lrom the central part ol kenya
whlch ls hablted by the klkuyu trlbe, the blggest ethnlc group ln kenya as per 2009 census
(kn8S, 2010). lnlormatlon relatlng to orlgln ol Muoq|k| ls dlsputed slnce the Sect's actlvltles are
hlghly secretlve as lnlormants are always tlmld to talk ol thelr actlvltles as thls can attract
retrlbutlon lrom the group.
lmportantly, accordlng to Alston (2009), the Muoq|k| ls sald to have been lormed by a
group ol slx students ln 1987. 1he group was led by a 13 year old ndura Warulnge who was a
grandson ol Warulnge a Mau Mau Movement Ceneral (Mau Mau was antl-colonlal movement
that lought lor kenya's lndependence). lor that case, the Sect borrowed the prlnclples ol the
Mau Mau movement as lt became antl-Western, antl-lmperlallst, antl-8rltlsh and antl-Amerlcan
ln terms ol thelr prlnclples. Moreover, lt crltlclzes and snubs Chrlstlanlty as lt champlons to the
return to thelr Alrlcan tradltlonal practlces, bellels and tradltlons. 1hls was alllrmed by Crlsls
Croup (2008) on thelr study on the Muoq|k| who descrlbed lt as a rellglous organlzatlon wlth
asplratlons ranglng lrom soclo-economlc to polltlcal and rellglo-cultural llberatlon.
8
nonetheless, ln respect to polltlcal llberatlon, Anderson (2002) noted that lts loundlng
head ndura Warulnge was a radlcal actlvlst ln polltlcs and today, lt remalns a polltlclzed
movement that use vlolence, lntlmldatlon and crlmlnal means to attaln lts goals. lt has been
able to solldlly lts base by admlnlsterlng oaths that are taken to be splrltual to lts members. Cn
other hand, lt was consldered by Wamue (2001) that the Sect ls a soclal movement that was
lormed as a reprlsal to the dlctatorshlp rule ol resldent Mol's one party system.
Powever, ndura Warulnge ln the early 2000's delected lrom the Sect and [olned
malnstream polltlcs as Malna n[enga became lts leader (Crlsls Croup, 2008). Malna n[enga
accordlng to Wamue (2003) ls taken as a prophet and enlgmatlc leader hence he ls hlghly
worshlped by the Sect members. lor that reason, he helped ln the sproutlng ol the Sect
operatlons beyond Central provlnce ol kenya. uesplte havlng started lts operatlon ln the
Central provlnce ol kenya, the Sect has spread lts actlvltles to other parts and currently lt has
solldllled lts operatlons ln the lnlormal settlements ol the kenya's capltal clty (nalrobl) whlch
lnclude but not llmlted to uandora, Mlango kubwa, Mathare, kayole and Clthural. lt has also
spread lts wlngs to other provlnces whlch lnclude 8llt valley notably ln nakuru, nyahururu,
Lalklpla, nalvasha and Lldoret towns (Wamue, 2001). As such, lt ls lmportant that threats and
challenges ol the organlsed crlme partlcularly the Muoq|k| should be understood to lacllltate
thelr control thus the ratlonale lor thls study.
Clven thls background, the study looked at the lssues surroundlng the organlsed
crlme sltuatlon ln kenya wlth speclllc allgnment to assesslng the threats and challenges such
crlme actlvltles pose to the publlc. lor that reason, the study almed at assesslng the threats and
challenges ol organlzed crlme groups ln kenya by speclllcally hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch
the Muoq|k| has allected the soclal, polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context.
9
lor that case, the maln research ob[ectlve ol the study was to examlne threats presented by
the Muoq|k| organlsed crlmlnal gang to the lmmedlate communltles. Moreover, lt looked at the
challenges laced by the local and natlonal authorltles ln trylng to tame and combat thelr
actlvltles. Moreover, other speclllc ob[ectlves such as establlshlng how 'organlsed crlme' ls
carrled out ln kenya also lormed a basls lor the study. lurthermore, the study determlned the
threats presented by organlsed crlme by establlshlng lts ellects to the polltlcal, economlc and
soclal-cultural structures ln kenya. lndeed, establlshlng the challenges that the government ol
kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed crlme and determlnlng how organlsed crlme could be
combated through ollerlng posslble solutlons also lormed the basls lor the study.
1he paper ls presented ln lorm ol Chapters and Sub-Chapters. Chapter one presents the
background lnlormatlon by provldlng the ratlonale lor the study. Moreover, lt goes ahead to
present the study's alms and ob[ectlves to whlch the research was based on. Lastly, lt provldes
brlel summarles ol other chapters ol the dlssertatlon.
Chapter two crltlcally analyses the llterature surroundlng organlsed crlme ln kenya by
examlnlng how thls crlme ls organlsed, threats presented by the Sect, lts ellects on polltlcal,
economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln the country and the posslble solutlons. lurthermore,
lt goes a head to analyse varlous crlmlnal theorles that trles to explaln and [ustlly actlvltles ol
the organlsed crlme ln the kenyan context. nonetheless, theoretlcal and conceptual
lrameworks are provlded ln the chapter that explaln the relatlonshlp ol the organlsed crlme
and other aspects ol llle. Lastly, the chapter hlghllghts varlous research gaps ldentllled ln the
revlewed llterature on whlch the study sought to llll.
10
Chapter three on the other hand outllnes the methods utlllzed ln collectlng, analyzlng
and presentlng data. As such, the study populatlon, sample, sampllng methods and the
research deslgn are dlscussed ln thls chapter.
Chapter lour presents the results ol the study lnlorm ol tables, graphs and charts that
were extrapolated lrom SSS whlch ls a statlstlcal package lor data analysls. Lastly, chapter llve
and slx presents recommendatlons and concluslon ol the study respectlvely.
11
2.0 CnA1Lk 1WC: LI1LkA1UkL kLVILW
2.1 Introduction
Crganlsed crlme ls amongst the oldest lorm crlmes ln the man's hlstory as lt dates back
to the 17
th
centurles (uuyne, 1996). lt emerged out ol the power vacuum created by the
absence ol state enlorcement allowlng crlmlnal gangs to provlde prlmltlve state servlces wlth
hlgher economlc galns as opposed to those assoclated wlth modern governance. 1hls sltuatlon
ls not lar lrom the one ln kenya where the recent economlc hardshlps and escalatlng lnllatlon
have lelt ordlnary kenyans wlth lew channels through whlch to scratch lor a llvlng.
lndeed, whereas over the recent years kenya has experlenced conslderable progress
towards crlme preventlon, at the same tlme ethnlc wars, extreme poverty and lnequallty,
negatlve ethnlclty, bandltry, cllmate change and the contlnuous rlsks ol escalatlng vlolence and
conlllct have contlnued to threaten lts progress. 1hls has created conduclve envlronments lor
the blrth, growth and development ol organlsed crlme as evldenced ln the llkes ol the Muoq|k|
(kagwan[a, 2003). As ll[naut and aoll (2004:22) poslt, the concept ol organlsed crlme
conslstently lncorporates a crlmlnal organlsatlon whlch ls baslcally understood as a large-scale
entlty prlmarlly engaged ln lllegal actlvltles wlth a well dellned collectlve ldentlty and
subdlvlslon ol work among lts members."
Crganlsed gangs ln kenya, especlally the polltlco-rellglous structured long standlng
Muoq|k| gang, have a strong threshold ln nalrobl slums. ln such envlronments, such outllts are
normally ln charge ol baslc amenltles such as water and electrlclty on whlch they charge a lee
lor thelr access. ?et, these are publlc utllltles that are supposed to be ollered and pald lor to
the respectlve government lnstltutlons. lndeed, thls scenarlo goes lar to show how lar
12
government has progresslvely regressed lrom lts core responslbllltles - a lactor that can partly
explaln the rlse and growth ol such outllts. Addltlonally, other publlc servlces such as securlty,
transportatlon and garbage collectlon are ollered by these gangs, moreover at a lee. lallure to
pay the expected lees results to death, mallclous property damage or complete loss ol property
through arson.
Membershlp to the Muoq|k| ls belleved to mostly comprlse ol young people ol the age
bracket ol 18- 40 years although there are some exceptlons ol others ln thelr 40 - 60 years. 1he
ma[orlty ol thelr members have llttle or no educatlon and they are economlcally poor. lor that
reason, lt has been assoclated wlth a wlde range ol actlvltles whlch range lrom controlllng state
llke servlces that lnclude 'tax collectlon' ln thelr area ol operatlon to total crlmlnal actlvltles
(Wamue, 2003). ln addltlon, the Sect controls access to servlces such as water, electrlclty,
charges tax on transport, small buslnesses and sanltatlon. 1hls ls done through extortlon and
vlolence and those who are unwllllng or unable to pay lace a rlsk ol kldnap, torture or death.
Moreover, lt also executes trlals ol those who vlolate lts rules ol behavlour through detentlon,
malmlng or kllllngs.
Addltlonally, the Sect has carrled out varlous massacres ln kenya accordlng to Wakl
(ClLv) 8eport (2008). lor lnstance, on 3 March 2002, lts members wlth crude weapons
stormed kot|obooq| estate whlch ls an lnlormal settlement ln nalrobl and kllled 20 people whlle
ln[urlng 31 others. Moreover, on 29 Aprll ol 2009, 29 people were hacked to death ln Mathlra
whlch ls a town ln Central provlnce ol kenya. 1hls has come to be wldely known as 'Mathlra
Massacre'.
Moreover, the Sect has actlvely been used by some polltlcal elltes to sustaln them ln
power. lor example, durlng the natlonal electlons ol 2007 ln kenya, the presldentlal results
13
were hlghly contested and as a result, post electlon vlolence broke out. uurlng the vlolence, the
Muoq|k| ls percelved to have been adversely used by resldent Mwal klbakl and hls rullng arty
ol natlonal unlty (nu). 1hls was alllrmed by the mentlonlng ol the slx kenyans by the
lnternatlonal Crlmlnal Court (lCC) prosecutor who alleged that three ol the slx accused used the
Sect to plan retallatory attacks to the opposltlon supporters. lor lnstance, lt was clalmed by
the lCC prosecutor that the Muoq|k| leaders met resldent klbakl, Pead ol Clvll Servlce by then
lrancls Muthaura and uhuru kenyatta to plan lor the gang's support ol the government ln-case
the electlons becomes dlsputed (Musau, 2012). As such, lt ls evldent that although the sect ls
outlawed, lt has been used actlvely ln the soclo-cultural, soclo-economlc and polltlcal actlvltles
ln kenya hence poslng varlous threats and challenges.
Moreover, helnous actlvltles carrled out by such gangs, notably by the Muoq|k| lnclude
the lorcelul lemale genltal mutllatlon (lCM) under the pretext ol promotlng and saleguardlng
tradltlonal Alrlcan culture (Wakl Commlsslon, 2008). 8ape, extortlon, lntlmldatlon, murder and
thelt are among other serlous crlmes that the group normally unleashes on the lnnocent, yet
helpless populatlon ol the envlronments ln whlch the sect operates.
8esldes, the sect has created a web ol relatlonshlps wlth dlllerent soclal sub[ects wlth
the maln alm ol pursulng thelr own goals ol power and enrlchment. 1hey exerclse the typlcal
lunctlons ol a polltlcal entlty lmposlng norms ol behavlour on the general populace, controlllng
a terrltory, exertlng physlcal coerclon and punlshlng transgressors by lmposlng a rudlmentary
tax system through the practlse ol generallsed extortlon (kemp, 2008)
Sadly, the sltuatlon ls not about to change as kenya contlnues to suller lrom an
unpredlctable polltlcal, economlc and cultural degeneratlon. lor example, the ever-splralllng
lnllatlon and the wldenlng gap between the 'haves' and the 'have-nots' luel a sense ol
14
hopelessness and desperatlon among the cltlzens and especlally the youth who have no other
alternatlve but to turn to such arrangements lor economlc survlval. Addltlonally, polltlcal power
ls bullt around partlcular ethnlc cocoons wlth cultural and ethnlcal-trlbal undertones that
sometlmes use the sect to settle thelr personal dlsputes (adhy, 2006). 1hls was more evldent
ln the 2007/8 post electlon vlolence ln the country whlch clearly showed how polltlcal
machlnatlons were closely lnterllnked wlth such gangs (Wakl Commlsslon, 2007, Wamue,
2001). ?et, such lncldences are detrlmental to development as they scare away lnvestors and
tourlsts (klopp, Clthln[l & karuoya, 2008)
Addltlonally, the structural condltlons such as soclal economlc securlty and the lssue ol a
wellare state have not been addressed ln kenya slnce lndependence, the pollcy makers react
wlth tradltlonal securlty tools lgnorlng the root causes that glve rlse to the emergence ol non
state groups (Land lnlo, 2010). 1hls has been compounded by the 'commerclallsatlon' ol armed
vlolence to make gangs llke the Muoq|k| more attractlve to the youth (Wakl Commlsslon, 2008).
Moreover, such armed groups are protected by the polltlcal ellte who seek thelr servlces lor
personal protectlon and sometlmes to scare away polltlcal opponents as evldenced ln the 2008
post-electlon vlolence (8uteere, 2008, Le8as, 2010, Wakl Commlsslon, 2008).
2.1 How organised crime` is it carried out in Kenya
Several organlzed gangs operate throughout kenya and especlally ln the slums ol urban
envlronments. Accordlng to Ckombo and Sana (2010), outlawed groups turned slums ol nalrobl
to be thelr operatlon zones as they operate unlawlully ln poor and crlme prone
nelghbourhoods. As such, the kenyan pollce have llttle lnlluence and authorlty to contaln the
13
gangs (un Pabltat, 2007). As a result, dlllerent organlzed gangs are always at war over the
control ol servlces and buslnesses ln these slums.
Wlth respect to kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008), lt was noted that
Muoq|k| movement whlch ls the largest organlzed crlmlnal gang ln kenya by 2010 had lts
operatlons predomlnantly ln nalrobl slums, 8llt valley and Central provlnces ln kenya. vlolence
and extortlon amount to the mode ol survlval ol thls outlawed gang. Moreover, un Pabltat
(2007) alllrmed that the gang perpetrates gross vlolatlon ol human rlghts agalnst clvlllans,
delectlng members and thelr adversarles ln order to lnstll lear ln thelr operatlonal terrltorles.
lor that case, thls chapter presents a background ol the Muoq|k| whlch ls an organlzed gang ln
kenya and lt goes lurther to dlscuss how lt carrles out lts actlvltles. lurthermore, the gang also
presents varlous threats and thelr ellects to polltlcs, economlcs and soclo-cultural structures ln
the kenyan context.
2.2 Background information to the Movement
1be Muoq|k| movement was establlshed ln 1980s as an ethnlc delence lorce ol the
klkuyus whlch ls the largest trlbe ln kenya (Ckombo & Sana, 2010). lt was belleved by Amnesty
lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) that the then resldent Mol's government at the tlme had reduced
klkuyu's lnlluence and lavoured the kalen[ln communlty thus the crlmlnal gang sought to revlve
thls lnlluence. nonetheless, llne detalls regardlng the development ol the movement are not
clear due to the secretlve nature and retrlbutlon lear lnstllled to any potentlal lnlormant.
Powever, wlth regard to the kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008), the group
was establlshed by slx students as a rellglous sect ol the llvlng god ln 1987.
16
At the tlme ol lormatlon, the sect shared common ldeologles as Mou Mou whlch was a
reslstance movement to the colonlal government. As such, they adopted Mou Mou behavlour
ol havlng long secretlve oaths, dreadlocks and guerrllla war llke style. lurthermore, the sect
espoused antl-western and antl-lmperlallsts vlews, dlsparaged Chrlstlanlty and went a head to
advocate lor thelr tradltlonal Alrlcan bellels and practlces (Mudege, Zulu & lzugbara, 2008). 1he
Muoq|k| has prevlously been descrlbed as a sect, a cult, a polltlcal lorce, a street gang that
engages ln vlolent and crlmlnal actlvltles. Powever, although these deplctlons are valld, the
general purpose ol the group ls stlll not clear.
1he Sect was declared a crlmlnal gang by the government ln 2002 due to lts lntlmldatlon
and harassment ol the cltlzens. 1he sect has multlple unlts that coordlnate lts actlvltles at
vlllage, dlstrlct and provlnclal levels whlch are overseen by a natlonal Coordlnatlng Commlttee
(Wamue, 2003). Moreover, kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) notes that the
Sect has uelence councll that ls responslble lor carrylng out retallatlons to delectlng members
lnlorm ol kllllngs. Cn the other hand, lt has a polltlcal wlng wlth a reglstered polltlcal party, the
kenya natlonal ?outh Alllance (Ckombo & Sana, 2010). 1hls has seen senlor leaders expresslng
lnterests ln polltlcal electlve posts. lor lnstance, the current leader Malna n[enga ln 2012
launched asplratlon to run lor presldency ln 2013 on the kenya natlonal ?outh Alllance tlcket.
