MCQ Ce

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium
Multiple Choice Questions Chemistry: Chapter 41 Dynamic equilibrium Section 41.1 1 Which of the following reactions are reversible? (1) HNO 3 (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) (2) NH 4 Cl(s) NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) (3) N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 2 Which of the following reactions is/are irreversible? (1) CuSO 4 5H 2 O(s) CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O(l) (2) CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) (3) NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) NH 4 +(aq) + OH(aq) A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 3 Which of the following reactions is NOT reversible? A. Rusting of iron B. Ionization of carbonic acid C. Formation of sulphur trioxide from sulphur dioxide and oxygen D. Formation of thiocyanatoiron(III) ion from iron(III) ion and thiocyanate ion 4 Which of the following is an irreversible reaction? A. Esterification between ethanoic acid and ethanol B. Ionization of sulphurous acid C. Industrial preparation of ammonia D. Rusting of iron
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5 Which of the following are irreversible reactions? (1) Esterification between ethanoic acid and ethanol (2) Neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali (3) Rusting of iron A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 6 Which of the following reactions is/are reversible? (1) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) (2) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) (3) Fe(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s) A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 7 Which of the following reactions are irreversible? (1) CH 3 CH 2 COOH(l) + CH 3 OH(l) CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) (2) 2Al(s) + 3H 2 SO 4 (aq) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 3H 2 (g) (3) HNO 3 (aq) + KOH(aq) KNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 8 Consider the following reaction: 2SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 18 Some O 2 is introduced into the above reaction system, what will happen to the reaction mixture after an hour? A. 18O will only exist in O 2 (g). B. 18O will only exist in O 2 (g) and SO 3 (g).
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C. D.
18 18
O will only exist in O 2 (g) and SO 2 (g). O will exist in O 2 (g), SO 2 (g) and SO 3 (g).
9 Which of the following statements concerning the reaction below is INCORRECT? A+ B C+D A. B. C. D. The forward reaction is A + B C + D. The backward reaction is C + D A + B. The reaction will not go to completion. The reaction will go to completion.
10 Which of the following processes is reversible? A. Dissolving carbonic acid in water B. Dissolving nitric acid in water C. Adding aluminium to sulphuric acid D. Adding zinc to copper(II) sulphate solution 11 Which of the following reactions is/are reversible? (1) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) (2) CH 3 COOH(l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) (3) 2CrO 4 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only 12 Which of the following are reversible reactions? (1) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) (2) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) (3) H 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O+(aq) + HCO 3 (aq) A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
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13 Which of the following reactions is a reversible reaction? A. Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. B. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate in an open container C. Testing for the presence of hydrogen gas in the pop sound test D. Nitrogen reacts with oxygen in a sealed flask. 14 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) + CH 3 COOH(l) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) Which of the following statements is correct? A. CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) and CH 3 COOH(l) are used up at equilibrium. B. A fruity smell is detected even the system is not at equilibrium. C. Equilibrium can be attained by heating CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) and CH 3 COOH(l) only. D. In the presence of catalyst, the reaction can go to completion. Section 41.2 15 Which of the following statements concerning dynamic equilibrium is/are correct? (1) A reversible reaction stops when equilibrium is reached. (2) At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products are constant. (3) At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products are the same. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 16 Which of the following statements concerning the chemical equilibrium below is/are correct? CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) CaCO 3 (s) (1) The above chemical equilibrium can only be established in a sealed container. (2) The reaction occurs spontaneously at room conditions. (3) Equilibrium can be reached from the backward direction of the reaction. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
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D.
(2) and (3) only
17 Which of the following statements about chemical equilibrium is correct? A. Both the forward and backward reactions stop when equilibrium is reached. B. The concentrations of reactants and products are still varying at equilibrium. C. The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction at equilibrium. D. The concentrations of reactants and products are equal at equilibrium. 18 When a small amount of N 2 O 4 (l) is introduced into a sealed container at a certain temperature, the following reaction occurs: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Which of the following statements concerning the change in colour of the reaction mixture with time is correct? A. As time passes, the colour of the reaction mixture remains unchanged. B. As time passes, the colour of the reaction mixture changes gradually from colourless to brown but at last changes back to colourless. C. As time passes, the colour of the reaction mixture changes gradually from brown to colourless but at last changes back to brown. D. As time passes, the colour of the reaction mixture changes gradually from colourless to brown but at last the brown colour persists. 19 Which of the following statements concerning the effect of catalysts on the reversible reactions is correct? A. Catalysts increase either the rate of forward reaction or the rate of backward reaction of reversible reactions. B. Catalysts shorten the time for the reversible reactions to reach equilibrium by increasing the rate of forward reaction and decreasing the rate of backward reaction. C. Catalysts shorten the time for the reversible reactions to reach equilibrium by increasing both the rates of forward and backward reactions. D. Catalysts increase the yield of products for reversible reactions. 20 Which of the following statements concerning reversible reactions is/are correct?
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(1) Equilibrium of reversible reactions can only be established in a closed system. (2) As the reaction proceeds, the rate of forward reaction increases and the rate of backward reaction decreases. (3) The concentration of reactant is the highest and the concentration of product is the lowest at the beginning of the reaction. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (1) and (3) only 21 When a small amount of N 2 O 4 (l) is introduced into a sealed container at a certain temperature, the following reaction occurs: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) The following graph shows the changes in concentrations of N 2 O 4 (g) and NO 2 (g) with time.
Concentration
curve X curve Y
Time
Which of the following statements concerning the above graph are correct? (1) The reaction mixture reaches equilibrium at time T. (2) Curves X and Y represent the changes in concentrations of N 2 O 4 (g) and NO 2 (g) with time respectively. (3) At time T, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 22 Consider the following chemical equilibrium: 2H 2 (g) + S 2 (g) 2H 2 S(g) Which of the following statements concerning the above equilibrium are correct?
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(1) When 2 molecules of H 2 (g) and 1 molecule of S 2 (g) combine, 2 molecules of H 2 S(g) decompose at the same time. (2) The concentrations of H 2 S(g), H 2 (g) and S 2 (g) remain unchanged. (3) The pressure of the reaction mixture remains unchanged. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 23 Consider the following reversible reaction: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Which of the following conditions are required to establish a chemical equilibrium for the above reaction at a certain temperature? (1) A closed system (2) Constant temperature (3) Constant pressure A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 24 Which of the following statements concerning a reversible reaction is INCORRECT? A. Equilibrium can only be established in a closed system. B. Equilibrium can be reached from either the forward or the backward direction of the reversible reaction. C. At equilibrium, there are observable changes of the reaction mixture as the concentrations of reactants and products are still changing. D. At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. 25 Which of the following statements concerning a reaction at dynamic equilibrium are correct? (1) The forward and backward reactions still continue. (2) The concentrations of reactants and products are the same. (3) The rates of the forward and backward reactions are the same.
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A. B. C. D. 26
(1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)
When a small amount of N 2 O 4 is introduced into a sealed container kept at 40C, the following reaction occurs: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Which of the following statements concerning the above reaction at equilibrium is/are correct? (1) The brown colour of the gaseous mixture remains unchanged. (2) The rate of the forward reaction is faster than the rate of the backward reaction. (3) The concentrations of NO 2 (g) and N 2 O 4 (g) are the same. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 27 Which of the following statements concerning the chemical equilibrium below are correct? H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) (1) The concentrations of H 2 (g), I 2 (g) and HI(g) are unchanged. (2) The colour of the reaction mixture remains constant. (3) When 2n mol of HI decomposes, n mol of H 2 and n mol of I 2 are combined at the same time. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 28 When a small amount of N 2 O 4 (l) is introduced into a sealed container at a certain temperature, the following reaction takes place: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Which of the following graphs correctly shows the changes in concentrations of N 2 O 4 and NO 2 with time until the reaction reaches equilibrium?
