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HANDBOOK
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&roduce for years. So%e of these are shown in the illustration. See if you can fi"ure out the lo"ic behind each of the inter&retations shown here before you %ove on to the %ore for%al rules. !he techni(ue is called the resistivity-&orosity overlay. +t has been in use since about <=>? when the first sonic lo"s showed u&, concurrent with the be"innin" of the lo"arith%ic scale for resistivity lo" dis&lays. !he overlay is created by tracin" or 2overlayin"2 the dee& resistivity curve 4on a lo"arith%ic scale6 on to& of a &orosity lo" 4sonic, density, or neutron6, and shiftin" the resistivity lo" sideways until it lines u& with the &orosity curve in an 2obvious2 water :one. !hat %eans that the lowest resistivity values sit on to& of the &orosity curve and hi"her resistivity values fall to the ri"ht of the &orosity curve. 9e then colour in the se&aration between the curves with a red &encil, and &erforate the :one for &roduction. +f there is no obvious water :one, we do the overlay usin" a nearby 4non-source roc$6 shale bed instead - less accurate but it wor$s often enou"h. !he conce&t is widely used to identify source roc$s. So%e of these are co%&leted as unconventional reservoirs such as the 7arnett Shale 4resistive shales6.
Ra! *$#& &h$!i"# e&i&ti'it( )$ $&it( $'e *a(. Red &hadi"# i"dicate& )$&&i-*e h(d $ca -$" 9$"e&. The de"&it( $ de"&it( )$ $&it( ;&$*id ed c/ 'e< i& )*aced $" t$) $% the dee) e&i&ti'it( c/ 'e ;da&hed ed c/ 'e< Li"e /) the t!$ c/ 'e& &$ that the( *ie $" t$) $% each $the i" $-'i$/& !ate 9$"e&. I% the e a e "$ $-'i$/& !ate 9$"e&+ *i"e them /) i" the &ha*e 9$"e&. I% the )$ $&it( c/ 'e %a**& t$ the LE=T $% the e&i&ti'it( c/ 'e+ a& i" La(e & A a"d B+ h(d $ca -$"& a e ) $-a-*( ) e&e"t. 112 7ecause of &oorly chosen shift criteria, it is &ossible to create too %uch or too little se&aration between the resistivity and &orosity curves. !his is where the lo"ic co%es into &lay. +f the two cureves are 2trac$in"2 each other, then the :one is wet. !rac$in" %eans the two curves rou"hly &arallel each other, li$e railroad trac$s. +f the two curves are rou"hly a %irror i%a"e of each other, then they are not trac$in", and se&aration is e &ected. 'd1ust the shift to %a$e this ha&&en. !he (uantity of the
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311 E4am)*e $% a e&i&ti'it( )$ $&it( $'e *a( *$$,i"# %$ -()a&&ed )a( i" a *ime&t$"e. The e&i&ti'it( ha& -ee" t a"&%$ med i"t$ a &$"ic *$# -( a)) $) iate &ca*i"# ;&ee -e*$!<. Red &hadi"# i"dicate& )$&&i-*e h(d $ca -$"&. The - $!" &haded c/ 'e i& a 0Sh$! I"de40 - hi#he 'a*/e& a e #$$d "e!&..
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Re&i&ti'it( )$ $&it( $'e *a( %$ &$"ic+ de"&it(+ a"d "e/t $" ;&haded ed< a"d Sh$! I"de4 %$ each ;&haded - $!"< The %/** -*$!" *ith$*$#( )$ $&it( t ac, $" the i#ht &h$!& a t()ica* c$m)/te i9ed a"a*(&i&. M$ e detai*ed )$ $&it(+ !ate &at/ ati$"+ a"d )e mea-i*it( c/ 'e& !$/*d "$ ma**( -e ) e&e"ted. He e+ the $->ecti'e i& t$ *$cate the $i* !ate c$"tact i" a *$! )e mea-i*it( e#ime !ith e&id/a* $i* -e*$! the c$"tact. The t a"&%$ med e&i&ti'it( &it& $" the )$ $&it( c/ 'e at the -a&e $% each t ac, ;!ate 9$"e< a"d a*&$ i" the &ha*e 9$"e a-$'e the $i* ;$" &$"ic a"d "e/t $" $"*(<.
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!he &ara%eters assu%e D!C is in usecGft, DE/S is in "Gcc, and PH+/ is deci%al fraction &orosity. Shale base lines need to be ad1usted so that the Show +nde is near :ero in water or shale :ones. D!<, D/<, /!< are ad1usted so that the resistivity &orosity se&aration is near :ero in shale or water :ones. D!?, D/?, /!? are a%&litude scale factors and seldo% need to be chan"ed. Default shale base lines for sand shale se(uences will be considerably hi"her. !he best way to find the &ara%eters for scalin" resistivity into &orosity units is to cross&lot lo"arith% of resistivity on the hori:ontal a is and the &orosity indicatin" lo" values on the vertical a is. 0ou need to include enou"h interval to see non-source ric$ 2nor%al2 shales and so%e of the &otential reservoir intervals. !he data &oints alon" the southwest ed"e of the data show the nor%al trendline. Data &oints for reservoir or source roc$ &eel off toward the northeast of the &lot area.
S$"ic 'e &/& *$#a ithm $% e&i&ti'it( ;DT*$#R< C $&&)*$t &h$!i"# "$"-&$/ ce $c, t e"d *i"e a"d e&e '$i $ &$/ ce $c, c*/&te & $% data. The e:/ati$" $% the "$"-&$/ ce $c, *i"e i& DT*$#R 1 ?65 - @5 *$#;RESD< %$ thi& Ba "ett Sha*e e4am)*e ;DT? 1 ?65 a"d DT@ 1 @5<. Simi*a )*$t& ca" -e made !ith de"&it( $ "e/t $" data $" the 'e tica* a4i&.. Co&yri"ht L E. R. 4Ross6 Crain, P.En". e%ail Read the Bine Print
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