Although the Sect's cultural practlces and polltlcal vlews remaln controverslal ln kenyan
malnstream soclety, lt has a huge lollowlng among the unemployed and poor cltlzens. lt was
estlmated by kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) that the membershlp ol the
group mlght range lrom thousands to llve mllllon although the accurate lnlormatlon ls not
avallable due to the underground and secretlve nature ol the sect. Most youths are drawn to
the sect by the pledge ol ollerlng them employment and money. lts maln actlvltles lnclude
17
taxlng publlc transport and other servlces such as electrlclty and water, protectlon lee on
tenants relocatlng to areas controlled by Muoq|k| and kldnapplng people lor ransom (Muchlrl &
kamau, 2012). 1he group strongly emerged durlng the post electlon ol 2008.
nonetheless, desplte the Sect havlng lts actlvltles predomlnantly ln the slums ol nalrobl
whlch are lnhablted by varlous ethnlc groups, lt was noted by Adepegba (2011) that the
Muoq|k| draws lts membershlp lrom the klkuyu trlbe. 1he klkuyu are the largest trlbe ln kenya
as lt comprlse ol 22 percent ol the kenyan populatlon (kn8S, 2010). Apart lrom the slums
belng the centre ol the Muoq|k| actlvltles, Central provlnce ol kenya ls also an area that has
experlenced regular Muoq|k| actlvltles. lor lnstance, Murang'a dlstrlct whlch ls ln Central
provlnce ls consldered a stronghold ol the gang as lt has been constantly ravaged by lts
actlvltles as lt operates as a cartel and controls ma[or economlc actlvltles.
lmportantly, recrultment ol lts members largely remalns voluntary although there are
some lnstances where lorced recrultment occurs. 1hls especlally happens to the youth who
reluse to [oln the sect as they lace attacks, harassment and lorclble recrultment lrom lts
members. Accordlng to kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) the members are
lorced to swear oath ol secrecy upon recrultment, betrayal ls on the other hand ls punlshable
by death. 1hls was ascertalned by Ckombo and Sana (2010) ln thelr lnvestlgatlon ol the
Muoq|k|s actlvltles where a lormer sect member descrlbed the recrultment rltual he
underwent ln 1998. Accordlng to the lnlormant, a recrult must undergo a rltual ln a house
where they are lnlormed that lt ls a holy place as the rltual admlnlstrator lssues a number ol
threats as a goat ls slaughtered. 8aw meat ls therealter glven to be eaten alter recltlng 'l have
[olned the Muoq|k| sect and ll l come out, l have agreed to dle, ll l am glven a property l wlll
keep lt and not dlsclose to anybody and ll l do so l wlll accept to dle'. 1herealter, the recrults
18
are glven other lnstructlons such as never to wear underpants, never to marry a woman who ls
not clrcumclsed, not to bath wlthln the 14 days alter lnltlatlon and not to sleep wlth thelr wlves
wlthln the lnltlatlon perlod (14 days alter) (Wamue, 2003). 1he recrults are also lnstructed not
to worshlp ln a church and that ll they dle, they must be burled as per the klkuyu tradltlons. 1he
new recrults are lnstructed to source three new members belore belng threatened to be
beheaded ll they go agalnst the oath.
lndeed, lt can be concluded that the actlvltles ol the sect remaln largely secretlve due to
the klnd ol threats glven durlng the lnltlatlon. As a matter ol lact, the threat admlnlstered have
ln most cases come to pass to those members who have llved agalnst thelr oath. 1hls has made
lt hard lor any member ol the sect to dlvulge any lnlormatlon regardlng the operatlon ol the
group learlng lor the repercusslons that come wlth such klnd ol a move.
2.3 Threats presented by organized crime
2.3.1 1hreats of Insecur|ty
ulllerent government department and organlzatlon have advanced dlllerent dellnltlon
ol the term lnsecurlty. klng and Murray (2001) borrowed the llndlngs ol a unu report to
dellne the term as relerrlng to the lreedom ol lear and want. Llkewlse, on an lnterestlng and
supportlng note, Cuellette (2004:22) dellned lnsecurlty as worrylng about loslng anythlng
owned". 1hls scholar held the notlons that were advanced ln the unu report by oplnlng that
lnsecurlty was caused by the lear to loss somethlng.
Cn a dlllerent perspectlve, un Pabltat (2007) revealed that mlshaps and lnsecurltles
were pervaslve and lntegral parts ol the lll-belng ol the poor people ln slums. As such, the slum
people lelt threatened, learlul, anxlous and mlserable. A recent study by two kenyan scholars-
19
8owen, Murelthl and Morara (2009) went ahead to document statlstlcs that showed that
lnsecurlty was the second most presslng challenge laclng Small and Medlum Lnterprlses ln
kenya wlth an estlmated 68. nonetheless, they llnked the cause ol lnsecurlty to emanate
lrom outlawed gangs llke the Muoq|k| that operate ln slums.
urawlng lnlerences lrom a uSAlu (2009) report that examlned the causes ol lood
lnsecurlty ln kenya, the researcher came to polnt out that slum lnsecurlty occurred ln the
context ol ongolng polltlcal and clvll unrests. 1he report expounded on lts statement by glvlng
the example ol the 2007 post-electlon vlolence ln kenya. Accordlng to lts llndlngs that were
adopted lrom the kenyan Covernment, thls vlolence created lnsecurlty that dlsplaced more
than 663, 000 and led to death ol over 1, 100 persons both ln rural and urban places. 1o
support thls, Ckombo and Sana (2010) conducted a study that examlned the challenges ol
correctlng ethnlc relatlons ln kenyan urban slums and arrlved at the concluslon that slum
dwellers were the worst allected, wlth mobs capltallzlng on the post-electlon vlolence crlsls.
Lvldence showed that kenyan mllltlas such as the Muoq|k| were lnvolved belore and
alter electlons ln causlng the mayhem especlally ln the slum dwelllngs. 1hese outlawed
grouplng were hlred by polltlclans to achleve thelr polltlcal scores. Lxamples ol such scores
were hlghllghted when lndlvlduals protested agalnst lnternal party democracy that was
manllested ln the selectlve awardlng ol nomlnatlon certlllcates to party losers. 1he same
grouplng were used to advance chaos that led to the lootlng, vandallzlng, burnlng and kllllng ol
lnnocent cltlzens ln kenyan slums (Ckombo & Sana, 2010). 1he above llndlngs were also
corroborated by the kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts 8eport (2008) whlch
documented shocklng excerpts ol a wltness' account. ln the lntervlew, the wltness revealed
that the 2007 post-electlon vlolence crlsls had opened the way lor the maraudlng youth ln
20
Mathare, uandora, klbera and other slums to carry out lllegal acts such as cuttlng oll women's
ears, arms, burnlng ol peoples' houses amongst others (kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman
8lghts 8eport, 2008)
More so, the Wakl 8eport (2008) that was lormed to lnvestlgate lnto the root causes ol
post-electlon vlolence documented a number ol lmportant llndlngs that arose lrom the crlsls.
1o start wlth, the report establlshed that 1,133 deaths, 3, 361 ln[urles and 117,216 lnstances ol
property destructlon had occurred as a result ol the post-electlon crlsls. ln addltlon, the report
ldentllled centrallzatlon ol power ln the resldentlal system and land grlevances as the root
causes ol the vlolence (Wakl 8eport, 2008). nonetheless, the report went ahead to mentlon the
sexual vlolence that was commltted agalnst men and women, as well as lnternal dlsplacement
that ma[orly allected chlldren and women as some ol the worst ellects that the crlsls had. 1he
archltects ol these atroclous acts were the members ol outlawed gangs that lnclude the
Muoq|k|.
Accordlng to the results ol the Crosson (2004) report, a ma[orlty ol the respondents on
the study ol causes ol lnsecurlty clted low presence ol law enlorcement olllcers as the reason
lor lncreased cases ol lnsecurlty or crlme ln nalrobl slums. 1hls glves outlawed gangs a space to
advance thelr crlmlnal actlvltles ln these settlements. Whlle statlng that the anchayat ollclng
System had been created to provlde better pollclng to the lnhabltants ol Mumbal slums ln
lndla, the unlted natlons report (2010) gave the reason behlnd lts lormatlon as orlglnatlng lrom
the lack ol conlldence that slum dwellers had developed towards the regular state securlty
agents. 1hls report had gone ahead to lnslst that the slum lnhabltants had completely lost
conlldence ln the pollce to the extent that they were unwllllng to report even dayllght crlmes
(unlted natlons, 2010). Accordlng to kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) thls
21
typlcal sltuatlon ln the lnlormal settlements ol nalrobl results ln prollleratlon ol crlmlnal
actlvltles by the outlawed gangs.
lntrlgulngly, the llndlngs lrom the Wakl 8eport (2008) also lald blame on lnellectlve
pollclng as belng behlnd the lncreased state ol lnsecurlty that succeeded the 2007
electloneerlng perlod. ln one ol lts llndlngs, the report lound evldence ol masslve lallures by
the state securlty agencles, especlally the pollce, ln antlclpatlng and contalnlng the escalatlng
vlolence by the crlmlnal gangs such as the Muoq|k|. lnstead ol contalnlng the vlolence as would
have been the case, the report stated that the pollce were responslble lor the gunshot wounds
that led to a 'thlrd ol the deaths' (Wakl 8eport, 2008:417). Also, natlonal 1ask lorce on ollce
8elorms (2009) that was chalred by renowned 8etlred South Alrlca !udge hlllp 8ansley backed
up the llndlngs on the rotten character ol the kenya ollce by assertlng that the pollce lorce
had lost publlc conlldence. 1hls emanated lrom the lact that the lorce had been eroded and lts
lmage talnted on accusatlons ol excesslve use ol lorce, brutallty, lmpunlty, abuse ol due
process, mallgnant corruptlon and lts dlsregard lor human rlghts (natlonal 1ask lorce on ollce
8elorms, 2009). As a result, crlmlnal gangs such as the Muoq|k| lncreased thelr crlmlnal
actlvltles as a way to revenge agalnst the pollce brutallty hence ln the process escalatlng state
ol lnsecurlty ln the slum areas and other areas ol thelr operatlons.
lurthermore, the Muoq|k| banked on the [oblessness to advance thelr actlvltles ln the
slum areas. !oblessness was descrlbed as the number ol conglomerate persons wlth varylng
backgrounds who are wllllng and able to work, but cannot llnd any asslgnment that can earn a
llvlng lor them (Athanne, 2011). 8orrowlng lrom the un Pabltat (2004) report, the researcher
establlshed that poverty and slums were closely related ln the urban contexts. 1hls means that
slums set ups were the central stage upon whlch most urban challenges such as lack ol
22
adequate shelter and lnsecurlty orlglnated lrom. ln a study by Ckalor (2011) on youth
unemployment and lts luture lmpllcatlon on the nlgerlan democracy, thls researcher polnted
out that nlgerlan streets had been 'llttered' wlth many unemployed youths who would have
lound galnlul employment ln a number ol small enterprlses lb|J., p.339. 1he respected nlgerlan
scholar went ahead to expound on hls llndlng by warnlng that these chronlc youth
unemployment had the capablllty ol undermlnlng the democratlc practlce. 1hls was so because
they constltuted a serlous threat to human securlty. Adepegba (2011) went ahead to back up
the llndlngs by postulatlng that such ldle youth could be easlly 'bought' and engaged by the
wealthy polltlcal class to advance clandestlne mlsslons. 1hls was a true rellectlon ln the kenyan
scenarlo as the Muoq|k| gang banked on the hlgh rate ol [oblessness and poverty to recrult
more youths to the Sect's actlvltles (un Pabltat, 2007). As a result, thls lncreased level ol
lnsecurlty ln the slum areas ol nalrobl.
1elllngly, Meeks and Llndahl (2001) cogently hlghllghted that economlc lnsecurlty,
[oblessness and poverty constltuted a condltlon ol economlc deprlvatlon ol the poor, especlally
ln the slums ol the urban set-up |b|J., p.223. 1hls was supported by kallnga (2012) who stated
that the root cause ol poverty was not the scarclty ol resources as some people had branded lt
but a palnlul and deep lack ol sharlng and carlng ln our socletles. Cn the same note, klelburger
(2010) candldly [ustllled hls statement by acknowledglng that most people had concentrated on
sharlng thelr resources wlth thelr loved ones and lorgettlng that people were a global lamlly.
Cn lts part, a study by Ckombo and Sana (2010) showed that as a result ol the rampant
dlscrlmlnatlon, most poor lamllles had lalled to educate thelr chlldren. 1hls meant that a
ma[orlty ol the youths ln the slum set-ups dropped out ol school once they had llnlshed
accesslng the lree prlmary educatlon (say ln kenya). 1he non-schoollng youths became ldle and
23
llnally [olned crlmlnal gangs such as the Muoq|k| hence breachlng the peacelul co-exlstence ln
these lnlormal settlngs.
2.4 Effects of organised crime on the political, economic and social-cultural structures
in Kenya
2.4.1 Lffects on soc|o-cu|tura| structures
Cperatlon ol the Muoq|k| gang has had varlous negatlves ellects on the polltlcs,
economlcs and soclo-cultural practlces ln kenya. Wlth respect to soclo-cultural structure, drug
and alcohol mlsuse has been a threat. 8aslng on the llndlngs ol kallpenl (2004:169), the
researcher asserts that the lrustratlons ol unemployment and lncome lnsecurlty promote hlgh
levels ol alcohol and drug abuse among men ln the lnlormal settlement areas". Moreover,
these youth later [oln crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k| gang who agaln promote use ol
drugs and alcohol ln order to perpetrate thelr actlvltles (Muglsha, Muglsha & Pagembe, 2003).
Soclally, thls leaves the responslblllty ol provldlng lood and other baslc needs to women. More
so, ln an emplrlcal survey study on substance abuse amongst selected crlmlnal gangs ln slum
dlstrlct ln lndla, kumar (2010) asserted that members ol the crlmlnal gangs consumed lllegal
substances to be able to undertake crlmlnal actlvltles. lurthermore, Muglsha et al. (2003)
acknowledged that llllclt substances, drug and alcohol use among members ol the crlmlnal
gangs was not only rlsky health behavlour ln thls era ol Plv/AluS but also a potentlal threat to
the securlty threat both to the urban and nelghbourlng urban dwellers.
24
2.4.1.1 Cvercrowd|ng
1he un Pabltat 8eport (2006) on the state ol World Cltles acknowledged that ll more
than lour persons llved together ln a tlny room, there was a llkellhood that that they wlll be
susceptlble to lnlectlous dlsease and domestlc vlolence. Cn the other hand, (8ardhan, 2003)
stated that they were llkely to lose thelr dlgnlty. 1hls has been the ellects on the members ol
the Muoq|k| slnce lt was noted by un Pabltat (2007) that they have tendencles ol overcrowdlng
themselves ln slum areas ol nalrobl ln order to have a sense ol belonglng and to bulld a strong
lorce.
Cn a dlllerent note, a study was carrled out on overcrowdlng ln slums and came to note
that as a result ol rapld urbanlzatlon, llle ln most slum areas had become more lnhumane and
overpopulated as ever. Whlle narrowlng the overcrowdlng scenarlo to the Alrlcan perspectlve,
thls researcher revlewed statlstlcs that revealed that Alrlca was ranked second wlth an
estlmated 73 mllllon persons sullerlng lrom overcrowded condltlons (un Pabltat, 2006). 1hls
same llndlng was backed by un Pabltat 8eport (2003:73) that stated that wlth slum
overcrowdlng occurrlng at a lastenlng pace, there was a llkellhood that the rate ol drug
addlctlon, crlme, alcohollsm, sulclde and mental lllness would also keep on lncreaslng.
Accordlng to Wakl 8eport (2008), thls has been typlcal to the kenyan slums due to hopelessness
ol llle resultlng to masslve recrultment ol slums dwellers to crlmlnal gangs llke the Muoq|k|
hence worsenlng the state ol securlty ln these lnlormal settlements.
2.4.2 Lffects on econom|c structures
23
2.4.2.1 Scarc|ty of kesources
1he economlc structure has not been spared by the presence ol crlmlnal actlvltles ol the
Muoq|k| gang. Most researchers have polnted that outlawed groups have posed huge problems
to most developlng countrles. 1hls ls because they are by dellnltlon areas ln whlch the
lnhabltants lack access to lundamental resources such as sanltatlon, durable houslng, lmproved
water supply, adequate llvlng space, and llghtlng amongst many. kallnga (2012) noted that as a
result ol the above, staylng ln a crlmlnal envlronment makes people desperate, unproductlve
and hopeless and learlul to engage lnto posltlve economlc actlvltles ln order to translorm thelr
llves. 1hls ln return constltutes a perlect breedlng ground lor vlolence, chaos and lnsecurlty
(Ckombo et al., 2010).
Moreover, there have been other ellects on buslnesses whlch lnclude burglary that
have negatlvely allected buslness establlshments. Accordlng to the llndlngs ol the study on
small buslness challenges ln the country, the author noted that desplte buslness belng at the
heart ol the country's economy, many entrepreneurs had lound lt lmposslble to reallze thelr
buslness dreams due to outlawed groups' actlvltles (Athanne, 2011). 8owen et ol (2009)
corroborated these llndlngs by glvlng the example ol kenya whereby though small and medlum
enterprlses (SMLs) contrlbuted over 30 percent ol the new [ob opportunltles ln the year 2003,
they stlll lace the threat ol lallure slnce these buslnesses experlence a number ol challenges
lrom crlmlnal gangs ln the slum areas.
Powever, a study by un Pabltat (2007) argued that lt was wrong to group all buslnesses
under one category ln relatlon to the challenges belng experlenced. 8ased on the same un
Pabltat (2007) report, SMLs were the most hlt by the challenges. Accordlng to the report, SMLs
were knocked out ol buslness due a number ol lactors such as lack ol lunds, stlll competltlon
26
and lnsecurlty. 1he same un study expounded on the securlty varlable by hlghllghtlng that
some sectlons ol the kenyan slums were hlghly lnsecure (un Pabltat, 2007). 1he ultlmate result
ol the lnsecurlty has seen lncreased lncldences ol burglary and thelt. Cn lts part, a recent study
by kenyan scholars, 8owen et ol. (2009), hlghllghted that many small scale entrepreneurs
lacked lunds to sustaln the buslnesses and also the hlgh rates ol lnsecurlty.
2.4.2.2 8us|ness ke|ocat|on or Sh|ft|ng
lurthermore, accordlng to Athanne (2011), buslness operatlng ln envlronments heavlly
hablted by members ol outlawed groups such as the Muoq|k| negatlvely allects the economlc
success ol the locallty as a result ol masslve buslness relocatlon. 8elerrlng to a unlted natlons
study on the embeddlng ol human rlghts ln buslness practlce, the author adopted the thlnklng
ol 1he unlted natlons Secretary Ceneral who ldentllled one ol the ellects ol lnsecurlty as
lorced evlctlons that caused populatlon dlsplacement (unlted natlons, 2010). ln lurtherlng the
thlnklng to lncorporate the llndlngs ol uuyne (1996), the author went ahead to establlsh that
the result ol lncreased populatlon dlsplacement corresponded wlth the relocatlon ol buslness
operatlons to saler worklng places.
