Cas 1ransmissien and

istributien Piping
5ystems
A5M Cede fer Pressure Piping, 831
A k A M k l C A k k A1 l 0k A L S1A k A k
A5M 31.8-2007
{kevisien ef A5M 831.8-2003)
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Pressure Piping, 831
www
7
2003)
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ASME B31.8-2007
Table 832.2 Thermal Expansion of Carbon and
Low Alloy Steel
Temperature, Total Expansion, in./100 ft,
F Above 32F
32 0.0
60 0.2
100 0.5
125 0.7
150 0.9
175 1.1
200 1.3
225 1.5
250 1.7
300 2.2
350 2.6
400 3.0
450 3.5
of all parts of the line and all restraints, such as rigid
supports or guides, shall be considered.
(d) Calculations shall take into account stress intensi-
fication factors found to exist in components other than
plain straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra
flexibility of such components. The flexibility factors and
stress intensification factors shown in Table E-1 may
be used.
(e) Properties of pipe and fittings for these calcula-
tions shall be based on nominal dimensions, and the
joint factor E shall be taken as 1.00.
(f) The total range in temperature shall be considered
in all expansion calculations, whether piping is cold-
sprung or not. In addition to the expansion of the line
itself, the linear and angular movements of the equip-
ment to which it is attached shall be considered.
(g) Flexibility calculations shall be based on the mod-
ulus of elasticity corresponding to the lowest tempera-
ture of the operational cycle.
(h) In order to modify the effect of expansion and
contraction, runs of pipe may be cold-sprung. Cold-
spring may be taken into account in the calculations of
the reactions, provided an effective method of obtaining
the designed cold-spring is specified and used.
832.4 Reactions
(a) Reaction forces and moments to be used in the
design of restraints and supports for a piping system,
and in evaluating the effects of piping displacements on
connected equipment, shall consider the full range of
thermal displacement conditions plus weight and exter-
nal loads. Cold-spring may be useful for maintaining
reactions within acceptable limits.
(b) The reactions for thermal displacements shall be
calculated using the elastic modulus corresponding to
the lowest temperature of an operational cycle.
23
Table 832.5 Modulus of Elasticity for
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
Temperature, Modulus of Elasticity,
F psi 10
6
100 30.2
70 29.5
200 28.8
300 28.3
400 27.7
500 27.3
(c) Consideration shall be given to the load carrying
capacity of attached rotating and pressure-containing
equipment and the supporting structure.
832.5 Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity for carbon and low alloy
steel at various temperatures is given in Table 832.5.
Values between listed temperatures may be linearly
interpolated.
833 DESIGN FOR LONGITUDINAL STRESS
833.1 Restraint
(a) The restraint condition is a factor in the structural
behavior of the pipeline. The degree of restraint may
be affected by aspects of pipeline construction, support
design, soil properties, and terrain. Part 833 is applicable
to all steel piping within the scope of B31.8. For purposes
of design, this Code recognizes two axial restraint condi-
tions, restrained and unrestrained. Guidance in cat-
egorizing the restraint condition is given below.
(b) Piping in which soil or supports prevent axial dis-
placement of flexure at bends is restrained. Restrained
piping may include the following:
(1) straight sections of buried piping
(2) bends and adjacent piping buried in stiff or con-
solidate soil
(3) sections of aboveground piping on rigid sup-
ports
(c) Piping that is freed to displace axially or flex at
bends is unrestrained. Unrestrained piping may
include the following:
(1) aboveground piping that is configured to
accommodate thermal expansion or anchor movements
through flexibility
(2) bends and adjacent piping buried in soft or
unconsolidated soil
(3) an unbackfilled section of otherwise buried
pipeline that is sufficiently flexible to displace laterally
or which contains a bend
(4) pipe subject to an end cap pressure force
Copyright ASME International
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as rigid
ress intensi- ess int
ents other than other than
ken for the extra r the extra
exibility factors and ctors and
wn in Table E-1 may E-1 may
fittings for these calcula- hese ca
minal dimensions, and the nsions, an
en as 1.00.
n temperature shall be considered e shall be consid
culations, whether piping is cold- hether piping is c
addition to the expansion of the line expansion of the
and angular movements of the equip- he equip-
h it is attached shall be considered. ed shall be considered.
