Sample Solutions of Assignment 3 for MAT3270A:2.8-3.

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Note: Any problems to the sample solutions, email Mr. Yao Xiao (yxiao a math.cuhk.edu.hk) directly.

September,2013

1. Determine if the following equation is exact. If it is exact, nd out the solutions (a). (x4 + 4y ) + (4x 3y 8 )y = 0 xy )dy = 0 (e). (x2 +x dx + y 2 )3/2
ydy
3 (x2 +y 2 ) 2

(b). (x + y ) + (2x y )y = 0

(c). (2xy 2 + 2y ) + (2x2 y + 2x)y = 0 (d). (x log y + xy )dx + (y log x + =0

Answer: (a). Since y (x4 +4y ) = 4 and x (4x 3y 8 ) = 4, the equation 1 1 is exact. And x5 + 4xy y 9 = C is the rst integral. 5 3 (b). Since y (x + y ) = 1 and x (2x y ) = 2, the equation is not exact. (c). Since y (2xy 2 + 2y ) = 4xy + 2 and x (2x2 y + 2x) = 4xy + 2, the equation is exact. And x2 y 2 + 2xy = C is the rst integral. y x (d). Since y (x log y + xy ) = + x and x (y log x + xy ) = + y , the y x equation is not exact. 3 2xy 3 2xy (e). Since y ( (x2 +x )= and x ( 2 y 2 3 ) = , y 2 )3/2 2 2 5 / 2 2 2 ( x + y ) 2 (x + y ) 2 (x + y 2 )5/2 1 = C is the rst integral. the equation is exact. And 2 (x + y 2 )1/2

2. Using the integrating factors given below to solve the corresponding ODEs. (a). x2 y 3 + x(1 + y 2 )y = 0, (x, y ) =
y (b). ( sin 2ex sin x)dx + y
2

1 xy 3 cos y +2ex cos x dy y

= 0, (x, y ) = yex

y 6 (c). (3x + y )dx + ( x + 2x )dy = 0, (x, y ) = xy y

Answer: (a). Multiply (x, y ) = has

1 xy 3

on both sides of equation, one

1 + y2 y =0 y3 2 1 d( x2 2 + ln y ) = 0 2 y 2 1 2 x 2 + ln y = C 2 y x+

(b). Multiply (x, y ) = yex on both sides of equation, one has (ex sin y 2y sin x)dx + (ex cos y + 2 cos x)dy = 0 d(ex sin y + 2y cos x) = 0 ex sin y + 2y cos x = C

(c). Multiply (x, y ) = xy on both sides of equation, one has (3x2 y + 6x)dx + (x3 + 2y 2 )dy = 0 2 d(x3 y + 3x2 + y 3 ) = 0 3 2 x3 y + 3 x2 + y 3 = C 3

3. Find out the integrating factors of the following ODEs and solve the corresponding ODEs (a). (3x2 y +2xy +y 3 )dx+(x2 +y 2 )dy = 0 (c). ydx +(2xy e2y )dy = 0 sin y )dy = 0 (b). dx+( x y (d). ex dx +(ex cot y +2y csc y )dy = 0 My Nx Answer: (a). Since My Nx = 3x2 +3y 2 = 3N , x = = 3. N Hence we can choose = e3x . Multiple on both side of ODE, we

have e3x (3x2 y + 2xy + y 3 )dx + e3x (x2 + y 2 )dy = 0 1 d(e3x (x2 y + y 3 )) = 0 3 1 e3x (x2 y + y 3 ) = C 3 1 1 My Nx 1 (b). Since My Nx = = M , y = = . Hence y y M y we can choose = y . Multiple on both side of ODE, we have ydx + (x y sin y )dy = 0 d(xy sin y + y cos y ) = 0 xy sin y + y cos y = C

2y 1 My Nx M , y = = y M 2y 1 e2y . Hence we can choose = . Multiple on both side of y y ODE, we have (c). Since My Nx = 1 2y = ( e2y e2y )ydx + ( )(2xy e2y )dy = 0 y y 1 e2y dx + (2xe2y )dy = 0 y 2y d(e x ln y ) = 0 e2y x ln y = C

My Nx = M cot y. Hence we can choose = sin y . Multiple on both side of (d). Since My Nx = ex cot y = cot yM , y = ODE, we have ex sin ydx + (ex cos y + 2y )dy = 0 d(ex sin y + y 2 ) = 0 ex sin y + y 2 = C

4. Solve the following ODEs (a). y = (c). xy + y y e (g). y =

2x+y , y (0) 3+3y 2 x 2 2x

=0

(b). y =

y ty

= 0, y (0) = 0 =1

(d). y = ex+y (f).

dy dx xy +1 = 2 x2 +2y x2 y dy x

(e). xdy ydx = 2x2 y 2 dy, y (1) = 2

y3 , y (0) 12xy 2

(h). (2y + 1)dx +

=0

Answer: (a). Original ODE can be written as (2x + y )dx + (x 3y 2 3)dy = 0 Since My Nx = 0, the equation is exact. Then we have d(x2 + xy y 3 3y ) = 0 x2 + xy y 3 3y = y 3 (0) 3y (0) = 0

(b). Original ODE can be written as ydt + (y t)dy = 0 Since My Nt = 2 = choose = 2 My Nt 2 M ,y = = . Hence we can y M y

1 . Multiple on both side of ODE, we have y2 1 t dt + (1 2 )dy = 0 y y t d(ln y + ) = 0 y t ln y + = C y

(c). Multiply

1 on both sides of original equation, we have x2 y y 2 e2x 1 dx + dy = 0 x2 x (1) 2 My Nx M ,y = = y M on both side of ODE

1 2ye2x 1 2 2ye2x Since My Nx = + 2 = = x2 x x2 2 1 . Hence we can choose = 2 . Multiple y y

(1), we have ( 1 e2x 1 ) dx + dy = 0 x2 y x2 xy 2 1 e2x d( + dx) = 0 xy x2 e2x 1 + dx = C xy x2

Thus original ODE cant have a nontrivial solution such that y (x = 0) = 0. Hence y 0 is the only solution. (d). Original ODE can be written as ex+y dx dy = 0 My Nx = . Hence we can M choose = ey . Multiple on both side of ODE, we have Since My Nx = ex+y = M ,y = ex dx ey dy = 0 d(ex + ey ) = 0 ex + ey = C

(e). Original ODE can be written as ydx + (2x2 y 2 x)dy = 0 My Nx 2 2 = . Hence Since My Nx = 2 4xy 2 = N ,x = x N x 1 we can choose = 2 . Multiple on both side of ODE, we have x y 1 dx + (2y 2 )dy = 0 2 x x 2 3 y d( y ) = 0 3 x 2 3 y 2 3 10 y = y (1) y (1) = 3 x 3 3 (f). Original ODE can be written as (2xy + 1)dx + (x2 + 2y )dy = 0

Since My Nx = 0, the equation is exact. Then we have (2xy + 1)dx + (x2 + 2y )dy = 0 d(x2 y + x + y 2 ) = 0 x2 y + x + y 2 = C

(g). Original ODE can be written as y 3 dx + (2xy 2 1)dy = 0 Since My Nx = y 2 = 1 My Nx 1 M ,y = = . Hence we can y M y

1 choose = . Multiple on both side of ODE, we have y 1 y 2 dx + (2xy )dy = 0 y 2 d(xy ln y ) = 0 xy 2 ln y = ln y (0) = 0

(h). Original ODE can be written as y (2y + 1)dx + (x )dy = 0 x 1 My Nx 1 y = . Hence we can Since My Nx = 1 2 = N ,x = x x N x choose = x. Multiple on both side of ODE, we have (2xy + x)dx + (x2 y )dy = 0 1 1 d(x2 y + x2 y 2 ) = 0 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 x y+ x y =C 2 2

5. Transform the given initial value problem into an equivalent problem with the initial point at the origin (a). dy = t2 + y 2 , y (1) = 2, dt (b). dy = 1 y 3 , y (1) = 3 dt

Answer: (a)Let t = s + 1, y = w + 2, then dy =1 dw dt =1 ds the original problem can be written as dw = (s + 1)2 + (w + 2), w(0) = 0. ds (b)Let t = s 1, y = w + 3, then dy =1 dw dt =1 ds the original problem can be written as dw = 1 (w + 3)2 , w(0) = 0. ds

6. Use the method of successive approximations to solve the given initial value problem: (1) Determine n (t); (2) Find the limit of {n }. (a).y = 2(y + 1), y (0) = 0, (b)y = y + 1 t, y (0) = 0. Answer: (a) If y = (t), then the corresponding integral equation is
t

(t) =
0

2((s) + 1)ds

If the initial approximation is 0 (t) = 0, then

t

1 (t) =
0 t

2ds = 2t

2 (t) =
0

2(2s + 1)ds = 2t + 2t2

t n

and n (t) =
0

2(n1 (s) + 1)ds =

1

2k tk k!

lim n (t) = e2t 1

(b) If y = (t), then the corresponding integral equation is

t

(t) =
0

((s) + 1 s)ds

If the initial approximation is 0 (t) = 0, then

t

1 (t) =
0 t

(1 s)ds = t

1 2 t 2!

