EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 4)

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectier

Consider a diode rectier:

Vo Vo Vi
D

R
slope=1

VD

Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectier

Consider a diode rectier:

Vo Vo Vi
D

R
slope=1

VD

Vi

If Vi VD , the diode drop can be ignored. However, if Vi is small, e.g., Vi = 0.2 sin t V , then the circuit does not rectify, and V o (t ) = 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave rectier

Consider a diode rectier:

Vo Vo Vi
D

R
slope=1

VD

Vi

If Vi VD , the diode drop can be ignored. However, if Vi is small, e.g., Vi = 0.2 sin t V , then the circuit does not rectify, and V o (t ) = 0 V . Precision rectier circuits overcome this drawback.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo Vi
D

Half-wave precision rectier

iD Vo Vi
D

i Vi

Vo1

Vo VD R iR

Consider two cases: (i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the buer we have seen earlier.

Half-wave precision rectier

iD Vo Vi
D

i Vi

Vo1

Vo VD R iR

Consider two cases: (i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the buer we have seen earlier. Since the input current i 0, iR = iD . Further, V+ V = Vo 1 Vo + 0.7 V = 0 V Vo = Vi . AV AV

Half-wave precision rectier

iD Vo Vi
D

i Vi

Vo1

Vo VD R iR

Consider two cases: (i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the buer we have seen earlier. Since the input current i 0, iR = iD . Further, V+ V = Vo 1 Vo + 0.7 V = 0 V Vo = Vi . AV AV

This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the forward direction), i.e., Vo > 0 Vi = Vo > 0 V .

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo iD Vo Vi
D

i Vi

Vo1

Vo VD R Vi
slope=1

iR

Consider two cases: (i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the buer we have seen earlier. Since the input current i 0, iR = iD . Further, V+ V = Vo 1 Vo + 0.7 V = 0 V Vo = Vi . AV AV

This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the forward direction), i.e., Vo > 0 Vi = Vo > 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo Vi
D

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo Vi
D

Vo Vi Vo1 R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V .

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo Vi
D

Vo Vi Vo1 R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V . What about Vo 1 ? Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop conguration, a very small Vi is enough to drive it to saturation.

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo Vi
D

Vo Vi Vo1 R

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V . What about Vo 1 ? Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop conguration, a very small Vi is enough to drive it to saturation. Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V . Since V+ V = Vi 0 = Vi is negative, Vo 1 is driven to V sat.

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo

Vo Vi
D

Vo Vi Vo1 R Vo = 0 Vi

(ii) D is not conducting Vo = 0 V . What about Vo 1 ? Since the Op Amp is now in the open-loop conguration, a very small Vi is enough to drive it to saturation. Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V . Since V+ V = Vi 0 = Vi is negative, Vo 1 is driven to V sat.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo
D off D D on

0 2

Vo Vi

Vo1 Vi
superdiode

Vo R Vo = 0

Vo = Vi

6 8

Vi

10 12 0 1 t (ms) 2

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo
D off D D on

0 2

Vo Vi

Vo1 Vi
superdiode

Vo R Vo = 0

Vo = Vi

6 8

Vi

10 12 0

Vo1 Vsat
1 t (ms) 2

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ).

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo
D off D D on

0 2

Vo Vi

Vo1 Vi
superdiode

Vo R Vo = 0

Vo = Vi

6 8

Vi

10 12 0

Vo1 Vsat
1 t (ms) 2

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ). * Note that the Op Amp needs to come out of saturation when Vi changes from negative to positive values. This is a relatively slow process, and it limits the speed of this circuit.

Half-wave precision rectier

Vo
D off D D on

0 2

Vo Vi

Vo1 Vi
superdiode

Vo R Vo = 0

Vo = Vi

6 8

Vi

10 12 0

Vo1 Vsat
1 t (ms) 2

* The circuit is called a superdiode (i.e., a diode with zero Von ). * Note that the Op Amp needs to come out of saturation when Vi changes from negative to positive values. This is a relatively slow process, and it limits the speed of this circuit.
SEQUEL le: precision half wave 1.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vo R2

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vo R2

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vo R2

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vi > 0 Vo Vi R1 R2 D1

R2

Vo1 D2 R

Vo

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vi > 0 Vo Vi R1 R2 D1

R2

Vo1 D2 R

Vo

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V . iR 1 = iD 1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vi > 0 Vo Vi R1 R2 D1