bility calculations shall be based on the mod- bility calculations shall be based on the mod-
lasticity corresponding to the lowest tempera- sticity corresponding to the lowest tempera
f the operational cycle. perational cy
) In order to modify the effect of expansion o modify the effect of expan
ontraction, runs of pipe may be cold-sprung. f pipe may be cold-sprun
spring may be taken into account in the calcu nto account in the calcu
the reactions, provided an effective method o effective method o
the designed cold-spring is specified and pecified and
832.4 Reactions 4 Rea
(a) Reaction forces and momen Reaction forces and mom
design of restraints and suppo design of restraints and suppo
and in evaluating the effects o and in evaluating
connected equipment, sha connected equipme
thermal displacement con thermal displacemen
nal loads. Cold-spring nal loads. Cold-sprin
reactions within acc eactions within ac
(b) (b) The reaction The
calculated usin calculated u
the lowest te he lowest te
Elasticity for or
lloy Steel
c
Modulus of Elasticity, y,
psi 10
6
c
30.2
29.5
28.8
28.3
0 27.7
00 27.3
w
.
) Consideration shall be given to the load carr shall be given to the lo
apacity of attached rotating and pressure-con otating and pressure-c
equipment and the supporting structure. and the supporting structure.
832.5 Modulus o Modulus of Elasticity f Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity for carbo modulus of elasticity for car
steel at various temperatures is gi various temperatures is g
Values between listed temperat Values betwe
interpolated. interpolated.
833 DESIGN FOR LON IGN F
833.1 8 Restr raint aint
(a) (a) The restrain trai
behavior of the behavior of th
be affected b affected
design, soi n, so
to all ste to all
of des of des
tion tio
e
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(07)
ASME B31.8-2007
833.2 Calculation of Longitudinal Stress
Components
(a) The longitudinal stress due to internal pressure in
restrained pipelines is
S
p
p 0.3S
H
where S
H
is the hoop stress, psi
(b) The longitudinal stress due to internal pressure in
unrestrained pipeline is
S
p
p 0.5S
H
where S
H
is the hoop stress, psi
(c) The longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion
in restrained pipe is
S
T
p E(T
1
T
2
)
where
E p the elastic modulus, psi, at the ambient temper-
ature
T
1
p the pipe temperature at the time of installation,
tie-in, or burial, F
T
2
p the warmest or coldest pipe operating tempera-
ture, F
p the coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/F
If a section of pipe can operate either warmer or colder
than the installed temperature, both conditions for T
2
may need to be examined.
(d) The nominal bending stress in straight pipe or
large-radius bends due to weight or other external
loads is
S
B
p M/Z
where
M p the bending moment across the pipe cross sec-
tion, lb-in.
Z p the pipe section modulus, in.
3
(e) The nominal bending stress in fittings and compo-
nents due to weight or other external loads is
S
B
p M
R
/Z
where M
R
is the resultant intensified moment across
the fitting or component. The resultant moment shall be
calculated as
M
R
p [(0.75i
i
M
i
)
2
+ (0.75i
o
M
o
)
2
+ M
t
2
]
1/2
, lb-in.
where
M
i
p in-plane bending moment, lb-in.
M
t
p torsional moment, lb-in.
M
0
p out-of-plane bending moment, lb-in.
i
i
p in-plane stress intensification factor from
Appendix E
24
i
o
p out-of-plane stress intensification factor from
Appendix E
The product 0.75i 1.0
(f) The stress due to axial loading other than thermal
expansion and pressure is
S
X
p R/A
where
A p pipe metal cross-sectional area, in.
2
R p external force axial component, lb
833.3 Summation of Longitudinal Stress in
Restrained Pipe
(a) The net longitudinal stresses in restrained pipe are
S
L
p S
P
+ S
T
+ S
X
+ S
B
Note that S
L
, S
T
, S
X
, or S
B
can have negative values.
(b) The maximum permitted value of |S
L
| is 0.9ST,
where S is the specified minimum yield strength, psi,
per para. 841.11(a), and T is the temperature derating
factor per para. 841.116.
(c) Residual stresses from construction are often pres-
ent; for example, bending in buried pipelines where
spanning or differential settlement occurs. These stresses
are often difficult to evaluate accurately, but can be disre-
garded in most cases. It is the engineers responsibility
to determine whether such stresses should be evaluated.
833.4 Combined Stress for Restrained Pipe
(a) The combined biaxial stress state of the pipeline
in the operating mode is evaluated using the calculation
in either (1) or (2) below:
(1) |S
H
S
L
| or
(2) [S
L
2
S
L
S
H
+ S
H
2
]
1/2
The maximumpermitted value for the combined biax-
ial stress is kST where S is the specified minimum yield
strength, psi, per para. 841.11(a), T is the temperature
derating factor per para. 841.116, and k is defined in
paras. 833.4 (b) and (c).
