BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL, PITAMPURA, DELHI-110034

CLASS 10 NOTES TERM 1(2013-2014) Topic: Life processes

Q1. Define the following terms: 1) nutrition 2) photosynthesis 3) peristalsis 4) excretion 5) osmoregulation 6) holozoic nutrition Ans. 1) 1 Nutrition-It is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body. 2)Photosynthesis-It is the process by which green plants can prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight,carbondioxide,water,minerals and chlorophyll. 3)peristalsis:-it is a wave of contraction and expansion that takes place in the Alimentary canal. It pushes the food forward. 4)excretion:-the process of elimination of metabolic waste from the body. 5) osmoregulation :-regulating the amount of water and salts in the body. 6)holozoic nutrition:-it is the mode of heterotrophic nutrition that involves The intake of solid food.

Q2.Distinguish between: 1) breathing and respiration Breathing Its a physical process It consumes energy Its taking in fresh air and giving out foul air 2) parasite and saprophyte Parasite Obtains nutrition from a living organism called host Possess sucking organs 3) aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic It requires oxygen Releases 38 ATP molecules respiration Its a biochemical process It releases energy Its the oxidation of respiratory substrate

Saprophyte Obtains nutrition from organic remains They are absent

Anaerobic respiration It doesnt require oxygen Releases only 2 ATP molecules

Food is completely broken down

Food is incompletely broken down

4) inhalation and exhalation Inhalation Taking in fresh air Diaphragm becomes flat Air pressure decreases in the lungs 5) ingestion and egestion Ingestion Its the process of taking in food Involves catching,holding and putting food in the body 6) plant and animal respiration Plant respiration Rate of respiration is slow Breathing is absent Respiratory surface absent Exhalation Giving out foul air Diaphragm becomes dome shaped Air pressure increases in the lungs

Egestion Its the process of throwing out faecal matter out of the body Involves piling up of faecal matter and its elimination thru anus.

Animal respiration Rate of respiration is fast Present present

Q3. How do plants get rid of their waste products? Ans. Plants get rid of their waste products by: 1) waste products are stored in old leaves that soon fall off. 2) Bark consists of dead cells which is peeled off periodically. 3) Some waste substances are excreted by roots. 4) Resins, gums , tannins etc are stored in old xylem. Q4. How does amoeba dispose off its waste products? Ans. amoeba lacks excretory organs. Waste products like ammonia and CO2 are passed outside through the process of diffusion. Contractile vacuole also plays an important role in

the process of excretion.

Q5. Describe the mechanism of urine formation in humans. Ans. its completed in 4 steps: a) glomerular filtration: blood flows under pressure inside the glomerulus . as a result, it undergoes ultrafiltration. Urea, uric acid, amino acids, hormones, glucose, ions and water are filtered out and enter the Bowmans capsule. b) Reabsorption:the filtrate passes thru proximal convoluted tubule. The capillaries absorb all the useful components like: glucose, amino acids, ions etc. c) Tubular secretion: it occurs in distal convoluted tubule. It is the active secretion of waste by the blood capillaries into the urinary tubule. It ensures the removal of all the waste from the blood. d) Concentration of urine: 75% of water is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule.some 10% of water reabsorbed in henles loop. e) Ureters : these are the narrow muscular tubesthat carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder. f) Urinary bladder: it is a pear shaped sac that stores urine. g) Utrethra: it is a tube that takes urine from bladder to outside. Q6. Why is trachea lined with the rings of cartilage? Ans. Trachea is lined with the rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing. Q7. Identify the respiratory organ in : a)leech b) cockroach c) crab d)mussel Ans. a) skin b) trachea/ spiracles c) gills

e)tadpole d) gills

e) gills

Q8. How do plants exchange gases? Ans. Plants exchange gases by the process of diffusion. Stomata help in the exchange of gases. CO2 gas is taken in and O2 is released by the process of photosynthesis. Q9. What is the role of HCL in the stomach.

Ans. it has two roles: 1) kills the microbes that enter along with food. 2) Creates an acidic medium for pepsin functioning. Q10. Name the raw materials of photosynthesis . Ans. 4 requirements of photosynthesis are1 carbondioxide is taken through stomata. 2 water and minerals- are transported to the leaves by the vessels. 3 chlorophyll-is present in the leaves of the plants. 4 sunlight-is absorbed by the chlorophyll present in the leaves.

Q11. Identify the specific mode of nutrition in : a) cuscuta b) ascaris c) mushroom d) deer e) humans Ans. a) parasitic b) parasitic c) saprophytic d)and e) holozoic Q12. What is fermentation? What is its use? Ans. fermentation is the kind of anaerobic respiration carried out by a unicellular organism called yeast. Yeast converts a sugar solution into alcohol and also releases CO2 Gas during this process. Its used in bakery and brewery industries. Q13. Mention the raw materials needed for photosynthesis. Ans. 4 requirements of photosynthesis are1 carbondioxide is taken through stomatas 2 water and minerals- are transported to the leaves by the vessels. 3 chlorophyll-is present in the leaves of the plants. 4 sunlight-is absorbed by the chlorophyll present in the leaves.

Q14. Draw a well labeled diagram of human respiratory system. Ans.

Q15. Draw a well labeled diagram of human excretory system. Ans.

Q16. Draw a well labeled diagram of cross section of a leaf.

Q17. Draw a dig. Of stomata and write its 2 functions Ans. functions:a) exchange of gases b) loss of extra water by transpiration

Q18. Draw a well labeled diagram of human digestive system

Q19. Name the 5 steps of holozoic nutrition Ans. 1) ingestion:-- the process of intake of food. 3) digestion:-- changing complex food substances to simple form by the action of enzymes. 4) Absorption:-- digested food is absorbed in blood. 5) Assilmilation:-- the absorbed food components are converted into components of cytoplasm. 6) Egestion :-throwing out of waste. Q20. Name the secretions and their role in digestion for the following glands:: Ans. Gland Secretion Function Salivary( mouth) Saliva( salivary amylase) Digests carbohydrate( starch) Gastric( stomach) Mucus, HCL, Pepsin Mucus has protective function HCL kills the microbes Pepsin digests proteins. Pancreas(abdomen) Pancreatic juice Trypsin digests proteins Amylase digests carbohydrate Lipase digests lipids and fats. Liver( abdomen) Bile Emulsification of fats

Q21 . why do aquatic organisms show a higher breathing rate? Ans. this is bcos, water has low O2 content than the content of O2 in air. Q22. why do we feel muscle cramps after heavy exercise? Ans. this is bcos our cells and tissues become O2 deficient and start undergoing anaerobic respiration. This produces lactic acid and we feel muscle cramps. Q23. Why is it advised to breathe thru nose? Ans. The mucus and hair present in the nasal cavity help to filter the inhaled air. Q24.What is a diaphragm?

Ans. its a muscular partition between thorax and abdomen,it can bcum flat or dome shaped due to contraction and relaxation of muscles. Q25. What is the other name of larynx? Ans. it is also called adams apple.