Alcohol and
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Introduction
Alcohol use is one of the most common forms of drug use in the United States.
It’s estimated that of all people aged 18-75+ roughly 50% of them drink. The percentage
does go down with an increase in age. Even though drinking under the age of twenty one
is currently illegal the 18-24 age group shows a 62% drinking rate (CDC, 2008). The 25-
44 age group may have a higher rate of drinking, at 71%, but the 18-24 age group will
consume more alcohol during a given sitting then will the older groups (CDC, 2008). The
center for disease control shows a steady rise in the amount of alcohol use before sexual
intercourse among teens. There has also been somewhat of a decrease in regard to
children being taught about sexually transmitted diseases in the schools. With all this said
it is easy to see how drinking can turn into an unsafe night with someone.
Ethanol, more commonly called alcohol, is the substance in beer, wine, and other
drinks that intoxicates the consumer. Ethanol can affect every organ and system in your
body because it travels rather quickly through the blood stream. Ethanol is a depressant
that can slow heart rate, slow breathing and decrease inhibitions. This decrease in
intercourse tends to be the use of drugs. A drug is anything that alters the physiology of
your cells. Alcohol alters the physiology of your cells in the way that they become
dilated, allowing for greater amount of alcohol to be absorbed from the stomach into the
blood stream. One the alcohol gets in the red blood cells the red blood cells now become
depressant messengers to the central nervous system. This is why alcohol is considered a
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drug and greatly affects the prevalence of sexual intercourse, including unprotected
sexual intercourse.
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Research Question
Among people aged 18-24, does consuming alcoholic beverages have an effect on
This study is extremely important to any person aged 18-24 who plans to drink
but hopes to remain safe in their sexual adventures. Every day unsuspecting girls become
impregnated because of a drunken night’s sexual intercourse. Every day people become
infected with diseases because of unprotected sex. This unprotected sex can sometimes
happen because a person’s inhibition has been lowered. A major way that ones
inhibitions are lowered is for them to become intoxicated. Intoxication plays a major roll
in unprotected sexual activity. People of this age group still have the feeling of
invincibility; they feel as though nothing bad can happen to them no matter what
dangerous activities they take part in. This study will show that when people drink and
engage in sexual acts the activities they participate in are usually regrettable or they are
Literature Review
Alcohol use, partner type, and risky sexual behavior among college students
In this study Brown and Vanable used a cross sectional observational design. It
was a retrospective observational study because the 547 participants were looking back
on past experiences and giving an answer on a given day (2007). In accordance with the
Hierarchy of Evidence the design used in the study was a medium to low level design.
This study could be improved by using cohort observations enabling the researcher to
observe the same group of people over a longer period of time. Unfortunately clinical
trials can not be done for this study due to the fact that forcing drinking and sexual
behaviors is immoral and unethical. The participants in the study were not selected
randomly but they were selected because of convenience. They were all a part of an
introduction to psychology class that focused on the health behaviors of college students.
The participants filled out a questionnaire that lasted roughly 45 minutes; the surveys
were completely confidential. The group that participated was a mix of males and
females with different ethnicities. The age requirement for this study was a minimum of
18 years and most participants were around that age marker (Brown and Vanable, 2007).
The participants in this group were similar in the fact that they were all college
students, roughly the same age, and all taking a common class. A majority of them were
19, female and Caucasian. It was necessary to have a comparable age for the participants
because of the fact that the researchers were looking at college students and risky
behaviors. If certain participants were of a much higher age the results may appear
The main results for this study were that 39% of the time unprotected sexual
intercourse occurred between two partners and of those who were engaged in unprotected
sexual intercourse 32% had consumed alcohol before hand (Brown and Vanable, 2007).
In the discussion section of the study it is pointed out that “findings point to high rates of
alcohol use and unprotected sex among college students” (Hingson et al., 2002). It is
reported by this particular study that those who didn’t use a condom and used alcohol
prior to sex consumed five drinks or more. It was also broken down that even though
alcohol and unprotected sex were occurring together there wasn’t a significant enough
rate to say that alcohol was a cause for unprotected sexual intercourse just a co-
conspirator. Also shown is that people with partners tend to use condoms less frequently
because of the familiarity of their partner and other forms of birth control. Although,
expectancies for sexual relations due to the use of alcohol, were higher (Brown and
Vanable, 2007). The facts involved in this study such, as the effects of alcohol and
common alcohol use among people 18-24 may be correct but the results still may be
partially inaccurate. They could be inaccurate because the study was based on surveys.