(b) For loads of long duration, the value of k shall not
exceed 0.90.
(c) For occasional non-periodic loads of short dura-
tion, the value of k shall not exceed 1.0.
(d) S
L
in para. 833.1(a) is calculated considering both
the tensile and compressive values of S
B
.
(e) Stresses induced by loads that do not occur simul-
taneously need not be considered to be additive.
(f ) The biaxial stress evaluation described above
applies only to straight sections of pipe.
833.5 Design for Stress Greater Than Yield
(a) The limits in paras. 833.3 and 833.4 may be
exceeded where due consideration is given to the ductil-
ity and strain capacity of seam weld, girth weld, and
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ation, ation,
g tempera- mpera-
nsion, 1/F
er warmer or colder colder
oth conditions for ns for T
2
T
stress in straight pipe or aight pipe o
o weight or other external other externa
S
B
p M/Z
ending moment across the pipe cross sec- nding moment across the pipe cross sec-
n, lb-in. b-in.
he pipe section modulus, in. ection mod
3
The nominal bending stress in fittings and com ng stress in fittings and co
nts due to weight or other external loads is r external loads is
S
B
p M
R
/Z
where MM
RR
is the resultant intensified m is the resultant intensified m
the fitting or component. The resultant m or component. The result
calculated as s
MM
RR
pp [(0.75 75ii
ii
MM
ii
))
2
+ (0.75i
o
M
where here
M
i
pp in-plane bending m in-plane bending
MM
t
p torsional momen torsional mome
MM
00
pp out-of-plane b out-of-
ii
ii
pp in-plane st in-plan
Appendix Appendi
tion factor from from
oading other than thermal hermal
X
p R/A
al cross-sectional area, in. l area,
2
al force axial component, lb nent, lb
mmation of Longitudinal Stress in ongitudinal Stress in
estrained Pipe
The net longitudinal stresses in restrained pipe stresses in restrained pip
SS
LL
pp SS
PP
++ S
T
+ SS
XX
++ S
B
Note that at SS
LL
,, S
T
,
T
S
X
, orr SS
BB
can have negat can have n
(b) The maximum permitted value of maximum permitted value of
where S is the specified minimum yie the specified minimum yie
per para. 841.11(a), and r para. 841.11(a T is the tem
factor per para. 841.116. actor per para. 841.116.
(c) ) Residual stresses from cons Residual stresses from con
ent; for example, bending in ent; for example, b
spanning or differential settl spanning or different
are often difficult to evalua are often difficult to ev
garded in most cases. I garded in most cases.
to determine whether o determine whethe
833.4 Combined Combine
(a) The com The com
in the opera he ope
in either n either
(1) (1
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pipe body materials; and to the avoidance of buckles,
swelling, or coating damage.
(b) The maximum permitted strain is limited to 2%.
833.6 Summation of Longitudinal Stresses in
Unrestrained Pipe
(a) The net longitudinal stress in unrestrained pipe is
S
L
p S
P
+ S
X
+ S
B
, psi
(b) The maximum permitted longitudinal stress in
unrestrained pipe is S
L
0.75ST, where S is the specified
minimum yield strength, psi, per para. 841.11(a), and T
is the temperature derating factor per para. 841.116.
833.7 Flexibility Analysis for Unrestrained Piping
(a) There is no need for formal flexibility analysis for
an unrestrained piping system that
(1) duplicates or replaces without significant
change a system operating with a successful record
(2) can be readily judged adequate by comparison
with previously analyzed systems
(3) is of uniform size, has no more than two points
of fixation, no intermediate restraints, and falls within
the limitations of the following empirical equation
DY
(L U)
2
K
where
D p nominal outside diameter of pipe, in.
K p 0.03, for U.S. customary units listed in the equa-
tion above
L p developed length of piping between anchors, ft
U p straight line separation between anchors, ft
Y p resultant of total displacement strains, in., to be
absorbed by the system
NOTE: No general proof can be offered that this empirical equa-
tion always yields conservative results. It is not applicable to sys-
tems used in severe cyclic conditions. It should be used with
caution in configurations such as unequal leg U-bends having
L/U > 2.5; or nearly-straight saw-tooth runs; or where i 5 due
to thin-walled design; or where displacements not in the direction
connecting anchor points constitute a large part of the total dis-
placement. There is no assurance that terminal reactions will be
acceptably low even if a piping system falls within the limitations
of para. 833.7(a)(3).
(b) Any piping system that does not meet one of the
criteria in para. 833.7(a) should undergo a flexibility
stress analysis by a simplified, approximate, or compre-
hensive method as deemed appropriate.
25
833.8 Flexibility Stresses and Stresses Due to
Periodic or Cyclic Loading
(a) The stress range in unrestrained piping due to
thermal expansion and periodic, vibrational, or cyclic
displacements or loads shall be computed as
S
E
p M
E
/Z
where M
E
is the resultant intensified moment range
fromone stress state to another. The resultant intensified
moment shall be calculated as
M
E
p [(i
i
M
i
)
2
+ (i
o
M
o
)
2
+ M
t
2
]
1/2
, lb-in.
(b) The cyclic stress range S
E
S
A
, where
S
A
p f [1.25 (S
c
+ S
h
) S
L
]
f p 6N
0.2
1.0
N p equivalent number of cycles during the
expected service life of the piping system
S
c
p 0.33 S
u
T at the minimum installed or operating
temperature
S
h
p 0.33 S
u
T at the maximum installed or operating
temperature
S
L
p longitudinal stress calculated according to
para. 833.6(a), psi
S
u
p specified minimum ultimate tensile strength,
psi
T p temperature derating factor per para. 841.116
(c) When the computed stress range varies, S
E
is
defined as the greatest computed stress range. The value
of N in such cases can be calculated as
N p N
E
+ [r
i
5
N
i
] for i p 1, 2, n
where
N
E
p number of cycles of maximumcomputedstress
range, S
E
N
i
p number of cycles associated with stress
range, S
i
S
i
p any computed stress range smaller than S
E
, psi
r
i
p S
i
/S
E
833.9 Local Stresses
(a) High local stresses are usually generated at struc-
tural discontinuities and sites of local loadings.
Although they may exceed the material yield strength,
such stresses may often be disregarded because they
are localized in influence, and may be self-limiting or
relieved by local deformation. Examples include stresses
in branch connections caused by pressure or external
loads, or stresses at structural discontinuities. This Code
does not fully address the maximum allowable value
for local stresses. It is the engineers responsibility to
determine whether such stresses must be evaluated.
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s for
gnificant gnific
ul record l record
by comparison omparison
ore than two points o points
ints, and falls within s within
empirical equation quation
U)
2
K
l outside diameter of pipe, in.
for U.S. customary units listed in the equa- omary units listed in the equa-
n above ab
developed length of piping between anchors, ft veloped length of piping between anchors, f
straight line separation between anchors, ft ght line separation between anchors, ft
p resultant of total displacement strains, in., of total displacement strains
absorbed by the system the syste
NOTE: No general proof can be offered that this e offered that this e
tion always yields conservative results. It is not ays yields conservative results. It is no
tems used in severe cyclic conditions. It sh used in severe cyclic conditions. It s
caution in configurations such as unequa on in co
L/U > 2.5; or nearly-straight saw-tooth 2.5; or nearly-straight saw-to
to thin-walled design; or where displac alled design; or where displa
connecting anchor points constitute connecting anchor points constitut
placement. There is no assurance placement. There is n
acceptably low even if a piping acceptably low even if
of para. 833.7(a)(3). of para. 833.7(a)(3).
(b) (b) Any piping sy Any piping sy
criteria in para. 8 criteria in
stress analysis b stress analy
hensive meth ensive met
esses Due too
g
nrestrained piping due to ng d
riodic, vibrational, or cyclic l, or c
shall be computed as
S
E
p M
E
/Z
he resultant intensified moment range inten
s state to another. The resultant intensified er. The
all be calculated as
M
E
p [(i
i
M
i ii
))
22
+ ( + (ii
oo
MM
o
)
2
+ MM
tt
22
]]
1/2 1/2
, lb-in. ,
b) The cyclic stress range s range SS
EE
SS
AA
, where , where
SS
AA
p f [1.25 ( 25 (SS
cc
+ S
h
) SS
LL
]]
ff pp 66NN
0.2 0.2
1.0 1.
N pp equivalent number of cy equivalent number of c
expected service life of the expected service life of th
S
cc
p 0.33 0.33 S
u
T at the minimum
temperature temperature
SS
h
pp 0.33 0.33 SS
uu
TT at the maxi at the max
temperature mper
S
L
p longitudinal s ngitu
para. 833.6(a ra. 833
SS
u
p specified m cified
psi
TT pp tempe t
(c) Whe Wh
defined defin
of of NN i
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