HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 99

1 Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry Atomic structure Relative masses & mass spectrometer Ideal gas equation - ppm calculation Empirical & molecular formulae Oxidation no. & balancing redox equations II-1a(i) I-1a(i) II-6d(i) II-7c(i) I-3b(i) I-3b(i), I-4a(i), II-4c Titrations involving acid-base & redox rxns 2 Electronic Structure of Atoms Atomic emission spectrum Evidence of electron shells & subshells Atomic orbital Electronic configuration 3 Energetics Standard enthalpy changes - simple calorimetric method Energetics of formation of ionic cpds Bond enthalpy. Bond length Spontaneity of changes I-7b II-1a(ii) II-2b II-4a II-2a II-2a II-2a(i) I-3a(i) I-3a(i) I-2a II-1c II-2a I-2a(i) I-2b I-2a(ii) I-3a(i) I-9E I-3a I-7a II-4c I-1a(ii) II-1c I-2c I-4de II-2a, II-4b(ii) I-2a(iii) I-3c(ii) II-2a I-1b I-3a(iv), II-2a II-5a II-1c II-3b I-2b(i) II-1b(i) II-1c(i) II-2b II-1a I-4c, II-3d II-2c(i) I-3c(iv) II-1a I-3b(ii), II-4b I-3b II-1c I-7a I-3b II-6a(i) II-3c II-1a(i) II-2d, II-3d(ii)(II) II-4b(i) I-7b, II-4c I-2a(ii) I-3c II-2b II-1b I-2b(iii), II-7c(ii) I-7c, II-4c I-7c(ii) I-3b I-2b, II-4c(i) I-1a(iii), I-2a II-1a II-1b II-1b II-1a(ii) II-6a(ii) I-1a II-3b(i) II-1a(i)

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II-5a(iii) II-1c(ii)III

HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 99

4 Bonding & Structure Nature of forces holding atoms together Crystals: metallic, ionic, covalent & molecular Shapes of molecules & polyatomic ions II-2c I-1a, II-3c(i) Bonding intermediate % ionic & covalent Intermolecular forces Structures & properties of substances II-3c I-1b(iii) I-1b(i) I-1c II-6c(i) I-1a I-1a(ii) I-1a(i) II-3a(ii), II-2d, II-4b I-4b II-1d(ii) I-3c(i), I-4ade II-2c(ii) 5 Chemical Kinetics Rate of chemical rxn. Factors affecting rate. Rate equation & order of rxn Arrhenius equation Interpretation of rate at molecular level Catalysis I-3b, I-6b(ii) I-9E I-7a II-3a I-7b, II-3b II-3a(iii) I-7b I-3c(ii) II-3a I-2b II-3a II-3a(iii) I-2b II-3a(iii) I-3a I-2a(iii) II-3a(iii) II-3b I-4b(ii), I-8b I-3a(iii), II-3a(i) II-3a II-3a(i) II-3a(ii) II-4a(i) II-4a II-3a(i) II-3a(ii), II-3c(iv) II-3a(i-ii) I-2c, II-3a I-2a I-1a(iii) I-2b(ii) I-7a(i) I-2d I-2c II-4b(i) II-1d(i) II-2c(i) I-4 I-1a(i) II-3b II-3c(ii) II-2c(ii) II-4d I-2c(i) II-1a I-1a II-3b(ii) I-2a(i) I-2a I-3c(i), II-2a(i), II-4b(ii) II-2c(i) II-1a(ii), II-2b,4b(i) I-1a I-9E II-1b(i), I-1b I-3b(i) II-1a(i) I-9E, II-3c I-1a(i), 2b, I-3c(iii) II-4c

P. 2

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08

I-1a(i-ii), I-3a(ii)

II-4c(ii,iii)

I-7a, 8a(ii) II-2a(i) II-2a(ii)