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A. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time C. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time
B. Concentration
N2O NO 2
Time D. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time
29 Which of the following are the characteristics of dynamic equilibrium? (1) The reaction system for establishing equilibrium must be an open system. (2) At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. (3) At equilibrium, there are no observable changes in the reaction mixture. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 30 Equal numbers of moles of I 2 (g) and H 2 (g) are introduced in a sealed container at a certain temperature. The following reaction occurs: 2HI(g) I 2 (g) + H 2 (g) The reaction mixture is allowed to reach chemical equilibrium. Which of the following statements concerning the above chemical equilibrium is/are INCORRECT? A. The rate of combination between I 2 (g) molecules and H 2 (g) molecules is equal to the rate of decomposition of HI(g) molecules. B. The colour intensity of the reaction mixture remains constant. C. The concentrations of I 2 (g) and H 2 (g) are always the same. D. When 1 mol of HI(g) decomposes, 1 mol of I 2 (g) and 1mol of H 2 (g)
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combine at the same time. 31 Which of the following statements concerning chemical equilibrium is INCORRECT? A. There are no observable changes of the reaction mixture at chemical equilibrium. B. Both forward and backward reactions are taking place at chemical equilibrium. C. No reaction is taking place at chemical equilibrium. D. The concentrations of both products and reactants remain unchanged at chemical equilibrium. 32 Which of the following conditions is required for a reaction to reach dynamic equilibrium? A. The initial concentrations of reactants must be 1.0 M. B. The reaction must be carried out at room pressure. C. The reaction must be carried out at room temperature. D. The reaction must be carried out in a closed system. 33 Which of the following statements concerning the chemical equilibrium below are correct? 2SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) (1) At equilibrium, when 2 molecules of SO 3 (g) decompose, 2 molecules of SO 2 (g) and 1 molecule of O 2 (g) combine at the same time. (2) The forward reaction is 2SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g). (3) At equilibrium, the concentrations of SO 3 (g), SO 2 (g) and O 2 (g) must be equal. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 34 Equal numbers of moles of ethanol and propanoic acid are heated under reflux in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. Which of the following statements concerning the above reaction are correct? (1) Ethanol, propanoic acid and ethyl propanoate are found in the reaction mixture.
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(2) Concentrated sulphuric acid increases the rate of forward reaction only. (3) The reaction does not go to completion even if the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for a long time. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 35 Which of the following diagrams best describes the rates of forward and backward reactions for the following reaction when M and N are heated in a container? M(s) + N(g) P(g) + Q(s) Concentration Concentration A. B. N(g) P(g) Time C. D. P(g) N(g) Time 36 The liquid water and water vapour in the bottle below are in equilibrium.
N(g) P(g) Time
Concentration
Concentration
N(g) P(g) Time
water vapour liquid water Which of the following statements are correct? (1) There is no change in the total amount of water vapour and liquid water. (2) The temperature of the system MUST be higher than 100C.
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(3) The rate of condensation is equal to the rate of vaporization. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 37 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chemical equilibrium? A. The equilibrium can be reached by starting with either the reactants or the products. B. It is a static situation where no chemical change is taking place. C. The chemical composition can be altered by changing the temperature. D. Addition of a catalyst can accelerate the rates of forward and backward reactions. 38 Which of the following is a property of a reaction that has reached equilibrium? A. The amount of products is greater than the amount of reactants. B. The amount of products is equal to the amount of reactants. C. The rate of forward reaction is higher than the rate of backward reaction. D. The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. 39 The number of customers going into a shop per minute and the number of customers leaving the shop per minute are the same. The number of customers inside the shop remains constant. Which of the following best describes such a situation? A. Static equilibrium B. Dynamic equilibrium C. Loss of equilibrium state D. Chemical equilibrium 40 In dynamic equilibrium, which of the following properties of a reaction mixture remain constant? (1) Concentrations of all involved species (2) Colour intensity of the reaction mixture (3) Rates of reactions in both forward and backward directions A. (1) and (2) only
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B. C. D.
(1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)
41 Which of the following statements about dynamic equilibrium is INCORRECT? A. At equilibrium, forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate. B. Equilibrium can be attained from either direction beginning with species on only one side of the equation. C. Equilibrium can either be achieved in a closed system or an open system. D. At equilibrium, all macroscopic properties of an equilibrium mixture remain constant. 42 The following reaction describes the dissociation of a chemical called ammonium carbamate. NH 2 COONH 4 (s) 2NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) This reaction takes place in a test tube without a stopper. However, no equilibrium state is observed. Which of the following statements best accounts for this observation? A. The reaction is not carried out in a closed system and therefore cannot attain equilibrium. B. The reaction actually attained equilibrium but it is not observable. C. Reversible reactions sometimes do not have an equilibrium state. D. None of the above. 43 Consider the following reversible chemical reaction: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Where NO 2 is brown and N 2 O 4 is colourless. When NO 2 is used as the starting material, the gas in a closed gas jar turns from brown to pale brown. Which of the following is the most probable observation when N 2 O 4 is used as the starting material? A. The gas turns from pale yellow to brown. B. The gas turns from colourless to brown. C. The gas turns from colourless to pale brown. D. The gas turns from brown to colourless.
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44 Which of the following changes takes place in a closed system? A. Reacting iron and dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube B. Boiling water in a pressure cooker C. Crystallization of sodium chloride from a saturated sodium chloride solution in a beaker D. Obtaining pure ethanol from a mixture of water and ethanol by distillation 45 Which of the following statements correctly describes an irreversible reaction? A. Equilibrium can be attained when all the chemical species are kept in a closed container. B. The rate of the forward reaction is always higher than that of the backward reaction. C. The concentrations of reactants are increasing while the concentrations of products are decreasing. D. The reaction stops until one of the reactants is used up. 46 Which of the following statements correctly describes the characteristics of dynamic equilibrium? A. The concentrations of products are more than that of reactants at equilibrium. B. The rates of the forward reaction and the backward reaction are equal to zero at equilibrium. C. Equilibrium can be achieved from either the forward or the backward direction of a reversible reaction. D. Equilibrium can only be established in an open system. 47 Which of the following graphs correctly describes the progress of a reversible reaction: A(g) B(g), starting with A(g), in a closed system at a constant temperature?
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A. Concentration
[B(g)]
B. Concentration
[A(g)]
[A(g)] Time
[B(g)] Time
C. Concentration [B(g)]
D. Concentration [A(g)] [B(g)]
[A(g)]
Time
Time
48 Apart from no changes in colour, which of the following observable properties of a system remain(s) unchanged at equilibrium? (1) pH (2) Opacity (3) Temperature A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only Each question below consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D according to the following table: A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement. B. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement. C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true. D. Both statements are false.
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Section 41.1 49 Esterification is an irreversible reaction. Section 41.2 50 Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature. 51 At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products no longer change. 52 When calcium carbonate is exposed to air and heated strongly, the following reaction occurs: CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g). 53 If a reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium, both the forward and backward reactions are still continuing. 54 When a reaction reaches equilibrium, there are no observable changes of the reaction mixture. 55 The solution of ethanoic acid contains ethanoic acid molecules, ethanoate ions and hydrogen ions at equilibrium. 56
Dilute sulphuric acid can be used as a catalyst for this reaction.
Dynamic equilibrium can only be established in a closed system.
At equilibrium, the rates of forward and backward reactions are the same.
After some time, the reaction mixture reaches equilibrium.
Dynamic equilibrium can only be established in a closed system.
The rates of forward and backward reactions are the same at equilibrium.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
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A catalyst can reduce the time for a reversible reaction to reach equilibrium by increasing the rate of forward reaction but decreasing the rate of backward reaction. Chemistry: Chapter 42 Equilibrium constant
A catalyst usually increases the rate of a reaction.
Section 42.1 57 Hydrogen sulphide decomposes to give hydrogen gas and sulphur gas: 2H 2 (g) +S 2 (g) 2H 2 S(g) Which of the following equilibrium constant expressions for the reaction is correct? A.
Kc
2 [H 2S(g)]eqm 2 [S2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm
B.
Kc
[H 2S(g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm [S2 (g)]eqm