1he un habltat report on the state ol Alrlcan Cltles havlng postulated that the countlng
ol urban populatlon was a very lmportant tool lor urban plannlng candldly stated lts
dlsappolntment lrom the lact that ln many cltles, lt was hard to determlne the actual number
ol slum resldents. 1hls was so because the slum resldents were hlghly lluld and moblle. 1he
causes ol the moblllty and lluldlty can be llnked to lncreased lncldences ol lnsecurlty caused by
crlmlnal gangs such as the Muoq|k| and the need to look lor alternatlve places ol derlvlng thelr
llvellhoods (uSAlu 8eport, 2009).
27
Addltlonally, un Pabltat (2007) conducted a survey on the ellect ol crlmlnal gangs ln
developlng countrles and establlshed that they result to closure ol enterprlses ln thelr
operatlng envlronments. 1hls was lurther supported by the lnternatlonal Monetary lund (2003)
whlch stated that envlronments wlth operatlons ol crlmlnal groups were prone to physlcal
lnsecurltles that led to wldespread cases ol rlslng crlme levels. 1he report went ahead to lnslst
that such lnsecurltles had the ellect ol acceleratlng the already worsenlng poverty levels due to
closure ol lncome generatlng buslnesses. 1hls orlglnated lrom the lact that lncldences ol
burglary and thelt lorced buslnessmen out ol thelr buslnesses. Cn the other hand, lrancks
(1999) noted that the closure ol enterprlses lelt many people wlthout [obs to derlve thelr
earnlng lrom, thus lessenlng and dlsruptlng lrlendshlp and or klnshlp relatlons.
notably, lt was asserted by 8lossleld, mllls, kurz & kll[zlng (2003) that reglons wlth
prevalence ol crlmlnal actlvltles lace dllllcultles ln accesslng credlt slnce there ls usually hlgh
rlsk ol loslng buslness property. A study by Muglsha et al. (2003) noted that lt was no surprlse
that lnsecurlty had led to low lnvestment malnly because lt led to denlal ol access to loan
lacllltles. Several studles have polnted out that most llnanclal lnstltutlons were unwllllng to
oller credlt lacllltles to cllents ln lnsecurlty prone areas (Amnesty lnternatlonal 8eport, 2010).
1hls ls because ol the lact that chances are hlgh that thelr enterprlses' survlval lndex ls low due
to the prevalent lncldences ol thelt, murder, burglary and arson. As such, lt had become very
lmposslble lor the small and medlum enterprlses ln lnsecurlty prone areas to access credlt
lacllltles to expand on thelr buslnesses (Crosson, 2004).
nonetheless, kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) noted that crlmlnal
actlvltles ln a reglon cause depreclatlon ol property values. Many reasons support the notlon
that lnsecurlty causes depreclatlon ol property values. lor lnstance, a 8eport lrom the Select
28
Commlttee on the Canadlan Clvll Covernment establlshed that depreclatlon on property such
as land and resldentlal bulldlngs had taken place ln the towns ol Montreal and Cuebec as a
result ol some leellng ol lnsecurlty that arose lrom the prevlous dlssentlng ln the government.
nonetheless, Ckombo and Sana (2010) carrled out a study on the challenge ol mendlng ethnlc
tenslons ln nalrobl slums and went ahead to assert that the ethnlc tenslons that arose lrom the
2007-2008 ost electlon vlolence had led to the shlltlng ol the populatlon ln masses. 1hls
shlltlng was supplemented by the dlsposal ol vlctlms' propertles at 'a throw-away prlces'.
2.5 Challenges faced by a government in combating organised crime
Accordlng to kumar (2010), presence ol crlmlnal gangs ln any country present varlous
challenges to the state ln the attempt to combat the menace. 1hls posltlon was also held by
Amnesty lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) on a study on the challenges that are posed by these
crlmlnal gangs and establlshed that economlc lnsecurlty ls a ma[or challenge that lace the state
slnce ln most cases government use lorce whlch lnstead exacerbate the lnsecurlty problem. As
a result, economlc securlty ln these areas ls negatlvely allected. Moreover, thls ls a challenge
slnce both the state and the cltlzens lace economlc lnsecurlty as the llnanclal lnstltutlons are
always unwllllng to provlde credlts to support economlc actlvltles ln these areas.
Moreover, glven the state ol slums ln kenya whlch ls usually characterlzed by
overcrowdlng and crlmlnal actlvltles, lt becomes a challenge lor the government to control the
outlawed groups. Cn lts webslte, un Pabltat (2011) stated that kenya's capltal clty nalrobl had
some ol the most dense, overcrowded, unsanltary and lnsecure slums ln the World. 1he report
went ahead to expound on lts lmportant llndlng by acknowledglng that almost hall the clty's
populatlon llved ln more than a hundred squatter and slums settlements that lormed the clty's
29
suburbs. As a result, the government llnds lt dllllcult to control outlawed gangs slnce the entlre
slum populatlon ls characterlzed by crlmlnal actlvltles hence maklng lt dllllcult to ldentlly the
Sect members.
lurthermore, ln combatlng the outlawed groups, the government ol kenya has been
uslng lts securlty agents notably the ollce. nonetheless, ln the ellort to thwart thelr actlvltles,
tbe Muoq|k| has ln most cases responded to thls wlth retallatory actlvltles. 1hls lact was
alllrmed by Amnesty lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) whlch establlshed that on 3
rd
March 2002, the
Muoq|k| members wleldlng axes, machetes and other weapons stormed karlobangl Lstate
whlch ls also an lnlormal settlement ln nalrobl county kllllng 20 people whlle ln[urlng a score ol
others as retallatory attacks alter the pollce cracked down ol thelr actlvltles. Moreover, the
pollce lorce ltsell has at tlmes been vlctlm ol the crlmlnal actlvltles ol the sect. lor lnstance,
natlonal 1ask lorce on ollce 8elorms (2009) alllrmed that ln !une 2007, 2464 Muoq|k|
members were arrested by the pollce ln relatlon to beheadlng ol people assumed to be
delectors ol the Sect. 1hls resulted to the kllllngs ol varlous pollce olllcers. 1herelore, lt can be
alllrmed that any control actlvlty ol the Muoq|k| actlvltles ls usually lollowed by the very
crlmlnal actlvltles targetlng both the clvlllans and the pollce lorce hence compllcatlng the
ellorts.
lmportantly, ln 2007, the Covernment ol kenya lormed a speclal unlt ln the pollce lorce
called 'kwekwe squad to crackdown the Muoq|k| gang members. Accordlng to the natlonal
1ask lorce on ollce 8elorms (2009), thls lollowed numerous brutal kllllng that were advanced
to the Sect members ln areas assumed to be the centre ol thelr operatlons. 1hls was lollowed
by the outcry by the clvll soclety ol the excesslve lorce or what came to be commonly known as
extra [udlclal kllllngs by the pollce lorce. 1he pollce lorce and the government ln general were
30
condemned lor dlsrespect ol human rlghts thus lurther compllcatlng ellorts to control these
crlmlnal actlvltles.
1hls posltlon was supported by Amnesty lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) who held that
'kwekwe' operated as a death squad as lt carrled out several mass executlon ol the percelved
Sect members as dead bodles ln desolate larms were lound scattered ln central provlnce. 1hls
lurther ralsed more human rlghts lssues as most bodles were establlshed to have been kllled by
bullets ln the back llkely lrom a close range.
nonetheless, lt was noted by unlted natlons (2010) that the pollce lorce ltsell ls always
accused ol lllegltlmate vlolence whlch results to common dlstrust among the kenyan cltlzens.
lor lnstance, ln 1991, kenya Puman 8lghts Commlsslon estlmated that at least 4000 clvlllans
were kllled whlle over 600,000 people were dlsplaced as a result ol state sponsored vlolence.
1hls eroded publlc trust ol the state machlnerles ln provldlng securlty to lts populace. As a
result, lew people are less wllllng to cooperate wlth the pollce lorce ln contalnlng the Sect's
actlvltles. Agaln, hlllp Alston alllrmed thls belleve as he concluded that kenya as a country has
a culture ol lmpunlty whlch makes lt lmposslble to control problems related to outlawed
crlmlnal groups (Crano, 2010).
lmportantly, accordlng to unlted natlons 8eport (2007), the Muoq|k| members clalmed
to have recrulted lrlendly pollce olllcers who are loyal and admlnlstered the oath to the
movements' cause. 1hls lurther compllcates the ellorts ol combatlng the Sect as the pollce who
are supposed to restore order are themselves used as merchants ol crlme and death. As a
result, publlc trust ol the pollce lorce ls lurther eroded as lt ls seen as part ol the crlmlnal gangs.
31
2.6 Possible solutions to control organized crime
Crlmlnal actlvltles advanced by the Muoq|k| and other outlawed Sects ln kenya requlres
both proactlve and reactlve measures. 1he Covernment ol kenya have so lar trled to come up
wlth lnltlatlves to combat threats posed by the Sect actlvltles but to a large extend, the ellorts
have not been ellectlve as earller thought. Wlth the wldespread vlolence ln most lnlormal
settlements ln nalrobl, the Covernment has ln most cases trled to quell the crlsls by deploylng
Ceneral Servlce unlt (CSu) as a strategy to llght llre wlth llre" whlch to some extend has
helped to suppress the Sect's actlvltles. lor lnstance, lt was postulated by Amnesty
lnternatlonal 8eport (2010), that although CSu lnterventlon dld not restore order lmmedlately,
resldents admltted that the sltuatlonal lnterventlon helped ln reduclng vandallsm, arson,
lootlng and overt vlolence ln the patrolled slum areas. lor that reason, lt ls lmperatlve that the
pollce patrol actlvltles should be enhanced ln the areas purported to be the Muoq|k|
stronghold. Moreover, the pollce olllcers on thls asslgnment should be thoroughly vetted to
ensure that they are nelther thelr sympathlzers nor those who have already taken the Sect's
oath to support thelr cause.
ln addltlon, borrowlng lrom the peace bulldlng ellorts ol north-western kenya where
several communltles malnly okot, 1urkana and karamo[ong were engaged ln seasoned
conlllcts over resources and cattle rustllng, the Covernment can constltute a peace commlttee
comprlsed ol the Sect leaders and other communlty leaders ln the ellort ol addresslng thelr
percelved soclo-economlc and polltlcal problems. Accordlng to Abrahamsen and Wllllams
(2010) thls can help to create a strong structure that can ellectlvely respond to vlolence and
address the percelved ln[ustlces that lorm a root cause ol the Sect's lormatlon. Ckombo et ol
32
(2010) agrees wlth thls posltlon by argulng that communlty based peace lnltlatlve should be a
countrywlde exerclse slnce other areas also have thelr own outlawed crlmlnal gangs wlth the
same operatlonal leatures llke those ol the Muoq|k| gang.
notably, unemployment was noted ln the llterature as one ol the maln reasons that
make most youth to be recrulted as the Muoq|k| members wlth promlses ol employment and
other entlcement. lndeed, lt ls lmperatlve to address thls root cause. 1herelore, lt was oplned
by Crano (2010) that ln order to control thls problem, lt ls lmportant to create employment
actlvltles lor the youth to keep them engaged. Powever, thls approach was undertaken by the
Covernment ol kenya through 'koz| kwo v|jooo lnltlatlve but the pro[ect has lalled to achleve
lts ob[ectlves due to poor management ol lunds meant to lmplement the pro[ect (Momanyl,
2011). lor that case, such lnltlatlve need to be establlshed and managed well ln order to engage
unemployed youths to prevent thelr engagement ln crlmlnal actlvltles.
ln addltlon, lt was establlshed by Amnesty lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) that most ol the
outlawed groups llke the Muoq|k| are always ln custody ol varlous crude and lllegal weapons
whlch they use to commlt atrocltles. lor that case, ln order to control thelr actlvltles, lt ls
lmperatlve to carry out dlsarmament operatlons to mop out all weapons ln possesslon ol the
Sect members and other clvlllans. 1hls posltlon was supported by Ckalor (2011) as he alllrmed
that ln case ol reslstance, the government must use lorcelul dlsarmament exerclse to ensure
these harmlul weapons are not ln possesslon by unauthorlsed people.
2.7. Theories of organised crime
ln order to lnvestlgate the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme and especlally how
lt has allected the soclal, polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context, lt was
33
lmportant to evaluate varlous theorles that [ustlly these behavlours. lor that case, thls paper
evaluated allen consplracy theory, ratlonal cholce theory, learnlng theory and soclal
dlsorganlzatlon theory.
2.7.1 A||en Consp|racy 1heory
1he allen consplracy theory puts blame to the outslde and outslders lnlluences lor the
presence ol organlzed crlme ln an envlronment. 1he theory has lts orlgln ln 1860s ln the unlted
States (u.S) where lt was belleved that lmmlgrants were responslble lor the organlzed crlme ln
the u.S. Accordlng to 8aumer (2007), thls had lts orlgln wlth the Creat Mlgratlon that led to
over llve mllllon mlgrants ol the ltallan orlgln to settle ln the u.S. 1he theory holds that the
organlzed crlme ol the u.S. was made up ol the 23 crlme lamllles ol the ltallan descent whlch
dlvlded the country lnto dlllerent geographlcal areas that they controlled.
1herelore, allen consplracy theory can approprlately be applled ln the kenyan context
glven the nature ol orlgln and operatlon ol the Muoq|k| as an organlzed crlmlnal group. ln
kenyan context, the Muoq|k| ls largely assoclated wlth the klkuyu trlbe who comprlse 22
percent ol the kenyan populatlon (kn8S, 2010). nonetheless, desplte the Sect havlng lts
actlvltles predomlnantly ln the Central rovlnce, lts members have mlgrated to other provlnces
such as nalrobl and 8llt valley. As a result, lt created lts operatlon zones ln these provlnces. lor
lnstance, ln nalrobl, lt has turned slums to be lts operatlonal base as lt operates as a cartel
controlllng ma[or economlc actlvltles.
2.7.2 kat|ona| cho|ce theory
1he ratlonal cholce theory holds varlous assumptlons whlch lnclude but not llmlted to: a
person actlng ratlonally, people belng able to choose behavlours elther devlant or conlormlng
34
based on thelr calculatlons ratlonally, elements ol calculatlons lnvolvlng a cost benellt analysls
whlch ls based on paln versus pleasure among others. 8aumer (2007) provldes an example ol
thls theory ol a husband who dlscovers that the wlle ls cheatlng on her by havlng an allalr wlth
another man and chooses to klll her and the other man or both. 1hls cholce entalls rlsklng
personal ln[ury or lmprlsonment. lor that case, the declslon to commlt a crlme ls reached as a
ratlonal cholce that ls arrlved at alter welghlng consequences and benellts ol a glven optlon.
Wlth respect to ratlonal cholce theory, tbe Muoq|k| ls comprlsed ol mostly young people
who are unemployed and looklng lor an avenue to break thelr vlclous cycle ol poverty. lor that
case, they make ratlonal declslon ol [olnlng the outlawed group conslderlng lts consequences.
As such, ldle youth are easlly 'bought' and engaged by the Sect leaders to advance clandestlne
mlsslons. 1hls was a true rellectlon ln the kenyan scenarlo as the Muoq|k| gang banked on the
hlgh rate ol [oblessness and poverty to recrult more youths to the Sect's actlvltles (un Pabltat,
2007). Cn the part ol the youth, they make the declslon ol [olnlng the Sect alter welghlng
varlous benellts and consequences hence they are assumed to be maklng thelr ratlonal cholces.
2.7.3 Learn|ng theory
1he learnlng theory emphaslzes that ablllty, attltude, values and behavlours are
requlred to malntaln crlmlnal actlvltles. sychology and soclology as dlsclpllnes hold that
lndlvlduals acqulre devlant behavlour and values wlthln the lamlly context and lrlends. 1hls ls
attrlbuted to the lact that crlmlnal behavlour and ways ol deallng wlth lts consequences are
learned. lor lnstance, Mlller (2008) argued that an lndlvldual partlclpatlon ln gang actlvltles at a
young age provldes a lertlle ground lor partlclpatlon ln the organlzed crlme ln luture.
33
Addltlonally, lt was alllrmed by Lyman and Cary (2007) that crlmlnal actlvltles are learned by an
lndlvldual as a result ol assoclatlon wlth those wlth these tralts.
Wlth respect to the Muoq|k| ln kenya, the learnlng theory can be approprlately used to
explaln lts exlstence. llrst and loremost, the Sect has lts operatlonal base ln the slum areas
where more than lour persons llve together ln a tlny room. 1herelore, there ls a llkellhood that
that they are susceptlble to lnlectlous dlseases and domestlc vlolence. Moreover, the
overcrowdlng also glves them a sense ol belonglng and helps to bulld a strong lorce. lor that
case, the Sect's actlvltles are easlly learned by new members resldlng ln these envlrons.
Cn a dlllerent note, a study was carrled out on overcrowdlng ln slums and came to note
that as a result ol rapld urbanlzatlon, llle ln most slum areas ln nalrobl had become more
lnhumane and overpopulated as ever. lor that case, wlth slum overcrowdlng rlslng
exponentlally, there ls a llkellhood that the rate ol drug addlctlon, crlme and alcohollsm keep
lncreaslng due to learnlng experlence that ls lacllltated through close assoclatlon. Accordlng to
Wakl 8eport (2008), thls has been typlcal to the kenyan slums due to hopelessness ol llle
resultlng to masslve recrultment ol slums dwellers to crlmlnal gangs llke the Muoq|k| hence
worsenlng the state ol securlty ln these lnlormal settlements.