2 (t) =
0

1 1 2(1 s2 )ds = t t3 2 3!

and
t

n (t) =
0

tn+1 2(n1 (s) + 1 s)ds = t (n + 1)!

n

lim n (t) = t

Problem 2,4,5 on page 155 Find the Wronskian of the given pair of functions. (2). cos t, sin t (4). x, ee2x s (5). et sin t, e2t cos t Answer: The computation is easy, so we just give the nal result. (2). W = 1 (4). W = 2x2 e2x (5). W = e4t Problem 7,9,12 on page 155-156 In the following problems determine the longest interval in which the given initial value problem is certain to have a unique twice dierentiable solution. Do not attempt to nd the solution.

7.ty + 3y = t,

y (2) = 1,

y (2) = 2.

9. t(t 4)y + 3ty + 5y = 2, y (3) = 0, y (3) = 1 12. (x 2)y + y + (x 2)(tan x)y = 0, y (4) = 1, y (4) = 2 Answer: (7). The original solution can written as 3 y + y = 1, t hence the longest interval is t > 0. Then the points of discontinuity of the coecients are t = 0. Therefore, the longest open interval, containing the initial point t = 1, in which all the coecients are continuous, is 0 < t < . (9).The original solution can written as y + and p(t) = 5 2 3t y + y= t(t 4) t(t 4) t(t 4)

3t 5 2 , q (t) = , g (t) = . Then the points t(t 4) t(t 4) t(t 4) of discontinuity of the coecients are t = 0 and t = 4. Therefore, the longest open interval, containing the initial point t = 3, in which all the coecients are continuous, is 0 < t < 4. (12). The original solution can written as y + y + (tan x)y = 0 x2

Then the only points of discontinuity of the coecients are x = 2, and x = 1 k + , k Z. Therefore, the longest open interval, containing the 2 initial point x = 4, in which all the coecients are continuous, is 3 2 < x < . 2

Problem14 on page 156 Verify that y1 (t) = 1 and y2 (t) = t 2 are solutions of the dierential equation yy + (y )2 = 0 for t > 0. Then show that c1 + c2 t 2 is not, in
1 1

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general, a solution of this equation. Explain why this result does not contradict Theorem 3.2.2. Answer: It is easy to verify y1 and y2 are solutions of the dierential equation yy + (y )2 = 0 for t > 0, and y = c1 + c2 t 2 is not a solution(in general) of this equation. This result does not contradict Theorem 3.2.2 because this equation is nonlinear. Problem 15 on page 156 Show that if y = (t) is a solution of the dierential equation y + p(t)y + q (t)y = g (t), where g (t) is not always zero, the y = c(t), where c is any constant other than 1, is not a solution. Explain why this result does not contradict the remark following Theorem 3.2.2. Answer: [c(t)] + p(t)[c(t)] + q (t)[c(t)] = c[(t) + p(t)(t) + q (t)(t)] = cg (t) = g (t) if c is a constant other than 1, and g (t) is not always zero. This result does not contradict Theorem 3.2.2 because this equation is not homogeneous. Problem 16 on page 156 Can y = sin t2 be a solution on an interval containing t = 0 of an equation y + p(t)y + q (t)y = 0 with continuous coecients? Explain your answer. Answer: By direct computing, we have y = sin t2 , y = 2t cos t2 , y = 4t2 sin t2 + 2 cos t2 we have (4t2 + q (t)) sin t2 + (2tp(t) + 2) cos t2 = 0 ()
1

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Assume that y = sin t2 is a solution on an interval containing t = 0 and coecients are continuous, substitute t = 0 into (*), we get 2 cos 0 = 0 which is not true. So y = sin t2 can not satisfy all the requirements.