2 [H 2 (g)]eqm [S2 (g)]eqm 2 [H 2S(g)]eqm
C.
Kc
D.
Kc
[H 2 (g)]eqm [S2 (g)]eqm [H 2S(g)]eqm
58 What is the unit of the equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium system? N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) A. B. C. D. mol dm3 mol1 dm3 mol2 dm6 mol2 dm6
59 Which of the following combinations about the equilibrium below is correct? 4PF 5 (g) P 4 (g) + 10F 2 (g) Equilibrium constant expression
Unit
217
A.
[P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g)]eqm [PF5 (g )]eqm

[PF5 (g )]eqm [P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g )]eqm
[P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g)]10 eqm
4 [PF5 (g )]eqm 4 [PF5 (g )]eqm
mol dm3
B.
mol1 dm3
C.
mol7 dm21
D.
[P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g)]10 eqm
mol7 dm21
60 Which of the following CANNOT be the expression of equilibrium constant for an equilibrium mixture containing N 2 (g), H 2 (g) and NH 3 (g)? A.
2 [NH3 (g)]eqm
[N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]3 eqm [NH3 (g)]eqm

1 3 2 2 [N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm 1 3 2 2 [N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm
B.
C.
[NH3 (g)]eqm [NH3 (g)]eqm [N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm
D.
61 Which of the following equilibrium constant expressions for the reaction below is correct? CH 4 (g) + 2NO 2 (g) N 2 (g) + CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) A. [CH 4 (g )]eqm [ NO 2 (g )]eqm [ N 2 (g)]eqm [CO 2 (g )]eqm [H 2O(g)]eqm
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2 [CH 4 (g )]eqm [ NO 2 (g)]eqm 2 [ N 2 (g)]eqm [CO 2 (g)]eqm [H 2O(g)]eqm 2 [ N 2 (g)]eqm [CO 2 (g )]eqm [H 2O(g)]eqm 2 [CH 4 (g )]eqm [ NO 2 (g )]eqm
B.
C.
D.
[ N 2 (g)]eqm [CO 2 (g)]eqm [H 2O(g)]eqm [CH 4 (g )]eqm [ NO 2 (g)]eqm
62 What is the unit of K c for the following equilibrium system? 4NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g) A. no unit B. C. D. mol dm3 mol1 dm3 mol2 dm6
63 Which of the following mathematical relationships between K, K 1 and K 2 is correct? CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g) Fe(s) + CO 2 (g) Fe(s) + H 2 O(g) A. B. C. CO(g) + H 2 O(g) FeO(s) + CO(g) FeO(s) + H 2 (g) K K1 K2
K = K1 + K2 K = K1 K2 K1 K= K2
D.
K=
K2 K1
64 Consider the following reaction: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) Which of the following is the correct expression of the equilibrium constant, K c , for the given reaction? A. K c = [H 2 (g)] eqm [I 2 (g)] eqm B. K c = 2[HI(g)] eqm
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C.
Kc =
2[HI(g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm [HI(g)]2 eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm
D.
Kc =
65 Consider the following reaction: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Which of the following is the correct expression of the equilibrium constant, K c , for the given reaction? A. K c = [N 2 (g)] eqm [H 2 (g)]3 eqm B. K c = [NH 3 (g)]2 eqm C. Kc =
[NH 3 (g)]2 eqm [H 2 (g)]3 eqm[N 2 (g)]eqm
2[NH 3 (g)]eqm 3[H 2 (g)]eqm[N 2 (g)]eqm
D.
Kc =
66 What is the equilibrium expression for the Haber Process? [NH3 (g)]eqm A. K c = [N 2 (g)]eqm[H 2 (g)]eqm B. C. D. Kc = Kc = Kc = 2[NH3 (g)]eqm [N 2 (g)]eqm[H 2 (g)eqm] 2[NH3 (g)]eqm 3[N 2 (g)]eqm[H 2 (g)]eqm [NH3 (g)]2 eqm [N 2 (g)]eqm[H 2 (g)]3 eqm
Section 42.2 67 What is the unit of the equilibrium constant for the following heterogeneous equilibrium? Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g) 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(g) A. no unit B. C. mol2 dm6 mol4 dm12
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D.
mol1 dm3
68 Which of the following is the balanced chemical equation that gives the equilibrium constant expression shown below? Kc =
4 [HCl(g)]eqm 2 [SiCl 4 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm
A. B. C. D.
4HCl(g) SiCl 4 (g) + 2H 2 (g) SiCl 4 (g) + 2H 2 (g) Si(s) + 4HCl(g) Si(s) + 4HCl(g) SiCl 4 (g) + 2H 2 (g) 4HCl(g) SiCl 4 (g) + 2H 2 (g)
69 What is the unit of the equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium system? 5CO(g) + I 2 O 5 (s) I 2 (g) + 5CO 2 (g) A. no unit B. C. D. mol dm3 mol1 dm3 mol2 dm6
70 For the following equilibrium system, what is the unit of K c ? 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g) A. no units B. C. D. mol dm3 mol1 dm3 mol2 dm6
71 What is the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the following reaction? Ag 2 CO 3 (s) Ag 2 O(s) + CO 2 (g) A. K c = [CO 2 (g)] eqm 1 B. K c = [CO 2 (g)]eqm C. Kc = [Ag 2CO3 (s)]eqm [Ag 2O(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm
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D.
Kc =
[Ag 2O(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm [Ag 2CO3 (s)]eqm
72 Consider the following reaction: 2HI(g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) Suppose the equilibrium constant of the given reaction at 298 K is K c . Which is the correct expression of equilibrium constant, K c , for the following reaction at 298 K? 2HI(g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) A. K c = K c 1 B. K c = Kc C. D. Kc = Kc2 Kc = K c
73 Consider the following reaction: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Suppose the equilibrium constant of the given reaction at 298 K is K c . Which is the correct equilibrium constant, K c for the following reaction at 298 K?
1 3 N 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 2 2 A. B. C. D. K c = 2K c Kc = 1 Kc 2
NH 3 (g)
Kc = Kc2 Kc = K c
74 Which is the correct expression of the equilibrium constant, K c , for the following reaction? 2CrO 4 2(aq) + 2H+(aq)
Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + H 2 O(l)
A.
Kc =
[Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)]eqm[H 2 O(l)]eqm [CrO 4 2 (aq)]2 eqm[H (aq)]2 eqm
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B.
Kc =
[CrO 4 2 (aq)]2 eqm[H (aq)]2 eqm [Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)]eqm[H 2 O(l)]eqm [Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)]eqm [CrO 4 2 (aq)]2 eqm[H (aq)]2 eqm [CrO 4 2 (aq)]2 eqm[H (aq)]2 eqm [Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)]eqm

C.
Kc =
D.
Kc =
75 Which is the correct expression of the equilibrium constant, K c , of the following reaction? CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) A. K c = [CO 2 (g)] eqm B. K c = [CaCO 3 (s)] eqm C. K c = [CaO(s)] eqm [CO 2 (g)] eqm [CaO(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm D. K c = [CaCO 3 (s)]eqm 76 Consider the following reaction: N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) Which of the following is the correct unit of the equilibrium constant, K c , for the given reaction? A. B. C. D. dm3 mol1 mol dm3 mol2 dm6 no units
77 For a gaseous reaction, the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , is K c =

[NO(g)]4 eqm , [O 2 (g)]5 eqm[NH 3 (g)]4 eqm
which of the following equations corresponds to this equilibrium expression? A. 5O 2 (g) + 4NH 3 (g) 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(l) B. 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(l) 5O 2 (g) + 4NH 3 (g)
223
C. D.
10O 2 (g) + 8NH 3 (g) 2NO(g) + 3H 2 O(l)
8NO(g) + 12H 2 O(l) 5 O 2 (g) + 2NH 3 (g) 2
78 The value of K c for the reaction H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)
H 2 O(g) + CO(g) is 1.45 at H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)
1100C. What is the value of K c for the reaction H 2 O(g) + CO(g) at the same temperature? A. 0.69 B. 0.83 C. 1.20 D. 1.45
79 Iron and steam react at a certain temperature according to the equation: 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(g) Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g) The equilibrium constant, K c , can be expressed as A. Kc =
[Fe 3 O 4 (s)]eqm[H 2 (g)]4 eqm [Fe(s)]3 eqm[H 2 O(g)]4 eqm [Fe(s)]3 eqm[H 2 O(g)]4 eqm [Fe3O 4 (s)]eqm[H 2 (g)]4 eqm
B.
Kc =
C.
[H 2 (g)]4 eqm Kc = [H 2 O(g)]4 eqm
D.
Kc =
[H 2 O(g)]4 eqm [H 2 (g)]4 eqm
80 Which of the following reactions does not carry a unit in its equilibrium constant? A. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) B. 2NO(g) N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) C. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) D. COCl 2 (g) CO(g) + Cl 2 (g) 81
224
If the equilibrium constant for the reaction: CH 3 COOH + CN HCN + CH 3 COO is denoted as K, which of the following is the correct equilibrium constant, in terms of
K, for the reaction: HCN + CH 3 COO A. K
CH 3 COOH + CN?
B. C. D.
1 K K2 It cannot be determined.
82 Which of the following reactions is NOT a homogeneous equilibrium? A. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) B. 2NaHCO 3 (s) Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O(g) + CO 2 (g) C. 2HI(g) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) D. CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + 3H 2 (g) 83 Which of the following is the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction: CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)? [CaO(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm A. K c = [CaCO3 (s)]eqm B. C. D. Kc =
[CaCO 3 (s)]eqm [CaO(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm
K c = [CO 2 (g)] 1 Kc = [CO 2 (g)]eqm
84 If the equilibrium constant for the reaction: A + B C is K, which of the following is the correct equilibrium constant for the reaction: 2C 2A + 2B? 2 A. K B. K C. D. K1 K2
85 The expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , of a gaseous reaction is as follows:

225
Kc =
[O 2 ]5 eqm[NH 3 ]4 eqm [NO]4 eqm[H 2 O]6 eqm
Which of the following equations corresponds to this expression? A. 4NH 3 + 5O 2 4NO + 6H 2 O B. 4NO + 6H 2 O 4NH 3 + 5O 2 C. 8NH 3 + 10O 2 8NO + 12H 2 O D. 2NO + 3H 2 O 2NH 3 + 5 O2 2
Section 42.3 86 Which of the following statements concerning the magnitude of equilibrium constant, K c , is correct? A. It is affected by the change in pressure. B. If K c is a positive value, the forward rate is faster than the backward rate. C. It indicates how far the equilibrium reaches. D. The larger the K c value, the faster the reaction. 87 Which of the following statements concerning the equilibrium constant, K c , is/are INCORRECT? (1) If K c is larger than 1, it indicates that the amount of products is more than that of reactants at equilibrium. (2) K c gives the information about the rate of reaction. (3) Since the concentrations of liquids are constant in heterogeneous equilibria, they do not appear in the expression for K c . A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 88 The equilibrium constants of four different equilibrium systems are shown below. Equilibrium system Kc I 3.2 10
5
II 4.7 10
17
III 3.2 10
17
IV 4.7 105
Which of the equilibrium systems favours the reactants most?

226
A. B. C. D.
I II III IV
89 Consider the following reaction: N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) The equilibrium constant of the given reaction at 298 K is found to be 6.70 1013. However, a scientist measured the value of [NO(g)]2 at some unknown [N 2 (g)][O 2 (g)]
conditions and found a result of 2.30 107. Which of the following could be the possible reasons? (1) The reaction has not proceeded to equilibrium. (2) The reaction did not take place at a temperature of 298 K. (3) The reaction did not take place under a pressure of 1 atm. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 90 Consider the following reaction: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) At one equilibrium position, [SO 2 (g)] eqm , [O 2 (g)] eqm and [SO 3 (g)] eqm are 5.33 103 M, 3.70 103 M and 5.33 103 M respectively. Which of the following set of concentrations ([SO 2 (g)] eqm , [O 2 (g)] eqm and [SO 3 (g)] eqm respectively) constitutes another equilibrium position at the same temperature? A. B. C. D. 4.72 102 M, 1.013 105 M and 2.47 103 M 3.68 103 M, 5.284 105 M and 3.09 103 M 5.99 102 M, 1.221 105 M and 8.12 103 M 7.21 103 M, 4.592 105 M and 5.83 105 M
91 Assuming that the temperature is constant, which of the following reactions has the highest tendency to proceed towards completion?
227
A. B. C. D.
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) 2HF(g) H 2 (g) + F 2 (g) 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g)
K c = 5.23 1027 K c = 1.50 1022 K c = 5.88 104 K c = 49.7
92 A stronger base usually has a higher concentration of OH(aq) than a weaker base. The dissociation of a weak base, B(aq), in water can be represented by the following equation: B(aq) + H 2 O(l) BH+(aq) + OH(aq) Which of the following values of the equilibrium constant possibly represents the dissociation of a weak base? A. 1.00 105 B. 1.00 102 C. D. 1.00 102 1.00 105
Section 42.4 93 Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + CO 2 (g) 2CO(g) The equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.42 mol dm3 of CO 2 (g) and 0.82 mol dm3 of CO(g) at a certain temperature. What was the equilibrium constant at that temperaure? A. 1.95 B. 1.60 mol dm3 C. 0.625 mol1 dm3 D. 0.512 94 At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction C 2 H 5 CO 2 H(l) + C 2 H 5 OH(l) C 2 H 5 CO 2 C 2 H 5 (l) + H 2 O(l) is 4. When 1 mol dm3 of propanoic acid (C 2 H 5 CO 2 H) reacted with 1 mol dm3 of ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid and the reaction mixture was allowed to reach equilibrium, what was the equilibrium concentration of propanoic acid in the mixture? A. 0.33 mol dm3
228
B. 0.67 mol dm3 C. 1 mol dm3 D. 2 mol dm3 95 At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction I 2 (aq) + I(aq) I 3 (aq) is 68.75 mol1 dm3. In an experiment, 250 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 I 2 (aq) solution was mixed with 250 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 I(aq) solution. What is the equilibrium concentration of I 3 (aq) in the mixture? A. 0.0316 mol dm3 B. 0.0684 mol dm3 C. 0.0872 mol dm3 D. 0.1460 mol dm3 96 In Haber process, 0.60 mol dm3 of nitrogen is mixed with 1.80 mol dm3 of hydrogen in a sealed container at a certain temperature to give ammonia. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) At equilibrium, 30% of the original nitrogen is consumed. What is K c for this reaction? A. B. C. D. 0.154 mol2 dm6 0.265 mol2 dm6 0.680 mol2 dm6 1.470 mol2 dm6
97 It is known that hydroxyapatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH, is present in our tooth enamel. It undergoes continuous reversible reactions with the minerals supplied from saliva. The following equation shows the reaction: Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH(s) 5Ca2+(aq) + 3PO 4 3(aq) + OH(aq) At equilibrium, the concentration of OH(aq) is 2 104 mol dm3. What is the value of K c ? A. B. C. D. 2 104 mol dm3 1.20 1010 mol3 dm9 2.16 1025 mol9 dm27 4.32 1029 mol9 dm27
229
98 At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction CO(g) + Cl 2 (g) COCl 2 (g) is 0.41 mol1 dm3. In an experiment, 0.4 mol of CO(g) was mixed with 0.2 mol of Cl 2 (g) in a 3.0 dm3 container. What is the equilibrium concentration of COCl 2 (g)? A. B. C. D. 2.64 mol dm3 6.67 102 mol dm3 1.01 102 mol dm3 3.37 103 mol dm3
99 Consider the following equilibrium: SO 2 Cl 2 (g) SO 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) In an experiment, 13.5 g of SO 2 Cl 2 (g) was introduced into a 4 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with SO 2 (g) and Cl 2 (g). At equilibrium, 0.069 mol of Cl 2 (g) was found in the reaction mixture. What is the equilibrium constant of the reaction? A. B. C. D. 100 At 248C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction SbCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) SbCl 5 (g) is 40 mol1 dm3. In an experiment, 0.28 mol of SbCl 3 (g) was mixed with 0.16 mol of Cl 2 (g) in a 2.5 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with SbCl 5 (g). What is the equilibrium concentration of SbCl 3 (g) in the mixture? A. B. C. D. 1.78 104 mol dm3 0.0657 mol dm3 0.155 mol dm3 40.2 mol dm3 0.0384 mol dm3 0.0768 mol dm3 2.23 mol dm3 3.34 mol dm3
101 In a Haber Process, x mol of N 2 (g) and y mol of H 2 (g) are introduced into a V dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with NH 3 (g). At equilibrium, 2z mole of NH 3 (g) is found in the reaction mixture. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction?
230
A. B. C. D.
Kc = Kc = Kc =
4 z 2V 2 (x z)(y 3z)3 2 zV (x z)(y 3z)
(x z)(y 3z)3 4 z 2V 2 (x z)(y 3z) Kc = 2 zV
102 Consider the following equilibrium: Fe3+(aq) + SCN(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) In an experiment, 50 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm3 Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) solution was mixed with 50 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm3 KSCN(aq) solution. At equilibrium, 1.94 g of FeSCN2+(aq) was found in the reaction mixture. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction? A. B. C. D. 0.390 mol1 dm3 0.641 mol1 dm3 0.781 mol1 dm3 1.56 mol1 dm3
103 Chemical A ionizes in water and reaches an equilibrium: A(aq) 2B(aq). The 3 equilibrium constant for the ionization is 180 mol dm . Originally there is 0.97 M of A. What is the equilibrium concentration of B? A. B. C. D. 104 At 25C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction below is greater than 1. A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g) Which of the following statements concerning the above reaction are correct? (1) It is a homogeneous equilibrium. (2) At equilibrium, the product of the concentrations of C and D is larger than that of A and B in the reaction mixture. (3) Raising the temperature can raise the K c . A. (1) and (2) only
0.02 mol dm3 0.07 mol dm3 0.95 mol dm3 1.90 mol dm3
231
B. C. D.
(1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)
105 Solid sodium hydrogencarbonate undergoes thermal decomposition to give sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and steam. Which of the following information are required for calculating the equilibrium constant, K c ? (1) [CO 2 (g)] eqm (2) [H 2 O(g)] eqm (3) [Na 2 CO 3 (s)] eqm A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 106 It is known that 1 mol of A, 2 mol of B, 1 mol of C and 1 mol of D are present in the equilibrium mixture for the following reaction in a 1 dm3 container. A(g) + B(s) C(g) + D(g) What is the equilibrium constant for the above reaction? A. B. C. D. 107 Given: Reaction 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Equilibrium constant K1 K2 1 2 1 mol dm3 3 mol dm3 2 2
Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) K 1 is the reciprocal of K 2 . (2) K 1 is equal to K 2 .
232
(3) K 2 A. B. C. D.
is the reciprocal of K 1 . (1) only (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only
108 Which of the following statements concerning equilibrium constant is/are INCORRECT? (1) It remains constant even if the equilibrium equation is written in reverse or not. (2) Its value depends on temperature. (3) Its unit must be mol dm3. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 109 Consider the following reaction: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) In an experiment, 0.05 mol of SO 2 (g) and 0.03 mol of O 2 (g) were introduced into a 1 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with SO 3 (g). At equilibrium, the concentration of SO 3 (g) was 0.04 mol dm3. What is the equilibrium constant of the reaction? A. B. C. D. 21.3 mol1 dm3 26.7 mol1 dm3 400 mol1 dm3 1600 mol1 dm3
110 At a given temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) is 0.106 mol dm3. In an experiment, 1.0 103 mol of PCl 5 (g) was introduced into a 250 cm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g). What is the equilibrium concentration of PCl 5 (g) in the mixture? A. B. C. 1.40 104 mol dm3 9.65 104 mol dm3 3.04 103 mol dm3
233
D.
3.86 103 mol dm3
111 Consider the following equilibrium: 2Cl 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) 4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) In an experiment, 0.8 mol of HCl(g) and 0.5 mol of O 2 (g) were introduced into a 1 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with Cl 2 (g) and 2H 2 O(g). At equilibrium, the number of moles of HCl(g) was 0.4 mol. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? A. B. C. D. 6.40 mol dm3 4.00 0.25 0.156 mol1 dm3
112 At a given temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) is 13. In a certain experiment, 0.35 mol of N 2 (g) and 0.30 mol of O 2 (g) were introduced into a 500 cm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with NO(g). What were the equilibrium concentrations of all the species in the mixture? [N 2 (g)] eqm (mol dm3) A. B. C. D. 0.73 0.29 0.29 0.73 [O 2 (g)] eqm (mol dm3) 0.83 0.19 0.19 0.19 [NO(g)] eqm (mol dm3) 1.43 0.42 0.83 0.42
113 In an experiment, 20 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 ethanoic acid was heated under reflux with 30 cm3 of 0.03 mol dm3 ethanol to give ethyl ethanoate. The equilibrium concentration of ethanoic acid was 0.012 mol dm3. What were the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol and ethyl ethanoate in the mixture? [C 2 H 5 OH(l)] eqm (mol dm3) A. B. 0.01 0.008 [CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 (l)] eqm (mol dm3) 0.01 0.01
234
C. D.
0.008 0.01
0.008 0.008
114 In an experiment, 0.98 mol of N 2 O 4 was introduced into a 2 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with NO 2 . The equilibrium concentration of NO 2 was 0.4 mol dm3. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction? A. 0.55 mol dm3 B. 0.73 C. 1.38 D. 115 In an experiment, 1.0 mol of PCl 5 (g) was heated in a 1 dm3 container at 300C. At equilibrium, 50% of PCl 5 (g) was dissociated into PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g). What is the total number of moles of gases at equilibrium? A. 0.5 mol B. 1.0 mol C. 1.5 mol D. 2.0 mol 116 In an experiment, 1.0 mol of N 2 O 4 (g) was introduced into a 1 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with NO 2 (g). N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) At equilibrium, 90% of N 2 O 4 (g) was converted to NO 2 (g). Calculate the value of K c for this reaction. A. B. C. D. 8.1 mol dm3 9.0 mol dm3 32.4 mol dm3 90.0 mol dm3 1.81 mol1 dm3
117 In an experiment, 3.0 mol of CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) and 4.0 mol of CH 3 COOH(l) were introduced into a 1 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium. CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) + CH 3 COOH(l) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) At equilibrium, 2.2 mol of CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) was formed. What is the value of K c for this reaction?
235
A. B. C. D. 118
0.40 1.53 2.48 3.36
At 90C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction H 2 (g) + S(s) H 2 S(g) is 6.8 2 3 10 . If 3 mol of H 2 (g) and 1 mol of S(s) are heated to 90C in a 2 dm container. What is the number of moles of H 2 S(g) at equilibrium? A. 0.045 mol B. 0.054 mol C. 0.090 mol D. 0.191 mol 119 In an experiment, 1.0 mol of N 2 (g) and 3.0 mol of H 2 (g) were introduced into a closed vessel with finely divided iron. The system later reached equilibrium and 0.9 mol of ammonia was formed. What are the number of moles of N 2 (g) and H 2 (g) at equilibrium respectively? N 2 (g) A. B. C. D. 120 An equilibrium mixture at a certain temperature contains 7.6 103 M of PCl 5 , 2.1 102 M of PCl 3 , and 2.09 102 M of Cl 2 . What is the value of K c for the following reaction? PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) A. B. C. D. 4.40 104 mol dm3 4.40 104 mol2 dm6 5.78 102 mol dm3 5.78 102 mol2 dm6 0.10 0.55 0.45 0.10 H 2 (g) 0.30 1.65 1.35 0.10
121 Consider the following reaction: CH 3 COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH 3 COO(aq) K c = 0.304 mol dm3
236
Equal volumes of 1 M HCl(aq) and 1 M CH 3 COONa(aq) are mixed together. Calculate the concentration of CH 3 COOH(aq) after mixing the solutions and attaining equilibrium. A. 0.234 M B. 0.822 M C. 3.289 M D. No CH 3 COOH(aq) will be formed after mixing. 122 Consider the following reaction: CO(g) + H 2 O(g) H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g) Suppose 1 M of CO(g) and 1 M of H 2 O(g) are placed inside a reaction tank initially. Given that the equilibrium constant at a certain temperature is 4.24, find the equilibrium concentration of CO 2 (g) at that temperature. A. 0.673 M B. 1.000 M C. 1.944 M D. It cannot be determined.
123 The value of equilibrium constant for the reaction H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)
2HI(g) is 25 at
1100C. From the diagram below, calculate the equilibrium concentration of HI(g).
Concentration (mol dm3)
[H 2 (g)]
[I 2 (g)] Time
A. B. C. D.
0.87 1.75 7.15 14.3
237
124 For the following reaction: 2X(g) + Y 2 (g) 2Z(g), the value of equilibrium constant is 0.2 mol1 dm3. What is X(g) + 1 Y 2 (g)? 2
the value of equilibrium constant for the reaction Z(g)