2.7.4 Soc|a| d|sorgan|zat|on theory
Accordlng to Cary (2003), soclal dlsorganlzatlon theory holds that crlmlnallty ls llnked to
varlous soclal condltlons ln a glven nelghbourhood. 1he reason lor the crlme actlvltles ln these
areas are usually attrlbuted to lamlllal deterloratlon, urban decay and general soclal
deterloratlon. 1hls posltlon was lurther supported by Lyman and Cary (2007) who alllrmed that
crlmlnallty becomes more prevalent ln areas characterlzed by lnadequacy ol soclal servlces,
36
houslng, healthcare, educatlonal opportunltles among others. All these exacerbate the problem
ol crlmlnallty and soclal dlsorganlzatlon.
1he soclal dlsorganlzatlon theory llts well ln the kenyan context ol the Muoq|k| due to
the lnadequacy ol the soclal amenltles that has resulted to the scramble ol the lew that are
avallable. As a result, the outlawed gangs have strateglzed themselves to control these lacllltles
ln the lnlormal settlement areas. lor lnstance, wlth regard to the Muoq|k| gang, lts maln
actlvltles lnclude taxlng publlc transport and other servlces such as electrlclty, water and
extortlon, charglng lee on tenants relocatlng to areas controlled by them and kldnapplng
people lor ransom lor soclal lullllment hence resultlng to soclal dlsorganlzatlon.
2.7.S 1heoret|ca| framework
1he study theorlzed that there are varlous lactors that determlne presence ol organlzed
crlme ln any envlronment. ln reallty, these lactors lnclude ethnlclty. lt was noted by Crlsls
Croup (2008) that ethnlclty can be a posltlve aspect that englneers economlc and soclal stablllty
slnce lt glves a sense ol belonglng that nurtures cooperatlon ln soclal, economlc and polltlcal
actlvltles. Powever, the lactor can also be detrlmental to these aspects ll lt ls negatlvely
embraced. ln such cases, lt results to lsolatlon ol some groups hence leadlng to vlce such as
trlballsm. Covernance was also percelved to be a lactor that determlnes lormatlon and
actlvltles ol organlzed crlme. 1hls was asserted by Anderson (2002) who noted that ln
[urlsdlctlons where there ls oppresslve rule, outlawed gangs are usually lormed to oppose
government's pollcles. ln well governed states where rule ol law prevalls, there ls no emlnent
resentment lrom the populace towards the government thus there ls llttle lorces to lormatlon
ol outlawed groups lor reprlsal. ln addltlon, economlcs, polltlcs, cultural and soclal practlces
37
were also theorlzed as other lactors that lnlluence operatlon ol organlzed groups. llgure 1
below therelore lllustrates theoretlcal lramework used ln the study.
I|gure 1: 1heoret|ca| Iramework
Cont|nued growth and stab|||ty (Lega||zed groups)
osltlvlty ol the lactors
negatlvlty ol the lactors
Degenerat|on of economy, |nstab|||ty and |nsecur|ty (Cut|awed gangs)
Source: Author
2.8 Scope of the study
1he study was conducted ln the lnlormal settlements ol nalrobl clty ol kenya and lts
envlrons. 1he Sect has wldespread network ln the lnlormal settlements (slums) hence ldeal lor
the study. lor that case, uandora, karlobangl, Mathare and kayole slums were used ln the
study. nonetheless, the maln locus was on the threats and challenges posed by the Muoq|k|
Ethnicity
Economics
Politics
Cultural belieIs
Organised crime
Governance
Social practices
38
gang. nevertheless, strategles and pollcles that can be lnstltuted to combat the threats and
challenges ol thls Sect were explored ln length.
2.8. 1 kesearch uest|ons
ln order to achleve the alm ol the study, the research examlned the study's ob[ectlves
through addresslng the lollowlng research questlons:
1) Pow ls organlsed crlme carrled out ln kenya?
2) What are the threats presented by organlsed crlme ln kenya?
3) Pow does organlsed crlme allect the polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln
kenya?
4) What are the challenges that the government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed
crlme?
3) What are the posslble solutlons to combat organlsed crlme ln kenya?
2.8.2 S|gn|f|cance of the study
1he llndlngs and recommendatlons ol the study percelved to glve stakeholders
concerned wlth the state securlty a clear plcture ol the extend ol organlzed crlme ln kenya so
as to lormulate pollcles, guldellnes or other sultable strategles to combat thls vlce. ln addltlon,
the study ls slgnlllcant slnce lt helps to understand polltlcal, economlcal and soclo-cultural
threats and challenges posed by the organlzed crlme especlally the Muoq|k| ln kenya.
Moreover, recommendatlons to these thls study can asslst stakeholders ln matters ol securlty
to mltlgate the problem ol organlzed crlme ll lmplemented.
39
lurthermore, ll the recommendatlons can be adopted by the Covernment ol kenya and
other [urlsdlctlons that are laced by the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme, they can be
lnstrumental ln combatlng crlmlnal gangs.
2.8.3 L|m|tat|ons of the Study
1he study was laced wlth varlous llmltatlons that posed a rlsk ol achlevlng the research
ob[ectlves. 1o begln wlth, avallablllty ol relevant lnlormatlon was the greatest challenge as
there were lew studles whlch had been done ln the area ol organlzed crlme ln kenya. Most ol
the studles done have locused on the role ol organlzed gangs ln kenyan polltlcs whlle not glvlng
any emphasls to other spheres ol llle llke soclo-cultural and economlc aspects. nonetheless,
slmllar studles have been done ln other countrles, but the llmltatlon wlth such data ls that
slmllar organlzed crlmes ln dlllerent countrles operate under lundamentally dlllerent
condltlons and lor dlllerent reasons.
ln addltlon, lnadequate tlme, securlty accesslng the sample slze and lunds was also a
key llmltatlon slnce the study was conducted wlthln a llmlted tlmelrame. lnadequate lunds
came out as a compound problem as the study dld not access enough llnanclal resources
needed to meet research actlvltles. ln addltlon lnsecurlty and susplclon lrom respondents especlally
lrom the non metropolltan areas was rlle
Language barrler was evldent due to the ethnographlc dlverslty ln kenya, the researcher wlll need an
lnterpreter slnce he doesn't understand the sample research populatlon's language. Muoq|k| ls a trlbal
allgned sect malnly ln the lnlormal settlements meanlng that a conslderable number ol respondents
don't understand Lngllsh.
40
2.9 Summary
ln summary, the Muoq|k| movement was establlshed ln 1980s as an ethnlc delence
lorce ol the klkuyus whlch ls the largest trlbe ln kenya (Wamue, 2001). lt was belleved by
Anderson (2002) that the then resldent's Mol government at the tlme had reduced klkuyu's
lnlluence and lavoured the kalen[lns thus the crlmlnal gang sought to revlve thls lnlluence
wlelded by the communlty durlng the relgn ol the llrst kenyan presldent !omo kenyatta.
Powever, as a gang, the Muoq|k| presents threats and challenges whlch allect the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context. Among the threats revlewed, lt was
establlshed that lnsecurlty ls the ma[or threat that the Sect pose as lt allects other aspects ol
llle. lor lnstance, lt has adverse ellects on the economlc actlvltles as lt turns areas ol the Sect's
operatlons unpalatable lor buslness actlvltles. Soclally, lt was noted that the Sect actlvltles has
broken the soclal tles that were lnltlally consldered as core labrlc ol the soclety. 1he sense ol
belonglng that once exlsted ln communltles and socletles especlally ln slums has been eroded
wlth the crlmlnal actlvltles.
Cn the other hand, ln the ellort ol combatlng the Sect's crlmlnal actlvltles, lt was
establlshed that lt ls lmperatlve to come up wlth varlous lnltlatlves geared towards provldlng
employment to the ma[orlty ol the youth who are largely unemployed. Moreover, lntensllylng
securlty ln the slum areas was also consldered as one ol the best ways ol controlllng the Sect's
actlvltles. ulsarmament ol lllegal llrearms lrom across the country was also postulated as one ol
the way to combat crlmlnal actlvltles ol outlawed gangs.
41
2.9.1 kesearch gaps
Pavlng revlewed llterature on assessment ol threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme
ln kenya whlle uslng the Muoq|k| as the case study, the lollowlng were ldentllled by the study
as the mlsslng elements ln the exlstlng llterature. 1o begln wlth, varlous scholars ln thls area
made ellorts ln ldentllylng and descrlblng threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme ln kenya.
Powever, threats and challenges provlded by the llterature remaln to be largely general ln
nature. As a result, speclal relerence to the Muoq|k| as a Sect beckons a surmountable research
gap that needs to be addressed ln order to help the government ol kenya ln comlng up wlth
sultable measures to combat thls crlmlnal gang.
Moreover, the exlstlng llterature has provlded measures to control outlawed gangs ln
general but lt dld not glve the Muoq|k| a speclal relerence. Although the Muoq|k| ls one ol the
outlawed gangs ln kenya, lt ls lmportant to acknowledge that lts root cause ol lormatlon
remalns to be unlque than other outlawed gangs. 1herelore, ellectlve measures to control lts
actlvltles should also put lnto conslderatlon and also the root causes ol the group. 8lanket
solutlons provlded by the llterature may not be practlcal ln case ol the Muoq|k| gang. lor that
case, lt was lmportant to carry out the current study ln order to llll ln the gaps.
42
3.0 CnA1Lk 1nkLL: kLSLAkCn ML1nCDCLCG
3.1 Introduction
1hls chapter presents processes that were used ln carrylng out the study. lt sallently
dlscusses sampllng technlques, data collectlon and analysls that were applled. 1hls chapter
applled the research process onlon" model advanced by Stlnchcombe (2003: 83). 1hls model
seeks to hollstlcally present knowledge ln a successlve manner, that ls, lrom what ls known to
unknown.
A number ol research deslgns could have been applled to evaluate threats and
challenges ol organlsed crlme ln kenya. lor that case, mlxed methodologles (quantltatlve and
qualltatlve) were applled wlth much ease and they provlded a comprehenslve approach that
lully lnvestlgated threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme ln kenya. 8aslng on kaar (2009)
suggestlons regardlng studles lalllng ln the soclal sclences realm, mlxed methodologles were
the most approprlate lor thls study glven that lt necessltated the creatlon ol a lundamental
lramework that helped to draw out clear lnslghts as well as concluslons lnto a soclal lssue that
had not recelved prlor research. Moreover, mlxed methodologles were lundamental glven the
complex nature and scope ol lnvestlgatlng threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme ln kenya.
ldeally and as Creswell (2003) asserts, mlxed methodologles encourages the use ol relatlvely
slmple research processes whlch were slgnlllcant lor thls study.
43
3.2. Research Design
Catane (2000) dellnes a research as a systematlc process whlch ls largely dependent on
the type ol lnqulry, purpose and method ol research belng pursued. Such a process ls reallzed
through a research deslgn or methodology whlch lncludes the technlques lor collectlng data,
analyslng and presentlng lt (8ryman and 8ell, 2007). lor that case, thls chapter lllustrates the
sallent processes that were used ln conductlng the study. 1he key areas covered lnclude
sampllng, collectlon and analysls ol the collected data ol the research study. ln essence, the
chapter lormed perhaps the most lmportant part ol the study glven that lt provlded a strong
basls on whlch results, dlscusslons, lnlerences and llndlngs were drawn lrom to shed more llght
on the study toplc. reclsely, ln achlevlng thls, the chapter advanced a new, well grounded and
exploratlve set ol ldeas that helped to shed llght lnto the dynamlcs ol a study that was almed at
assesslng the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme groups ln kenya. 1hls was achleved by
speclllcally studylng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| movement has allected the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context.
ln relatlon to thls, lt was belleved by 8ryman and 8ell (2007) that ln any research study,
a researcher ls at llberty to elther use prlmary sources, secondary sources ol data collectlon or
comblne these two methods durlng data collectlon exerclse. Powever, the cholce ol any ol thls
method ls dependent on the type and klnd ol the research or at some tlme, the clrcumstances
at whlch the research ls belng conducted. ln respect to thls study, the study employed both
prlmary and secondary sources ln the data collectlon exerclse. 1hls was ascrlbed to the lact that
there was need to collect lactual lnlormatlon lrom prlmary sources such as the resldents ol the
44
slum areas who are adversely allected by these organlzed crlmes and that there are other
documentary lnlormatlon whlch ls readlly avallable on organlzed crlme ln kenya.
3.3 Study popu|at|on
1he study populatlon lor the study comprlsed ol the resldents ol the lour slums ln
nalrobl: Mathare valley, klbera, karlobangl and uandora whlch were consldered to be a haven
lor the organlzed crlme ln kenya. ln addltlon, the pollce olllcers ln these slums and members ol
other government agencles also lormed part ol the populatlon as they are charged wlth the
responslblllty ol ensurlng securlty ln these locatlons.
3.4 Sampling and Data Collection Methods
1he quallty ol research work obtalned lrom any glven research depends on the sampllng
technlques employed by the researcher. lt ls therelore necessary to obtaln data lrom a smaller
group or a subset ol the total populatlon ln a way that the knowledge belng generated ls
representatlve ol the whole study populatlon (8abble, 2010). As such, lrom the study
populatlon, sampllng technlques was applled to come up wlth a more representatlve sample
that was used to generate a generallzed knowledge ol the entlre populatlon. ln any study, the
larger the sample, the more rellablllty ls assured (8ryman & 8ell, 2007). Cn the other hand, lt
was lmperatlve to conslder other constralnt lactors such as accesslblllty and rellablllty ol the
sampled populatlon. Alter a carelul conslderatlon ol other cruclal lactors such as accesslblllty,
rellablllty and tlme constralnts, a sample populatlon ol 40 respondents was settled on to be
used ln the study. 1he populatlon ol the study was sub-dlvlded lnto lour strata as per the slum
43
and ln each stratum, 10 sub[ects selected to make a total ol 40 respondents. 1he slze ol the
sampled populatlon was arrlved at alter employlng the sampllng technlques dlscussed below.
3.4.1 Samp||ng techn|ques
1he study employed sampllng lrames ln lts sampllng technlques. 1he researcher
requested reglsters ol people ol the lour slums ln nalrobl: Mathare valley, klbera, karlobangl
and uandora lrom the 8eglstrar ol ersons and used the reglsters as resources that alded ln
selectlng the sample. 1he lour reglsters were used as a stratum each contrlbutlng 10 sub[ects to
lorm the study sample. 1hls method was used to reduce degree ol error ln the sample and lt
helped to get a more representatlve sample lor the populatlon. 1he strata were therelore
categorlzed under Mathare valley, klbera, karlobangl and uandora wlth homogenous
characterlstlcs.
Powever, baslng on the research populatlon, the researcher ldentllled dlllerent needs
and characterlstlcs that went wlth each stratum. As such, the researcher slgned equal welghts
to each stratum. 1hls was lmportant slnce lt was assumed that all members ol the selected
slums were equally aware ol the threats and challenges posed by the organlsed crlme ln kenya.
8andom sampllng was consldered the most ellectlve technlque ln the case ol thls
research and therelore lt was employed. 1hls was because the method was able to avold
blasness as lt reduced sampllng error ln the research. Slnce the sample was lntended to be 40,
10 sub[ects were randomly sampled lrom each stratum. 1hls ensured that the researcher has a
representatlve collectlon lrom each stratum ln the study populatlon. Lven so the study
populatlon comprlsed ol 1, 299,172 people but only 40 people wlll be used. 1hls was ln
accordance wlth Ader, Mellenbergh & Pand (2008), who postulated that a study sample should
46
enhance easy data collectlon. lor that case, glven the small slze ol the study sample, there was
no coerclon lor partlclpatlon.
1o lacllltate smooth data collectlon exerclse, the researcher obtalned personal
lnlormatlon ol the sub[ects ln the sample lrom the reglstratlon ol persons' reglsters. 1helr
contact lnlormatlon was obtalned to lacllltate communlcatlon ol the researcher and the
respondents (uu looy, 2008). 8equest letters were prepared and dellvered to the study
sub[ects through varlous means whlch lncluded post olllce and some communlcated to through
electronlc mall. 1he researcher also avalled envelops that were 'postage pald' to lacllltate
response lrom the respondents. Powever, telephone calls were also used to make a lollow up
lor those who lalled to respond on tlme. lrom the responses that were obtalned, a declslon
was made on those who had accepted to partlclpate ln the research exerclse and those who
decllned the request were replaced.
1ab|e1. I||ustrat|on of the compos|t|on of the samp|e
Category Stratum Method ol sampllng opulatlon Sample
1 Mathare valley 8andom 216,333 10
2 klbera, 8andom 481,260 10
3 karlobangl 8andom 312,034 10
4 uandora 8andom 289, 323 10
1otal 1, 299,172 40
47
Source: KNBS (2010)
3.5 Ethical issues for the study in data collection
1he llrst ethlcal conslderatlon that was consldered by the researcher ln conductlng the
research was observance ol the cardlnal rule ol voluntary partlclpatlon amongst partlclpants.
1hls ethlcal lssue was supported by 8elss and !udd (2000) who alllrmed that when dolng a
research, partlclpants should not be coerced lnto taklng part ln the study. ln addltlon, closely
related to the cardlnal rule ol voluntary partlclpatlon accordlng to 8artlett, kotrllk and Plgglns
(2001) ls the requlrement ol lnlormed consent. 1he researcher ensured that hls partlclpants
were lnlormed ol the procedure ol the research and they were at llberty to consent belore
belng part ol the study sample.
3.6 Confirmation for Participation
Alter the ldentlllcatlon ol the research sample, there was a need to communlcatlon to
the sub[ects ln order lor them to conllrm thelr wllllngness to partlclpate ln the research
process. 1hls was lmportant slnce lt helped to lncrease the response rate alter a llnal sample
was lormulated. 1he researcher accompllshed thls by preparlng request letters that were
posted to the sub[ects. 1he letters were accompanled wlth 'pald stamp' envelops to lacllltate
thelr response. 1he sub[ects were glven a grace perlod ol two weeks ol whlch they were
requlred to respond to the request alter whlch a lollow up uslng a telephone call was made.
1he sub[ects who conllrmed thelr partlclpatlon were then entered lnto a llnal llst ol the study
sample.