These surveys basically stood as reports done on someone by ones self. There is no
telling whether the participants were completely honest because of the lower comfort
Effects of Alcohol, Expectancies, and Partner type on Condom Use in College Males
In this study the researchers used a cross sectional observational study. On top of
that they also had the participants interviewed by a psychologist after they completed
their survey. It was a retrospective survey that included 93 heterosexual males who had
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been involved in drinking more than twice a week and had had more than two sexual
partners in the last month (LaBrie et al., 2005). This, again, was a low to medium level
study according to the Hierarchy of Evidence. It is of a greater level because of the fact
that there was a follow up interview with the participants. The follow up interview
allowed for the researchers to get a more honest answer from the participants by
analyzing their answers next to one another. The interview was a good improvement idea
on a cross sectional study. The participants in this study were selected randomly through
fliers, advertisements and in-class announcements. More than 300 males responded and
they were filtered out by the criterion previously stated. The average age of the
participants was 20 ½ years with 69% of them being Caucasian (LaBrie et al., 2005).
The participants in this group were very similar. They were all roughly the same
age, same race, same gender and they were all of the same sexual orientation. This was
important to the study because it focused on the attitudes and behaviors towards sex and
drinking of a particular group. It may not represent American society fully but it
The main results for this study were these 93 participants were involved in over
1,500 sexual events. 14% were with new partners, 171 were with a casual partner (knew
them previously) and 1,160 were with a regular, steady partner. Condoms were used
roughly 50% of the time (LaBrie et al., 2005). The participants seemed to consume more
alcohol when they were with a partner they did not know but they also used condoms
more frequently with that unfamiliar partner. When it came to casual partners alcohol was
used a majority of the time while condom use greatly decreased. Researchers have come
to the conclusion that after only a few sexual encounters there is a false sense of security
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between two partners (LaBrie et al., 2005). With the previous fact stated and the addition
partners. “These data support the idea that alcohol consumption decreases safer sex, but
only in specific situations, thus providing partial support for the transmission hypothesis
(that individuals transmit HIV and other STDs by having unprotected sex while
intoxicated). Although alcohol clearly decreases condom use, certain situations may
override the effect, including sex with a new partner. Encouraging men to treat casual
partners as new partners may promote safer-sex behaviors. If participants are capable of
using a condom after drinking with a new partner, the same skills should apply with a
In Klein, Geaghan and MacDonald’s study they used a short term cohort study.
There were a set of two surveys for this study and it was a prospective study. This first
survey was sent out to students mid way through the college year and they had to report
on their drinking during the first semester and if they thought they were at risk for
engaging in unplanned sex in the next semester. The second survey was sent out at the
end of the second semester asking students to report their alcohol use during the second
semester and if they had engaged in any unplanned sex since the first survey (Klein et al.,
2007). According to the Hierarchy of Evidence this is the best type of observational study
that can be done because it followed the same group of people over a period of time. It
could have been improved if it would have been better over two or more years to give a
better idea of drinking trends among these students. The 900 undergraduate students who
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received the surveys were randomly chosen from a computer database. The first survey
yielded 740 responses while the second only 595; a 10% drop. Of those who responded
499 responded to both surveys. 380 of those 499 had useable data to test the question at
hand. 65% of the participants were female with an average age of just over 18 (Klein et
al., 2007).
Many of the participants in this study were similar. As previously stated 65% of
the participants were female and because they are all undergraduate students they were
all roughly around the same age. They also were people who were all involved in social
The main results for this study came out to be what the researchers expected. The
students who reported higher risk of unplanned sexual activity also consumed the most
alcohol. Those who thought they weren’t at risk or at low risk for unplanned sexual
activity ended up having unplanned sex during the second semester and showed and
major increase in consuming alcohol by the time they took the second survey (Klein et
al., 2007).
Some of these students might see unplanned sex as more appealing and thus not
care that they are involved in risky behaviors. It also may excite them to the point that
they engage in more alcohol use in the hopes on engaging in sexual activity. This did not
turn out to be a factor in the correlation the study found (Klein et al., 2007)
This study may not show the use, or lack there of, of condoms during sex after
consuming alcohol but it does lay the ground work. If students are going to drink and
engage in unplanned sex they are more likely to not be prepared for that sexual activity or
Brown, J. L. and Vanable, P. A. (2007). Alcohol use, partner type, and risky sexual
behavior among college students: Findings from an event- level study. Addictive
Hingson, R. W., Heeran, T., Zakocs, R. C., Kopstein, A., & Wechsler, H. (2002).
use among college freshman. Journal of American College Health, Vol 56 Issue
3, p317-323.
LaBrie, J., Earleywine, M., Schiffman, J., Pedersen, E. and Marriot, C. (2005). Effects of
CDC. (2005) Alcohol Consumption among adults 18 years and older. Retrieved June 3,
Methods
Subjects
For this research the researcher will survey 30 people aged 18-24. Participation in
this study will be completely voluntary and all information will be confidential. The only
Data Collection
The researcher will collect data by surveying students of Rowan University and
other people aged 18-24 that do not attend college. The survey will be designed to enable
participants to give honest answers on their drinking practices and sexual behaviors. The
researcher will have to add intimate questions and encourage the most honest answer
A pilot survey was given out to four participants. Some changes had to be made in
the way of specific directions for questions. Most questions were easily answered by the
test group and all were honestly answered. The direction that had to be changed was for
question nine as the participants didn’t seem to notice the “please pick one” side note.