1
A. B. C. D.
0.45 mol 2 dm
1
3 2 3 2
2.24 mol 2 dm
1
5 mol 2 dm
1
3 2 3 2
10 mol 2 dm
125 For the following reaction: Y(g) + Z(g) W(g) + X(g) 0.6 mol of W(g) and 0.6 mol of X(g) were mixed in a container at a certain temperature. At equilibrium, Y(g) was found to be 0.1 mol. What is the value of equilibrium constant for this reaction? A. 0.04 B. 0.25 C. 5 D. 25
126 The value of equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 6.60. X(g) + 2Y(g) 3Z(g) At equilibrium, the concentration of X(g) is 2.0 mol dm3 and concentration of Y(g) is 1.0 mol dm3. What is the concentration of Z(g)? A. B. C. D. 127
1.10 mol dm3 1.88 mol dm3 3.30 mol dm3 6.60 mol dm3
238
Consider the equilibrium reaction below: 2A(aq) + B(aq) 4C(aq) If the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction is equal to 1.0 mol dm3 at a certain temperature, which of the following sets of equilibrium concentrations is possible? [A(aq)]/mol dm3 A. B. C. D. 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 [B(aq)]/mol dm3 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 [C(aq)]/mol dm3 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0
128 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) If the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 0.105 mol2 dm6 at 50C, what is the value of the equilibrium constant at the same temperature for the reaction: 1 3 N 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 2 2 A. B. C. D. NH 3 (g)?
0.0110 mol1 dm3 0.105 mol1 dm3 0.324 mol1 dm3 9.52 mol1 dm3
129 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) At 298 K, 1.00 mol of SO 2 (g) and 0.80 mol of O 2 (g) were allowed to react in a sealed vessel of volume 30.0 dm3. At equilibrium, 0.40 mol of SO 2 (g) was remained. What is the value of K c at this temperature? A. B. C. D. 4.5 mol1 dm3 90.2 mol1 dm3 135.4 mol1 dm3 338.7 mol1 dm3
130 Consider the following equilibrium reaction at 298 K: Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
239
If the concentration of Cu2+(aq) is very much more than Ag+(aq) at equilibrium, which of the following is the most probable value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction? A. B. C. D. 8.9 109 1.4 102 1.1 101 2.2 104
131 The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) is 43.5 at a certain temperature. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of I 2 (g) when 2.00 mol of HI(g) and 0.80 mol of H 2 (g) were found to be present at equilibrium in a container of 3.00 dm3 at this temperature. A. B. C. D. 3.83 103 mol dm3 5.75 103 mol dm3 5.75 102 mol dm3 1.15 101 mol dm3
132 Consider the hydrogenation of ethene below: C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 (g) C 2 H 6 (g) The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 0.99 mol1 dm3 at a certain temperature. If the initial concentrations of ethene gas and hydrogen gas are 0.335 mol dm3 and 0.526 mol dm3, what is the equilibrium concentration of C 2 H 4 (g) at this temperature? A. B. C. D. 0.101 mol dm3 0.236 mol dm3 0.425 mol dm3 1.771 mol dm3
133 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2NO(g) N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) When 0.92 mol of N 2 (g) and 0.51 mol of O 2 (g) are heated in a 5.0 dm3 sealed container at 2200 K, finally 98.9% of N 2 (g) is remained. What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the above reaction at this temperature? A. 2.25 104
240
B. C. D.
8.79 104 1.11 101 2.22 101
Section 42.5 134 In the determination of the equilibrium constant for the reaction: Fe3+(aq) + SCN(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) Which of the following experimental methods can be used to find out the equilibrium concentrations of all chemical species in this reaction? (1) Titration using acidified potassium dichromate solution (2) Measuring the intensity of mixture by colorimeter (3) Weighing the mass of equilibrium mixture by an electronic balance A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only
Each question below consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D according to the following table:
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement. B. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement. C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true. D. Both statements are false. Section 42.1 135 Equilibrium constant does not depend on the concentrations of reactants and products.
Equilibrium constant is dependent on temperature.
241
Section 42.2 136 The reaction: N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) is a homogenous equilibrium. All reactants and products are in the same phase.
137 The expression for the equilibrium constant of the reaction: Ni(CO) 4 (g) Ni(s) + 4CO(g) is
4 [CO(g)]eqm
The concentrations of solids and liquids in heterogeneous equilibria do not appear in the expression of K c .
[ Ni(CO) 4 (g )]eqm
Section 42.3 138 The larger the K c value, the faster is the reaction to reach equilibrium. If a reaction has a large K c value, the equilibrium concentrations of products are much higher than that of reactants.
139 The larger the equilibrium constant, the higher is the reaction rate. 140 Equilibrium constant depends on temperature. Equilibrium constant is found by doing experiments only. If the equilibrium constant is larger than 1, the product side is favoured.
Chemistry: Chapter 43 The effect of changes in concentration and temperature on chemical equilibria Section 43.1 141 The following equilibrium was originally established in a 1 dm3 sealed container at a certain temperature. PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) K c = 4.16 102 mol dm3
242
However, the equilibrium has been disturbed and there are now 0.45 mol of PCl 5 (g), 0.15 mol of PCl 3 (g) and 0.15 mol of Cl 2 (g). Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) The reaction quotient, Q c , at the point when the equilibrium was disturbed will be greater than K c . (2) More PCl 3 (g) will be formed. (3) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 142 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: X(g) Y(g) + Z(g) What change will occur when there is a change causing the reaction quotient, Q c , to be greater than the equilibrium constant, K c , at constant temperature? A. More X is formed. B. More Y is formed. C. More Z is formed. D. No change in the concentrations of X, Y and Z. 143 Consider the following reaction: Co2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl 4 2(aq) The concentrations of Co2+(aq), Cl(aq) and CoCl 4 2(aq) at a particular moment are x mol dm3, y mol dm3 and z mol dm3 respectively. What is the reaction quotient for the above reaction at that particular moment? z A. Qc xy B. C. D. Qc Qc Qc
z xy 4 xy 4 z xy z
144
243
Consider the following chemical equilibrium: Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) 2CrO 4 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (1) Both Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) and CrO 4 2(aq) are present in the reaction mixture. (2) The solution becomes orange when dilute NaOH(aq) is added to the mixture. (3) The solution becomes yellow when dilute H 2 SO 4 (aq) is added to the mixture. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 145 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) When extra nitrogen gas is added to the closed container, which of the following changes would happen on the value of K c at 298 K? A. The value of K c increases. B. The value of K c decreases. C. The value of K c remains unchanged. D. The change cannot be determined. 146 Consider the following reaction that has attained dynamic equilibrium: Br 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) H+(aq) + Br(aq) + HOBr(aq) Which of the following would be observed when a few drops of NaOH(aq) are added to the mixture? A. The pale yellow colour of the mixture becomes darker. B. The pale yellow colour of the mixture becomes paler. C. Steam is given out. D. None of the above. 147 Consider the following reaction that has attained dynamic equilibrium: Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) 2CrO 4 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) is orange in colour and CrO 4 2(aq) is yellow in colour. Which of the following would be observed when a few drops of HCl(aq) are added to the mixture? A. The colour of the solution becomes nearer to orange. B. The colour of the solution becomes nearer to yellow.
244
C. D.
The colour of the solution remains unchanged. None of the above.
148 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: H 2 S(aq) 2H+(aq) + S2(aq) The concentration of H 2 S(aq) would decrease by adding A. H+(aq). B. C. D. OH(aq). SO 4 2(aq). Na+(aq).
149 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2CrO 4 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) The colour of the solution turns yellow by adding (1) dilute hydrochloric acid. (2) sodium carbonate solution. (3) sodium sulphite solution. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 150 Calcium carbonate is sparingly soluble in water and an equilibrium is established as follows: CaCO 3 (s) Ca2+(aq) + CO 3 2(aq) Which of the following chemicals would make calcium carbonate more soluble in water when added to the above equilibrium? (1) Sodium carbonate solution (2) Dilute nitric acid (3) Calcium nitrate solution A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only
245
151 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: Br 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) HOBr(aq) + H+(aq) + Br(aq) Which of the following changes would cause the colour of bromine water to become paler? (1) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid (2) Addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution (3) Addition of potassium bromide A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 152 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: Br 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) HOBr(aq) + H+(aq) + Br(aq) If H+(aq) is added to the above reaction mixture, which of the following correctly describes the colour change of the mixture? A. The mixture turns from colourless to yellow. B. The mixture turns from yellow to colourless. C. The mixture turns from pale yellow to yellow. D. The mixture turns from yellow to pale yellow. 153 The value of the equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction: 2HI(g)
2
H 2 (g) +
I 2 (g) is 2.02 10 at 40C. If the concentrations of HI(g), H 2 (g) and I 2 (g) in the mixture at this temperature are 2.50 103 M, 8.00 103 M and 4.10 105 M respectively, which of the following statements concerning the above system is correct? A. The system is in equilibrium and the concentrations of all chemical species will not change. B. The system is not in equilibrium and the equilibrium position will shift to the left. C. The system is not in equilibrium and the equilibrium position will shift to the right. D. The system is in equilibrium and the concentrations of all chemical species are equal.
246
154 Consider the following system which is in equilibrium at a certain temperature: 2CO(g) + O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) If some CO(g) is added to the system, which of the following statements is correct? A. There is a change in concentrations for the reactants only. B. There is a change in concentration for the product only. C. There is a change in concentrations for both reactants and products. D. There is no change in concentrations for both reactants and products. 155 When carbon dioxide dissolves in water in a closed container, it reacts according to the equation: CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) H+(aq) + HCO 3 (aq) What will happen if some carbon dioxide gas escapes from the reaction mixture at equilibrium? Given that pH = log[H+(aq)]. A. The pH of the reaction mixture will increase. B. The pH of the reaction mixture will decrease. C. The pH of the reaction mixture will remain constant. D. The pH of the reaction mixture will become zero. Section 43.2 156 Consider the following equilibrium system: Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq) What change will occur when there is a change causing the reaction quotient, Q c , to be smaller than the equilibrium constant, K c ? A. More Ag+(aq) is formed. B. More Fe2+(aq) is formed. C. More Ag(s) is formed. D. No change in the amount of Ag+(aq), Fe2+(aq), Ag(s) and Fe3+(aq). 157 An equilibrium constant of a reversible reaction is dependent on the (1) concentration(s) of reactant(s). (2) temperature. (3) concentration(s) of product(s). A. (1) only
247
B. C. D.
(2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only
158 Which of the following statements are correct if an equilibrium system is heated? (1) The rate of forward reaction is increased. (2) The rate of backward reaction is increased. (3) K c is increased. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 159 Which of the following changes will NOT change the value of K c of an equilibrium reaction? (1) Temperature (2) Pressure (3) Concentration A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 160 When there is a decrease in temperature, what are the changes in K c value and equilibrium position for the following equilibrium reaction? CH 4 (g) + 4NO(g) A. B. C. D. 2N 2 (g) + CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) to the right to the left to the right to the left H = ve K c value increases increases decreases decreases Change in equilibrium position
161 Consider the following reaction at equilibrium at a certain temperature:

248
H 3 NBF 3 (s) NH 3 (g) + BF 3 (g) when the mass of H 3 NBF 3 (s) is doubled, A. the amount of NH 3 (g) and BF 3 (g) at equilibrium is halved. B. the equilibrium constant will not be affected. C. the amounts of NH 3 (g) and BF 3 (g) at equilibrium is increased. D. the amount of H 3 NBF 3 (s) will then start decreasing. 162 For the following reaction: Cu(OH) 2 (s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) H = +ve 2+ The equilibrium concentration of Cu (aq) would be increased by (1) increasing the temperature. (2) adding a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. (3) adding a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 163 Consider the following chemical equilibrium: A(aq) + B(aq) C(aq) + D(aq) Upon a change in temperature, which of the following would probably happen? (1) A change in the value of K c . (2) A change in concentrations of reactants. (3) A change in concentrations of products. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 164 For a reversible chemical reaction with a negative enthalpy change, which of the following would occur upon an increase in temperature? A. The value of K c decreases and the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left. B. The value of K c decreases and the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the right.
249
C. D.
The value of K c increases and the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left. The value of K c increases and the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the right.
165 Which of the following conditions is/are necessary for maintaining the state of chemical equilibrium? (1) Keeping a constant temperature (2) Keeping the same amount of catalyst in the system (3) Keeping the same concentration for both reactants and products A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 166 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2H 2 S(g) 2H 2 (g) + S 2 (g) H = +170 kJ mol1 Which of the following concerning the effect on the value of K c and the equilibrium position is correct if the temperature of the system is increased? Effect on the value of K c A. B. C. D. Increases Increases Decreases Decreases Effect on the equilibrium position Shifts to the left Shifts to the right Shifts to the left Shifts to the right
167 The following graph shows the change in concentrations of the reactant and products with time for the reversible reaction: C(aq) A(aq) + B(aq) H = +ve
250
Concentration (mol dm3)
A(aq) B(aq)
C(aq)
Time Which of the following changes is done to the system at time t? A. Adding a small amount of C(aq) B. Removing some of C(aq) C. Increase in temperature D. Decrease in temperature 168 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) 2Cl 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) H = +ve Which of the following changes will cause a shift in the equilibrium position of the above reaction? (1) Adding Cl 2 (g) (2) Removing O 2 (g) (3) Adding a catalyst A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) Section 43.3 169 Consider the following equilibrium system: 2H 2 S(g) 2H 2 (g) +S 2 (g) H = +ve Which of the following changes will shift the equilibrium position of the reaction? (1) Introducing H 2 gas into the system (2) Increasing the temperature of the system at constant pressure (3) Increasing the volume of the system at constant temperature
251
A. B. C. D.
(1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)
170 Consider the following equilibrium system: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) H = ve Which of the following changes will occur if the temperature of the system increases at constant pressure? (1) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. (2) The value of K c will increase. (3) The yield of NH 3 (g) will decrease. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 171 Consider the following equilibrium system: HCO 3 (aq) OH(aq) + CO 2 (g) A few drops of phenolphthalein are added as an indicator. At equilibrium, the reaction mixture is colourless. Which of the following changes will cause the reaction mixture to appear pink in colour? (1) Adding more drops of indicator (2) Reducing the pressure of the system (3) Removing CO 2 (g) from the system A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 172 Consider the following equilibrium system: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) H = ve Which of the following changes will decrease the value of equilibrium constant? (1) Addition of a catalyst (2) Increasing the temperature of the system at constant pressure
252
(3) Decreasing the volume of the system at constant temperature A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 173 Consider the following equilibrium system: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) If the above equilibrium is disturbed by adding some NO 2 (g), which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) The concentration of N 2 O 4 (g) will increase, then remain constant. (2) The equilibrium constant will decrease. (3) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 174 Consider the following equilibrium system: HCOOH(aq) HCOO(aq) + H+(aq) If a small amount of HCl(aq) is added to the reaction mixture, which of the following changes will occur? (1) The concentration of H+(aq) will remain unchanged. (2) The concentration of HCOO(aq) will decrease. (3) The concentration of HCOOH(aq) will increase. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 175 Which of the following changes will NOT shift the equilibrium position of the reaction below? H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) H = ve (1) Increase in temperature (2) Increase in volume
253
(3) Increase in concentration of HI(g) A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 176 Consider the following equilibrium system at constant pressure. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) H = ve Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) An increase in temperature favours the backward reaction. (2) An increase in concentration of SO 3 (g) shifts the equilibrium position to the right. (3) An increase in temperature decreases the value of K c . A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 177 Consider the following equilibrium system at constant pressure: 2CHClF 2 (g) C 2 F 4 (g) + 2HCl(g) H = +ve Which of the following statements are correct? (1) An increase in temperature shifts the equilibrium position to the product side. (2) An increase in concentration of C 2 F 4 (g) shifts the equilibrium position to the reactant side. (3) A decrease in concentration of HCl(g) shifts the equilibrium position to the product side. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 178 Which of the following methods are beneficial to the industrial production of nitric acid? 3NO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 2HNO 3 (aq) + NO(g) (1) Addition of nitrogen dioxide to the equilibrium mixture
254
(2) Removal of nitrogen monoxide once it is formed (3) Increasing the pressure of the system at constant temperature A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 179 Which of the following changes will make the value of Q c smaller than that of K c for the equilibrium reaction below? NH 4 HS(s) NH 3 (g) + H 2 S(g) (1) Addition of NH 3 (g) to the equilibrium mixture (2) Removal of NH 3 (g) from the equilibrium mixture (3) An increase in the volume of the system at constant temperature A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 180 Consider the following equilibrium system: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) What will be the change in the equilibrium position if the pressure of the system is increased? A. The equilibrium position will shift to the left. B. The equilibrium position will shift to the right. C. The equilibrium position will remain unchanged. D. The change in equilibrium position cannot be determined. 181 When there is an increase in temperature, what are the changes in K c value and equilibrium position for the following equilibrium reaction? I 2 (g) + C 5 H 8 (g) C 5 H 6 (g) + 2HI(g) H = +ve K c value A. B. C. D. Increases Increases Decreases Decreases Change in equilibrium position Shifts to the left Shifts to the right Shifts to the left Shifts to the right
255
182 At high temperature, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide according to the following equation: CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) H = +ve Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) The addition of carbon dioxide at equilibrium will produce more calcium carbonate. (2) A decrease in temperature will produce more carbon dioxide. (3) An increase in pressure at equilibrium will produce more calcium carbonate. A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 183 Which of the following actions will cause the equilibrium position of the reaction to shift to the right? NH 4 NO 3 (s) N 2 O(g) + 2H 2 O(g) A. Adding H 2 O(g) to the equilibrium mixture. B. Increasing the volume of the container by four times. C. Adding N 2 O(g) to the equilibrium mixture. D. Decreasing the volume of the container by four times. 184 Which of the following changes will make the value of Q c greater than that of K c for the equilibrium reaction below? N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) H = ve (1) Adding a catalyst to the equilibrium mixture (2) Decreasing the pressure of the system at constant temperature (3) Removal of N 2 from the system A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 185 Consider the following equilibrium system:
256