R2

Vo1 D2 R

Vo

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V . iR 1 = iD 1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V . (ii) D1 is o; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vi > 0 Vo Vi R1 R2 D1

R2

R2

D1 Vo1 D2 R Vi < 0 Vo Vi R1 Vo1 D2 R Vo

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V . iR 1 = iD 1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V . (ii) D1 is o; this will happen when Vi < 0 V . In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

iR2 iD1 iR1 Vi R1 D1 iD2 Vo1 D2 R iR Vi > 0 Vo Vi R1 R2 D1

R2

R2

D1 Vo1 D2 R Vi < 0 Vo Vi R1 Vo1 D2 R Vo

(i) D1 conducts: V = V+ = 0 V , Vo 1 = VD 1 0.7 V . D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satised at Vo ). iR 2 = 0, Vo = V = 0 V . iR 1 = iD 1 which can only be positive Vi > 0 V . (ii) D1 is o; this will happen when Vi < 0 V . In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 . 0 Vi R2 R2 = Vi . Vo = V + iR 2 R2 = 0 + R1 R1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2 Vo
1k 1k

D1 Vo1 Vo D2 R

R 2 Vi R1

Vi

R1

Vo = 0 Vi

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2 Vo
1k 1k

D1 Vo1 Vo D2 R

R 2 Vi R1

Vi Vo = 0 Vi
1 0 0

Vi

Vo

R1

1 t (ms)

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2 Vo
1k 1k

Vo1
1

D1 Vo1 Vo D2 R

R 2 Vi R1

Vi Vo = 0 Vi
1 0 0

Vi

Vo

R1

1 t (ms)

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2 Vo
1k 1k

Vo1
1

D1 Vo1 Vo D2 R

R 2 Vi R1

Vi Vo = 0 Vi
1 0 0

Vi

Vo

R1

1 t (ms)

* Note that the Op Amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is available for Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2 Vo
1k 1k

Vo1
1

D1 Vo1 Vo D2 R

R 2 Vi R1

Vi Vo = 0 Vi
1 0 0

Vi

Vo

R1

1 t (ms)

* Note that the Op Amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is available for Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .
SEQUEL le: precision half wave.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2

Vo Vo = 0 Vo R Vi R 2 Vi R1

D1 Vi R1 Vo1 D2

The diodes are now reversed.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2

Vo Vo = 0 Vo R Vi R 2 Vi R1

D1 Vi R1 Vo1 D2

The diodes are now reversed. By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 o, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown in the gure is obtained (show this).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectier

R2

Vo Vo = 0 Vo R Vi R 2 Vi R1

D1 Vi R1 Vo1 D2

The diodes are now reversed. By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 o, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown in the gure is obtained (show this).
SEQUEL le: precision half wave 2.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15 Super diode AM signal

Vi Vo1

Vo1
filter

Vo2
0

0.15

1 t (ms)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15 Super diode AM signal

Vi Vo1

Vo1
filter

Vo2
0

0.15

1 t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15 Super diode AM signal

Vi Vo1

Vo1
filter

Vo2
0

0.15

1 t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor * The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15 Super diode AM signal

Vi Vo1

Vo1
filter

Vo2
0

0.15

1 t (ms)

* charging through superdiode, discharging through resistor * The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.
SEQUEL le: super diode.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Full-wave precision rectier

VB Vi
x (1)

VB VA

Vo Vo Vi Vi

Vi

Halfwave rectifier (inverting)

Vo1
x (2)

Vo1 Vi

VA

Full-wave precision rectier

VB Vi
x (1)

VB VA

Vo Vo Vi Vi

Vi

Halfwave rectifier (inverting)

Vo1
x (2)

Vo1 Vi

VA

R1 D1 Vi R1 D2 Vo1

R/2

Vo

inverting halfwave rectifier

inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision_full_wave.sqproj)

Full-wave precision rectier

VB
2

Vi
1 x (1)

VB VA

Vo Vo Vi Vi
2 0 1 t (ms) 2 0

Vi

Halfwave rectifier (inverting)

Vo1
x (2)

Vo1 Vi

VA

Vi Vo

R1 D1 Vi R1 D2 Vo1

R/2

Vo

inverting halfwave rectifier

inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision_full_wave.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V
D