Also, question eight had some confusing wording that had to be changed. The responses
from the test survey answered the research question in a way that the researcher thought
they would. By making these small changes the researcher will be able to get more
Timeline
This survey will be given out to 30 participants over a two day time period in the
month of June. Surveys will be handed out on the Rowan University campus and also in
the researchers hometown to non college going people aged 18-24. When the surveys are
collected the researcher will record the data and evaluate the findings.
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Results
Age of Participants
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18-19 20-21 22-23 24
Age Groups
This figure illustrates the age range of the group that was surveyed. The majority
of the participants (40%) were aged 22-23. The minority age (10%) that was surveyed
was 24 with only three participants at that age. 20-21 year olds came in at 30% and 18-19
Men vs Women
16
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
14
13.5
13
Men Women
Figure two shows the amount of men who took this survey and the amount of
women who took this survey. There was a pretty good balance in gender with the thirty
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participants that took place in this survey. The men represented 53% of the surveys
Figure three shows a majority of the participants in this study going out with a
mixed group of friends. The mixed group, at 50% or the total, was closely followed by
going out with a significant other at 37%. Only 13% of the participants go out with a
group of friends of the same sex and no one went out alone.
On an average night out figure four shows that 40% of the participants will
consume six or more alcoholic drinks. 20% will have four or five drinks, 34% will have
30%
Yes
No
70%
Figure five represents the percentage of participants who always remember what
happened after a night out and consuming alcohol. While 70% reported always
remembering what happened that night 30% have not been able to remember what
Involved vs Single
20
17
15
13
Involved
10
Single
5
Figure six shows the rate of participants who were involved in a relationship at
the time of the study versus the amount of participants who were single at the time of the
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study. 57% of the participants were involved in a relationship while 43% were single. Not
shown is that all but one of these participants have had sexual intercourse at some point
in their lives.
Alcoholic Moods
10%
Silly
27% Mean
56% Flirtatious
Upset
7%
As figure seven shows alcohol had different effects on each participant’s mood.
While an overwhelming 56% of participants reported acting silly while drinking alcohol
27% said they are flirts, 10% said they get upset, and 7% said they become mean.
20
16
15 Always
Usually
10 8 Sometimes
Rarely
5 3 Never
2
1
0
Figure eight represents the rate at which participants use protection when they
have not been drinking prior to the sexual intercourse. 53% of the participants said they
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always use protection, 26% report usually using protection, 10% report sometimes using
protection, 7% rarely use protection and only one participant (4%) never uses protection.
Figure nine is representing the rate at which the participants use protection when
they have been drinking before sexual intercourse. 33% of the participants reported
always using protection and only 4% (one participant) reported never using protection.
40% of participants usually use protection after drinking, 13% sometimes use protection
10 9
8 Very Often
6 6 Often
6 5
4 Sometimes
4 Almost Never
2 Never
Figure ten is showing the rate at which the participants reported making
regrettable sexual decisions after a night out drinking. While only 13% report making
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these bad decisions very often 30% report making them often. Both sometimes and never
took up 20% each of the participant group. Almost never making a sexual decision that
Discussion
From the research done and the analysis of the surveys the researcher can now
have a scientific base for an answer to the initial question posed. The question at hand is
choices?
After handing out the surveys and analyzing the answers the first conclusion that
can be made is people aged 18-24 tend to either consume a very large amount of alcohol
or stick to just one or two drinks. This can be correlated with the fact that most of the
studies participants were in their first two years of being legally able to drink. People who
have just turned 21 or somewhere around that age are possibly more likely to consume
The main point of this research was to try and understand the relationship
between alcohol and sexual safety. It was shown that 53% of the participants were safe
100% of the time when they had consumed no alcohol prior to sexual intercourse. That
number then dropped significantly to only 33% of the participants being safe 100% of the
time when they had consumed alcohol before sexual intercourse. This shows a significant
Although drinking and not always being safe is the main point of this research
something else must be noted about the involvement of the participants at the time of the
survey. 57% of the participants were involved in a monogamous relationship at the time
of the survey. This may play a role in why protection use was low not only while
drinking but even while sober. Having a familiarity with a partner can give a sense of
security with that partner and in turn make the participant not feel protection is necessary.
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One participant was actually married and no longer uses protection. This is one example
of how familiarity and length of relationship will have an impact on the percentage of
The amount of drinks each participant consumed on a night out also had a small
correlation as to the rate of protection use. Of the 40% of participants who consumed six
or more drinks in a night 33% of them were less likely to use protection after they had
drank. This is significant to the researcher because those 33% who didn’t use protection
as much after drinking used protection more often while they were sober.
After this survey was analyzed the researcher cannot definitively say that alcohol is the
direct cause of less frequent protection use. They can, however, say alcohol consumption
and not using protection has a very strong correlation. The relationship factor has
something to do with the use of protection as well. All in all, not one specific factor will