1.

STATEMENT A sentence that is either true or false but not both Does not include a question, an instruction, an exclamation and the unsolved problem ith the un!no n value Examples"

Mathematical Sentence #ive is bi$$er than three %&%'1( #ind the value of ! ,app- birthda-.

Statement or not Statement Statement Non*statement Non*statement

Truth True #alse

Explanation %&%') +nsolved problem

ith un!no n value An exclamation sentence

%.

/+ANT0#0E1S 2All3 is used to indicate that ever- ob4ect in a case satisfies a certain condition 2Some3 is used to indicate that at least one ob4ect in a case satisfies a certain condition Examples"

Statement All perfect squares are positive numbers All prime numbers are even numbers Some factors of 9 are factors of 19 Some multiples of % are odd numbers

Truth True #alse True #alse

Explanation 5erfect squares" 1, ), 6, 17.... 5rime numbers" %, 8, 9, :.... ;% is an even number< #actor of 9" 1, 9 #actors of 19" 1, 8, 9, 19 All multiples of % are even numbers

8.

NE=AT0>E STATEMENTS ?an be done b- addin$ 2no3 or 2not3 into the ori$inal statement

Examples"

Statement : is a prime number 1&9(( is equal to )66 ).

Truth True #alse

Ne$ative statement : is not a prime number 1&9((' is not equal to )66

Truth #alse True

?@M5@+ND STATEMENTS ?an be done b- usin$ the ord 2and3 or 2or3 into the ori$inal statement A a- to determine the truth value of compound statement b- addin$ those ords" T,E T1+T, TAABE 5 / True #alse True #alse True #alse #alse #alse 5 and / True True True #alse 5 or /

True True #alse #alse

2And3" The true compound statement can be obtained if both statements are true onl2@r3" The false compound statement can be obtained if both statement are false onlStatement % is a factor of % and 1( 9 and 18 are multiples of 9 11 or 91 is a prime number 66 is a perfect square or an even number 9. 0M5B0?AT0@N Must used a combined statement 20f 5, then /3, here 5 is the antecedent and / is the consequent Examples" Truth or #alse True #alse True #alse Explanation % is a factor of % % is a factor 1( 9 is a multiple of 9 18 is not a multiple of 9 11 is a prime number 91 is not a prime number 66 is not a perfect square 66 is not an even number

0mplication

Antecedent

?onsequent

0f x*1'%, then x'8 x*1'% 0f p is a factor of %, then p is p is a factor of % a factor of 1(

x'8 p is a factor 1(

0t can be conversed but the converse implication is not necessaril- true Examples" ?onsequent - is a multiple of ) - is a multiple of C Truth True #alse

0mplication Antecedent 0f - is a multiple of C, then it is a - is a multiple of C multiple of ) 0f - is a multiple of ), then it is a - is a multiple of ) multiple of C 7. A1=+MENT

A process of ma!in$ a conclusion based on the $iven statements DpremisesE ?onsists of premises and conclusion Example"

5remise 1" An octa$on has C sides 5remise %" 5/1ST+>F is an octa$on ?onclusion" 5/1ST+>F has C sides

#orms of ar$uments"

1.

Ar$ument 1 5remise 1" All 5 are / 5remise %" 1 is 5 ?onclusion" 1 is /

Example" All even numbers are divisible b- % 9( is an even number 9( is divisible b- % %. Ar$ument % 5remise 1" 0f 5, then / 5remise %" 5 is true ?onclusion" / is true

Example" 0f x':, then x&%'6 x': x&%'6 8. Ar$ument 8 5remise 1" 0f 5, then / 5remise %" Not / is true ?onclusion" Not 5 is true

Example" 0f p is an even inte$er, then p*1 is an odd number

n*1 is not an odd number n is not an even inte$er

:.

DED+?T0@N A process of ma!in$ a conclusion for a specific case based on a $iven $eneral statement Example"

All $irls are beautiful D=eneral statementE Anis is a $irl DSpecific caseE Anis is beautiful D?onclusionE

All $irls are beautiful. Anis is a $irl. Therefore, Anis is beautiful.

C.

0ND+?T0@N A process of ma!in$ a $eneraliGation based on a specific case Example"

This marble from the ba$ is blac!. That marble from the ba$ is blac!.

A third marble from the ba$ is blac!. Therefore, all the marbles in the ba$ is blac!.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING

Name" Nur Amalin binti Mohammad NaGili ?lass" 9H1 Matrix No." M(((8)8