48
3.7 Data collection Methods
8oth qualltatlve and quantltatlve methods ol collectlng data collectlon were used ln thls
research. usually, quantltatlve technlques depend on tests, questlonnalres, ratlng scales and
physlologlcal measures to come up wlth numerlcal results. Cn the other slde, qualltatlve
technlques depend on methods llke lntervlews, observatlons, case study and analysls made
lrom wrltten materlals to descrlbe the processes and the events. 1here were some sltuatlons
where qualltatlve technlques were lavourable whlle ln some, quantltatlve approaches were the
best. 1herelore, thls study employed both technlques lor convenlences ln dlllerent
clrcumstances as dlscussed below.
3.7.1 Co||ect|on of pr|mary data
rlmary data ls that whlch does not currently exlst untll lt ls generated (Lancaster,
2003). lt ls normally collected uslng technlques llke experlmentatlon, lntervlewlng, observatlon
and surveys (uenzln & Llncoln, 2003) through, dlrect personal lnquest, lndlrect oral lnquest,
lnlormatlon lrom local agents and respondents to the survey questlonnalres (Amln, 2003). 1he
study utlllsed quantltatlve tools ol survey whlch lncluded a survey research questlonnalre (S8C)
and structured lntervlews. Accordlng to rlde, Pughes and kappor (2008) and 8ryman (2012),
quantltatlve research lnvolves the systematlc emplrlcal lnvestlgatlon ol numerlcal propertles
and phenomena and thelr relatlonshlps. 1herelore, the study employed quantltatlve methods
ol, survey research questlonnalre, structured lntervlews and statlstlcal content analysls.
3.7.1.1 Survey kesearch uest|onna|re (Sk)
A S8C was used to collect data lrom a populatlon ol dwellers ol the targeted slums. As
earller explalned, 10 respondents were selected lrom each stratum thus maklng a total ol 40
49
respondents lrom the entlre populatlon. Whereas the S8C was sell-answered, the researcher
was endeavoured to admlnlster the same elther personally or wlth the use ol research
asslstants who were lnstrumental ln helplng the respondents llll ln thelr responses correctly.
Cuestlons were both closed and open-ended to allow respondents oller vlews that were not
otherwlse captured. uata collected revolved around, the varlous threats and challenges
emanatlng lrom the actlvltles ol gangs such as the Muoq|k| and how these are belng handled by
the government and local authorltles wlthln thelr areas. 1he study also sought to collect data
on the respondents' vlews on how these challenges and threats posed by such gangs could be
combated by the government, local authorltles as well as the lnternatlonal communlty. Slnce
most ol the people were not averse wlth the Lngllsh language, the questlons wlthln the S8C
were lnterpreted ln the local dlalect ol Swahlll lor easy understandlng and admlnlstratlon.
Answers to the questlon were then translated back lnto Lngllsh lor the sake ol analysls and
presentatlon (kotharl, 2004:102).
3.7.1.2 Structured Interv|ews
Structured lntervlews were conducted wlth one ollce Constable ln each ol the lour
target areas, one Muoq|k| representatlve and one leader lrom the local authorlty. An attempt
was made to lntervlew the nalrobl C. Such lntervlews were gulded by structured questlons
contalned ln an lntervlew guldellne. uata sought lrom lntervlew respondents helped ln allgnlng
answers lrom the S8C as well as gettlng an authorltatlve and legal vlew ol the sub[ect ol
organlsed crlme. 1he lntervlew wlth the nalrobl rovlnclal pollce Clllcer (C) lurther helped to
shed llght on the problem ol organlsed crlme on a natlonal scale and to understand the
30
measures that the government ls undertaklng to combat lt ln llne wlth other lnternatlonal
stakeholders (Macdonald, 2008:300).
3.7.1.3 Content ana|ys|s
Content analysls lnvolves the examlnatlon ol statlstlcal lnlormatlon and data to arrlve at
concluslons ln llne wlth the scope ol study (Sweeney et al, 2009). uue to the nature ol the
research problem, there ls a lot ol data that has been amassed over tlme and whlch ls resldent
wlthln the pollce archlves. 1he study used such data to allgn past occurrences wlth current
sltuatlons to arrlve at a more lormldable analysls ol the sltuatlon ol organlsed crlme ln kenya
3.7.2 Co||ect|on of secondary data
Secondary data ls that whlch, though was used ln the study, was not gathered dlrectly
and lor the purpose ol that partlcular study under lnvestlgatlon (konar, 2009). Secondary data
ls closely related to qualltatlve research whlch 8ryman and 8ell (2007) see as lnvolvlng the use
ol words. Addltlonally, Marschan-lekkarl and Welch (2004) explaln that qualltatlve research
deals wlth procedures lor comlng to terms wlth 'meanlng' and not lrequency ol a phenomenon.
Sources ol secondary lncluded, academlc and prolesslonal books, electronlc [ournals,
newspapers, perlodlcals and organlsatlonal archlves such as those ol the kenyan ollce,
Addltlonally, there was maxlmum use ol the lnternet to collect data and lnlormatlon on
organlsed crlme.
As such, the study used secondary sources as a supplement. lor that reason, lt was
belleved to be a good way ol supplementlng the prlmary sources. 1herelore, the study used
secondary sources where by llterature such as books, artlcles, [ournals, commlttee reports and
any other avallable research that was related to the study toplc was evaluated (Maxlleld &
31
8abble, 2012). As such, belng an lnslghtlul matter ln crlmlnology, there were many related
studles that have been undertaken.
3.8 Analysis of Data
uata analysls ls the process ol rellnlng the collected data so that they can be meanlnglul
ln synthesls by maklng them lnto relevant lnlormatlon. 1he very llrst step that was used ln data
analysls was lts sub[ectlon to a purposlve scrutlny wlth the alm to check lor the level ol
accuracy ol the data collected. Powever, the scrutlny also kept ln mlnd all key lnlormatlon that
was lntended to be collected lrom the research. As well, at thls stage, conslstency ol the data
collected was conducted to sleve out all the errors. 1hls was done to ensure that lnlormatlon
belng recorded was ln a constant llow and any potentlal errors were ellmlnated. 1hls was
lmportant slnce answers that were ldentllled to be ol conlllctlng vlews lrom the response ol
some ol the respondents were dlscarded.
1he collected data was then translated to codes where by answers to the questlons
were glven codes. 1he codlng process underwent three stages. ln the llrst stage, the researcher
declded on the codlng scheme to be utlllzed, lor example, a declslon was made that double
zero (00) represented negatlve answers to the questlon whlle double one (11) represented
posltlve answers to the questlons. 1he procedure that was used to develop codes was also
dlllerent due to the dlllerent type ol questlons.
1he data obtalned lrom the lntervlew was then transcrlbed and grouped accordlng to
themes based on the research questlons. Comparlson was then made to determlne slmllarltles
and dlllerences ln responses. lnslghtlul explanatlons were then hlghllghted ln the dlscusslon.
lmpllcatlons on the research questlons were then drawn.
32
Alter codlng ol the data, classlllcatlon ol the data was then done where by lnlormatlon
was categorlzed ln dlllerent classes accordlng to speclllc characterlstlcs. 1he classllled data was
agaln tabulated lnto table's columns and rows. 1he table's rows and columns were then
constructed lrom the maln themes ol the research and lt ls ln these themes that classlllcatlon
exerclse was based. lt ls lrom these tables that other analytlcal technlques were derlved lrom.
uata obtalned lrom the study was then summarlzed, encoded, and analyzed uslng descrlptlve
statlstlcs and correlatlons analysls ln statlstlcal soltware.
33
4.0 CnA1Lk ICUk: DA1A ANALSIS
1he alm ol thls study was to assess the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme groups
ln kenya by speclllcally hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| has allected the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context. lor that case, the maln research
ob[ectlve ol the study was to examlne threats presented by the Sect to the lmmedlate
communltles. 1o be able to attaln thls, several expllclt ob[ectlves prlmarlly lormed the
loundatlon ol the study. As such, lt looked at the challenges laced by the local and natlonal
authorltles ln trylng to tame and combat thelr actlvltles. Moreover, lt sought to establlsh how
organlsed crlme ls carrled out ln kenya. lurthermore, the study also determlned threats
presented by organlsed crlme ln addltlon to establlshlng how organlsed crlme allects the
polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln kenya. 8esldes, lt also sought to establlsh
challenges that the government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed crlme and determlnlng
how organlsed crlme could be combated by ollerlng posslble solutlons. As such, both prlmary
and documentary sources were consulted ln helplng to generate data and lnlormatlon that
helped to understand the threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme groups. Powever, as earller
stated, the study was concerned ln answerlng the lollowlng questlons:
1) Pow ls organlsed crlme carrled out ln kenya?
2) What are the threats presented by organlsed crlme ln kenya?
3) Pow does organlsed crlme allect the polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln
kenya?
4) What are the challenges that the government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed
crlme?
34
3) What are the posslble solutlons to combat organlsed crlme ln kenya?
nonetheless, trlangulatlon methodologlcal approach was used ln data collectlon where
varlous related documents to the study toplc were revlewed, Survey 8esearch Cuestlonnalre
and Structured lntervlews were also used. 1hese methods were centred on data collectlon
relatlng to threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme groups ln kenya and speclllcally puttlng
emphasls on the Muoq|k| gang. Moreover, trlangulatlon methodology ol comparlng and
contrastlng was used durlng data analysls where by the S8C and the Structured lntervlews
data were used to assess the results ol the documentary revlew.
4.1 Document Review
1he study revlewed a report ol the keoyo Not|oool comm|ss|oo oo numoo k|qbts (2008) ln the
attempt ol gettlng answers to how ls organlsed crlme carrled out ln kenya?"
lrom thls report, the lnlormatlon gathered showed that the Sect's actlvltles remaln
controverslal ln kenyan malnstream soclety, however, the kenya natlonal Commlsslon on
Puman 8lghts revealed that lt has a huge lollowlng among the unemployed and poor cltlzens ln
central kenya and slums ol nalrobl clty. 1he Commlsslon lurther approxlmated that the
membershlp ol the group ranges lrom thousands to llve mllllon although the accurate
lnlormatlon ls not avallable due to the secretlve nature ol the sect actlvltles. 1he report also
lndlcated that the Sect ls able to draw a lot ol membershlp due to promlse ol money and
employment to those youth wllllng to [oln lt. nonetheless, the report holds that actlvltles ol the
Sect comprlse ol taxlng publlc transport, water, electrlclty, extortlon, charglng lee on tenants
relocatlng to areas controlled by 5ect and kldnapplng people lor ransom.
33
lurthermore, the kenya natlonal Commlsslon on Puman 8lghts (2008) establlshed that
the Sect actlvltles' largely prevalent ln the slums ol nalrobl whlch are mostly characterlsed by
unemployment, low lncome and state ol lawlessness. As such, the report alllrms that the Sect
banks on the hopelessness ol the slum dwellers to recrult members and promote thelr helnous
actlvltles.
Stlll, the report asserted that the Sect recrults lts members on thelr own volltlon
although there are some lnstances where coerced recrultment occurs. Cnce one ls recrulted, he
or she ls supposed to take oath ol secrecy and ln-case ol betrayal, one ls punlshed by death.
As such, lt can be lnlerred that the actlvltles ol the Sect are mysterlous due to the klnd
ol threats glven ln lts recrultment. 1herelore, thls has made lt hard lor the lnlormatlon
regardlng the actlvltles ol the Sect to largely remaln undercover. ln addltlon, the report also
asserted that the Muoq|k| banked on the overcrowdlng ln the slums to advance thelr actlvltles.
Secondly, the study revlewed varlous documentary sources ln the attempt ol gettlng
answers to the threats presented by organlsed crlme ln kenya?" whlle uslng the Muoq|k| as a
case study. 1hese documentary sources lncluded:
A|ston (2009), a report of 5pecio/ kopporteur on extrojudicio/, summory or orbitrory
executions
rolessor hlllp Alston, Speclal 8apporteur on extra[udlclal kllllngs ln kenya revealed
that lnsecurlty was abnormally taken as normal lntegral way ol llvlng ol the poor people ln the
slums. 1hls has made the state ol securlty ln these lnlormal settlements to deterlorate hence
glvlng room to crlmlnal actlvltles. As a result, lt was clalmed by Alston that the slum people are
very mlserable thus the youth ln these areas are easlly lured to [oln organlsed crlme ln order to
36
llnd means ol gettlng thelr dally bread. As a result, Alston alllrmed that there ls a hlgh threat ol
lnsecurlty ln the kenyan slums. ln addltlon, ln the process ol the pollce lorce trylng to contaln
thls lnsecurlty, they use a lot ol lorce and ln most cases some unorthodox means that lnclude
extra[udlclal kllllngs ol the suspects.
ln addltlon, rolessor Alston noted that there was some prool that showed that kenyan
mllltlas such as the Muoq|k| were lnvolved ln electlon vlolence belore and alter the general
electlon ol 2007 ln kenya hence causlng mayhem especlally ln slum dwelllngs. 1hese crlmlnal
grouplngs were rented by the polltlcal class to achleve thelr polltlcal scores. lurthermore, these
outlawed gangs were later used durlng the post electlon vlolence ol 2008 that resulted lrom
the contested general electlon ol 2007. Accordlng to Alston, the use ol crlmlnal gangs such as
the Muoq|k| resulted to the maraudlng youth ln Mathare, uandora, klbera and other slums ln
nalrobl to carry out crlmlnal actlvltles whlch resulted to shoot to klll order ol the pollce lorce.
woki keport {2008), commission of lnquiry into Post-/ection vio/ence
Commlsslon ol lnqulry lnto ost-Llectlon vlolence was lormed and headed by !ustlce
Wakl to lnvestlgate lnto the root causes ol post-electlon vlolence ol 2007/08. 1he commlsslon
documented a number ol lmportant llndlngs that arose lrom the crlsls. 1he most lmportant
part ol the report establlshed that 1,133 deaths, 3, 361 ln[urles and 117,216 lnstances ol
property destructlon had occurred as a result ol the post-electlon crlsls. ln addltlon, the report
hlghllghted that sexual vlolence was commltted agalnst men and women, as well as lnternal
dlsplacement ol people. 1hese were some ol the worst ellects that the crlsls had. 1he report
alllrmed that perpetrators ol these atroclous acts were the members ol outlawed gangs that
lnclude the Muoq|k| gang. lurthermore, the Wakl's report had gone lorward to lnslst that the
lnhabltants ol the lnlormal settlements had totally lost trust ln the kenya pollce to the extent
37
that they were not wllllng to report even dayllght crlmes. 1hls was a threat to securlty as
crlmlnal actlvltles got room to prolllerate ln these lnlormal settlements.
Notiono/ 1osk lorce on Po/ice keforms {2009), keport of the Notiono/ 1osk lorce on Po/ice
keforms
A natlonal 1ask lorce on ollce 8elorms was lormed ln 2009 and was chalred by
renowned 8etlred South Alrlca !udge hlllp 8ansley. Lnlgmatlcally, the llndlngs lrom the task
lorce also rested blame on poor pollce lorce. 1he reports asserted that the pollce lorce was a
total lallure slnce lt was not capable ol antlclpatlng and contalnlng the ever growlng state ol
vlolence by the crlmlnal gangs such as the Muoq|k|. Powever, the report noted that the pollce
lorce had lurther talnted lts lmage by uslng unwarranted use ol lorce, lmpunlty, brutallty,
dlsregard lor human rlghts and mallgnant corruptlon. Consequently, outlawed gangs such as
the Muoq|k| lncreased thelr crlmlnal actlvltles hence ln the process escalatlng state ol lnsecurlty
ln the slum areas and other areas ol thelr operatlons.
Moreover, the report noted that the chronlc youth unemployment had the capablllty ol
undermlnlng the securlty lssues by glvlng the organlsed crlme lertlle ground to thrlve. 1hls ls so
slnce the report clalmed that the 'ldle' youth could be easlly 'bought' and engaged by these
outlawed groups to advance clandestlne mlsslons. Clvlng a case scenarlo, the report hlghllghted
that the Muoq|k| gang banked on the hlgh rate ol [oblessness and poverty to recrult more
youths to the gang's actlvltles thus ln the long run deterloratlng state ol securlty.
1hlrdly, the study revlewed documentary sources ln the ellort ol gettlng answers to
how organlsed crlme allects the polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural lormatlon ln kenya?"
1he sources lncluded:
4thonne {2011), 5mo// business cho//enqes in kenyo, 8usiness keview kenyo
38
Athanne ln 2011 carrled out a study on Small buslness challenges ln kenya and
establlshed that organlsed crlme such the Muoq|k| had varlous negatlves ellects. 1hese allect
all aspects ol llle whlch lnclude polltlcs, economlcs and soclo-cultural structures whlch ln
general allects operatlons ol the small buslnesses. lrom the study, Athanne establlshed that
organlsed crlme groups such as the Muoq|k| are lnvolved ln drugs and alcohol abuse whlch ln
turn allect buslness enterprlses elther dlrectly or lndlrectly. Wlth obsesslon ol drugs and
alcohol among the slum dwellers, they easlly [oln outlawed crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k|
whlch ln turn promote use ol lllegal substances. As a result, Athanne alllrmed that lnsecurlty
becomes a challenge to buslness establlshments. lurthermore, ln an emplrlcal survey study
conducted by Athanne on substance abuse amongst selected crlmlnal gangs ln Mathare slums
ln nalrobl, the study asserted that members ol the crlmlnal gangs consumed lllegal substances
to be able to undertake crlmlnal actlvltles. Moreover, the survey acknowledged that llllclt
substances, drug and alcohol use among members ol the crlmlnal gangs was not only a rlsky
health behavlour ln thls era ol Plv/AluS but also a potentlal threat to the securlty that
threatens both buslness establlshments ol the slum dwellers.
uN nobitot {2007), nhoncinq urbon sofety ond security: 6/obo/ report on humon sett/ements
2007, 6/obo/ keport on numon 5ett/ement
ln 2007, un Pabltat publlshed a report on human settlement. ln the report, the state ol
settlement ln the slum areas was studled and lt was establlshed that overcrowdlng ls one ol the
challenges that lace authorltles especlally ln developlng countrles. 1he report acknowledged
that ll more than 4 persons llved together ln a tlny room, there was a llkellhood that that they
wlll be susceptlble to lnlectlous dlseases and serlous domestlc vlolence. Wlth respect to the
kenya scenarlo, the report alllrmed that outlawed crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k| take
39
reluge ln these overcrowded settlements where they have a sense ol belonglng as they bank on
lawlessness, poverty and state ol [oblessness to bulld a strong lorce.
