3.1 Appendix
3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts 7
Modulation Concepts 8
BB Transmission 10
Bandwidth Formula 11
Modulated Signal Spectrum 12
2-PSK 17
4-PSK 20
16-QAM 22
16-TCM 27
Performances Versus Noise 30
Exercise 31
Main Modulation Types Characteristics 32
Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) 33
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes 37
Roll-off calculation example 39
Blank Page 40
2 Equipment unavailability 41
Introduction 43
Unavailability objective 44
Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) 47
Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) 50
3 M.21xx-series Recommendations 51
End of Module 54
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Why modulation?
fb
Bw = (1 + )
2
Tx Rx
-
0 f
0 f
1 3
2fc 2fc
Tx Att. =
0 fc f t
2
2fc
3 2 1
Att. Att. = Kost.
3 2 1 Att. =
0 fc f t
T T T T 1
T=
2fc
1
T= 1 1 fb
fb = fc =
fb 2fc 2
fb = Bit rate frequency
R(f)
a
0.1
0.3
= 1.0 a
Roll Off = =
c
C
R(f)
-2fC -fC +fC +2fC
r (t)
-fc +f c
= 1.0 0 < < 1
Ideal Freq. Responce
= 0.3
fb
= 0.1 Bw = Bw = fb
2
fb
Bw = (1+ )
2
V f0
f
fc 70-fc 70 70+fc
MOD
Bw = 2fc
B
2fc
70 MHz
IF
LO
f0
B A
2 PSK Modulator
1 0
2 PSK
Mixer
100111 IF signal
DIFF.
Data ENC.
BTF Post
IF Conversion
Filter
L.O.
2 PSK Demodulator
IF signal 100111
DIFF.
DEC. Data
BTF
IF
L.O.
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
+V
DATA IN
-V
CARRIER
IF OUTPUT
CARRIER
IF INPUT
DEMODULATED SIGNAL
+V
DATA OUT
-V
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Switch
ON
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
TX A A B B A B B A
1 0
A B
A A B B A B B A
RX 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B A B B A B B A
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
A/10
T/5 H(t)
A/5
T/5
A/2
T/5
A/5
T/5
A/10
- 1 - 1 + 1 + 1
W 2W 2W W
OUT
1 0
4-PSK Modulator
2 PSK
Mixer
BTF
IF
0010111 L.O.
S DIFFER.
P
ENCODER
90° Post Branching
Convertion RF Filter
Filter
L.O.
0
2 PSK
BTF Mixer
fs
Bw = fb (1+ ) Bw = fs (1+ ) 1
B (10) A (00)
2 PSK fs = fb
fb
4 PSK fs = 22
2
f
8 PSK fs = b 23
3
f
16 PSK fs = b 24 C (11) D (01)
4
Differential Coding
B (10) A (00)
- +
C (11) D (01)
001001110101.........
Switch 00 10 01 11 01 01
ON
A B D C D D
00 = No change
TX B B C B B C B
01 = -90° change
10 = +90° change
RX D B C B B C B
11 = -180° change
11 10 01 11 01 01
4-PSK Demodulator
2 PSK
Mixer
Decision X1 X1
BTF
Circuit
L.O.
IF DIFFER. P
90° DECODER S
Decision Y1 Y1
BTF
Circuit
2 PSK
Mixer
16-QAM Modulator
X1 X1 X1 X1 X1
2R
BTF
2R
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2
L.O.
S DIFFER. IF
FEC
P ENCODER 90°
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1
2R
BTF
2R
Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2
Vy
X1 X2 X 11
Y1 Y2 Y
10
1 1 +3V
1 0 +1V Vx
00 01 10 11
0 1 -1V 01
0 0 -3V
00
16-QAM Demodulator
X1 X1 X1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
X2 X2 X2
L.O.
IF DIFFER. P
90° DECODER S
Y1 Y1 Y1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
Y2 Y2 Y2
16-TCM Modulator
X1 X1 X1 X1 X1
2R
BTF
2R
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2
DIFFER.
L.O.
S + IF
CONVOL. MAPPING
P 90°
ENCODER Y1
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1
2R
BTF
2R
Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2
16-TCM Demodulator
X1 X1 X1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
X2 X2 X2
VITERBI
L.O.
IF DECODER P
+
90° DIFFER. S
DECODER
Y1 Y1 Y1
Decision
Circuit BTF
Y2 Y2 Y2
b c b c
S a 0/0 0/1
P b
0 0 b c b c 1 1
S1 S0 S1 1/0 1/1 S0 S1
S0 0 1
S0 S1
c
b c b c
0/0 0/1
b c b c
1/0 1/1
1 0
CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER S0 S1
3 0
4 7
5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
c 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
S0 S1 b=0
0 0 0
4 4 4
0 0
2
b=1 6
2
6
b=0 6
0 1 2
0
1 4
5
b=1 1
5
1 0 3
7
3
3 7
7
1
1 1
5
2-PSK
C+N
N
C = Carrier C
N = Noise B 1 1 A
Threshold
2 PSK N>1 BW fb
4 PSK N > 0.7 BW (-3dB) fb
2 2
2 PSK and 4 PSK have the same performance versus noise, but for this reason is never used
2 PSK due to its double bandwidth
IF data ERROR
DEMODULATOR
DETECTOR
10-6
S S
= 13.5 dB = 18.6 dB
N 10-6 N 10-6
4 PSK 8 PSK
S S
= 20.5 dB = 26.5 dB
N 10-6 N 10-6
16 QAM 64 QAM
8 PSK Q 16 QAM Q
v
v
Phase level
decision
threshold
I I
2 PSK 1 1 0 (normalized)
4 PSK 1 0.70 +3.1 dB
= noise voltage
v = carrier peak voltage 8 PSK 1 0.38 +8.4 dB
16 PSK 1 0. 19 +14.2 dB
16 QAM 16 PSK
Bit/s 6
(Hz) 64
QAM
BER = 10-6 PSK
32
16
4
16
8 8
4 4
2
2 2 FSK
10 15 20 25 W (dB)
10-2
16QAM
16PSK
10-3
32PSK
8PSK
10-4
64QAM
2PSK
4PSK
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
5 10 15 20 25 W (dB)
Example 1
Available bandwidth = 40 MHz
Transmitted stream = 34 Mbit/s
Modulation type = 2 PSK
Roll-off = ?
BW = fb (1+K)
40 = 34 (1+ K)
a = 40/34-1 = 0.05
Example 2
Available bandwidth = 20 MHz
Transmitted stream = 140 Mbit/s
Modulation type = ?
BW = fb/n
n = fb/BW = 140/20 = 7
2 Equipment unavailability
MTTR
U=
MTTR+ MTBF
Where:
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair
E quipment unavailability
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures
By supposing:
Failures statistically independent
MTTR << MTBF
A B
1 2 U1-2 = UA + UB
A
U1-2 = UA • UB
1 2
B
Ueq.
Ueq.s = 1.1• 10 4
9
Z' Z
Mod. Tx Rx Dem Mod Tx Rx Dem
L = 50 km L = 50 km
US
R' R
TS RS
US
Lp
TS = Tx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total
unavailability of the section.
RS = Rx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total
unavailability of the section.
Lp = Part of the switching system, the failure of which doesn’t allow the regular
operation of the switching system.
MTBFs = Global MTBF of the switching system “series” part.
MTBFp = Global MTBF of the switching system “parallel” part.
Z' Z
Mod. Tx Rx Dem Mod Tx Rx Dem
Z' Z
Mod. Tx Rx Dem Mod Tx Rx Dem
LOGIC
PSU PSU PSU
L = 50 km L = 50 km
3 M.21xx-series Recommendations
Differences between Recommendations G.821/G.826 and the M.21xx series start with their
different origins:
G-series Recommendations are from ITU-T Study Group 13 (General network
issues);
M-series are from Study Group 4 (Network Maintenance and TMN).
Main differences:
G.821/G.826 define long-term performance objectives to be met.
G.821/G.826 require very long test intervals (one month).
The M-series Recommendations are particularly useful when bringing-into-service
new transmission equipment. They are intended to assure that the requirements of
the G series are met in every case.
As a general rule, the requirements of the M-series are tougher than those of the
G-series.
For practical reasons, the M.21xx-series Recommendations allow short test
intervals.
End of Module