11/13/2013
Unregulated Compounds
Formaldehyde Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX) Aldehydes SO2 CO2 Methane
Emission Legislations
Euro Norms
Steady State and Transient Cycles Euro 4/5: PM Limits intended to force use of PM Traps
11/13/2013
11/13/2013
CO
PM HCHO
US EPA 2002/2004
0.1
---
11/13/2013
11/13/2013
Baseline Technology
Direct Injection Turbo-charging, Air to air inter-cooling Combustion Optimization, with and without swirl support Multi-Valve Cylinder Head Advanced High High-Pressure Pressure Injection System
Split Injection Rate Shaping
11/13/2013
Strategy 1
NOx reduction with exhaust gas recirculation PM reduction with particulate trap
Strategy 2
Nox reduction with exhaust gas after aftertreatment PM reduction with engine internal measures
11/13/2013
Strategy 3
Combination of all technologies
11/13/2013
Technical Challenges
EGR Compatible combustion system Robust re-circulation systems
Exact EGR Dosage Minimum Transporting losses Durable, insensitive control
11/13/2013
Leaner fuel ratio and electronic ignition Air/ Fuel improvement in compression ratio Improved combustion chamber design Better scavenging Reduced oil fuel ratio Changeover to four stroke engines U of Use fO Oxidative id ti Catalytic C t l ti converter t
Potential Technologies
Electronic Engine Management Fuel injection system Four Stroke Engine with catalytic converter
Optimized air-fuel ratio and ignition timing Oxidative catalytic Converter Positive Crankcase ventilation system Evaporative Emission control system
Potential Technologies
Three way y catalytic y Converter with fuel injection j and
Lambda sensor
Converters with improved cold start performance On-Board diagnostic system & electronic fuel management
10
11/13/2013
improvements
Higher injection pressure & Better fuel spry pattern Retarded engine timings
Potential P t ti l Technologies T h l i
Electronic engine management Exhaust Gas re-circulation Oxidative catalysts Particulate traps NOx catalyst control
Fuel quality requirement (Petrol, Diesel, 2T oil) Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, Propane, LPG..) Supply premixed 2T oil for 2 stroke engines Conversion of 2 stroke to 4 stroke engine Tightening of emission norms for new and in-use vehicles I Installation ll i of f facilities f ili i for f proper inspection i i and d maintenance of on-road vehicles Phasing out of old vehicles Improvements in public transport system Improvement in circular railway network Proper traffic management and planning
11
11/13/2013
12
11/13/2013
13
11/13/2013
Tests are on Engine Dynamometer (13 Mode Cycle) For goods carrying vehicles with GVW < 3.5 tons option of Chassis Dyno route and Engine Dyno Route is proposed( not allowed in EEC) Proposal made by SIAM
14
11/13/2013
Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC) No Relaxation is provided for COP. Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles
15
11/13/2013
16
11/13/2013
Euro I 2.72 0.97 0.14 Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 (91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 0.19 Class II Category Vehicles (93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 0.25 Class III ____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro II 1.00 0.70 0.08 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1 (94/12/EEC) 1.25 1.00 0.12 Category Vehicles (96/69/EEC) 1.50 1.20 0.17 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro III 0.64 -0.50 0.56 0.05 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1 (98/69/EEC) ( ) 0.80 -0.65 0.72 0.07 Category.EOBD g y Systems y 0.95 -0.78 0.86 0.10 Mandatory from 2003 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro IV 0.50 -0.25 0.30 0.025 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1 0.63 -0.33 0.39 0.040 Category 0.74 -0.39 0.46 0.060