II-2a(iii) I-8a(ii), II-2b

HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 99

6 Chemical Equilibrium 6.1 Dynamic equilibrium Equilibrium law. Kc & Kp Partition coefficient Factors affecting equilibrium 6.2 Ionic equilibrium Concept of acid/base Calculations involving pH, Ka & Kb Buffer Titration curves & choice of indicator - double indicator method Solubility product 6.3 Redox Equilibrium Electrochemical cell Electrode potential - prediction of feasibility of redox rxns - Nernst equation Secondary cells & fuel cells II-1b I-4a(ii) I-4a II-4a II-3b I-1b II-1b II-4b(ii) I-10E II-4a II-3d I-4b, II-4a(i, ii) II-1b II-2c II-2b I-7a I-1c II-1b(iii) II-1c I-2b I-9E I-4b I-4c I-2c II-3c II-3c I-8a I-7a, II-1c I-4a I-4d, II-4c(ii) I-2b, II-2e(ii) II-2b(iii) I-1a(iii) I-1b(iii) II-4a I-1c(i) II-2b I-1a(i, ii) I-1b(i, ii) II-1b(ii) II-4a(i) I-1c(ii) I-3b(i, ii) I-3a, II-1c(i) I-3a, II-1c II-3a(i) II-3a(ii) II-3b(i) II-4b(ii) II-4b(ii) I-3c(iii) I-3c(i) I-1a(iii) II-4a I-2c II-4a(iii) I-2a I-3a II-4b I-1a(iv), I-3a(iii) I-2a(ii) I-2a II-3c(i, ii) II-2a I-3b II-4a(iii) II-3c(ii) II-4a I-3b(iii) II-3c II-7a(i) I-2a II-4a II-4c II-2c

P. 3

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II-3b(ii,iii) II-2b(ii,iv)

HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 99

7 Periodic Properties of Elements in Periodic Table Periodic variation in physical properties Periodic relationship among oxides Anomalous behaviour 8 s-Block Elements I-1b(ii) I-7c II-1c(i) 9 p-Block Elements 9.1 Halogens 9.2 Group IV elements I-3d I-1b(i) I-3c(i) I-7a, II-4c,d I-3c II-2c(i) 10 d-Block Elements I-3c II-2d I-3c(iii), I-4b, II-2c, 3a - Qualitative analysis I-7c,d II-1c II-1c I-7a(ii) I-9E, II-2c(i) I-3a II-4c I-3c II-2b II-3c(i) I-3b II-3d(ii) II-3d(ii)(III) II-5a I-3c(ii) II-5b(iii) I-1a(iv) I-3a, I-3c(i) II-1c, II-3d II-3a I-7b II-1b(iii) I-2a(ii) II-1b(ii) I-1b, I-5a(iii), I-7c II-1b(i) I-3b II-2c I-3b, II-1b I-1b, II-3c(i) I-3a I-9E, II-3c(ii) I-6 I-1b II-2a(ii), II-2b,c II-3c II-3b II-3b II-2c(ii,iii) II-4b II-3b II-2d II-3d(i) II-2b I-2b(ii) I-3b II-2c II-4c I-2b I-1b, II-2c(i) II-4a(i) II-2b I-3a(i), I-3b(ii) II-1b

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HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 99

11 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 11.1 Orbital hybridization 11.2 Functional groups & physical properties 11.3 Systematic nomenclature II-6c 11.4 Isomerism 11.5 Organic acids & bases - solvent extraction 11.6 Reaction mechanism II-1a(iii), II-4c(i) I-8b(ii), II-6a(ii) I-5a(ii), I-5b(ii), II-5b(ii) - Practical techniques 12 Chemistry of Organic Compounds 12.1 Alkanes & radical substitution 12.2 Alkenes & electrophilic addition 12.3 Benzene & electrophilic substitution II-3b I-5a I-5a I-10E, II-6b I-6b I-5a I-6a I-8a(ii-iv) I-4 I-6c(i) I-10E I-6b(iii) II-6b I-5a(ii) II-2c(iii) I-4, II-7b(iii) I-4ab I-6b(ii,iii) II-6d II-6a I-5a(ii), II-7b I-5a(i), II-6c(i) I-4b(i), II-5a(v) I-5c(i), II-6b I-4a(ii), I-8b I-8b(ii) I-5a(ii) I-5a(ii), I-6b, II-6c(i) I-8a I-8a I-7b, II-5a I-8ab I-7a(i), I-8c I-8a, 8b II-5a I-6a, II-5c I-5a(iii,iv) I-5a(iii), II-6c(iv) II-6b II-6b(i) II-7b I-5b, II-3c I-6a, II-7a I-8a(iv), II-5a, I-5b(ii) I-6b II-6b(ii), II-7b II-7b(iii) II-6d(i) II-1a(iii) II-3b II-2d II-7b(i) II-7c(i) I-3c(ii) II-5c II-5a(i) I-6a(i), II-6b(i) I-2a, II-6b(iii) I-6b(i) II-6c II-5b(i), II-5c, 7b I-5a(ii), I-6a, II-3a I-5a(i), I-6c(i), II-5b(ii-iii) I-6c(ii), I-8a(iii) I-8b(i) II-4b(i), II-5a, 6b I-5b, II-6c(iii) I-4ab, II-5b(i), II-5c, 7b, II-6ac I-8ade, II-7a(iv) II-4a(i), II-6d I-5a I-5a(iii), I-6a,e,f I-5b(i) I-3c(i) I-2a(i) II-6c(i-ii) II-5b(i) I-6b II-7c II-5a(i)

