MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Why does a compass needle get deflected?

Compass needle get deflected when brought near magnet due to the force of the magnet. The lines along which the iron fillings align themselves represent magnetic lines of force.

Q: What is a magnet?
A: Magnet :A substance which has the property of attracting other substances like iron filings and points in the north south direction when suspended freely is called a magnet. So, a magnet is an object that attracts the pieces of iron ,steel , nickel and cobalt.

Generally naturally occurring magnets are available in two types (i) Bar magnet (ii) Horse shoe magnet. The end of the bar magnets are known as pole. Magnetic field :The space around a magnet in which the force of attraction and repulsion due to it can be detected is called the magnetic field. So, It is the space around the magnet where its presence can be felt. Magnetic field lines :The curved paths along which the north pole of the compass needle moves in a magnetic field are called magnetic field lines. Magnetic field lines are used to represent a magnetic field. The
magnetic field lines are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a north magnetic pole would move.

Magnetic field is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic field is taken to be the direction in which a north pole of the compass needle moves inside it. It is a vector quantity. Magnetic field around a magnet can be detected by using a magnetic compass. The magnetic field lines around a magnet can be observed by sprinkling iron filings around a magnet. It can also be observed by moving a magnetic compass around a magnet. The lines are more closer at the ends of the magnet and widely separated at other places i.e., it means the strength of the magnet field is higher at poles and weaker in other places.

Figure 1

Q: Why magnetic field lines never intersect each other ?

A: The field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at the south pole out side magnet. Inside the magnet, the direction of field lines is from its south pole to its north pole. Thus the magnetic field lines are closed curves. At the point of intersection of the magnetic field lines the compass will have two directions of magnetic field lines and it is impossible to have two direction of fields at a single point. This is why no two field-lines are found to cross each

other.

Properties of magnetic field lines:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Magnet field lines start from the north pole of a magnet & end at the south pole of a magnet.
The magnetic field lines are closed and continuous curves.

Closer near the poles

These lines never intersect each other .

A magnetic compass, when placed at any of the points on a magnetic line, aligns itself along the tangent to the line of force at that point.

Figure 2

Figure 3

EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD:

Earth consists of huge magnetic field .

The north pole of the magnet lies at the geographical south pole of the earth and south pole of the magnet lies at the geographical North pole of the earth. The axis of the earths magnetic field is inclined at an angle of about 15 degree with the geographical axis

Q: What is a compass?
A: A compass is actually a magnetic needle having freely suspended magnet under it . which always point towards north pole and south pole of the earth.

Compass needle :A compass needle is a small bar magnet whose ends always point towards north south
direction. The end pointing towards north is called North Pole and the end pointing towards south is called South Pole.

Figure 4

Q: What is North pole and South pole of magnet?

A: In a freely suspended magnet the end , pointing toward north direction of the earth is known as north pole and end pointing toward south pole of the earth is known as south pole of the magnet. Oersteds Experiment: - In 1820 Oersted found that a current carrying conductor is able to deflect the compass needle , it means a current carrying conductor have magnetic field around it . Take a magnetic needle S-N, which can rotate freely about a vertical axis in a horizontal plane. Hold a conducting wire AB over the magnetic needle NS parallel to it. Complete the circuit by closing the key, such that the current flows from B to A. It will be found that N-pole of the magnetic needle gets deflected towards west (fig.i). If the direction of the current is reversed, the N-pole of magnetic needle deflected towards east (fig.ii). On increasing the current, the deflection of the needle increases. This experiment shows that the magnetic field is only due to electric current. If a strong current is passed through a conductor then magnetic field produced around the conductor is also very strong and the earths magnetic field may be neglected in its comparison. In such a case, magnetic lines of force around a conductor are circular. The direction of magnetic field is given by the following two rules. 1. Amperes swimming rule: - If we imagine a man swimming along the wire in the direction of the current with his arms out stretched and facing the needle, the N-pole of the needle will be deflected towards his left hand. 2. Snow rule: - Snow rule illustrates that when current flows from S to N, the N-pole deflects towards west. If the direction of the current is reversed the N-Pole will deflect towards east. 3. Maxwells cork rule: - Imagine a right handed cork screw being driven along the wire in the direction of the current. The direction in which the thumb rotates gives the direction of the N-pole of the needle.
Conclusions from Oeresteds experiment: 1. Whenever the current is passed through a straight conductor, it behaves like a magnet. 2. The magnitude of the magnetic effect increases with the strength of the current. 3. The magnetic field set up by the conductor is at right angles to the direction of the flow of the current. 4. The direction in which the N-pole of the magnetic needle will move depends upon: i) direction of the current in the conductor ii) the relative position of the conductor i.e., whether the conductor is above the needle or below the needle.