Okombo ond 5ono {2010), 8o/oo Mitooni: 1he cho//enqe of mendinq ethnic re/otions in the
Noirobi s/ums
Ckombo and Sana (2010) conducted a study tltled '8alaa Mtaanl: the challenge ol
mendlng ethnlc relatlons ln nalrobl slums' and establlshed that organlsed crlme such as the
Muoq|k| has adverse ellects on the economlc structure ln these settlements. 1hls study alluded
the causes ol organlsed crlme to be dlverse whlch lnclude but not llmlted to lnadequacy ol
lundamental baslc needs such decent houslng, lnadequate water supply and other llmlted
soclal amenltles. As a result, the study alllrmed that thls creates a perlect breedlng ground lor
vlolence, chaos and lnsecurlty as dlllerent organlsed crlme scramble to control the amenltles. ln
the process ol thls scramble, buslnesses lace burglarles lrom outlawed crlmlnal groups that
have negatlvely allected buslness establlshments. lurthermore, the study also held that most
small buslnesses operatlng ln slum areas are knocked out ol buslness due a number ol lactors
such as lack ol lunds, stlll competltlon and lnsecurlty resultlng lrom organlsed groups such as
the Muoq|k|.
notably, the study also establlshed that buslnesses that operate ln envlronments that
are heavlly hablted by members ol outlawed crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k| gang are
adversely allected by the Sects' crlmlnal actlvltles hence resultlng to masslve buslness
relocatlon. Accordlng to the study, some ol these relocatlons are caused by lorcelul evlctlons
that are caused by the outlawed crlmlnal gangs' thus dlsplaclng populatlon wlth thelr economlc
actlvltles to saler worklng places.
60
Addltlonally, the report alllrms that envlronments wlth crlmlnal groups were prone to
physlcal lnsecurltles whlch results to wldespread cases ol rlslng crlme levels. As such, thls
lnsecurlty has the ellect ol acceleratlng the already worsenlng poverty levels due to closure ol
lncome generatlng buslnesses. 1hls orlglnates lrom the lact that lncldences ol burglary and
thelt lorces buslness establlshments out ol thelr buslnesses. 1herelore, the closure ol
enterprlses leaves many people wlthout [obs to get thelr llvellhood lrom whlch ln turn lessens
and dlsrupts lrlendshlp or klnshlp relatlons soclally.
lourthly, documentary sources that related to provldlng answers to the challenges that
the government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed crlme whlle uslng the Muoq|k| as a case
study" were revlewed. 1hls comprlsed ol:
Londlnfo {2010), keport kenyo: Munqiki- 4buser or obused?
Landlnlo ln 2010 released a report tltled 8eport kenya: Munglkl- Abuser or abused?"
Wlth respect to the report llndlngs, presence ol crlmlnal gangs ln kenya presents varlous
challenges to the state ln lts attempt ol combatlng the menace. 1he report ascrlbed thls
challenge to the lact that crlmlnal gangs establlsh economlc lnsecurlty whlch ls a ma[or
challenge that lace the state ln controlllng the problem as ln most cases government also use
lorce and therelore acerbatlng the lnsecurlty problem. As such, the report alllrms that thls
becomes a ma[or challenge lor the government slnce lt ends up allectlng people unlalrly.
ln addltlon, the report postulates that slnce the condltlon ol slums ln kenya are usually
overcrowded and lull ol lmmoral actlvltles, lt becomes a challenge lor the government to
control the crlmlnal groups. lor that case, the report alllrms that the government llnds lt
dllllcult to control outlawed gangs slnce the entlre slum populatlon ls characterlzed by crlmlnal
actlvltles hence maklng lt dllllcult to ldentlly the Sect members. lurthermore, ln the ellort to
61
control thelr actlvltles, government has used 'extra [udlclal kllllng' ol the 5ect members. As a
result, the Sect has ln most cases responded to thls wlth retallatory actlvltles. lor that case,
lnnocent kenyans ln some cases have been vlctlms ol clrcumstances between the pollce lorce
and the Sect members.
lurthermore, lt was establlshed by the report that the Covernment ol kenya lormed an
underground pollclng group called 'kwekwe' ln the ellorts ol contalnlng the Sect's actlvltles.
Powever, thls group has been crltlclsed to be operatlng as a death squad as lt carrled out
several mass executlon ol the percelved Sect members. 1hls ralsed more human rlghts lssues as
most Sect members were lound to have been kllled by bullets. ln addltlon, the report alluded
that the Sect had recrulted lrlendly pollce olllcers who are loyal to the movement's cause. 1hls
lurther compllcates the ellorts ol combatlng the Sect as they have become part ol the gang.
lllthly, the study revlewed a un handbook nondbook on the crime prevention
quide/ines: Mokinq them work {united Notions, 2010) ln the ellort ol gettlng answers to the
posslble solutlons that can be used ln combatlng organlsed crlme ln kenya".
unlted natlons ln 2010 released a handbook on crlme preventlon guldellnes where
methods ol contalnlng varlous crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k| were advanced. 1he
handbook advanced that organlsed crlme groups such as the Muoq|k| requlres both proactlve
and reactlve measures ln tackllng thelr actlvltles. lmportantly, the handbook noted that to be
able to control ethnlc alllllated crlmlnal gangs whlch the Muoq|k| ls part ol, lt ls lmperatlve to
constltute speclal representatlve commlttee that should comprlse ol the communlty leaders
and Sect leaders ln the ellort ol addresslng thelr percelved soclo-economlc and polltlcal
problems. Accordlng to the handbook, thls approach helps ln addresslng the grlevances ol such
groups more amlcably that resortlng to use ol lorce slnce wlth the latter, lt ls usually lollowed
62
wlth retallatory attacks. lurthermore, thls also helps to create a strong lormatlon that can
ellectlvely respond to vlolence and address the percelved ln[ustlces that lorm a root cause ol
the Sect's orlglnatlon.
ln addltlon, the handbook acknowledged that unemployment ls a ma[or cause to
lormatlon ol lllegal crlmlnal groups ln most developlng countrles. As such, lt alllrmed that thls
problem should be addressed as the root cause ll organlsed crlme groups were to be contalned.
Addltlonally, the handbook also suggested that lt ls lmperatlve to carry out dlsarmament
operatlons to mop out all weapons ln possesslon ol the crlmlnal groups. 1hls ls lmportant slnce
outlawed groups such as the Muoq|k| are always ln custody ol varlous crude and lllegal
weapons whlch they use to commlt atrocltles.
4.2 Survey Research Questionnaire (SRQ) and Structured Interviews
lmportantly, thls study also employed use ol questlonnalres and structured lntervlews ln
assesslng threats and challenges ol organlsed crlme ln kenya by speclllcally determlnlng the
Muoq|k| and how lt has allected the soclal, polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan
context. 1he sample populatlon was 40 persons, glven lts small slze, lt was manageable and all
questlonnalres were returned thus representlng 100 response rate. 1hree top pollce olllcers
(nalrobl provlnclal pollce olllcer (C) and two deputles) were also lntervlewed glve lnslghts on
the toplc.
Survey kesearch uest|onna|re (Sk) kesu|ts
1hls part dlscusses the results obtalned lrom the Survey 8esearch 1ools whlch were analysed by
SSS Statlstlcs 17.0 that are presented ln appendlx 4 and goes ahead to lnterpret the results.
63
lurthermore, the data analysls lncludes lnlormatlon whlch was obtalned lrom the lntervlew
wlth the nalrobl C to brlng lorth the [ustlllcatlon behlnd the results. 1he Survey 8esearch
Cuestlonnalre was dlvlded lnto llve parts wlth varlous questlons ln each ol them. ln Sectlon A,
lt was deslgned to generate general lnlormatlon that helped to understand the knowledge ol
the Muoq|k| among the slum dwellers ln nalrobl. ln Sectlon 8, S8C was deslred to generate
lnlormatlon to help understand how the Muoq|k| ls organlsed. Cn the other hand, Sectlon C
was deslgned to help ln understandlng the threats presented by the Muoq|k| ln the kenyan
context. lurthermore, Sectlon u was concerned wlth generatlng lnlormatlon relatlng to how
the Muoq|k| gang allects the polltlcal, economlc and soclal cultural structures ln kenya. ln
addltlon, lts Sectlon L helped to collect lnlormatlon relatlng to the challenges that the kenyan
Covernment lace whlle combatlng organlsed crlme. Lastly, Sectlon l helped to generate
lnlormatlon that suggested posslble solutlons ol combatlng organlsed crlme ln kenya. As such,
thls chapter presents the data that were collected lrom the S8C, lntervlews and analysed uslng
SSS 17.0.
Clven the already exlstlng knowledge on the organlzed crlme ln kenya lrom earller
studles, lt was establlshed that these crlmlnal groups have centered thelr operatlons ln slum ol
the urban centers. lor that case, ln Sectlon A ol the S8C, statement one sought to determlne
deslgnatlon ol people llvlng ln slums. Wlth respect to thls, occupatlons were categorlzed lnto
lour malnly, lormal employment, lnlormal employment, lormal sell employment and lnlormal
sell employment to determlne occupatlon ol people llvlng ln these slums. As lndlcated ln table
2, the hlghest percent ol 39.3 percent ol slum dweller were lound to be engaged ln lnlormal
employment and another substantlal percent ol 44.2 percent engaglng ln lnlormal sell
employment. Cn the other hand, 4.7 percent ol the slum dwellers were lound to be lnvolved ln
64
lormal sell employment whlle only 4.7 percent are engaged ln lormal employment. lor that
case, lt was clear that the hlghest percent ol the people llvlng ln the slum areas ol nalrobl are ln
lnlormal sector whlch are not usually stable to sustaln them satlslactorlly. Statement two ol the
Sectlon A sought to establlsh whether the slum dwellers had some knowledge ol the Muoq|k|
exlstence. Wlth thls regard, lt was determlned that 92.3 percent were aware ol the Sect
exlstence thus maklng only 7.3 percent ol the populatlon unaware ol the presence ol the Sect.
1hls ls a clear lndlcatlon that the Sect's actlvltles are prevalent ln the slums.
ln addltlon, the study went lurther to determlne the relatlonshlp between the slum
dwellers occupatlon and thelr lnvolvement ln crlmlnal actlvltles. As such, Sectlon 8 questlon
one set to determlne those who have ever been lnvolved ln crlmlnal actlvltles. ln relatlon to
thls, a relatlonshlp between lnvolvement ln the crlmlnal actlvltles and the deslgnatlon was
created to determlne thelr connectlon. As such, graph 1 presents relatlonshlp between
occupatlon ol the slum dwellers and thelr lnvolvement ln crlmlnal actlvltles. lrom the graph, lt
ls clear that people ln lormal employment has less tendency ol belng lnvolved ln crlmlnal
actlvltles as lt was only put at 4 percent whlle those ln lnlormal employment have hlgh
tendency ol belng lnvolved ln the crlmlnal actlvltles as both lnlormal and lnlormal sell
employment are put at 47 and 43 percent respectlvely. 1hls can be attrlbuted to the
unpredlctablllty assoclated wlth lnlormal employment whlch makes thelr dependants to be
susceptlble to crlmlnal actlvltles elther as vlctlms or perpetrators.
lrom the results presented ln graph 1, lt was establlshed that the slum lnhabltants who
were ln lormal employment have less tendency ol belng lnvolved ln crlmlnal actlvltles elther as
perpetrators or as vlctlms. 1hls can be attrlbuted to the lact that these persons have stable
source ol lncome thus the posslblllty ol them belng perpetrators ol crlmlnal actlvltles belng
63
qulte sllm. Moreover, these persons tend to llve ln more secure places ln the slum areas thus
reduclng the chances ol them belng lnvolved ln crlmlnal actlvltles as vlctlms. ln addltlon,
persons who are engaged ln lormal sell employment are less llkely to be lnvolved ln crlmlnal
actlvltles slnce they are more lnvolved ln structured lncome generatlng actlvltles whlch keep
them engaged. lor that case, they are also ln capable to reslde ln averagely secure reglons ol
the slums hence reduclng the chances ol them belng vlctlms ol the crlmlnal actlvltles.
Cn the other hand, as lndlcated lrom graph 1, lt was establlshed that those dwellers
who are lnvolved ln lnlormal sell employment and lnlormal employment are hlghly lnvolved ln
crlmlnal actlvltles. lrom the study, thls was attrlbuted to the lact that those who are lnvolved ln
lnlormal klnd ol employment have unstable lncome and thus they tend to llve ln very lllthy
areas ol the slum. As such, most ol them engage ln crlmlnal actlvltles to scratch lor thelr llvlng.
Lven so, those who do not lnvolve ln crlmlnal actlvltles as perpetrators, they become vlctlms ol
these actlvltles slnce they llve ln more lnsecure parts ol these slums.
lurthermore, S8C set to establlsh the varlous crlmlnal crlme groups that operate ln the
slum areas ol nalrobl. As such, questlon three ol Sectlon 8 set out to determlne the type ol
crlmlnal group that predomlnantly operate ln the slums ol nalrobl. Wlth regard to thls, lrom
the data collected and presented ln table 3, lt was establlshed that the Muoq|kl has 37.2
percent presence whlle the second placed ls the kosovo 8oys whlch lorm 18.6 percent.
1herelore, lt can be alllrmed that the Muoq|k| actlvltles are wldespread ln these reglons whlch
makes lt the slngle organlsed crlme group wlth domlnance presence ln nalrobl.
nonetheless, the study also wanted to determlne how these crlmlnal gangs perpetrate
thelr crlmlnal actlvltles. As such, questlon lour ol the Sectlon 8 ol SC8 asked how the
perpetratlons ol the crlmes are organlzed. lor that matter, the results presented ln table 4
66
lndlcate ways through whlch these groups perpetrate thelr crlmlnal actlvltles. nonetheless, the
methods ol perpetratlng crlmes were establlshed to be lndependent ol each other as more
than one actlvlty can be used at the same tlme. Wlth regards to thls, lt was establlshed that
there are varlous actlvltles whlch can be broadly categorlzed as ralds that lorm 74.4 percent
whlch ls the blggest lorm ol perpetratlon ol crlme ln these slums. ln addltlon, extortlons was
also establlshed to the other way ol perpetratlng crlme by the organlzed crlme as 62.8 percent
ol the studled populatlon also attrlbuted to thls as one way ol perpetratlng crlmlnal actlvltles
by the organlzed crlme. nonetheless, sexual harassment was also alluded by the study
populatlon to be one ol the method ol perpetratlng crlme by these organlzed crlme as 38.1
percent alllrmed thls. ln alllrmatlon to thls, the nalrobl C and the two deputles through
lntervlews contacted, also alllrmed that ralds, extortlons and sexual harassment were the
ma[or ways that the Muoq|kl have contlnuously used over a long perlod ol tlme ln perpetratlon
ol thelr crlmlnal actlvltles.
lmportantly, the study also set to establlsh varlous threats presented by the Muoq|k| to
an lndlvldual lrom a soclal, polltlcal and economlc perspectlve. 1hls was achleved through
Sectlon C ol the SC8 lrom questlon one to questlon llve. Powever, lt ls lmperatlve to mentlon
that these threats are lndependent ol each other slnce more than one threat can be presented
to an lndlvldual. 1he threats were analysed and presented ln table 3. llrst and loremost, lt was
determlned that ln relatlon to securlty threats, 73 percent ol the people llvlng these slums are
vlctlms. 1hls was attrlbuted to thelr crlmlnal actlvltles whlch entall carrylng out ralds, extortlons
and sexual harassment. As such most ol the slum dwellers leel lnsecure llvlng ln these
envlronments but they do so due to economlc hardshlp. Moreover, thelt and burglary also was
establlshed to be another lorm ol the crlmlnal actlvltles ol the Sect. 1hls exacerbates lnsecurlty
67
ln the slum areas. ln addltlon, the nalrobl C durlng the lntervlew also alllrmed that sexual
harassment also characterlzes actlvltles ol the Muoq|k|. Secondly, economlc threats lorm the
second blggest wlth 70.0 percent. Accordlng to the C who was lntervlewed on thls matter, he
alluded thls to the securlty threats presented by the Sect as lt results to relocatlon ol buslnesses
lrom slum areas to saler reglons hence creatlng employment vacuum ln the slum.
1hlrdly, polltlcal threats were evaluated to be at 63.0 percent. Wlth regard to thls, the
threats were hlghly attrlbuted to vlolence related to polltlcs whlch are mostly perpetrated by
the organlzed crlme such as the Muoq|k|. lor lnstance, post electlon vlolence ol 2007 was hlghly
alluded to by the study populatlon as one ol the worst polltlcal threats presented by the
Muoq|k| and other organlzed crlmes. lurthermore, the C alllrmed thls and went a head to
conllrm that a part lrom the 2007/2008 post-electlon vlolence, the Muoq|k| has also been
lnvolved ln other electlon related vlolence. lor lnstance, durlng the 1992 and 1997 general
electlons, the Muoq|k| was heavlly used ln llghtlng members ol other communltles.
lourthly, cultural threats were determlned to be at 33.0 percent. ln respect to the
cultural threats, lt was alllrmed by the C that slnce most organlzed crlmlnal groups ln kenya
are allgned to trlbes, they perpetuate trlballsm as they target members ol other trlbes. As a
result, negatlve ethnlclty ls perpetuated whlch leads constant conlllcts ol amongst slum
dwellers belonglng to dlllerent trlbes. lurthermore, lt was also conllrmed by the C that most
ol gang members use lllegal substances such as mot|juooo whlch lurther dlsorlents soclal
structures ln the slums.
