HW05 - energy conservation: in which we solve 8P6, 8P24, 8P27, 8P30, 8P38, 8P42, 8P44, 8P48, 8P53,

8P57.

Chapter 8, problem 6 (|| 8.8): In Fig. 8-31, a
small block of mass m = 0.032 kg can slide along
the frictionless loop-the-loop, with loop radius R =
12 cm. The block is released from rest at point P, at
height h = 5.0R above the bottom of the loop. How
much work does the gravitational force do on the
block as the block travels from point P to (a) point
Q and (b) the top of the loop? If the gravitational
potential energy of the block Earth system is taken
to be zero at the bottom of the loop, what is that
potential energy when the block is (c) at point P, (d)
at point Q, and (e) at the top of the loop? (f ) If,
instead of merely being released, the block is given
some initial speed down-ward along the track, do
the answers to (a) through (e) increase, decrease,
or remain the same?


Solution: We use Eq. 7-12 for W
g
and Eq. 8-9 for U.

(a) The displacement between the initial point and Q has a vertical component of h R downward (same
direction as ), so (with h = 5R) we obtain,

( )
2
2
2 1
( 5.0 ) 4 4(3.20 10 )(9.80 )(0.12 ) 0.15 J ;
m
g g
s
W mgy mg R R mg R kg m

= - = = = = = F d d d (1.1)

(b) The displacement between the initial point and the top of the loop has a vertical component of h 2R
downward (same direction as ), so (with h = 5R) in exactly the same manner as (1.1) we obtain,

2 2
(5.0 2.0 ) 3(3.20 10 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.12 m) 0.11 J ;
g g
W F d mg R R

= = = = (1.2)

(c) With y = h = 5R, at P we find
2 2
5 5(3.20 10 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.12 m) 0.19 J U mgR

= = = .

(d) With y = R, at Q we have
2 2
(3.20 10 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.12 m) 0.038 J U mgR

= = = .

(e) With y = 2R, at the top of the loop, we find
2 2
2 2(3.20 10 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.12 m) 0.075 J U mgR

= = = .

(f) The new information is not involved in any of the preceding computations; the above results are
unchanged.

F
g

F
g
( ) v
i
= 0
chapter 8, problem 24: A block of mass m = 2.0
kg is dropped from height h = 40 cm onto a spring
of spring constant k = 1960 N/m (picture on left).
Find the maximum distance the spring is
compressed.

Let down be positive, and let 0 y = be the fully-compressed spring-length, implying that the block is dropped
from
i
y h x = . The block is of mass m , dropped from h above the springs relaxed length, and the spring is
subsequently compressed a (positive) displacement x . Consequently, the block drops a total (positive) distance
h x + . Conservation of energy,
i f
E E = , yields,

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
write in the form 0 to use quadratic formula 2
1
2
0;
i f i i f f i f f i
Ax Bx C
E E K U K U U U mg h x k x x kx
mg h x kx
+ + =
= + = + = = =
+ + =
(1.3)

Using the quadratic formula, (1.3) implies,

2 2
+-root
(19.6 ) (19.6 ) 2(19.6 )(0.40 )(1960 ) ( ) 2
0.10 ;
1960
N
m
N
m
N N N m mg mg mghk
x m
k
+ + +
= = = (1.4)

chapter 8, problem 27 (|| 8.7, 8.18, 8.21):
Tarzan, who weighs 688 N, swings from a cliff at
the end of a vine 18 m long (Fig. 8-38). From the
top of the cliff to the bottom of the swing, he
descends by 3.2 m. The vine will break if the force
on it exceeds 950 N. (a) Does the vine break? (b) If
no, what is the greatest force on it during the
swing? If yes, at what angle with the vertical does it
break?


Solution: (a) The maximum tension occurs at the lowest point in the swing. Choosing upward positive, and
computing the velocity using
2
1
2
K U mv mgh = = , Newton's second law leads to,
( )
2 2
solve for T
2 3.20
0 688 1 2 933
18.0
v gh
r
v gh m
F ma T mg F T m g m g N N
r r m
=
| |
| | | |
= = = = + = + = + =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

(1.5)

Thus, the vine does not break. (b) Rounding to an appropriate number of significant figures, we see the
maximum tension is roughly 9.310
2
N.







chapter 8, problem 30 (|| 8.29): A 2.0 kg
breadbox on a frictionless incline of angle
0
u =40
is connected, by a cord that runs over a pulley, to a
light spring of spring constant k = 120 N/m, as
shown in Fig. 8-41. The box is released from rest
when the spring is unstretched. Assume that the
pulley is massless and frictionless. (a) What is the
speed of the box when it has moved 10 cm down the
incline? (b) How far down the incline from its point
of release does the box slide before momen-tarily
stopping, and what are the (c) magnitude and (d)
direction (up or down the incline) of the boxs
acceleration at the instant the box momentarily
stops?