Problem 17 on page 156 If the Wronskian W of f and g is 2e6t , and if f (t) = e3t , nd g (t). Answer: W = f (t)g (t) f (t)g (t) = e3t g (t) 3e3t g (t) Let W = 2e6t , we get the following equation g 3g (t) = 2e3t . From the above equation, g (t) = 2te3t + ce3t . Proble 18 on page 156 If the Wronskian W of f and g is 2t2 et , and if f (t) = t, nd g (t). Answer: W = f (t)g (t) f (t)g (t) = tg (t) g (t) Let W = 2t2 et , we get the following equation tg g (t) = 2t2 et . From the above equation, g (t) = 2tet + Ct, where C be a constant. Problem 20 on page 156 If the Wronskian of f and g is t cos t sin t and if u = f +3g, v = f 2g, nd the Wronskian of u and v .

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Answer: W (u, v ) = uv u v = (f + 3g )(f 2g ) (f + 3g )(f 2g ) = 5f g + 5f g = 5W (f, g ) = 5(t cos t sin t).

Problem 21 on page 156 Answer: W (y3 , y4 ) = y3 y4 y3 y4 = (a1 y1 + a2 y2 )(b1 y1 + b2 y2 ) (a1 y1 + a2 y2 )(b1 y1 + b2 y2 ) = (a1 b2 a2 b1 )(y1 y2 y1 y2 ) = (a1 b2 a2 b1 )W (y1 , y2 )

Problem 23 on page 156 Find the fundamental set of solutions specied by Thm 3.2.5 for the given dierential equation and initial point. y + 5y + 4y = 0, Answer: The characteristic equation is r2 + 5r + 4 = 0, we have r = 1 and r = 4. The solution is y1 (t) = et , y2 (t) = e4t . By computation, we have W (t0 ) = 3e5 = 0. So the set of fundamental solutions is {et , e4t } t0 = 1.

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Problem 25 on page 156 Answer:

y1 4y1 + 4y1 = 4e2t 8e2t + 4e2t = 0 y2 4y2 + 4y2 = 4e2t + 4te2t 8te2t 4e2t + 4te2t = 0

Heace y1 y2 are the solutions of the ODE.

W (y1 , y2 ) = y1 y2 y1 y2 = e4t = 0

Hence they constitute the fundamental set of solutions. Problem 28 on page 156 Answer: (a) Since the Wronskian W = 3et , they form a fundamental set of solutions. (b) Since they are all linear combinations of y1 and y2 , they are also solutions of the given equation. (c) By calculating the respective Wronskians, we see that [y1 , y3 ] and [y1 , y4 ] [y4 , y5 ] are fundamental set of solutions while the others are not.

Problem 31 on page 156 Answer:

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1 v2 Divide by x2 on both sides: y + y + (1 2 )y = 0 x x By Abels theorem: W (y1 , y2 ) = c exp[ 1 dx] x = c exp[ ln |x|] c = |x|

Problem 33 on page 157 Answer: Convert the ODE into: p q + y=0 p p p dt] p = c exp[ ln p(t)] = c/p(t)

y + By Abels Theorem:

W (y1 , y2 )(t) = c exp[

Problem 34 on page 157 Answer: 2 y + y + et y = 0 t W (y1 , y2 )(t) = c exp[ 2 dt] t = c exp[2 ln t] c = 2 t 3 . 25

Since W (y1 , y2 )(1) = c = 3, W (y1 , y2 )(5) =

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Problem 36 on page 157 Answer: Since W (y1 , y2 )(t) = c exp all t. Problem 38 on page 157 Answer: Since W (y1 , y2 )(t) = y1 y2 y1 y2 ,suppose that y1 (t0 ) = y2 (t0 ) = 0,then W (y1 , y2 )(t0 ) = 0. Thus then cannot constitute the fundamental set of solutions. p(t)dt = c ,thus p(t) = 0 for

Problem 39 on page 157 Answer: If so then exist a point t0 such that y1 (t0 ) = y2 (t0 ) = 0, hence W (y1 , y2 )(t0 ) = 0 Problem 40 on page 157 Answer: W (y1 , y2 )(t0 ) = y1 y2 (t0 ) y1 (t0 )y2 = 0 On the other hand: W (y1 , y2 )(t0 ) = c exp[ p(t)dt]p(t0 ) = 0

Then if Wronskian determinant is not zero then p(t0 ) = 0, For arbitrary solution (t) of the ODE which is the linear combination of y1 , y2 ,at the point t0 we have: q (t0 )(t0 ) = 0 If y1 (t0 ) = y2 (t0 ) = 0,q (t0 ) is arbitrary, otherwise q (t0 ) has to be zero.