Lastly, threats that relates to soclal structures and educatlon were determlned to be at
32.3 percent. 1hls was attrlbuted to extortlon actlvltles ol the gangs on soclal amenltles ln thelr
areas ol operatlon. ln relatlon to soclal structures, the C alllrmed that the Muoq|k| ls
68
lnvolved ln lllegal actlvlty ol collectlng tax on the soclal amenltles such as publlc health centers,
schools, and transport among others whlch ln turn hlnders slum dwellers ln accesslng some ol
the scarce soclal amenltles.
lurthermore, Sectlon u ol the SC8 dealt wlth how organlzed crlme allects polltlcal,
economlc and soclal structures ln kenya. lor that case, questlon one, three and llve establlshed
whether the Muoq|k| allects polltlcal, economlc and soclal structures respectlvely. Wlth regard
to thls, 92.3 percent alllrmed that the Sect allects these structures ol both the local and
natlonal communltles as presented ln table 6, 7 and 8.
ln addltlon, questlon two ol the Sectlon 8 was set to establlsh some ol the ellects the
Muoq|k| has on the polltlcal structures. As presented ln table 9, lt was establlshed that these
ellects lall under three categorles. 1hls lncludes electlon vlolence wlth the hlghest ellects ol
70.0 percent lollowed by clvll unrest at 60.0 percent and negatlve ethnlclty at 37.0 percent.
nonetheless, these ellects are lndependent ol each other as ln some cases all ol them can be
experlenced ln the same envlronment. Accordlng to the nalrobl C , vlolence relatlng to
electlons takes the lead slnce the Muoq|k| adversely partlclpated ln 2007/2008 post electlon
vlolence thus allectlng ma[orlty ol the slum dwellers.
8esldes, questlon lour ol the SC8 was set to determlne ellects ol the Muoq|k| to the
economlc actlvltles ln the slums ol nalrobl. As lndlcated ln table 10, lt was establlshed that
economlc actlvltles such as buslnesses suller largely lrom the Muoq|k| actlvltles. lor lnstance,
there ls hlgh rate ol buslness relocatlon at 32.3 percent, thelt and burglary at 33.0 percent,
extortlon at 30.0 percent and lntlmldatlon at 33.0 percent. All these allects economlc actlvltles
negatlvely whlch ln turn leads to poor perlormance ol the natlonal economy.
69
Cn the other hand, questlon slx ol Sectlon u was deslgned to determlne the ellects ol
the Muoq|k| on the soclo-cultural actlvltles ol the communltles ln the slums ol nalrobl. lor that
matter, lt was establlshed that drug abuse, lnsecurlty and negatlve ethnlclty and sexual
harassment are the blggest ellects at 72.3, 63.0, 62.3 and 33.0 percentages respectlvely.
lurthermore, the study also was geared towards determlnlng whether there were some
challenges that the government ol kenya laces whlle trylng to combat organlzed crlmlnal
groups such as the Muoq|k| ln kenya. wlth regard to thls, Sectlon L questlon one was set to
determlne whether there are some challenges that the government lace ln combatlng the Sect
actlvltles. lt was establlshed that the government ol kenya lace varlous challenges ln deallng
wlth the Muoq|kl as 92.3 percent ol the study sub[ects alllrmed that there are challenges as
lllustrated ln table 12.
ln addltlon, the study set to know speclllc challenges that the government lace whlle
trylng to combat outlawed crlmlnal groups such as the Muoq|k|. As such, llnanclal challenges
were ldentllled to be a ma[or constralnts as 92.3 percent ol the study sub[ects hlghllghted lt.
1hls lact was also asserted by the nalrobl C as he alllrmed that due to budgetary constralnts
that the Mlnlstry ol lnternal Securlty and rovlnclal Admlnlstratlon ls glven, the ollce
uepartment ls not well equlpped wlth approprlate up-to date securlty technology whlch can
help ln controlllng organlzed crlme group actlvltles. As such, the crlme groups such as the
Muoq|k| llnd lt much easler to conduct thelr helnous actlvltles. lurthermore, lt was alllrmed by
the C that thelr atroclous actlvltles becomes helghtened durlng electlon perlods as the pollce
servlce ls usually stralned wlth malntalnlng securlty ln most parts ol the country.
notably, Sectlon l ol the S8C was set to determlne posslble solutlons that could help
combat organlsed crlme ln kenya. 1herelore, questlon one ol Sectlon l establlshed how the
70
Muoq|k|s operatlons can be contalned. As a result, table 14 presents the results ol the posslble
solutlons ln contalnlng the operatlons ol the Sect whlch are lndependent ol each other as more
than one method can be used ln the same lnstance. 1he results showed youth employment to a
hlgher ol 92.3 percent, counter actlvltles at 72.3 percent, communlty pollclng at 60.0 percent,
dlsarmament practlce at 33.0 percent and other actlvltles at 42.3 percent.
Cuestlon two ol Sectlon l ol SC8 was deslgned to determlne how the threats presented
by the Muoq|k| can be controlled. As such, lt was establlshed as presented ln table 13 that
securlty enhancement ln slums ol nalrobl wlll help ln controlllng the Muoq|k| threats as 77.3
percent ol the populatlon belleved so. nonetheless, 70.0 percent ol the populatlon belleved
that communlty pollclng was also another good way ol controlllng Sect's actlvltles. Moreover,
slum decongestlon and clvll educatlon were also establlshed to be lmportant as 32.3 percent ol
the sample populatlon lound the two methods most approprlate.
Lastly, questlon three ol Sectlon l ln the SC8 was set to establlsh the best remedles lor
the challenges that the government lace due to the Muoq|k|'s actlvltles. As a result, lt was
establlshed that lt ls lmportant to establlsh government communlty partnershlp as lt was
placed at 63.0 percent as presented ln table 16. Accordlng to the nalrobl C , thls ls lmportant
as lt helps to develop good relatlonshlp between the pollce and the local communltles that can
help ln ldentllylng the Sect members. lurthermore, youth empowerment programs were also
establlshed to be a good remedy as 62.3 percent belleved ln lt as a good solutlon. 1hls was
attrlbuted to the lact that most ol the Sect members are unemployed members hence creatlng
employment opportunltles lor them wlll remedy the sltuatlon. Lastly, slum upgradlng program
was suggested by 30.0 percent ol the populatlon who belleved that congestlon ln the slums
71
create a conduclve envlronment lor crlmlnal actlvltles hence decongestlng slums wlll help the
sltuatlon.
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CnA1Lk S: DISCUSSICN
1he analysls ol the data ln chapter lour establlshed that there are varlous threats and
challenges ol organlsed crlme ln kenya. uslng the Muoq|k|, whlch was establlshed to be a
strong organlsed crlme group ln kenya wlth lts actlvltles spread ln the slums ol nalrobl, lt was
determlned that lt has adverse threats to soclal, polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan
context. nonetheless, lt was also establlshed that ln the slums ol nalrobl, ma[orlty ol the
lnhabltants are lnvolved ln lnlormal employment actlvltles whlch are not stable ln most cases.
As such, thelr llvellhood ls not guaranteed ln most cases. lor that case, most young people are
easlly convlnced to [oln organlsed crlme groups wlth some hope ol employment and money
lrom thelr organlsers.
nonetheless, most ol the people llvlng ln the slums have been engaged ln these crlmlnal
actlvltles elther as vlctlms ol the crlme or as perpetrators. Moreover, glven the nature ol
congestlon ln the slums, actlvltles ol the crlme groups are wldespread and as a result, they
allect the hlghest percent ol people llvlng ln the slums.
1he research questlon earller presented ln chapter two wlll be dlscussed as how they
have been addressed by the study. 1he llrst research questlon was concerned wlth how
organlsed crlme ls carrled out ln kenya. As a result, lt was evldent lrom the analysls that the
Muoq|k| use varlous lorms ol crlme perpetratlon whlch terrllles slums dwellers. 1hls lncludes
ralds as ln some cases they even carry out massacres, nlght ralds where they butcher people
mercllessly. Moreover, lt was also establlshed that the Sect also controls publlc amenltles by
ways ol extortlng them. 1hose people who do not conlorm to thelr demands are ln some cases
73
murdered. ln addltlon, women both young and old are sexually harassed. 1hls always keeps
women terrllled and worrled about thelr securlty.
ln addltlon, the next research questlon geared towards understandlng the threats
presented by organlsed crlme ln kenya. lt was establlshed that these groups presents a varlety
ol threats to both lndlvlduals and to communltles ln kenya. 1he threats lnclude drug abuse and
alcohollsm. lor the Sect members to engage ln thelr atrocltles, they turn to use ol lllegal
substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. 1hls ln turn have ellects on the soclo-
cultural structures as lt results to lrresponslblllty at both lamllles and the communlty.
lurthermore, the Muoq|k|s operatlons results to loss ol sense ol belonglng as members ol the
klkuyu trlbe ln the slums are not comlortable belng ldentllled as they are wrongly accused to be
gang members. Moreover, the Sect's actlvltles glve straln to soclal amenltles as lt controls most
ol the publlc utllltles by charglng them hlghly beyond the reach ol common slum dwellers.
1he thlrd research questlon was about understandlng how organlsed crlme allects the
polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln kenya. ln respect to thls, lt was establlshed
that the Sect allects the polltlcal structures ln a varlety ol ways. lor lnstance, ln 2007/2008 post
electlon vlolence, the Sect was adversely used ln creatlng trlbal anlmoslty as lt targeted
members ol certaln communltles. 1hls resulted to clvll unrest across the country as other
communltles also retallated back on the Muoq|k|'s atrocltles hence promotlng negatlve
ethnlclty. ln terms ol economlc structures, the gang's crlmlnal actlvltles have resulted to
buslness relocatlon ln the slum areas due to constant rald and burglary. Soclo-culturally, lt was
establlshed that lt has promoted negatlve ethnlclty, loss ol sense ol belonglng, drug abuse and
sexual harassment.
74
8esearch questlon lour was concerned wlth determlnlng the challenges that the
government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed crlme. lt was establlshed that the kenyan
government ls heavlly laced wlth unemployment, hlgh levels ol poverty ln the slums whlch ln
turn hlnder ellorts ol combatlng organlsed crlme. 1hls was attrlbuted to the lact that the youth
who are unemployed turn to crlmlnal actlvltles as a way ol earnlng thelr llvlng. Moreover, the
government ls also laced wlth human rlghts challenges. 1hls ls so slnce ln most cases, lt uses
lorce whlch ls always opposed by the human rlghts groups. Moreover, llnanclal challenges also
constraln the government as lt ls not able to provlde the pollce lorce wlth the hlgh technology
equlpment to llght the contemporary crlme.
1he lllth research questlon was concerned wlth determlnlng the posslble solutlons that
can help ln combatlng organlsed crlme ln kenya. As such, varlous posslble solutlons were
suggested whlch lnclude youth empowerment programs that can help engage the youth ln
posltlve economlc actlvltles, communlty pollclng whlch lntends to lnvolve the local communlty
ln keeplng and promotlng peace. ulsarmament practlce was also suggested as a posslble way ol
contalnlng the gangs as lt can help ln repossesslng lllegal arms ln the hands ol the crlme groups.
lor that reason, lt can be concluded that the alm ol thls study was achleved as the study
was able to assess the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme groups ln kenya by speclllcally
hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| has allected the soclal, polltlcal and economlc
landscape ln the kenyan context. Wlth regard to thls, the study developed a theoretlcal
lramework to help understand the condltlons lavourable lor organlsed crlme.
73
5.1 Organised Crime Analytical Framework (Model)
1he study conceptuallzed that lor organlzed crlme to thrlve ln any envlronment there
must be varlous lactors ln the envlronment and thelr acceleratlng lactors that determlne thelr
operatlon. negatlve ethnlclty loss ol soclal ldentlty, prollleratlon ol lllegal arms, polltlcal and
economlc lnstablllty were percelved to be the panacea through whlch organlzed gangs
prolllerate. As a result, crlmes lncrease, poor economy and lawlessness emerges as challenges
results lrom these threats ol organlzed gangs. lor that case, these lactors lnterrelate as
lllustrated ln the analytlcal lramework as shown ln llgure 2 below:
liqure 1: 4no/ytico/ fromework
Grounds for organ|sed cr|me Cutcomes
Acce|erat|ng factors Source: Author
negatlve ethnlclty
Loss ol soclal ldentlty
rollleratlon ol arms
olltlcal lnstablllty
Lconomlc lnstablllty
unemployment
Cultural bellels
Lducatlon level
Lconomlc lactors
Organized
crime
Crime increase
Poor economy
Lawlessness
76
CnA1Lk SIk: CCNCLUSICN
1he alm ol thls study was to assess the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme groups
ln kenya by speclllcally hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| has allected the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context. 1o achleve thls, a number ol research
questlons were explored that helped attaln ob[ectlves ol the study. 1hls lncluded determlnlng
how organlsed crlme ls carrled out, the threats presented by organlsed crlme, how organlsed
crlme allect the polltlcal, economlc and soclal-cultural structures ln kenya, the challenges that
the government ol kenya lace ln combatlng organlsed crlme and the posslble solutlons that can
help to combat organlsed crlme ln kenya. 1he study lound out that there are varlous threats
and challenges ol organlzed crlme ln kenya. 1hese threats and challenges related to varlous
aspects ol llle ranglng lrom soclal, polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context as
presented ln chapter lour and chapter llve. As such, thls chapter presents varlous
recommendatlons that may help to mltlgate and combat threats presented by the Muoq|k| and
other related organlsed crlme groups.
llrstly, the study establlshed that the reason why slums ol nalrobl are characterlsed
wlth hlgh rate ol lnsecurlty ls due to hlgh rate ol unemployment among the youth as they [oln
the organlsed crlme as a way ol llndlng lor thelr llvellhood. As such, the study recommends
creatlon ol employment opportunltles lor the youth ln order to engage them posltlvely ln the
economlc actlvltles. 1hls wlll help to tame thelr temptatlons ln [olnlng organlsed crlme as an
alternatlve lor generatlng thelr lncome.
Secondly, congestlon ln the slums was lound to be a contrlbutory lactor lor crlmlnal
actlvltles ol the organlsed crlme groups. 1herelore, the study recommends slum decongestlon
77
ln order to ellmlnate condltlons that breed crlmlnal actlvltles. 1hls encourage perpetratlon ol
organlsed crlme actlvltles. Moreover, thls lact ls based on the premlse that congestlon ln the
slums ls taken as a haven lor crlmlnals as they easlly hlde ln the lnlormal settlements whlch
makes thelr ldentlllcatlon too dllllcult lor the securlty apparatus.
lourthly, lt was establlshed by the study that there are some lapses ol the securlty
system ln the slum areas. 1hls was attrlbuted to lnadequate budgetary allocatlon glven to the
pollce lorce. As such, lt ls recommended by the study that slnce securlty ls a plllar lor any
economlc actlvlty, lt ls lmperatlve that securlty system must be enhanced. 1hls can be attalned
through sulllclent budgetary allocatlon, proper tralnlng and appllcatlon ol ellectlve securlty
technology to help tame lnsecurlty ln the slums and other parts ol the country ln general.
lllthly, lt was evldent lrom the study that organlsed crlme use lllegally acqulred
weapons whlch ends ln the hands ol these crlmlnal groups. 1hese weapons are used by these
groups ln perpetratlon ol thelr crlmlnal actlvltles. As such, the study recommends that the
government must carry out a masslve and thorough dlsarmament exerclse ln slum areas and
others areas whlch are characterlsed by lnsecurlty. 1hls wlll help to contaln the problem ol
prollleratlon ol lllegal llrearms.
Slxthly, lt ls was establlshed that members ol organlsed crlme groups such as the
Muoq|k| do not llve ln lslands but they naturally llve and lnteract wlth people normally ln these
slum areas. lor that case, lor the pollclng process need to be ellectlve, lt ls lmperatlve that the
communlty llvlng ln these slums must be lncorporated ln the securlty system. 8y dolng so,
members ol the communlty ln the slums wlll be able to provlde lmportant lnlormatlon relatlng
to any suspected members ol the outlawed crlme groups.
78
Lastly, lt was evldent lrom the study that most ol the Sect members are unemployed
youth who [oln these crlmlnal groups elther due to lgnorance or promlses lor some regular
handouts to sustaln them. 1herelore, the study recommends that proper clvlc educatlon should
be glven to the youth on the need ol engaglng on other economlc actlvltles rather than belng
lnvolved ln crlmlnal actlvltles. 1hls can help to open thelr mlnds and be able to engage
themselves ln posltlve economlc actlvltles.
1o combat the outlawed groups, the government ol kenya has been uslng lts securlty
agents notably the ollce. nonetheless, ln the ellort to thwart thelr actlvltles, tbe Muoq|k| has
ln most cases responded to thls wlth retallatory actlvltles. 1hls lact was alllrmed by Amnesty
lnternatlonal 8eport (2010) whlch establlshed that on 3
rd
March 2002, Muoq|k| members
wleldlng axes, machetes and other weapons and stormed karlobangl Lstate whlch ls also an
lnlormal settlement ln nalrobl kllllng 20 people whlle ln[urlng a score ol others as retallatory
attacks to the pollce crackdown ol thelr actlvltles. Moreover, the pollce lorce ltsell has at tlmes
been vlctlm ol the crlmlnal actlvltles ol the sect. lor that case, lor these threats and challenges
to be lully addressed, lt ls lmportant to use both sltuatlonal and soclal crlme preventlon
methods that have been recommended by thls study rather than uslng tradltlonal crlme
preventlon methods that the government ol kenya have prevlously been utlllslng.