5. This led to the discovery of magnetic effect of current.

MAXWELLS RIGHT HAND GRIP (THUMB) RULE It says If the current carrying conductor wire is gripped with the right hand in such a way that the thumb points towards the direction of the current, the direction of the curled fingers give the direction of the magnetic field produced around the conductor wire.

Figure 5

Fig1: right hand rule

Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor The direction of magnetic field produced by the electric current depends upon the direction of flow of current. If we reverse the direction of current then the direction of magnetic field produced by the electric current get changed.

Figure 6

The magnitude of the magnetic field produced at a given point increases as the current through the wire increases. The concentric circles representing the magnetic field around a current-carrying straight wire become larger and larger as we move away from it. If a magnetic compass is placed near a conductor carrying current (wire), the needle is deflected. This shows that a conductor carrying current has a magnetic field around it. If the direction of the current is from north to south, the deflection of the magnetic needle is towards the east. If the direction of the current is from south to north, the deflection of the needle is towards the west. The magnetic field around a current carrying straight conductor is in concentric circles. It can be observed by passing a current carrying straight conductor through a cardboard and sprinkling iron filings on it. Factors affecting strength of magnetic field around a current carrying straight conductor. Strength of magnetic field is directly proportional to the current passing through the conductor and inversely proportional to the distance from the conductor. ( B I and B 1/r ) .

Properties of Magnetic lines of forces around the straight conductor: Or Magnetic field due to straight current carrying wire: 1. 2. 3. 4. The magnetic lines of forces are in the form of concentric circles near the conductor. On changing the direction of the current, the direction of the magnitude lines also reverses. On increasing the magnitude of the current, the magnetic lines of forces increase. The plane magnetic lines of force is at right angles to the plane of the conductor carrying conductor. 5. The circles are more closer near the wire (this shows that field strength is more near the wire).

6. The direction of magnetic field due to straight current carrying wire is given by Maxwells right hand thumb rule. 7. The magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor is circular.

Magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop:

Figure 7

We know that the magnetic field produced by a current- carrying straight wire depends inversely on the distance. We know that the magnetic field produced by a current- carrying conductor at a given point, depends directly on the current passing through it. Therefore, if there is a circular coil having n turns, the field produced is n times as large as produced by a single turn. This is because the current in each circular turn has the same direction, and the field due to each turn then just adds up. When current is passed through a circular conductor (loop) the magnetic field produced is in the form of concentric circles around the conductor. Towards the centre the arcs of the circles become larger and appears as straight line. Magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop or coil :When the current is passed through circular loop or coil, the lines of force are circular near the wire but straight and parallel near the centre of loop or coil.

Factors affecting magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop or coil.
Magnetic field due to current carrying circular loop at its centre is Directly proportional to the current passing through it. Inversely proportional to the radius of loop.

Figure 8

fig 4: field due to circular coil. Factors on which the magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil depends:-The strength of the magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil depends on the following factors: i) Current flowing through the coil:- The strength of the magnetic field (B) is proportional to the current (I) flowing through the coil. Mathematically B I ii) Radius of the coil: - The strength of the magnetic field(B) is inversely proportional to the radius (r) of the circular coil. Mathematically, 1