Solution: We take the original height of the box to be the y = 0 reference level and observe that, in general, the
height of the box (when the box has moved a distance d downhill) is sin40 y d = .

(a) Using the conservation of energy, we have


Therefore, with d = 0.10 m, we obtain v = 0.81 m/s.

(b) We look for a value of d 0 such that K = 0.
.
Thus, we obtain and find d = 0.21 m.

(c) The uphill force is caused by the spring (Hooke's law) and has magnitude kd = 25.2 N. The downhill force is
the component of gravity sin 40 mg = 12.6 N. Thus, the net force on the box is (25.2 12.6) N = 12.6 N uphill,
with
a = F/m =(12.6 N)/(2.0 kg) = 6.3 m/s
2
.

(d) The acceleration is up the incline.










K U K U mv mgy kd
i i
+ = + + = + + 0 0
1
2
1
2
2 2
.
=
K U K U mgy kd
i i
+ = + + = + + 0 0 0
1
2
2
mgd kd sin40
1
2
2
=
chapter 8, problem 38 (|| 8.39): Figure 8-47
shows a plot of potential energy U versus position x
of a 0.200 kg particle that can travel only along an
x-axis under the influence of a conservative force.
The graph has these values: 9.00
A
U J = ,
20.00
C
U J = and 24.00
D
U J = . The particle is
released at the point where U forms a potential
hill of height 12.00
B
U J = , with kinetic energy
4.00 J. What is the speed of the particle at (a) m and
(b) m? What is the position of the turning point on
(c) the right side and (d) the left side?


Solution: In this problem, the mechanical energy (the sum of K and U) remains constant as the particle moves.

(a) Since mechanical energy is conserved,
B B A A
U K U K + = + , the kinetic energy of the particle in region A (
3.00 m 4.00 m x s s ) is
12.0 J 9.00 J 4.00 J 7.00 J
A B A B
K U U K = + = + = .

With
2
/ 2,
A A
K mv = the speed of the particle at 3.5 m x = (within region A) is


2 2(7.00 J)
8.37 m/s.
0.200 kg
A
A
K
v
m
= = =

(b) At 6.5 m, x = 0 U = and 12.0 J 4.00 J 16.0 J
B B
K U K = + = + = by mechanical energy conservation.
Therefore, the speed at this point is

2 2(16.0 J)
12.6 m/s.
0.200 kg
K
v
m
= = =

(c) At the turning point, the speed of the particle is zero. Let
the position of the right turning point be .
R
x From the figure
shown on the right, we find
R
x to be

16.00 J 0 24.00 J 16.00 J
7.67 m.
7.00 m 8.00 m
R
R R
x
x x

= =





(d) Let the position of the left turning point be .
L
x From the
figure shown, we find
L
x to be


16.00 J 20.00 J 9.00 J 16.00 J
1.73 m.
1.00 m 3.00 m
L
L L
x
x x

= =




chapter 8, problem 42: A worker pushed a 27 kg block 9.2 m along a level floor at constant speed with a
force directed 32 below the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and floor was 0.20,
what were (a) the work done by the workers force and (b) the increase in thermal energy of the block floor
system? The work done by the workers force, from 0 cos
a
x a
F F f u = =
F d
(constant speed), is,
cos ;
a
a a a
W f u = - = =
F d
F d F d d (1.6)

In which: the force of friction f is given by,

( ) ( )
0 sin sin sin ;
a a a
y a K K a K
F N mg F f N mg F mg f u u u = = = = + = +
F d F d F d
(1.7)

Isolating f in (1.7) yields,

( )
solve for
sin ;
1 sin
a
a
f K
K
K
mg
f mg f f

u
u
= + =

F d
F d
(1.8)

Putting (1.8) back into (1.6), we finally compute
a
W

2
(0.20)(27 )(9.81 )(9.2 )
545 ;
1 sin 1 0.20sin32
a
m
K s
a
K
kg m mg
W J

u
= = =

F d
d
(1.9)

(b) Since f
k
=
k
(mg + F sin u ), we find
th
= 545J
a
E W A = .