79
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86
unlted natlons (2010), nooJbook oo tbe ct|me pteveot|oo qu|Jel|oes. Mok|oq tbem wotk.
vlenna: unlted natlons ubllcatlons.
unlted natlons 8eport (2007), wotlJ outb kepott 2007. ouoq people's ttoos|t|oo to
oJultbooJ, ptoqtess ooJ cbolleoqes, new ?ork: unlted natlons ubllcatlons.
uSAlu 8eport (2009). keoyo-looJ secut|ty,
http://www.usald.gov/our_work/humanltarlan_asslstance/dlsaster_asslstance/countrle
s/kenya/template/ls_sr/ly2010/kenya_ll_sr02_11-06-2009.pdl (Accessed 23 March,
2012)
Wakl 8eport (2008) 1be comm|ss|oo of lou|ty |oto lost-lect|oo v|oleoce (ClLv), nalrobl:
Covernment ol kenya.
Wamue, Cn (2001) '8evlsltlng our lndlgenous shrlnes through Munglkl' Aft|coo Affo|ts
100(400): 433-467
Wamue, Cn (2003) '1he olltlcs ol the Mngiki, woj|bu A Ioutool of 5oc|ol & kel|q|ous 5tuJ|es,
14(J), avallable at: http://web.peacellnk.lt/wa[lbu//8_lssue/p6.html [Accessed 7
Cctober 2012].
87
8.0 ALNDICLS
8.1 APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE
IN1kCDUC1ICN
1hls questlonnalre lntends to collect data on the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme ln
kenya by speclllcally hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| has allected the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context. 1he researcher requests you to take
some tlme to provlde lactual lnlormatlon to the questlonnalre's questlons as you are assured ol
your prlvacy. Such lnlormatlon ollered wlll only be used lor the purpose ol the research and
wlll not be dlsclosed to any thlrd party. ?our anonymlty ls guaranteed.
Ak1 A: GLNLkAL INICkMA1ICN (|ease t|ck where appropr|ate)
1. What ls your deslgnatlon?
Des|gnat|on p|ease t|ck |n the box
lormal employment
lnlormal employment
lormal sell-employment
lnlormal sell-employment
Cthers speclly ..................
2. Pave you ever heard ol the Muoq|k| as an organlzed gang?
?LS [ ]
nC [ ]
3. ll yes, please lndlcate the duratlon ol tlme you have known the exlstence ol the gang?
Less than 1 year [ ]
88
1-2 years [ ]
3-4 years [ ]
Cver 3 years [ ]
Ak1 8: nCW 1nL 'CkGANISLD CkIML' IS CAkkILD CU1 IN kLNA (|ease t|ck where
appropr|ate)
1. Pave you ever been lnvolved ln any crlmlnal actlvltles?
?es [ ]
no [ ]
2. ll yes ln questlon 2 above, what was the state ol lnvolvement?
erpetrator [ ]
A vlctlm [ ]
3. ll lnvolvement was ol that ol a perpetrator or as a vlctlm, whlch group ol the organlzed
crlme was lt?
Munglkl [ ] !eshl la Mzee, [ ]
Al-Shabaab, [ ] 8aghdad 8oys,[ ]
kosovo 8oys [ ] kam[esh [ ]
1allban [ ] Cthers speclly ......
4. Pow was the perpetratlon ol the crlme organlzed?
1. ..................................
2. ..................................
3. ..................................
3. Pow was the crlme carrled out?
1. ..................................
89
2. ..................................
3. ..................................
SLC1ICN C: 1P8LA1S 8LSLn1Lu 8? 'C8CAnlSLu C8lML' ln kLn?A
1. What are some ol the threats presented by the Muoq|k| to you as an lndlvldual?
1. .................................
2. .................................
3. .................................
4. .................................
2. What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| to the communltles llvlng ln the areas ol
lts operatlons?
1. .................................
2. .................................
3. .................................
3. What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| to the soclo-cultural practlces ol
communltles wlthln lts areas ol operatlons?
1. ................................
2. ................................
3. ................................
4. What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| to the soclo-economlc actlvltles ol the
communltles wlthln lts areas ol operatlons?
1. ................................
2. ................................
3. ................................
90
3. What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| to the polltlcal structure ol the
communltles wlthln lts areas ol operatlons?
1. ................................
2. ................................
3. ................................
SLC1ICN D: nCW 'CkGANISLD CkIML' AIILC1S 1nL CLI1ICAL, LCCNCMIC AND SCCIAL-
CUL1UkAL S1kUC1UkLS IN kLNA
1. uoes the Muoq|k| gang allect the polltlcal structures ol the local and natlonal
communltles?
?es [ ]
no [ ]
2. ll ?LS ln questlon 1, llst some ol the ellects on the polltlcal structures?
1. ...........................
2. ............................
3. ............................
4. ............................
3. uoes the Muoq|k| gang allect the economlc actlvltles ol the communltles llvlng ln thls
area?
?es [ ]
no [ ]
4. ll yes ln questlon 3 above, what are some ol lts ellects to economlc actlvltles?
1. ...........................
2. ............................
91
3. ............................
3. uoes the Muoq|k| gang have ellects on the soclo-cultural actlvltles ol the communltles
ln thls area?
?es [ ]
no [ ]
6. ll yes ln questlon 3 above, llst some ol these ellects?
1. ...............................
2. ...............................
3. ................................
SLC1ICN L: 1nL CnALLLNGLS 1nA1 1nL GCVLkNMLN1 CI kLNA IACL IN CCM8A1ING
CkGANISLD CkIML
1. Are there some challenges that the government lace ln combatlng Muoq|k|?
?es [ ]
no [ ]
2. ll yes ln questlon 1 above, what are these challenges?
llnanclal challenges [ ] unemployment [ ]
Puman rlghts challenges [ ] Plgh level ol poverty [ ]
Cthers speclly .......................
SLC1ICN L: 1nL CSSI8LL SCLU1ICNS 1C CCM8A1 CkGANISLD CkIML IN kLNA
1. Pow can organlzed crlme (Muoq|k| gang) operatlons be contalned?
Communlty pollclng [ ]
Counter actlvltles [ ]
?outh empowerment [ ]
92
ulsarmament practlce [ ]
Cthers speclly ............................
2. Pow can threats presented by the Muoq|k| gang be controlled?
Securlty enhancement [ ]
Slum decongestlon [ ]
Clvll educatlon [ ]
Communlty pollclng [ ]
Cthers speclly ...................
3. Suggest some ol the best remedles lor the challenges that the government due to the
Muoq|k| actlvltles?
1. ............................
2. .............................
3. .............................
1hank you for tak|ng your t|me |n f||||ng th|s quest|onna|re
8.2 APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
1) Pow does the Muoq|k| Sect perpetrate thelr crlmlnal actlvltles? lease expound.
2) What are some ol the threats presented by the Muoq|k| gang to lndlvldual and local
communltles?
3) What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| gang to the communltles llvlng ln the
areas ol lts operatlons?
93
4) What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| gang to the soclo-cultural practlces ol
communltles wlthln lts areas ol operatlons?
3) What are the threats presented by the Muoq|k| gang to the polltlcal structure ol the
communltles wlthln lts areas ol operatlons?
6) What are some ol the ellects ol the Muoq|k| to the polltlcal structures ol the local and
nelghbourlng communltles?
7) What are the ellects ol the Muoq|k| to economlc actlvltles ol the communltles llvlng ln
the areas ol thelr operatlons?
8) uoes the Muoq|k| Sect have ellects on the soclo-cultural actlvltles ol the communltles ln
thls area? lease expound.
9) What are some challenges that the government lace ln combatlng the Muoq|k|?
10) Pow can organlzed crlme (Munglkl sect) operatlons be contalned?
11) Suggest some ol the best remedles lor the threats and challenges posed by organlsed
crlme?
1hank you for tak|ng your t|me |n f||||ng th|s quest|onna|re
8.3 APPENDIX 3 - PARTICIPATION INFORMATION AND CONSENT FORM
8esearch toplc: Assessment of threats and cha||enges of organ|zed cr|me |n kenya: A case
study of the Munqiki
?ou are lnvlted to take part ln a research study lnto 'Assessmeot of tbteots ooJ cbolleoqes of
otqoo|zeJ ct|me |o keoyo. A cose stuJy of tbe Muoq|k|
94
1hls study ls belng conducted by Ceollrey komu as part ol the course requlrements lor a
Master ol Sclence degree ln Securlty and 8lsk management.
8ackground Informat|on
1he purpose ol thls study ls to assess the threats and challenges ol organlzed crlme groups ln
kenya by speclllcally hlghllghtlng the extent by whlch the Muoq|k| sect has allected the soclal,
polltlcal and economlc landscape ln the kenyan context. 1he llndlngs and recommendatlon ol
the study are percelved to glve the stake holders a clear plcture ol the extend ol organlzed
crlme ln kenya so as to lormulate pollcles, guldellnes or other sultable strategles to combat thls
vlce.
rocedures:
ll you agree to partlclpate ln thls study, you wlll be requlred to:
1ake part ln a lllteen mlnute lntervlew about the role ol organlzed gangs ln 20007/8
post-electlon vlolence
Clve a short descrlptlon on how organlzed gangs have negatlvely allected the polltlcal,
soclal and economlc cllmate and the government's ellort to root out thls vlce ll any.
1he sesslon wlll be audlo lor later transcrlptlon and analysls. ln addltlon, you wlll be
asked to provlde relevant demographlc lnlormatlon.
93
Conf|dent|a||ty:
1he data collected lrom you wlll remaln conlldentlal and no lnlormatlon wlll be publlshed ln the
dlssertatlon or ln any other lormat that wlll make lt posslble to ldentlly you. uata wlll be stored
securely and only the researcher wlll have access to lt. Any tape recordlng or transcrlpts wlll be
destroyed by 28 Aprll 2012 l.e. alter publlshlng the results ol the study.
Vo|untary Nature of the Study:
artlclpatlon ln thls study ls voluntary. 1hls study ls belng conducted lndependently lrom the
unlverslty ol Lelcester and your declslon whether or not to partlclpate wlll not allect your
current or luture relatlonshlp wlth unlverslty ol Lelcester. ll you do declde to partlclpate, you
are lree to wlthdraw at any tlme and request that all the data that you have provlded ls
destroyed.
Contacts and uest|ons:
ll you have any questlons please contact
Ceollrey komu
.C. 8ox 30638-00100-nalrobl, kenya
Cell: +34723337332
Lmall: !ellndolo2003[yahoo.com
You wi// be qiven o copy of this informotion to keep for your records.
96
Statement of Consent:
l have read the above lnlormatlon. l have asked questlons and have recelved answers. l consent
to partlclpate ln the study.
Slgnature: _______________________________________ uate: _______________
Slgnature ol 8esearcher:____________________________uate: _______________
97
8.4 APPENDIX 4- FREQUENCY TABLES
C8lMlnAL AC1lvl1lLS
lnvCLvLMLn1
1otal ?LS nC
uLSlCnA1lCn lC8MAL LMLC?MLn1 1 1 2
lnlC8MAL LMLC?MLn1 16 1 17
lC8MAL SLLl
LMLC?MLn1
1 1 2
lnlC8MAL SLLl
LMLC?MLn1
13 4 19
1otal 33 7 40
1ab|e 2: DLSIGNA1ICN verses CkIMINAL AC1IVI1ILS INVCLVLMLN1
uesiqnotion verses invo/vement in the crimino/ octivities
Lxtrapolated lrom SSS 17.0
98
Graph 1- DLSIGNA1ICN verses CkIMINAL AC1IVI1ILS INVCLVLMLN1
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
99
Crgan|sed Cr|me Groups
value Count ercent
Standard Attrlbutes osltlon 6
Label C8CuS
L8L18A1ln
C C8lML
1ype numerlc
lormat l2
Measurement Scale
n valld 33
Mlsslng 10
Central 1endency and
ulsperslon
Mean 2.39
Standard
uevlatlon
1.637
100
ercentlle 23 1.00
ercentlle 30 2.00
ercentlle 73 3.00
Labeled values 1 MunClkl 16 37.2
2 ALSPA8AA8 2 4.7
3 kCSCvC
8C?S
8 18.6
4 1ALl8An 2 4.7
3 !LSPl LA
MZLL
4 9.3
6 8ACPuAu
8C?S
0 .0
7 kAM!LSP 1 2.3
8 C1PL8S 0 .0
1ab|e 3 - Groups perpetrat|ng cr|me |n the s|ums
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
101
Graph 2 - Groups perpetrat|ng cr|me |n the s|ums
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
102
WAS CI LkL1kA1ING CkIML: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
8AluS 32 74.4 11 23.6 43 100.0
Lx1C81lCnS 27 62.8 16 37.2 43 100.0
SLxuAL PA8ASSMLn1 23 38.1 18 41.9 43 100.0
1ab|e 4 - Ways of perpetrat|ng cr|me
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
103
MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CuL1u8AL 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
CLl1lCAL 26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
SCClAL 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
LCCnCMlC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
SLCu8l1? 30 73.0 10 23.0 40 100.0
1ab|e S - 1hreats presented by Mung|k| Sect
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
o||t|ca| Lffects: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
CLl1lCAL LllLC1S 37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
104
MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CuL1u8AL 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
CLl1lCAL 26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
SCClAL 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
LCCnCMlC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
SLCu8l1? 30 73.0 10 23.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 6 - o||t|ca| effects
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
LCCNCMIC LIILC1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LCCnCMlC LllLC1S 37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
103
MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CuL1u8AL 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
CLl1lCAL 26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
SCClAL 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
LCCnCMlC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
SLCu8l1? 30 73.0 10 23.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 7 - Lconom|c effects
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
SCCIC-CUL1UkAL LIILC1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
SCClC-CuL1u8AL
LllLC1S
37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
106
MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CuL1u8AL 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
CLl1lCAL 26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
SCClAL 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
LCCnCMlC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
SLCu8l1? 30 73.0 10 23.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 8 - Lffects of Munqiki on Soc|o-cu|tura| structures
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
nCW MUNGIkI AIILC1S CLI1ICAL S1kUC1UkLS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LLLC1lCn vlCLLnCL 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
ClvlL un8LS1 24 60.0 16 40.0 40 100.0
nLCA1lvL L1PnlCl1? 23 37.3 17 42.3 40 100.0
107
nCW MUNGIkI AIILC1S CLI1ICAL S1kUC1UkLS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
LLLC1lCn vlCLLnCL 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
ClvlL un8LS1 24 60.0 16 40.0 40 100.0
nLCA1lvL L1PnlCl1? 23 37.3 17 42.3 40 100.0
1ab|e 9 - now Mung|k| affects po||t|ca| structures
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
LIILC1S 1C LCCNCMIC AC1IVI1LS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
8uSlnLSS 8LLCCA1lCn 21 32.3 19 47.3 40 100.0
1PLl1/8u8CLA8? 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
Lx1C81lCn 20 30.0 20 30.0 40 100.0
ln1lMluA1lCn 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 10 -Lffects of Mung|k| Sect to econom|c act|v|t|es
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
108
MUNGIkI LIILC1S 1C SCCIC CUL1UkAL S1kUC1UkLS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
nLCA1lvL L1PnlCl1? 23 62.3 13 37.3 40 100.0
LCSS Cl SLnSL Cl
8LLCnClnC
10 23.0 30 73.0 40 100.0
u8uC A8uSL 29 72.3 11 27.3 40 100.0
lnSLCu8l1? 26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
SLxuAL PA8ASSMLn1 22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 11 - Mung|k| effects to soc|o-cu|tura| structures
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
109
S1A1L CI GCVLkNMLN1 CnALLLNGLS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
CCvL8nMLn1
CPALLLnCLS
37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
110
S1A1L CI GCVLkNMLN1 CnALLLNGLS: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
CCvL8nMLn1
CPALLLnCLS
37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
1ab|e 12: State of government cha||enges
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
111
SLCIIIC CnALLLNGLS IACLD: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
llnAnClAL 37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
unLMLC?MLn1 31 77.3 9 22.3 40 100.0
PuMAn 8lCP1S 27 67.3 13 32.3 40 100.0
CvL81? 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
C1PL8S 12 30.0 28 70.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 13: Spec|f|c cha||enges faced by the government |n contro|||ng Mung|k|
sect
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
112
nCW MUNGIkI SLC1 CLkA1ICNS CAN 8L CCN1AINLD: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
CCMMunl1? CLlClnC 24 60.0 16 40.0 40 100.0
CCun1L8 AC1lvl1lLS 29 72.3 11 27.3 40 100.0
?Cu1P LMLC?MLn1 37 92.3 3 7.3 40 100.0
ulSA8MAMLn1
8AC1lCL
22 33.0 18 43.0 40 100.0
C1PL8S 17 42.3 23 37.3 40 100.0
1ab|e 14 - now Mung|k| Sect operat|ons can be conta|ned
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
113
WAS CI CCN1kCLLING MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
SLCu8l1?
LnPAnCLMLn1
31 77.3 9 22.3 40 100.0
SLuM uLCCnCLS1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
ClvlL LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CCMMunl1? CLlClnC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
C1PL8S 31 77.3 9 22.3 40 100.0
114
WAS CI CCN1kCLLING MUNGIkI 1nkLA1S: Case rocess|ng Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
SLCu8l1?
LnPAnCLMLn1
31 77.3 9 22.3 40 100.0
SLuM uLCCnCLS1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
ClvlL LuuCA1lCn 13 32.3 27 67.3 40 100.0
CCMMunl1? CLlClnC 28 70.0 12 30.0 40 100.0
C1PL8S 31 77.3 9 22.3 40 100.0
1ab|e 1S - Ways of contro|||ng Mung|k| threats
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0
113
kLMLDILS ICk 1nL CnALLLNGLS IACLD 8 1nL GCVLkNMLN1: Case rocess|ng
Summary
a
Cases
lncluded Lxcluded 1otal
n ercent n ercent n ercent
CCvL8nMLn1 CCMMunl1?
A81nL8SPl
26 63.0 14 33.0 40 100.0
?Cu1P LMCWL8MLn1
8CC8AMS
23 62.3 13 37.3 40 100.0
SLuM uC8AulnC 8CC8AMS 20 30.0 20 30.0 40 100.0
1ab|e 16 - kemed|es for cha||enges faced by the government
Source: uata extrapolated lrom SSS Statlstlcs 17.0