B -----R iii) Number of turns of wire in the circular coil:- The strength of the magnetic field(B) is proportional to the number of turns of wire(n) in the circular coil Mathematically, B n Properties of magnetic lines of force around circular coil: 1. Magnetic lines of forces are circular around the points where the current enters or leaves the circular coil. 2. Within the space enclosed by the coil, the magnetic lines of forces are in same direction. 3. Near the centre of the oil, the magnetic lines of forces are parallel. When the magnetic lines of forces are parallel, the magnetic field is said to be uniform. 4. The magnetic lines of forces are at right angles to the plane of the coil. 5. The strength of the magnetic field is directly proportional to the current. A SOLENOID Magnetic field due to current in a solenoid :A solenoid is a circular coil of wire in the shape of a cylinder. When current flows through a solenoid, it behaves like a bar magnet. The ends of the solenoid behaves like the North and South poles of a magnet. The magnetic field produced by a solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The strength of the magnetic field depends upon the strength of the current and the number of turns of the coil. A coil of many circular turns of insulted copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called a solenoid. So, the solenoid is a coil containing large number of close turns of insulated copper wires.
Its field pattern is similar to the pattern of bar magnet. Factors affecting the field strength of solenoid. (I) The number of turns of copper coil : more the turn more is the strength (II) The strength of current : more the strength of current more is the strength of field.

Factors affecting Magnetic field due to current in a solenoid 1. Magnetic field is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil. 2. It is directly proportional to the current passing through it. 3. It is inversely proportional to the length of air gaps between the poles. 4. It depends on the nature of the core material used in the solenoid. Electromagnet.

Figure 9

fig 2: field due to solenoid

5) Electromagnet :- A strong magnetic field inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece of magnetic material like a soft iron when placed inside the coil. Such a magnet is called an Electromagnet. So, an electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wires wound on soft iron core . If electric current is passed through a wire wound around a piece of soft iron, it behaves like a magnet. Such a magnet is called an electromagnet. An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wire wrapped around a soft iron core. It is a temporary magnet as it works as long as current is passed through it. Factors affecting the strength of magnetic field of an electromagnet.

Factors affecting the field strength of the electromagnet : (i) The number of turns of the coil (ii) The current flowing through the conductor

(iii) The length of the air gap between its pole.

Q: Why soft iron Core is used in case of electromagnet ? A: the core is made up of the soft iron because soft iron loses all magnetism when current in the coil is switched off .

The strength of magnetic field of an electromagnet is 1. Directly proportional to the number of turns. 2. Directly proportional to the current flowing through it. 3. Inversely proportional to the length of air gaps between the poles. Uses of electromagnet 1. They are used in electrical devices such as electric bell, electric fan, motor, and generator. 2. They are used for lifting and transporting large mass of iron. 3. They are used in medical practices for removing pieces of iron from wound and used in MRI. Permanent magnets A permanent magnet is made from steel alloys like carbon steel, chromium steel, cobalt steel, etc. They are weaker than electromagnets and their strength and polarity cannot be changed. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Force on a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field A.M.Ampere suggested that if a current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field and exerts a force on a magnet, then a magnet should also exerts a force on a current carrying conductor. Eg :- If an aluminium rod is suspended horizontally by a wire between the poles of a horse shoe magnet and current is passed through the wire, then the aluminium rod is displaced. If the direction of current is reversed, the direction of displacement is also reversed. The force exerted is maximum if the conductor is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Factors on which the field depend The strength of the magnetic field produced by a straight current carrying conductor depends on the following factors:i) Current passing through the conductor:- The strength of the magnetic field (B) is directly proportional to the current (I) passing through the conductor. Mathematically B I.(i) ii) Distance from the conductor:The strength of the magnetic field (B) is inversely proportional to the distance (r) from the conductor. 1 Mathematically, B ------- .(ii) r Combining (i) and (ii), we get I B -------r 0I or B = ---------- , where o is the permeability of vacuum.

2r

A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force due to the interaction between --a. Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor and b. External magnetic field in which conductor is placed. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experi- ences a force due to the interaction between a. Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor and b. External magnetic field in which conductor is placed. Flemings Left Hand Rule The direction of force (motion) of a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field is given by Flemings Left Hand Rule. It states that If we hold the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the left hand perpendicular to each other such that the fore finger points in the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the thumb shows the direction of force (motion) of the conductor.

