Exercise

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the pH of 0.05 M NH4Cl solution? How many grams of NaHCO3 will be used to make a 1.0 L solution that has pH = 9.0? What is the percent ionization of 0.0055 M aqueous HF? (Ka of HF = 6.8 10-4) Calculate the pH of a 1.00 M HNO2 Solution. Calculate the Percent dissociation of a 0.0100M Hydrocyanic acid solution, Ka = 6.20 10-10. The weak acid hypochlorous acid is formed in bleach solutions. If the pH of a 0.12 M solution of HClO is 4.19, what is the value of the Ka of this weak acid.

What is the [H3O+] of a 0.125 M HClO solution? (Ka of HClO = 3.5 10-8 8. Calculate the pH of a 2.0 10-3 M solution of NaOH. 9. Ammonia is commonly used cleaning agent in households and is a weak base, with a Kb of 1.8 10-5. What is the pH of a 1.5 M NH3 solution? 10. Calculate the pH of a 0.45 M NaCN solution. The Ka value for HCN is 6.2 10-10. 7.

Problem: What is the pH of 0.05 M NH4Cl solution? NH4+ (aq) NH3 (aq) + H+(aq) Ka = 5.6 10-10

Equilibrium concentrations: [NH4+] = 0.05 x, [H+] = [NH3] = x Assume 0.05 x = 0.05 to simplify the problem. Ka = [H+] [NH3] [NH4+] = 5.6 10-10 = (x) (x) 0.05

x = 5.3 10-6 = [H+] = [NH3] pH = - log[H+] = - log(5.3 10-6) = 5.28

Problem: How many grams of NaHCO3 will be used to make a 1.0 L solution that has pH = 9.0?

Problem: What is the percent ionization of 0.0055 M aqueous HF? (Ka of HF = 6.8 10-4)

Problem: Calculate the pH of a 1.00 M HNO2 Solution HNO2 (aq) H+(aq) + NO2-(aq) Ka = 4.0 10-4

Equilibrium concentrations: [HNO2] = 1.00 x, [H+] = [NO2-] = x Ka = [H+] [NO2-] [HNO2] = 4.0 10-4 = (x) (x) 1.00 - x

Assume 1.00 x = 1.00 to simplify the problem. x2 1.00 = 4.0 10-4 or x2 = 4.0 10-4

x = 2.0 10-2 = 0.02 M = [H+] = [NO2-] pH = - log[H+] = - log(2.0 10-2) = 2.00 0.30 = 1.70

Problem: Calculate the Percent dissociation of a 0.0100M Hydrocyanic acid solution, Ka = 6.20 10-10. HCN(aq) + H2O(l) Initial 0.0100 Change -x Eq. 0.0100 x Ka = H3O+(aq) + CN- (aq) 0 +x x 0 +x x

[H3O+][CN-] (x)(x) = = 6.20 10-10 [HCN] (0.0100-x)

Assume 0.0100 - x 0.0100 Ka = x2 0.0100 = 6.2 10-10

x = 2.49 10-6 % dissociation = 2.49 10-6 100 = 2.49 10-2 0.0100

Problem: The weak acid hypochlorous acid is formed in bleach solutions. If the pH of a 0.12 M solution of HClO is 4.19, what is the value of the Ka of this weak acid. Calculating [H3O+] : Concentration (M) HClO(aq) Initial Change Equilibrium 0.12 -x 0.12 -x [H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-4.19 = 6.46 10-5 M + H2O(l) ---------H3O+(aq) + ------+x +x ClO -(aq) ------+x +x

Assumptions: since HClO is a weak acid, we assume 0.12 - x 0.12 x = [H3O+] = [ClO-] = 6.46 10-5 M Ka = [H3O+] [ClO-] [HClO] = (6.46 10-5 M) (6.46 10-5 M) 0.12 M = 3.48 10-8

Problem: Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid formed in laundry bleach. What is the [H3O+] of a 0.125 M HClO solution? Ka = 3.5 10-8

HClO(aq) + H2O(l) Ka = Concentration (M) Initial Change Equilibrium

H3O+(aq) + ClO-(aq)

[H3O+] [ClO-] = 3.5 10-8 [HClO] HClO H2 O ---------H3O+ 0 +x x ClO0 +x x

0.125 -x 0.125 - x

assume 0.125 - x = 0.125 Ka = (x)(x) = 3.5 10-8 0.125-x

x = 0.661 10-4

Problem: Calculate the pH of a 2.0 10-3 M solution of NaOH.

Since NaOH is a strong base, it will dissociate 100% in water. NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Since [NaOH] = 2.0 10-3 M , [OH-] = 2.0 10-3 M The concentration of [H+] can be calculated from Kw: [H+] = Kw = [OH-] 1.0 10-14 2.0 10-3 = 5.0 10-12 M

pH = - log [H+] = - log( 5.0 10-12) =12.00 0.70 = 11.30

Problem: Ammonia is commonly used cleaning agent in households and is a weak base, with a Kb of 1.8 10-5. What is the pH of a 1.5 M NH3 solution? NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) Kb = Concentration (M) Initial Change Equilibrium NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

[NH4+] [OH-] [NH3] H2O ---------NH4+ 0 +x x OH0 +x x

NH3 1.5 -x 1.5 - x

making the assumption: since Kb is small:

1.5 M - x = 1.5 M

Kb =

[NH4+] [OH-] [NH3]

(x)(x) 1.5

= 1.8 10-5

x = 5.20 10-3 = [OH-] = [NH4+] Calculating pH: [H3O+] = Kw [OH-] = 1.0 10-14 = 1.92 10-12 5.20 10-3

pH = -log[H3O+] = - log (1.92 10-12) = 12.000 - 0.283 pH = 11.72

Problem: Calculate the pH of a 0.75 M NaCN solution. The Ka value for HCN is 6.2 10-10. CN-(aq) + H2O(l) [HCN][OH-] [CN-] Kw Ka (for HCN) = HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) The value of Kb can be calculated from Kw and the Ka value for HCN. 1.0 10-14 6.2 10-10 CN0.75 -x 0.75 - x = 1.61 10-5 HCN 0 +x x OH0 +x x

Kb = Kb =

Concentration (M) Initial Change Equilibrium

Kb = 1.61 10-5 =

[HCN][OH-] [CN-]

(x)(x) 0.75 - x

~ =

x2 0.75

x = [OH-] = 3.47 10-3 M pOH = -log[OH-] = 3 0.43 = 2.46 pH = 14.00 2.46 =11.54