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I-3a(i)

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I-4b, I-5b, II-5a(iv), II-7b(i)

I-5b, I-5c, II-6b

99
12.4 Halogeno-cpds & nucleophilic substitution 12.5 Carbonyl cpds & nucleophilic addition 12.6 Acid derivatives & nucleophilic acyl substitution - fats & oils 12.7 Redox reactions 12.8 Structure determination - Identifying unknown substance - Synthesis 13 Chemistry in Action 13.1 Polymers Naturally occurring polymers Synthetic polymers II-6b I-6a II-5c II-7d II-5d(iii) II-6a(iii), II-7c II-5a II-7b II-5b, II-7a I-5b II-6a

HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 00 01 02 03 04

II-5a I-5b II-5d, II-7c II-6a I-5b(i) I-8a, II-5d,II-7a II-6e I-6b, II-6d I-6c, I-8b I-8b(iii), II-7b I-5b, II-7a II-5b(i) II-5b(ii) I-6a,II-5b, II-7d II-7b I-6a(v) II-5c II-6c I-5a(iii) I-5b I-5a(i, ii) II-6a I-5b I-8a(v), II-6b, 7c I-5a I-5a, II-5b II-5b II-5c II-7c I-5a(i, iv) II-6c I-8b II-5a I-6c(ii, iii) I-5b,II-6a II-6a(iii) I-6a I-6b(ii) II-7b

P. 6

05
I-6b(i) II-7b II-6a I-5b

06
I-6c(iii)

07
I-5a(iii), II-5b II-5c I-4ab, I-5a(iv), II-5c,6c(ii)

08
II-7b(i) I-4a(v) I-4a(i), I-4a(iii)

II-7c I-6c(ii) I-8c, II-5c, II-6b, 7a I-5a I-5b(iii), II-6c,7c(ii) II-7a(ii) I-6a, II-5a, II-6a II-5c, 6b

I-10E I-4a(iv) II-7c I-4c, I-5a, II-6d(i) I-4d II-5b I-8b,II-6a, II-7a I-4a, II-6c

e: out-syllabus

II-7b II-7c

II-6d, II-7c(ii) II-5c

I-6b II-6b II-7c

II-7a II-5b

II-7c I-4, I-5b I-6b(iv), I-10E II-7a

II-5b II-7c

I-5a I-4ef, II-2c, 7b, II-6c(iii-iv) II-5, II-7a I-6, II-7a II-6c, II-6d II-6d I-8, II-7b(ii)

13.2 Drugs

I-4b

I-8b

99
13.3 Green chemistry

HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis 00 01 02 03 04

II-1c(ii)

P. 7

05
I-10E II-4b II-5a(iii)

06
I-5b(iv), II-4c(iv), II-6b(ii)

07
I-1a, I-6f, I-8c,I-10E, II-3c(iv), II-4a(ii-iii)

08
I-2b(ii), I-10E, II-1a, II-7b(ii)III I-2a, 7b I-7c

- practical / lab considerations - experiment design X Out of Syllabus Physical chemistry - radioactivity & C-14 dating - faraday & mole - 2-component phase eqm / ideal solutions Inorganic chemistry - nitrogen / sulphur cpds Organic chemistry - Hofmann rxn, iodoform test, Tollens test - diazonium salt, free radical addition Chemistry & society - pollution, CFCs - food additive

I-8a I-7b, II-2a(ii) I-2b, II-1b(iii), II-2a,b, II-4b I-9E I-7a, I-7c, II-2e II-5a(iv) I-7c, II-2c(ii), II-3d I-5b(iv) II-5c(i) I-6b(i, iv) I-10E II-5d(i, ii) II-6d(ii) I-6c, II-1b(iii), II-5a,b I-10E, II-6a, II-7c(iii) I-10E II-7a I-6b(ii) I-9E II-4d I-8b, II-1b, II-4d I-1b, I-3b, II-1a I-7b II-1c(ii) II-1a II-4a

I-8b I-7a II-2b

I-8cd

I-7a(ii) I-8b

I-7b

I-7bc, 8f, II-1c(i) I-7a

I-1ab II-1c II-3c(ii) II-2c(ii) II-4d I-5a(v), I-8a II-4b(i) II-6a(ii) II-6c I-5a(iii) I-5c II-6a II-3d(i)

I-2b II-1a II-2a I-7b II-4c I-5a(iv) I-8c(i) I-6b(iv)

I-4b II-3b II-3c I-9E

II-6a [e] II-7a(i) II-7b(i) I-6b I-10E