Figure 10

7) Electromagnetic induction:- (Michael Faraday ) The motion of a magnet with respect to a coil or a change in the magnetic field induce a potential difference in the coil and produces induced current. This is called electromagnetic induction. i) Motion of a magnet with respect to a coil produces induced current :If a magnet is moved towards or away from a coil of wire connected to a galvanometer, the galvanometer needle shows a deflection. This shows that current is induced in the coil due to the motion of the magnet. ii) Change in magnetic field produces induced current : Take two coils of wires wound around a cylindrical paper roll. Connect one coil to a battery and the other coil to a galvanometer. If current is passed through the first coil, the galvanometer needle shows a deflection in the second coil. If the current is disconnected, the needle moves in the opposite direction. This shows that current is induced

due to change in magnetic field. Electric motor A motor is the device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It has a shaft which rotates continuously when current is passed through it. It is used in electric fans, mixer grinder, etc. Principle of electric motor When a rectangular coil of copper wire is placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it, a force acts on the coil which rotates it continuously. Electromagnetic induction. The production of electric current by moving a straight conductor in a magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction. It is the production of electricity from magnetism. Flemings Right Hand Rule The direction of induced current is given by Flemings Right Hand Rule. It states that If the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the right hand is held perpendicular to each other such that the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor, the fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic field, then the middle finger shows the direction of induced current .

Figure 11

8) Direct and Alternating current :a) Direct current (DC) :A current that always flows in one direction only is called direct current. The current we get from a battery is a direct current. b) Alternating current (AC) :A current that reverses its direction periodically is called alternating current. Most power stations in our country produce alternating current. AC changes direction every 1/100 second and its frequency is 50 Hertz (Hz). One advantage of AC over DC is that it can be transmitted over long distances without much loss of energy. 9) Domestic electric circuit :Electric power to homes is supplied through the mains. It has two wires. One is a live wire (positve wire) with red insulation and the other is a neutral wire (negative wire) with black insulation. The potential difference between the two wires is 220V. The earth wire with green insulation is connected to a metal plate kept in the ground. Two separate circuits are used. One is of 15A for appliances with high power rating like gysers, air conditioners etc. The other is of 5A for fans, bulbs etc. The different appliances are connected in parallel so that every appliance gets equal voltage and even if one is switched off the others are not affected.

The appliances having metallic body like electric iron, refrigerators etc., their metallic body is connected to the earth wire so that if there is leakage of current, it passes to the earth and prevents electric shock. 10 a) Electric fuse : Electric fuse is a safety device used in electric circuits to protect the circuit and appliances from damage due to overloading and short circuit. It is a wire having high resistance and low melting point. If excess current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit. Fuse wire is made of a metal or an alloy of metals like lead, tin, aluminium and copper. Fuse wire is connected in series with the live wire. Fuse wire is connected in series in the circuit.

b) Overloading :When too many electrical appliances of high power rating (electric oven, air conditioner, etc.) are switched on at the same time, a large current from the circuit is drawn. This is called overloading of the circuit. It may also occur when the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct contact. Overloading is caused due to increase in voltage, or if the live wire and neutral wire comes in contact or if too many appliances are connected to a single socket. It results in overheating of the wires and can cause damage to the circuit and appliances. Steps to avoid overloading Short circuiting When the live wire and neutral wire come into direct contact, a large amount of current flows through the circuit due to very small resistance, this is called short circuiting. The heat produced during short circuiting is so high that it may cause fire.

c) Short circuit :Short circuit is caused when the live wire and neutral wire comes in contact and the current suddenly increases in the circuit. It causes spark, fire and damage to the circuit and appliances. Electric generator A generator is a machine which is used to generate electric current by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. There are two types of generators alternating current (AC) generator and direct current (DC) generator. Principle of electric generator When a coil of copper wire is moved in a strong magnetic field, a current is induced in the coil. Earthing The appliances that have metallic body (like electric iron, toaster, refrigerator, etc.) are connected with green wire which provides a low resistance conducting path for the current and keeps the body of appliance at the potential of the earth. This is called earthing. Earthing is done to save ourselves from electric shocks.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS 1. Electric Motor: Converts electric current into mechanical energy 2. Generator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical current. 3. Fuse : Most important safety device, used for protecting circuits due to short-circuiting/ overloading of currents. 4. Earth wire: Also called green-insulator converted to a metallic body deep inside earth. 5. Electromagnetic induction : Phenomenon that produces induced current in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time.

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14