C(s) + CO 2 (g) 2CO(g) H = +ve Which of the following changes will shift the equilibrium position of the above reaction? (1) Decrease in pressure under constant temperature (2) Increase in temperature under constant pressure (3) Decrease in concentration of CO 2 (g) A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 186 Consider the following equilibrium system: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) H = +ve Which of the following statements concerning the equilibrium reaction are correct? (1) When the pressure of the system is increased under constant temperature, the colour of the reaction mixture will become lighter. (2) When the temperature of the system is increased at constant pressure, the colour of the reaction mixture will become darker. (3) When some N 2 O 4 (g) is added to the system, the Q c is larger than the K c . A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 187 Consider the following equilibrium system: SiCl 4 (g) + 2H 2 (g) Si(s) + 4HCl(g) H = +ve The yield of Si(s) in the equilibrium system is increased by A. increasing the pressure of the equilibrium mixture at constant temperature. B. decreasing the temperature of the equilibrium mixture at constant pressure. C. passing hydrogen chloride through sodium hydroxide solution. D. removing hydrogen from the equilibrium mixture. 188 In which of the following equilibria will a decrease in volume (at constant temperature) increase the yield of product(s) of the reaction? A. CO(g) + H 2 (g) C(s) + H 2 O(g)
257
B. C. D.
H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) 4NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g) 2SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
189 Consider the following equilibrium system: H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) Which of the following changes will alter the value of K c ? A. An increase in concentration of H 2 (g) B. An increase in concentration of I 2 (g) C. An increase in pressure of the system at constant temperature D. An increase in temperature of the system at constant pressure 190 Which of the following statements concerning an equilibrium system with an exothermic forward reaction is INCORRECT? A. An increase in temperature will decrease the value of K c . B. An increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium position to the left. C. A decrease in temperature will decrease the value of K c . D. A decrease in temperature will shift the equilibrium position to the right. 191 In which of the following equilibria will an increase in pressure (at constant temperature) does NOT affect the yield of product(s) of the reaction? A. Cl 2 (g) + 3F 2 (g) 2ClF 3 (g) B. PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) C. H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) D. 4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) + 2Cl 2 (g) 192 What will happen to [Cl(aq)] eqm in the following equilibrium if CoCl 4 2(aq) is removed from the reaction mixture? Co2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl 4 2(aq) A. It will remain the same. B. It will decrease at first, then remain constant. C. It will increase at first, then remain constant. D. It will decrease at first, then increase.
258
193 Consider the following chemical equilibrium: I 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 2HI(g) H = 9.6 kJ mol1 Which of the following changes would shift the equilibrium position of the above reaction to the right? A. Increasing the pressure B. Decreasing the temperature C. Adding a catalyst to the system D. Removing hydrogen from the system 194 Consider the following chemical equilibrium: N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) H = +58 kJ mol1 Which of the following conditions would make the equilibrium mixture become darker? A. Increasing the pressure B. Decreasing the temperature C. Increasing the temperature but decreasing the pressure D. Decreasing the temperature but increasing the pressure 195 The forward reaction of the equilibrium system below is an endothermic reaction: A(g) + B(g) 2C(g) Its equilibrium constant is 1010 at 500 K. Which of the following changes would increase the concentration of C at equilibrium? A. Increasing the pressure B. Decreasing the temperature C. Adding reactant B(g) to the system D. Introducing a catalyst to the system 196 In which of the following cases would an increase in pressure and temperature produce more products? A. B. C. D.
X 2 (g) + Y 2 (g) X 2 (g) + Y 2 (g) X 2 (g) + Y 2 (g) X 2 (g) + Y 2 (g) Z 2 (g)
H = +ve H = +ve H = ve H = ve
3Z 2 (g)
Z 2 (g)
3Z 2 (g)
259
197 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: A(aq) + B(aq) C(aq) H = +ve Which of the following change(s) would produce more product C? (1) Increasing the temperature (2) Adding catalyst to the system (3) Increasing the pressure A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2) and (3) only 198 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) H = ve Which of the following changes would cause an increase in the value of equilibrium constant for this reaction? A. Adding a catalyst to the system B. Decreasing the pressure C. Decreasing the temperature D. Adding more NO 2 (g) to the equilibrium mixture 199 Which of the following equilibria would NOT be affected by a volume change at constant temperature? A. 2H 2 O(g) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) B. PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) C. O 3 (g) + NO(g) O 2 (g) + NO 2 (g) D. H 3 NBF 3 (s) NH 3 (g) + BF 3 (g) 200 Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2N 2 O(g) + O 2 (g) 4NO(g) Which of the following changes will increase the amount of NO(g) in the equilibrium mixture? (1) Adding N 2 O(g) (2) Removing O 2 (g) (3) Decreasing the volume of the container
260
A. B. C. D. 201
(1) only (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only
The value of the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of I 2 (g) is 3.76 105 mol dm3 at 1000 K. The equation for the dissociation is as follows: I 2 (g) 2I(g) After a certain time interval, 1.00 mol of I 2 (g) and 5.00 103 mol of I(g) were found in a 2.00 dm3 sealed flask. Which of the following statements is correct? A. The system is in equilibrium at 1000 K. B. The system is not in equilibrium at 1000 K and the equilibrium position will shift to the left. C. The system is not in equilibrium at 1000 K and the equilibrium position will shift to the right. D. The system is not in equilibrium at 1000 K and the equilibrium can be attained by increasing the temperature of the system. 202 In which of the following reactions will the equilibrium position remain unchanged when the pressure on the system is increased by decreasing the volume of the container? A. C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) B. CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) C. 3H 2 (g) + N 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) D. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) 203 The equation for the dissociation of NH 4 Cl(s) is as follows: NH 4 Cl(s) NH 4 +(aq) + Cl(aq) H = +ve Which of the following changes will cause a shift in the equilibrium position of the above system to the right? A. Dissolving sodium chloride solid in the reaction mixture B. Increasing the pressure of the system C. Increasing the temperature of the system D. Decreasing the temperature of the system
261
204 Consider the dissociation of water: H 2 O(l) H+(aq) + OH(aq) The values of equilibrium constant is 1.00 1014 at 25C and 2.95 1014 at 40C. Which of the following statements is correct? A. An increase in temperature will cause a decrease in concentration of H+(aq). B. The dissociation of water molecules is endothermic. C. D. The concentration of H+(aq) is greater than that of OH(aq) at 40C. The equilibrium position lies mainly on the product side at 40C.
Section 43.4 205 3H 2 (g) + N 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) H = 92 kJ mol1 Which of the following changes would increase the yield of ammonia at equilibrium? (1) Increasing the pressure (2) Decreasing the temperature (3) Using iron powder as catalyst A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
Each question below consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D according to the following table:
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement. B. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement. C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true. D. Both statements are false. Section 43.1 206 Q c has the same unit as K c . At equilibrium, Q c = K c .
262
207 Q c and K c always have the same value. Q c and K c have the same expression form.
Section 43.2 208 It is impossible to predict the effect of temperature change on the equilibrium position without knowing the enthalpy change of the reaction. 209 If the reaction quotient is greater than the equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position shifts to the product side. Section 43.3 210 For the equilibrium system: 4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) 2Cl 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g). An Increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium position to the left. Le Chteliers Principle states that when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in conditions, the equilibrium position will shift in a way that tends to counteract the change. Reaction quotient can be calculated at any particular moment, not necessarily at equilibrium. An increase in temperature favours an endothermic change of an equilibrium system.
211 At a given temperature, a change in concentrations of the reactants or the products can alter K c and Q c . 212 When the concentrations of the reactants of an equilibrium system are changed, the value of K c is changed. According to Le Chteliers Principle, the equilibrium position will shift in a direction that tends to counteract the disturbances. A change in concentrations of the reactants or the products can alter the equilibrium position.
263
Section 43.4 213 Haber Process should be carried out at a low temperature to obtain a higher yield of ammonia. Since the forward reaction in Haber Process is exothermic, a low temperature favours the formation of ammonia.
264