Chapter 8, problem 44 (|| 45): A horizontal force of magnitude 35.0 N pushes a block of mass 4.00 kg across a
floor where the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.600. (a) How much work is done by that applied force on the
block floor system when the block slides through a displacement of 3.00 m across the floor?

Work is force dotted into distance,
( )( ) cos 35.0 N 3.00 m cos0 105 W J u = - = = =
Fd
F d F d (1.10)

(b) During that displacement, the thermal energy of the block increases by 40.0 J. What is the increase in
thermal energy of the floor? The total amount of energy
1
that has gone to thermal forms is,
( )( )( )( )
2
th ,floor ,block ,floor
0.600 4.00 kg 9.80 3.00 m 70.6 J 40 ;
m
th th k th
s
E E E mgd E J A = A +A = = = = A + (1.11)


1
Note: this is independent of whether or not the block-velocity is constant, due to 0
a
F F f = =

.
If 40.0 J has gone to the block then (70.6 40.0) J = 30.6 J has gone to the floor.

(c) What is the increase in the kinetic energy of the block? Much of the work (105 J) has been wasted due to
the 70.6 J of thermal energy generated, but there still remains (105 70.6 ) J = 34.4 J that has gone into
increasing the kinetic energy of the block. (It has not gone into increasing the potential energy of the block
because the floor is presumed to be horizontal.)

Chapter 8, problem 48 (|| 49): In Fig. 8-49, a block slides down an incline. As it moves from point A to point
B, which are 5.0 m apart, force acts on the block, with magnitude 2.0 N and directed down the incline. The
magnitude of the frictional force acting on the block is 10 N. If the kinetic energy of the block increases by 35 J
between A and B, how much work is done on the block by the gravitational force as the block moves from A to
B?



We use Eq. 8-31 to obtain

th
(10N)(5.0m) 50 J
k
E f d A = = =
and Eq. 7-8 to get

(2.0N)(5.0m) 10 J. W Fd = = =

Similarly, Eq. 8-31 gives


which yields AU = 75 J. By Eq. 8-1, then, the work done by gravity is W = AU = 75 J.

Chapter 8, problem 53 (|| 52): In Fig. 8-50, a 3.5
kg block is accelerated from rest by a pre-
compressed spring of spring constant 640 N/m. The
block leaves the spring at the springs relaxed
length and then travels over a horizontal floor with
a coefficient of kinetic friction mu_k = 0.25. The
frictional force stops the block in distance D = 7.8
m.

(a) Compute the increase in the thermal energy of the block floor system.

(a) thermal energy is the absolute value of the work done by friction. We have 0
y N
F F mg = =

, and that
gives a normal force of /
N K
F mg f = = ; as indicated, this lets us compute the friction force. Work, then, is,
W K U E
U
= + +
= + +
A A A
A
th
10 35 50
( )
f K N K K
W fD F D mg D mgD = = = = + (1.12)

(b) the maximum kinetic energy of the block. The block has its maximum kinetic energy K
max
just as it leaves the
spring and enters the region where friction acts. This kinetic energy equals the work done by friction, by
conservation of energy. This is justified by noting the boring fact that the final velocity is 0 m/s, and
consequently the final kinetic energy is 0; thus, the maximum kinetic energy equals the initial kinetic energy,

max
0 67 67
f i f
v K K W J J = = = = = (1.13)

(c) the original compression distance of the spring? The energy that appears as kinetic energy is originally in
the form of potential energy in the compressed spring. Thus,
solve for x


Chapter 8, problem 57: a block slides along a
track from one level to a higher level after passing
through an intermediate valley. The track is
frictionless until the block reaches the higher level.
There a frictional force stops the block in a distance
d. The block's initial speed v0 is 6.0 m/s, the height
difference h is 1.1 m, and the k is 0.60. Find d.


2
2
1
0 2
2
1 2 2
1 1
2 solve for d 0 0 2 2
((6.0 ) / 9.81 ) 1.1
( / )
1.2
0.60
i Fr k
m m
s
s
k k
E U mg y mgh K W mv mgd
m
mgh mv v g h
d m
mg

= A = A = = A =

= = = =

(1.14)


AE
th
kg m s m J = = 025 35 98 78 67
2
. . . . . b gb gd ib g
K U kx
i max
= =
1
2
2
x
K
k
= = =
2 2 67
640
046
max
. .
J
N m
m
b g