Euro I 2.72 2 72 0.97 0 97 --- Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 (91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 --- Class II Category Vehicles (93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 --- Class III __________________________________________________________________________________ __ Euro II 2.20 0.50 --1994 for M1 &1996 for N1 (94/12/EEC) 4.00 0.60 -- Category Vehicles (96/69/EEC) 5.00 0.70 --__________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Euro III 2.30 0.20 0.15 ----2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1 (98/69/EEC) 4.17 0.25 0.18 ---- Category.EOBD Systems 5.22 0.29 0.21 ----Mandatory from 2000 __________________________________________________________________________________ __ Euro IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1 1.81 0.13 0.10 ----Category 2.27 0.16 0.11 -----
17
11/13/2013
EURO-I NORMS -91/542/EEC -A DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2 category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods Application) POLLUTANTS TA LIMITS CO g/kW h 4.50 HC g/kW h 1.10 Nox g/kW h 8.00 Particulate g/kWh 0.36 for engines with power > 85 kW p Particulate g/kWh 0.61 for engines with power < 85 kW COP LIMITS 4.90 1.23 9.00 0.40
0.68
EURO-II NORMS -91/542/EEC -B DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
F O R V E H IC L E S c a te g o r y (H eav y A p p lic a tio n ) PO LLU TA N TS C O g /k W h H C g /k W h N o x g /k W h P a r tic u la te g /k W h P a r tic u la te g /k W h GVW D u ty > 3 .5 T O N S - M 2 , N 2 P assen g er & G oods
T A L I M I T S /C O P L I M I T S 4 .0 0 1 .1 0 7 .0 0 0 .1 5 0 .2 5 * *
18
11/13/2013
EURO-III NORMS -98/C/173/01 DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2 category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods Application) POLLUTANTS CO g/kW h HC g/kW h Nox g/kW h Particulate g/kWh Particulate g/kWh TA LIMITS/COP LIMITS 2.10 0.66 5.00 0.10 0.13 **
** Engines with cylinder swept volume <0.7 0.7 litres and rated power speed speed> 3000 rpm. TA and COP Limits are same. Transient Test Cycle is introduced (ETC) along with 13 mode cycle. Implementation 1.10.2000 NTA, 1.10.2001 - ANR
For Euro IV,limits are under finalisation by EEC. 40 % reduction from Euro III is expected
1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 0.64 -0.50 0.56 0.05 Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR 1.1.2001 for NTA 1.1.2002 for ANR
0.50
0.56
0.05
All
Class II
0.80
--
0.65
0.72
0.07
1305 to 1760
Class III 0.95 -0.78 0.86 0.10 > 1760 EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2003 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
19
11/13/2013
1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 2.30 0.20 0.15 ---Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR 1.1.2001 for NTA 1.1.2002 for ANR
0.15
----
All
Class II
4.17
0.25
0.18
----
1305 to 1760
Class III 5.22 0.29 0.21 ---> 1760 EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2000 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR 1.1.2006 for NTA 1.1.2007 for ANR
0.08
----
All
Class II
1.81
0.13
0.10
----
1305 to 1760
Class III 2.27 0..16 0.11 ---> 1760 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
20
11/13/2013
1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 0.50 -0.25 0.30 0.025 Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR 1.1.2006 for NTA 1.1.2007 for ANR
0.30
0.025
All
Class II
0.63
--
0.33
0.39
0.04
1305 to 1760
Class III 0.74 -0.39 0.45 0.06 > 1760 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
Tightening world-wide diesel regulations is stimulating significant investment in emission control technology
Where will HDD engines be in 5 to 7 years? 0.18
0.16 0 14 0.14
PM M, g/kW-hr; ESC test
Japan 2004
Engine developments alone will not be clean enough. Nominally, 90-95% NOx and 70% PM emission control efficiencies will be needed to hit US2007.
Euro III
potential
AVL, actual Ricardo, est. potential Euro IV Ricardo, 1 cyl. Deutz, 2013 prototype
Euro V
NOx, g/kW-hr; ESC test Prototype Engines with cooled EGR, combustion optimization, fully flexible fuel injection, staged turbocharging, multi-hole injectors, high pressure injection.
21
11/13/2013
22
11/13/2013
23
11/13/2013
24
11/13/2013
25
11/13/2013
26
11/13/2013
27
11/13/2013
28
11/13/2013
29