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

(2) and (3) only

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

A. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time C. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time

Time D. Concentration N2O4 NO 2 Time

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

N(g) P(g) Time

N(g) P(g) Time

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

D. Concentration [A(g)] [B(g)]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

Dilute sulphuric acid can be used as a catalyst for this reaction.

Dynamic equilibrium can only be established in a closed system.

After some time, the reaction mixture reaches equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium can only be established in a closed system.

Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

A catalyst usually increases the rate of a reaction.

2 [H 2S(g)]eqm 2 [S2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm

[H 2S(g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm [S2 (g)]eqm

[H 2 (g)]eqm [S2 (g)]eqm [H 2S(g)]eqm

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

[P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g)]eqm [PF5 (g )]eqm

[P4 (g)]eqm [F2 (g)]10 eqm

[N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]3 eqm [NH3 (g)]eqm

[NH3 (g)]eqm [NH3 (g)]eqm [N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

[ N 2 (g)]eqm [CO 2 (g)]eqm [H 2O(g)]eqm [CH 4 (g )]eqm [ NO 2 (g)]eqm

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

2[HI(g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm [HI(g)]2 eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

[Ag 2O(s)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm [Ag 2CO3 (s)]eqm

[Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)]eqm[H 2 O(l)]eqm [CrO 4 2 (aq)]2 eqm[H (aq)]2 eqm

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

77 For a gaseous reaction, the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , is K c =

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

10O 2 (g) + 8NH 3 (g) 2NO(g) + 3H 2 O(l)

8NO(g) + 12H 2 O(l) 5 O 2 (g) + 2NH 3 (g) 2

78 The value of K c for the reaction H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)

H 2 O(g) + CO(g) is 1.45 at H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)

[H 2 (g)]4 eqm Kc = [H 2 O(g)]4 eqm

[H 2 O(g)]4 eqm [H 2 (g)]4 eqm

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

K c = [CO 2 (g)] 1 Kc = [CO 2 (g)]eqm