R0
A

V R R V0

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0

R V0

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0

R V0

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0

R V0

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak = R (V0 + Von ) + Von . R

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0 R0
A

R V0 0V

V R R V0

Von
D on

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak = R (V0 + Von ) + Von . R

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0 R0
A

R V0 0V

V R R V0

Von
D on

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak = When D is on, V V0 Von V Von i = + + R0 R R 1 1 + + (constant) =V R0 R R (V0 + Von ) + Von . R

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0 R0
A

R V0 0V

V R R V0

Von
D on

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak = When D is on, V V0 Von V Von i = + + R0 R R 1 1 + + (constant) =V R0 R i.e., V = (R0 R ) i + (constant) . R (V0 + Von ) + Von . R

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V R0
A D

R0
A

V R

V slope = R0

i 0V

R V R
D off

V0 R0
A

R V0 0V

Vbreak V R

slope = R0

Von
D on

R V0 i

VA = V

When D is o, VA is (by superposition), R R V0 . R +R R +R For D to turn on, VA = Von 0.7 V V Vbreak = When D is on, V V0 Von V Von i = + + R0 R R 1 1 + + (constant) =V R0 R i.e., V = (R0 R ) i + (constant) . R (V0 + Von ) + Von . R

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i 0V

R0 V

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i 0V

R0 V i

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i 0V
D1B

R0 R1B V i

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i 0V
D1B

R0 R1B V i

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i 0V
D1B D2B

R0 R1B R2B R2B V i

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V

i 0V
D1B D2B

R0 R1B R2B R2B V i

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A V

D1A

R1A R0 i

i 0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A V

D1A

R1A R0 i

i 0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i 0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i 0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

R1B

V0

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i Ra = 5 k R1A R2A R0 = 20 k R1A = R1B = 15 k R2A = R2B = 5 k R1A = R1B = 60 k R2A = R2B = 10 k V0 = 15 V i
D1B D2B D1A

V0

0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

D2A

R2A R1A R0 R1B R2B R1B

V0

R2B V0

i Vi Ra Vo RL

R1B

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i Ra = 5 k R1A R2A R0 = 20 k R1A = R1B = 15 k R2A = R2B = 5 k R1A = R1B = 60 k R2A = R2B = 10 k V0 = 15 V i
D1B D2B D1A

V0

0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

D2A

R2A R1A R0 R1B R2B R1B

V0

R2B V0

i Vi Ra Vo RL

Since Vi = Ra i , the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

R1B

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i Ra = 5 k R1A R2A R0 = 20 k R1A = R1B = 15 k R2A = R2B = 5 k R1A = R1B = 60 k R2A = R2B = 10 k V0 = 15 V i
D1B D2B D1A

V0

0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

D2A

R2A R1A R0 R1B

10

R1B

V0

R2B
5

R2B

R1B

V0 i Vi Ra Vo RL

Vo (V)

10 5

Vi (V)

Since Vi = Ra i , the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i Ra = 5 k R1A R2A R0 = 20 k R1A = R1B = 15 k R2A = R2B = 5 k R1A = R1B = 60 k R2A = R2B = 10 k V0 = 15 V i
D1B D2B D1A

V0

0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

D2A

R2A R1A R0 R1B

10 10

R1B

V0

R2B Vo R2B
5

R1B

Vi
0

V0 i Vi Ra Vo RL

Vo (V)

10 5

10

Vi (V)

4 time (msec)

Since Vi = Ra i , the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor.

Wave shaping with diodes

V0 R1A R2A V

D2A D1A

R2A R1A R0 i

i Ra = 5 k R1A R2A R0 = 20 k R1A = R1B = 15 k R2A = R2B = 5 k R1A = R1B = 60 k R2A = R2B = 10 k V0 = 15 V i
D1B D2B D1A

V0

0V
D1B D2B

R1B R2B R2B

D2A

R2A R1A R0 R1B

10 10

R1B

V0

R2B Vo R2B
5

R1B

Vi
0

V0 i Vi Ra Vo RL

Vo (V)

10 5

10

Vi (V)

4 time (msec)

Since Vi = Ra i , the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (Ra ) factor. SEQUEL le: ee101 wave shaper.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum

10

Vi
0

0 10

Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum

10

Vi
0

0 10 10 10

Vo

10

0 0 2 4 time (msec) 6 8 0 2 4 N 6 8 10

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay