UNIT I (CRYSTAL PHYSICS)

PART A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Define unit cell.
The unit cell is defined as the smallest geometric figure, the repetition of which gives the actual crystal structure. (OR) A unit cell in !dimension is defined as that volume of the solid from which the entire crystal can "e formed "y the translational repetition in !dimension.

#. . (. -.

$hat are %iller indices&

%iller indices are the smallest possi"le integers which have the same ratios as the reciprocals of the intercepts of the plane concerned on the a'es.

Define space (or) crystal lattice.

A !dimensional collection of points in space is called space (or) crystal lattice.

$hat is primitive cell& )ive e'ample.

A primitive cell is the simplest type of unit cell which contains one lattice points per unit cell. *'ample+ ,imple cu"ic crystals.

$hat is meant "y non!primitive cell& )ive e'ample.

.on primitive cell is the unit cell as it contains more than one atoms or molecules in it. A non! primitive cell may "e dou"ly or /uadruply primitive cells. *'amples+ Dou"ly primitive cell !0ody centered cu"ic crystals. 1uadruply primitive cell !2ace centered cu"ic crystals.

3. 4.

$hat are 0ravais lattices&

The 1( possi"le ways of arranging points in space lattice such that all the lattice points have e'actly the same surroundings. These 1( lattices are called the 0ravais lattices.

Define pac5ing factor (or) pac5ing density (or) density of pac5ing and give its unit.
6t is defined as the ratio of the volume of atoms per unit cell to the total volume occupied "y the unit cell. A72 8 ,ince atomic pac5ing factor is the ratio it does not have any units.

9.

.ame the seven crystal systems. :u"ic

Tetragonal Orthorhom"ic %onoclinic Triclinic Rhom"ohedral ;e'agonal

<. 1=.

Define co!ordination num"er.

:oordination num"er in the no. of nearest neigh"oring atoms directly surrounding a given atom.

Define atomic radius.

6t is defined as the half of the distance "etween two nearest neigh"ours in a crystal of pure element.

11.

:alculate the pac5ing factor of simple cu"ic (,:) crystal structure.

7ac5ing factor 8

8 $e 5now, r 8 , therefore,

7ac5ing factor 8 A72 8 8 =.-#

1#. (a)

.ame the crystal structure of the following+ )old, (") )ermanium, (c) 0arium and (d) >inc
)old+ 2:: )ermanium+ Diamond cu"ic 0arium+ 0:: >inc+ ;:7

1 .

Define polymorphism and allotropy. (or) Differentiate polymorphism and allotropy. 7olymorphism+
A su"stance that can e'ist in two or more forms in the same state is called polymorphism.

Allotropy+
An element that can e'ist in two or more forms in the same state is called allotropy

1(.

Define 2ren5el and ,chott5y defect. (or) $hat are 2ren5el and ,chott5y imperfections&
2ren5el defect is an ionic crystal imperfections that occurs when an ion moves into an interstitial site, there"y creating two defects simultaneously i.e., one vacancy and the other self interstitial. A pair of ion vacancies in an ionic crystal is termed as ,chott5y defect.

1-. 13.

$hat is 0urger?s vector&

The vector which indicates the direction and magnitude of the shift of the lattice on the slip plane is called 0urger?s vector

)ive the values num"er of atoms in unit cell of ,:, 0::, 2:: and ;:7.
simple cu"ic(,:) ! 1 atom

"ody centered cu"ic(0::) ! # atoms face centered cu"ic (2::) ! ( atoms ;e'agonal close pac5ed (;:7) ! 3 atoms

14. ,tate the coordination num"er for ;:7 and diamond structures.
coordination num"er for ;:7 ! 1# coordination num"er for diamond structures ! (

19. $hat is meant "y closed pac5ed structure& )ive one e'ample.
The co!ordination num"er (1# and atomic pac5ing factor (=.4() are the same for "oth face centered cu"ic and he'agonal closed pac5 structures, when we compare these structures with other structures, it has high pac5ing factor and hence it is called as closely pac5ed structure. *'amples+ %agnesium, >inc etc

1<. $rite the lattice parameters for triclinic crystal.

1. The three a'es are une/ual i.e., a@"@c. #. All three a'es are o"li/ue to each other i.e., A@B@C@<=D #=. ,tate the e'pression for interplanar spacing for a cu"ic system interms of

lattice constant and %iller indices.

The interplanar distance (d) 8 $here, a is lattice constant h, k, l are %iller indices #1.0ismuth has a8"8c8(.4( AE and angles A8B8C83=D what is its crystal structure )iven a8"8c8(.4( AE, A8B8C83=D since the 8c8(.4( AE and A8B8C83=D it is a trigonal ##. ,tate the condition imposed on the cell parameters for crystal systems having the largest num"er of "ravais lattices and the least num"er of nearest neigh"ours. 1.crystal with least num"er of nearest neigh"ours is simple #. crystal with large num"er of "ravais lattice is orthorhom"ic The cell parameter for orthorhom"ic is a@"@c, A8B8C8<=D # . ,tate the values of num"er of atoms per unit cell ;:7 structure F D6A%O.D num"er of atoms per unit cell ;:783 num"er of atoms per unit cell D6A%O.D 89 #(. $hich crystal structure is having least and large co ordination num"er&give e'ample Diamond has the least co ordination num"er ie, ( ;:7 F2:: has the large co ordination num"er ie, 1# #-. $hat are the lattice parameters of a unit cell& The lattice parameters of a unit cell are a,",c and A,B,C.

#3. $hat is principle used in 0ridgman techni/ue for growing crystals& 6n this techni/ue the material is heated to a very high temperature until the molten stage is reached.The molt is moved across the temperature gradient so as to solidify and form a seed.2urther such movements will lead to the crystal growth. #4. $hat is the principle used cGochrals5i method& H:rystal pulling from the meltI is the principle used in cGocrals5i method. here the material is melted over the monocrystalline seed and is roated.2urther with the help of a pull rod it is slowly drawn upwards and hence the melt freeGes on the crystal and thus the crystal grows. #9.;ow crystals are grown "y vapour phase& 6n this techni/ue the material to "e grown is supplied in the form of vapour.the powders of the desired crystalline material are atomiGed "y e'posing it to an electric arc or hot flame.A seed crystal is "rought some where near the melting point so that the arriving atoms or molecules will have sufficiently high mo"ility on the growing surface. At very low temperature many crystals in a very high state of purity has "eengrown from the vapour phase. ,ynthetic ru"ies and sapphires are grown "y this method only #<.$hat are the techni/ues adopted for growing crystals. The various crystal growth techni/ues are 1.solution growth #.melt growth .vapour growth =.what is meant "y solution growth& The material to "e grown is dissolved using a solvent and is 5ept ideal until the super saturation state is achieved.At some degree of supersaturation,parent nuclei is formed,which leads to further growth of crystal. The solvents commonly used are water ,organic li/uids (or) molten salts. 1.Jist out the various types of melt growth. The various melt group techni/ues are 1..ormal freeGing #.:rystal pulling .>one melting (.2lame fusion #. $hat is "asis (or) %otif& A unit assem"ly of atoms or molecules(ie,one or more atoms (or)molecules)identical in composition,arrangement and orientation is called the "asis (or) %otif. A crystal structure is formed "y associating a "asis to every lattice 7oint in a space lattice.

. $hat is a crystal structure& A crystal structure is formed "y associating a "asis to every lattice point in a space lattice. 6e, crystal structure 8 0asis K space lattice (. Define interatomic distance and interplanar distance& 6nteratomic distance + The distance "etween any # atoms is called interatomic distance . 6nterplanar distance + The distance "etween any # plane are called interplanar distance. -. )ive the relation "etween density of the crystal and the lattice constant. The relation is L8 where n is the num"er of atoms per unit cell,. is the adro num"er, L is the atomic weight and a is the lattice constant. 3. $hat is an amorphous solid&)ive e'ample. 6t is a type of solid,in which the atoms or molecules are not arranged in an orderly fashion. 6e., the same atomic groups are arranged more randomly. *'ample+7lastic,ru""er.

PART B QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. Determine co!ordination num"er, atomic radius and pac5ing factor for a he'agonal close pac5ed (;:7) structure. ,how that an ;:7 structure demands an a'ial ratio of 1.33 .
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :o!ordination num"er N( %ar5s Atomic radius N (%ar5s 7ac5ing factor N (%ar5s ;:7 structure demands an a'ial ratioN (%ar5s

#.

(i) $hat are %iller indices& (ii) Derive an e'pression for the interplanar spacing for (h k l) planes of a cu"ic structure.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ %iller indices *'pression for the interplanar spacing N# %ar5s N1( %ar5s

. (i) ,how that the face centered cu"ic and he'agonal close pac5ed structure has the same atomic pac5ing factor. (ii) ,how that for a cu"ic structure the interplanar distanceOd? in terms of %iller indices and the cell edgeOa? is given "y (d) 8
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :entered cu"ic and he'agonal close pac5ed structure N9 %ar5s

%iller indices and the cell edge

N9 %ar5s

(.

(i) Define pac5ing factor. (ii) Deduce the cMa ratio and pac5ing factor for ;:7 structure.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7ac5ing factor cMa ratio and pac5ing factor for ;:7 structure N# %ar5s N1( %ar5s

-.

(i) $hat are 0ravais lattice& Descri"e using diagrams of unit cell the different 0ravais lattices and their grouping into the seven crystal system. (ii) Descri"e the arrangement of atoms in 2:: and ;:7 structure and show that "oth these structures have the same atomic pac5ing factor.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 0ravais lattice 0ravais lattices and their grouping into the seven crystal system Atoms in 2:: and ;:7 structure and atomic pac5ing factor N# %ar5s N3 %ar5s N9 %ar5s

3.

(i) *'plain diamond cu"e structure and o"tain its atomic pac5ing factor. Also descri"e the arrangement of atoms in >n,. (ii) $hat are line defects& *'plain edge dislocation using a diagram.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diamond cu"e structure 7ac5ing factor Arrangement of atoms in >n, Jine defects *dge dislocation using a diagram N#%ar5s N# %ar5s N(%ar5s N %ar5s N- %ar5s

4. Define co!ordination num"erF.um"er of atoms per unit cell. calculate the

co!ordination num"er F.um"er of atoms per unit cell for simple cu"ic, "ody centred cu"ic and face centre cu"ic structures.
Definition for :o!ordination num"er F num"er of atoms per unit cell N( %ar5s N (%ar5s

co!ordination num"er F.um"er of atoms per unit cell for simple cu"ic structures. :ordination num"er F.um"er of atoms per unit cell for "ody centred cu"ic structures. :ordination num"er F.um"er of atoms per unit cell for 2ace centred cu"ic structures. cu"ic structures.
Definition for Atomic radius F pac5ing factor Atomic radius F pac5ing factor for !(mar5s

N (%ar5s

N (%ar5s

9.Define atomic radius F 7ac5ing factor for simple cu"ic, "ody centred cu"ic and face centre

simple cu"ic structures.

Atomic radius F pac5ing factor for

!(mar5s

0ody centred cu"ic structures. Atomic radius F pac5ing factor for 2ace centred cu"ic structures.
%iller indices *'pression for the interplanar spacing N# %ar5s N1( %ar5s

!(mar5s !(mar5s

<.)ive the procedure for finding miller indices of crystal plane

1=.,how that an ideal he'agonal closed pac5ed structure cMa81.3 pac5ing factor e/ual to that of 2::P
7ac5ing factor cMa ratio and pac5ing factor for ;:7 structure ;:782:: N# %ar5s N1# %ar5s !#%ar5s.

F density of atomic

11. Define atomic pac5ing factor,calculate the pac5ing factor for i) ,: ii) 0:: iii) 2:: iv) ;:7 v) Diamond unit cells. ,: ! %ar5s 0:: ! %ar5s 2:: ! %ar5s ;:7 !( %ar5s Diamond ! %ar5s 1#.*'plain the 0ridgman and cGochrals5i techni/ues for growing crystals. 0ridgman techni/ues+ 7rinciple !#%ar5s :onstruction ! %ar5s wor5ing ! %ar5s Advantages !1%ar5s Disadvantages !1%ar5s cGochrals5i techni/ues + 7rinciple !#%ar5s :onstruction F wor5ing ! %ar5s Advantages F Disadvantages !1%ar5s 1 .Descri"e the various crystal growth and techni/ue various crystal growth and techni/ues solution growth melt growth vapour growth 0ridgman techni/ues! cGochrals5i techni/ues !#%ar5s !#%ar5s !#%ar5s !#%ar5s (ar5s !(%ar5s

UNIT II PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THERMAL PHYSICS

PART A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. *'plain neutral a'is. The middle layer (or) filament of a "eam which remains unaltered even with the presence of load on the "eam is called neutral a'is. 2ilaments which are lying a"ove it are elongated and those are lying "elow it are compressed. #. $hat are the effects of hammering and annealing on elasticity of a material& $hile "eing hammered (or) rolled, crystal grains "rea5 into smaller units resulting in increase of their elastic properties. $hile annealing (that is, heating and then cooling gradually) constituent crystals are uniformly oriented and form larger crstal grains,which results in decrease in their elastic properties. . %ention the factors affecting the elasticity of a material. Temperature 6mpurities ;ammering, rolling and annealing stress (. *'plain "ending moment of the "eam. The moment of the couple due to the elastic reactions (restoring couple) which "alances the e'ternal couple due to the applied load is called the "ending moment. -. Define stress and strain and write down their units. ,tress+ ,tress is defined as the restoring force per unit area which "rings "ac5 the "ody to its original state from the deformed state. Enit is .Mm# . ,train+ strain is defined as the change in dimension produced "y the e'ternal force on the "ody. 6t can also "e defined as the ratio of the change in dimension to the original dimension. 6t has no unit. ,train 8

3. $hat do you infer from ,tress!,train diagram& 2rom the stress N strain diagram, we can infer the following points. QThe stress is directly proportional to the strain, within elastic limit. Q6t distinguishes the elastic and plastic limit of a material. Q6t determines the ultimate strength of the material. QThe stress N strain diagram also helps us to distinguish the material "ased on the properties such as ductility and "rittleness. 4. ;ow do temperature and impurity in a material affect the elasticity of the materials& i) *ffect of temperature+ The rise in temperature decreases elasticity and vice versa. *'ample+ The car"on filament "ecomes plastic at higher temperatures. ii) *ffect of impurities+ The addition of impurities produces variation in the elastic property of the materials. The increase and decrease in elasticity depends on the type of impurity added to it. *'ample+ $hen potassium is added to gold, the elastic property of gold increases. 9. *'plain the advantages of 6 ! shaped girder. 6 ! shaped girders are made "y the reducing area of the neutral a'is. ;ence it has the following advantages. %ore sta"ility %ore strength and ;igh dura"ility Also, 6 ! shaped girders are manufactured "y using less amount of raw material. <. Define elasticity. *lasticity is the property of the "ody "y virtue of which it tends to regain its original shape (or) siGe after the removal of deforming e'ternal forces. 1=. $hat is meant "y shearing stress (or) tangential stress& $hen a force is applied along the surface of the "ody, then the stress applied is called shearing stress (or) tangential stress. 11. Define shearing strain. 6t is defined as the angular deformation produced in the "ody due to the application of e'ternal tangential forces on it. 1#. ,tate hoo5e?s law. According to this law, H,tress is directly proportional to the strain produced, within the elastic limitI. i.e., ,tress ,train ,tress 8 * R strain *8 .m#

$here * is a constant called modulus of elasticity. 1 . Define elastic limit and plastic limit.

The ma'imum stress upto which a "ody can recover its original shape and siGe, after removing the e'ternal forces is called as elastic limit. After elastic limit, if the elasticity of the "ody is completely lost, then the "ody will "e in a limit called as plastic limit. 1(. Define yield point. 6f the e'ternal stress applied is very large, then the "ody will lose its elastic property, even after the removal of the stress. The point at which the "ody loses its elasticity (elastic nature) is called as yield point. 1-. Define plastic fatigue. 6f a "ody is continuously su"Sected to stress (or) strain, it gets fatigued (wea5) called as elastic fatigue. 13. $hat are the factors affecting elasticity. *ffect of stress *ffect of annealing *ffect of temperature 7resence of impurities *ffect due to the nature of crystals. 14. $hat is meant "y annealing& Annealing is a process "y which the material is heated to a very high temperature and then it is slowly cooled. Esually this process is adopted for a material to increase the softness and ductility of the materials. Annealing also reduces the elastic property of the material, due to the formation of large crystal grains in it. 19. Define young?s modulus. 6t is defined as the ratio "etween the longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain, within the elastic limit. T8

(.m!#)

1<. Define "ul5 modulus. 0ul5 modulus is defined as ratio "etween the volume stress to volume strain within elastic limit

T8

(.m!#)

#=. Define rigidity modulus. 6t is defined as the ratio "etween the tangential stress to the shearing strain, within the elastic limit.

(.m!#)

#1. what is poisson?s ratio& 6t is defined as the ratio "etween the lateral strain per unit stress (B) to the longitudinal strain per unit stress(A) within the elastic limit poisson?s ratio(U)8 lateral strain 8 B 8 a constant longitudinal strain A ##. )ive the relation "etween modulii. T8 <5n 5Kn $here T8young?s modulus V8"ul5 modulus n8rigidity modulus # . what is moment of force& The moment of a force s"out a point is defined as the product of the magnitude of the force of the particular distance from the point to the line of action of force #(. define tor/ue. Tor/ue is a rotating force and is e/ual to the moment of the couple.Tor/ue is the product of one of the force from couple and the perpendicular distance "etween # opposite forces. #-. Define "eam. A "eam is defined as rod or "ar of uniform cross section whose length is verymuch greater than its other dimensions such as "readth F thic5ness. #3. Define cantilever. A cantilever is a "eam fi'ed horiGontally at one end F loaded at other end #4. Define 6!shape girder. The girder is the one in which the upper and lower section are "roadened and middle of the section is tapered so that it can withstand heavy load over it.since the girder loo5s li5e letter 6 , it is called as 6!shape girder. #9. )ive the applications of 6!shape girder.

 They are used in construction of the "ridge over the river. They are verymuch useful in the production of iron rails which are employed in railway trac5s. They are used as supporting "eam for the ceiling in the construction of "uildings. #<. $hat are the "asic entities responsi"le for thermal conduction of solid& Area of the cross section (A) Temperature difference "etween hot and cold layers. Time of the conduction (t) Thic5ness of the solid ('). =. Define co efficient of thermal conductivity& 6t is defined as the amount of heat conducted per second normally across the unit area of cross section maintained at unit temperature gradient.

V8

$m!1V!1

1. ;ow are heat conduction and electrical conduction analog as to each other& ;*AT :O.DE:T6O.+ 6t is conducted from high temperature point to low temperature point 6n metals it is mainly due to free electrons and the contri"ution due to lattice vi"ration is negligi"le. 6n non metal heat conduction is due to lattice vi"ration *J*:TR6:AJ :O.DE:T6O.+ 6t is conducted from high potential point to low potential point. 6n metal it is due to electrons. 6n semiconductor "oth electrons and holes contri"ute for the electrical conduction.6n insulator at high voltage electric "rea5down occurs.

#. what is :onduction& 6t is the process in which the heat is transferred from hot end to cold end without movement of particles. . what is :onvection& 6t is the process in which the heat is transferred from hot end to cold end with movement of particles (. what is radiation& 6t is the process in which the heat is transferred from one phase to another phase without the necessity of the intervening medium.(sum reacting earth). -. $hat is meant "y temperature gradient& The rate of fall of temperature with respect to the distance is called temperature gradient.6t is denoted as N(dWM d'). The negative sign indicate the fall of temperature with increase in distance. 3. Define thermal diffusivity& 6t is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the thermal capacity per unit volume of material. Thermal diffusivity8 thermal conductivity Mthermal capacity 6t is the product of specific heat capacity and density of material

;8

m#s!1

4. Define newton?s law of cooling. The rate of loss of heat of "ody is directly proportional to the temperature difference "etween the "ody and its surrounding,of same nature. 9. Derive the unit for thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of material is

V8

8 The unit of the thermal conductivity is $m!1V!1

<. )ive the methods of determining the thermal conductivity of good and "ad conductors. The methods used for determining the thermal conductivity of good and "ad conductors are+ ,earle?s method N good conductor 2or"e?s method N for determing a"solute conductivity of metals Jee?s disc method N for "ad conductors Radial flow method N for "ad conductors. (=. what is the principle employed in searle?s method& Amount of heat conducted "etween the two points in a rod per second is calculated.This heat is o"served "y the water flowing through the tu"es per second under steady state conduction,the amount of heat flowing through any section of the rod per seconds is e/ual to the amount of heat gained "y the water per second. ;eat conducted "y the section of the rod8 ;eat gained "y the water (1. why the specimen used to determine thermal conductivity of a "ad conductor should have a larger area and smaller thic5ness& 2or a "ad conductor with a smaller thic5ness and larger area of cross section,the amount of heat conducted will "e more. (#. what is meant "y thermal resistance& The thermal resistance of a "ody is a measure of its opposition to the flow of heat through it. (ie) every"ody posses some resistive power when it is su"Sected to heat. This resistive power is termed as thermal resistance.

PART B QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. Derive a differential e/uation to descri"e the heat conduction along a uniform "ar. ;ence o"tain the steady state solution of it.

Rectilinear flow of heat 0efore steady state is reached after steady state is reached infinite length after steady state is reached finite length

!( %ar5s !( %ar5s !( %ar5s !( %ar5s

#. O"tain an e'pression for the /uantity of heat conducted radially out of a hollow cylinder. Esing this, e'plain how the thermal conductivity of ru""er can "e determined. Radial flow of heat ! #%ar5s ;ollow cylinder !( %ar5s Thermal conductivity of ru""er !1= %ar5s . Derive the e/uation for heat conduction along a "ar and solve it for steady state condition. Rectilinear flow of heat 0efore steady state is reached after steady state is reached infinite length after steady state is reached finite length !( %ar5s !( %ar5s !( %ar5s !( %ar5s

(. Discuss with necessary theory the method of determining the thermal conductivity in the form of a tu"e. Description $or5ing Ender steady state ! %ar5s ! 4%ar5s ! 3%ar5s

-. Derive an e'pression for thermal conductivity of the material of a thic5 pipe through which a hot li/uid is flowing. 7rinciple ! #%ar5s :onstruction! (%ar5s wor5ing! -%ar5s

derivation! -%ar5s 3. Derive the e/uation for one dimensional flow heat and solve it under steady state condition. Rectilinear flow of heat %ar5s 0efore steady state is reached i)7art of the heat is used to raise the temperature of the rod %ar5s ii)Rest of the heat is radiated from the surface of the rod %ar5s after steady state is reached infinite length %ar5s after steady state is reached finite length(l)(covered with insulating materials) %ar5s !# !# !( !(

!(

4. Derive an e'pression for the /uantity of heat flow through a metal sla" whose faces are 5ept at two different temperatures. Ese this e'pression to determine the thermal conductivity of a "ad conductor "y Jee?s disc method. 7rinciple !# %ar5s Description !# %ar5s wor5ing!( %ar5s :alculation!( %ar5s Rate of cooling !3 %ar5s

9. Derive an e'pression for the radial flow of heat through a cylindrical tu"e. Radial flow of heat ! #%ar5s ;ollow cylinder !( %ar5s Thermal conductivity of ru""er Description !# %ar5s $or5ing !( %ar5s

:alculation

!( %ar5s

<. Descri"e with necessary theory, the method to determine the young?s modulus of the material of a rectangular "ar "y uniform "ending. Theory ,tatistical method !9%ar5s !(%ar5s

)raphical(or) dynamical method !( %ar5s 1=. $hat is cantilever& O"tain an e'pression for the depression at the loaded end of a cantilever whose other end is fi'ed assuming that its own weight is not effective in "ending. :antilever+ A cantilever is a "eam fi'ed horiGontally at one end and loaded at the other end ! # %ar5s Depression theory N 1= %ar5s ,pecial cases+ (i) Rectangular cross section N # %ar5s (ii) :ircular cross section N #%ar5s 11. Descri"e an e'periment to determine the young?s modulus of a "eam using "ending of "eams. 7rinciple !# %ar5s Theory !# %ar5s *'pression!( %ar5s ,tatistical method!( %ar5s )raphical method!( %ar5s 1#. Derive an e'pression for the internal "ending moment of a "eam in terms of radius of curvature. 7rinciple !# %ar5s Theory !# %ar5s *'pression!( %ar5s

,tatistical method!( %ar5s )raphical method!( %ar5s 1 . A circular and a s/uare cantilever are made of same material and have e/ual area of cross N section and length. 2ind the ratio of their depressions for a given load. :antilever+ A cantilever is a "eam fi'ed horiGontally at one end and loaded at the other end ! # %ar5s Depression theory N 1= %ar5s ,pecial cases+ (i) Rectangular cross section N # %ar5s (ii) :ircular cross section N #%ar5s 1(. (i) :lassify different types of elastic modulus and e'plain it. (ii) $rite a short note on 6 N shaped girders. (i) Types of elastic modulus+ Toungs modulus, 0ul5 modulus, Rigidity modulus N # %ar5s *'planation N 3 %ar5s (ii) 6!shaped girders Definition N # %ar5s *'planation N ( %ar5s Application!# %ar5s 1-. (i)$rite a short notes on stress strain diagram. (ii)*'plain the factors affecting the elasticity. ,tress strain diagram *'planation!9 %ar5s 2actors affecting the elasticity!9 %ar5s 13. (i);ow will you classify three types of elastic modulii& *'plain. (ii)Define ;oo5e?s Jaw, 7oisson?s ratio, *lastic limit and Tield point. Types of elastic modulus+ Toungs modulus, 0ul5 modulus, Rigidity modulus N # %ar5s

*'planation N 3 %ar5s ;oo5e?s Jaw, !# %ar5s 7oisson?s ratio, !# %ar5s *lastic limit and !# %ar5s Tield point!# %ar5s 14. (i) Derive the relation "etween three modulii. (ii) $rite a short note on 6 N shaped girders (i) (ii) The relation "etween three modulii! ( %ar5s 6!shaped girders Definition N %ar5s

*'planation N - %ar5s Application!( %ar5s 19. $hat is meant "y radial flow method. Descri"e any one of the method to find the thermal conductivity of a "ad conductor. Radial flow of heat ! #%ar5s ;ollow cylinder !( %ar5s Thermal conductivity of ru""er Description !# %ar5s $or5ing :alculation !( %ar5s !( %ar5s

1<. ;ow will you determine the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor e'perimentally& 7rinciple !# %ar5s Description !# %ar5s wor5ing!( %ar5s :alculation!( %ar5s Rate of cooling!3 %ar5s

UNIT III QUANTUM PHYSICS

PART A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. *'plain 7lanc5?s hypothesis (or) what are the postulates of 7lanc5?s /uantum theory& (%ay #==()
The "lac5 "ody radiation cham"er is filled up not only with radiations "ut also with large num"er of oscillating particles. The particles can vi"rate in all possi"le fre/uencies. The fre/uency of radiations emitted "y an oscillator is the same as that of the fre/uency of the vi"rating particles. The oscillatory particles cannot emit energy continuously. They will radiate energy only in the form of a discrete pac5et of energy, i.e., a small unit called /uantum or photon. The vi"rating particles can radiate energy when the oscillators move from one state to another. The radiation of energy is not continuous, "ut discrete in nature. The values of the energy of the oscillators are li5e =, h,#h, h, X..n h.

#. $hat is meant "y "lac5 "ody and "lac5 "ody radiation&

(%ay #== )

A perfect "lac5 "ody is one which a"sor"s radiation of all wavelengths incident on it. 2urther, such a "ody cannot transmit or reflect any radiation and therefore it appears "lac5. A "lac5 "ody can radiate energy in all possi"le wavelengths when it is heated to a suita"le temperature. The radiation emitted from "lac5 "ody is 5nown as "lac5 "ody radiation or total radiation.

. ,tate :ompton *ffect. (or) )ive a "rief account on :ompton *ffect. (Yune #==3, %ay #==4)
$hen a monochromatic "eam of R!rays having wavelength O? is allowed to fall on a "lac5 of paraffin or car"on, the "eam is scattered into two components. One of the components has a wavelength e/ual to the incident wavelength and the other has a higher wavelength compared to the incident wavelength. This phenomenon in which there is change in wavelength of the scattered R!rays is called :ompton shift and the effect is 5nown as :ompton *ffect.

(. $hat is :ompton wavelength& )ive its value. (April #== , Yan #==<, Yan #=1=)
6. :ompton e'periment, scattered "eam consists of R!rays of two components, one with a wavelength e/ual to the incident wavelength and the other has a higher wavelength compared to the incident wavelength. The :ompton shift or :ompton wavelength d8?!8 $hen the scattering angle 8=Z, d8= $hen the scattering angle 8<=Z, d8 8 =.=#(#4 [ (1!cos).

$hen the scattering angle 8 19=Z, d8

8 =.=(9-([

-. $hat is the physical signification of a wave function& (Dec #==#, .ov #== , %ay #==(, Yan #==3, %ay #==9, Yan #==<, Yan #=1=)
6ts relates the particles and wave nature of mater elastically. 6t provides the information a"out the particle "ehavior. 6t is the comple' /uantity and hence we cannot measure it. The s/uare of the wave function is a measure of the pro"a"ility of finding the particle at a particular position. 6t cannot predict the e'act location of the particle. o The wave function is a comple' /uantity, where as the pro"a"ility is a real and positive /uantity. Therefore, position pro"a"ility density 7(r,t) is defined as the product of the wave function and its conSugate as, 7(r.t)8\ (r,t)\Q (r,t)8]\(r,t) ]# o The pro"a"ility of finding the particle within a volume of d is o o o o

78

d, where d8 d'dydG.

o 6f the particle is definitely present, then its pro"a"ility value is one.

i.e., 78

d 8 1.

o 6f the pro"a"ility density (7) 8= then the chance to find the partied within the volume is Gero. o The wave function has no physical meaning, where as the pro"a"ility density has a definite physical meaning.

3. $hat is meant "y photon& )ive its properties. (Yan #==9)

The discrete energy values in the form of small pac5ets or /uantas of definite fre/uency or wavelength are called photons. 7hotons propagate li5e a particle with speed of light as R 1=9 ms!1 7roperties o 7hotons will not have any charge. They are neutral and hence they are not affected "y magnetic and electric field. o They do not ioniGe gases o The energy of one photons is given "y *8h, which varies with respect to the type of radiation fre/uencies.
o

%ass of the photons is given "y m8 given "y 78hM

and momentum of the photon is

4. $hat is the wave function&

A varia"le /uantity which characteriGes de!0roglie waves is 5nown as wave function and is denoted "y the sym"ol \. The value of the wave function associated with a moving particle at point (',y,G) and time Ot? gives the pro"a"ility of finding the particle at that time and at that point.

9. $hat is ,chrodinger wave e/uation&

,chrodinger wave e/uation is a mathematical e/uation descri"es the dual nature of matter waves. ,chrodinger e/uation is one of the "asic /uantum mechanical e/uations. This e/uation is used to descri"e "oth macroscopic as well as microscopic particles.

<. ,tate the principle of *lectron microscope. (Yan #==<)

A stream of electrons can "e focused "y a suita"le electric and magnetic fields and passed through the o"Sect. These electrons carry the information a"out the o"Sect.

1=. $hat is meant "y degenerate and non! degenerate state& )ive e'amples. 1. Degeneracy
Different wave functions with three different /uantum num"ers may "e have same energy value. $e have same energy *igen value "ut different *igen functions. ,uch states and energy levels are called degenerate state. *'amples+ The different states having 1uantum num"ers (1,1,#), (1,#,1), and (#,1,1) have the same energy.

#. .on!degeneracy
6f only one *igen function corresponding to certain energy, the state and the energy level are said to "e non!degenerate state. *'amples+ The /uantum num"ers (1,1,1) has the energy no other state has this energy.

11. Differentiate "etween optical microscope and electron microscope.

,..o Optical microscope 1. ;ere, the source is an incandescent lamp. #. 6ts principle is "ased on a"sorption of light. . 6t is made up of lens systems. (. .o need of vacuum. -. Resolving power is =.====# cm. 3. Resolution is poor. 4. %agnification is #=== times as that of the siGe of the o"Sect. 9. 6t is low cost. <. :ompact in siGe. *lectron microscope ;ere, the source is an electron gun. 6ts principle is "ased on transmission or diffraction of electrons. 6t is made up of electromagnetic lens. ;igh vacuum is needed. Resolving power is 1[. Resolution is good. %agnification is more than 1=- times as that of the siGe of the o"Sect. :ost is high. ,iGe is larger. Transmission *lectron %icroscope The transmitted or diffracted electrons are mainly used for image formation. %agnification is 1=3 times greater than that of

1#. :ompare ,*% and T*%.

(Yan #==<)

,..o. ,canning *lectron %icroscope 1. ,econdary electrons mainly used for image formation. #. %agnification is , ==,=== times

. (. -. 3. 4.

greater than that of the siGe of the o"Sect. The resolution is a"out 1= to #= nm. 6t gives !dimensional image. ,ample preparation is comparatively easy. 6t is used for the specimen with larger thic5ness. 6t is suita"le for "iological samples.

the siGe of the o"Sect. The resolution is a"out =.# nm. 6t gives #!dimensional image. ,ample preparation is difficult. 6t is not suita"le for thic5 sample. 6t is not suita"le for "iological samples.

1 . Distinguish "etween T*% and ,T*%.

,..o. T*% 1. 6t provides a two dimensional image of the samples. #. %agnification is 1=3 times. . The resolution is a"out =.# nm. (. 6t is not suita"le for "iological samples.

((Yan #=1=)
,T*% 6t provides a three dimensional image of the samples. %agnification is more than 1=3 times. The resolution is a"out =.1 nm. 6t is suita"le for all 5inds of samples including "iological samples.

1(. $hat is the principle of T*%& (OR) *'plain the principle of transmission electron microscope. (%ay #==9, Yune #==<)
$hen the high energy accelerated electrons are focused on a sample, they can pass through the sample and image is formed in the screen either "y transmitted "eam or diffracted "eams. This gives the three dimensional image of the sample.

1-. )ive the special features of /uantum theory of radiation. (Yan #==<)
1. $e can deduce ,tefan N 0oltGmann?s law, $ien?s displacement law and Rayleigh N Yean?s law from /uantum theory of radiation. #. $ien?s displacement law holds good only for shorter wavelength and Rayleigh N Yean?s law holds good for longer wavelength. 0ut 7lanc5?s /uantum theory of radiation holds good for longer and shorter wavelengths. . According to /uantum theory of radiation, we 5now that the e'change of energy values "etween the light radiation and particles have discrete energy values 5nown as photons.

13. $rite down the ,chrodinger time independent and dependent wave e/uations. (Apr 1<<()
(i) ,chrodinger time independent e/uation, #\K (*!^) \ 8=

(ii) ,chrodinger time dependent e/uation, ;\8*\ $here, is the Japlacian operator

* is the energy operator ; is the ;amiltonian operator.

14. Define $ien?s displacement law and write its limitation. ((Yan #=1=)
According to $ien?s displacement law in the energy spectrum of a "lac5 "ody, the product of the wavelength corresponding to ma'imum energy and a"solute temperature is a constant. m T 8 constant Jimitation+ 6t is applica"le for short wavelength only.

19. ,tate Rayleigh N Yean?s law. $hat are its limitations&

((Yan #=1=)

According to Rayleigh N Yean?s law, the energy distri"ution in the "loc5 "ody spectrum is given "y. *89_50TM( $here, 5 is 0oltGmann constant. The energy distri"ution is directly proportional to the a"solute temperature and is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. Jimitation+ 6t is applica"le for longer wavelength only.

1<. $rite the principle of T*%.

(%ay #==9)

$hen the high energy accelerated electrons are focused on a sample, they can pass through the sample and image is formed in the screen either "y transmitted "eam of diffracted "eam. 6t gives the three!dimensional image of the sample.

#=. $hat is "lac5 "ody and what are its characteristics& (%ay #==9)
A perfect "lac5 "ody is the one which a"sor"s radiation of all wavelength incident on it and also emit all wavelength of radiation. :haracteristics 1. 7ractically, there is no perfect "lac5 "ody #. $e can artificially paint the "lac5 colour over the surface to ma5e "lac5 "ody . 6t is a perfect a"sor"er and radiator (. Radiation emitted from "lac5 "ody is 5nown as "lac5 "ody radiation.

#1. $rite an e'pression for the wavelength of matter waves.(or) $hat is de!0roglie wave e/uation& (%ay #==3)
de!0roglie wavelength ()8 where,

h!is the 7lanc5?s constant. m!is the mass of the particle. v!is the velocity of the particle. p!is the momentum of the particle.

##. ,tate the properties of the matter waves.

(.ov #==#)

1. The wavelength associated with matter wave get shorter when the mass of the particles "ecomes larger. #. %atter waves are electromagnetic waves. . The function of matter wave is to guide the matter particles` hence it is called as pilot wave. (. These waves can travel faster than the velocity of light -. The velocity of matter wave is not a constant. 3. The phase velocity of matter wave is inversely proportional to its wavelength.

# . *'plain the signification of de!0roglie e/uation&

#. 6t gives the matter wave wavelength 8

(April 1<<4)

1. de!0roglie e/uation connects the particle and its associated waves.

#(. An electron at rest is accelerated through a potential of -===^. :alculate the de!0roglie wavelength of matter wave associated with it. (April #== ) 8hM( )

83.3#- R 1=! (M( # R <.1 R 1=! 1 R 1.3=# R 1= !1< R -== 8=.14 - R 1= !1=

#-. 2ind the change in wavelength of an R!ray photon when it is scattered through an angle of 1 -Z "y a free electron. (%ay #==4)

83.3#- R 1=! (M(<.1 R 1=! 1 R 8 =.=(1(3 R 1=!1= m

R 1= 9)(1!cos1 -Z)

#3. :alculate the de!0roglie wavelength of an electron which can "een accelerated through a potential of (==^ 8hM( )

83.3#- R 1=! (M( # R <.1 R 1=! 1 R 1.3=# R 1= !1< R (== 8=.31 - R 1= !1=m

#4. The wavelength of ' ray photon is dou"led when it is scattered through an angle of <=Z "y a target material.find the incident wavelength. 2ormula+

#?!8 8 )

83.3#- R 1=! (M(<.1 R 1=! 1 R R 1= 9(1!cos<=Z) 8=.=#(#( R 1=!1= m #9. 6n :ompton scattering, the incident photon have wavelength of 1=!1=m. :alculate the

wavelength of scattered radiation if they are viewed at an angle of 3=Z to the direction of incidence. (Yan #=1=)

8 .=1#1 R1=!1= m

#<. :alculate the */uivalent wavelength of electron moving with a velocity of

1=4ms!1 .

(Yan #=1=) =. ,tate 5irchoff?s law of radiation& The ratio of emissive power to the coefficient of a"sorption of any given wavelength is same for all "odies at given temperature and is e/ual to the emmisive power of the "lac5"ody at that temperature. 6e., eMa 8 *

1.2or a free particle moving within a one dimensional potential "o',the ground state energy cannot "e Gero,why& 2or a free particle moving within a one dimensional potential "o',when n8= the wave function is Gero for all values of '.it is Gero even within the potential "o' this

means the particle is not present in the "o'.therefore the state within n8= is not allowed. #.*'plain the variation of :ompton shift with respect to the scattering angle. The :ompton shift in wavelength increases with increase of scattering angle
:ompton wavelength d8?!8 (1!cos).

$hen the scattering angle 8=Z, d8= $hen the scattering angle 8<=Z, d8 $hen the scattering angle 8 19=Z, d8 8 =.=#(#4 [ 8 =.=(9-([

.what do you understand "y the term wave function. A varia"le /uantity which characteriGes de!0roglie waves is 5nown as wave function and is denoted "y the sym"ol \. The value of the wave function associated with a moving particle at point (',y,G) and time Ot? gives the pro"a"ility of finding the particle at that time and at that point. since \ is a comple' /uantity it has no meaning and hence the pro"a"ility function ]\ ]# 8\Q \ is found,which is real and positive and has physical meaning ,which is a measura"le /uantity too. (. Define magnifying power. The magnifying power(%) of a microscope is defined as the ratio "etween the angle su"tended "y the final image(B) at the eye to the angle su"stended "y the o"Sect (A)at the eye 5ept at the near point %8 angle su"tended "y the final image at the eye angle su"stended "y the o"Sect at the eye 5ept at the near point %8 B A -. Define resolving power of microscope. 6t is the a"ility of an optical instrument to form a distinct and sepera"le image of two point o"Sect which are close to each other.if d is the least distant "etween two point o"Sect then resolving power is 81Md8#.AM= $here = is wavelength of height F .A is numerical aperature. 3.Jistout the advantages and disadvantages of ,*%. AD^A.TA)*,+ 1.it can "e used to e'amine the specimen of large thic5ness. #.it has large depth of focus. .6t can "e used to get !d image

(.the magnification upto ===== time greater than the o"Sect D6,AD^A.TA)*,+ 1.The resolution of the image is 1= to #= nm 4. %ention the application of ,*%. 1.6 t is used to e'amine the structure of specimen in !d view #. 6s microscope has also has wide range of applications li5e "iology,industrial,engineering etc 9. Jistout the advantages and disadvantages of T*%. AD^A.TA)*,+ 1.6t can "e used to e'amine the specimen of siGe upto =.# nm #.T magnification is 1====== time greater than the siGe of o"Sect .6t has high resolution (.The resolving power is 1 [ to #[ D6,AD^A.TA)*,+ 1.The specimen should "e very thin #.6t is not suita"le for thic5 sample .There are chances for the structural change, during sample preparation. (.The !D image cannot "e o"tained <.%ention the application of electron microscope. 1.6t has a very wide area of applications in the field of "iology, metallurgy, physics, chemistry, medicine and engineering. #.6t is used to determine the complicated structures of crystals. .6t is used in the study of celluloids. (.6t is used t study the structure of micro organisms such as virus, "acteria etc. (=.Define .ormalisation process and write down the normaliGed wave function for an electron in a one dimensional potential well of length Oa? metres. .ormalisation is the process "y which the pro"a"ility of finding a particle inside any potential well can "e done. 2or a one dimensional potential well of length?a? metre the normaliGed wave function is given "y

\n

PART B QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. (i).$rite a note on "lac5 "ody radiation. (ii).Derive 7lanc5?s law of radiation (Yan #=1=)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 0lac5 "ody radiation N 3%ar5s 7lanc5?s law of radiation N 1=%ar5s

#. Derive ,chrodinger time dependent and time independent e/uation.(Yan #==<)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ ,chrodinger time dependent e/uation ,chrodinger time independent e/uation N 1=%ar5s N 3%ar5s

.(i).$hat is :ompton effect&

(ii).)ive the theory of :ompton *ffect and show that the :ompton shifts d8 (1!cos) (Yan #==-)
N #%ar5s N (%ar5s N 1=%ar5s

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :ompton *ffect Theory of :ompton *ffect :ompton shift d8 (1!cos)

(. (i).*'plain 7lanc5?s hypothesis.

(ii).,tate and derive 7lanc5?s law of radiation. (Yan #==<)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7lanc5?s hypothesis N (%ar5s 7lanc5?s law of radiation N 1#%ar5s -. *'plain the application of ,chrodinger wave e/uation to a one dimensional potential

well. Outline the characteristics of the wave function. (Dec #==(, %ay #==9)
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Application of ,chrodinger wave e/uation to a one dimensional potential N 1#%ar5s :haracteristics of the wave function N (%ar5s 3. Derive energy for energy distri"ution "ased on the concept of /uantum theory of "lac5

"ody radiation. 2rom that, derive $ien?s displacement law and Rayleigh!Yeans law. (Yan #==<)
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Theory of "lac5 "ody radiation N 1= %ar5s $ien?s displacement law N %ar5s Rayleigh!Yeans law N %ar5s 4. (i).Derive ,chrodinger?s time independent wave e/uation for a particle trapped in a one

dimensional potential well of infinite depth and o"tain the eigen value and eigen function. (ii).*'plain with a neat diagram the wor5ing of scanning electron microscope.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diagram F *'planation N # %ar5s

0oundary condition N # %ar5s *igen value N # %ar5s *igen function N # %ar5s Diagram N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 9. $hat is the principle of an electron microscope& $rite the construction and wor5ing

with its application. (Yan #==<)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :onstruction N - %ar5s $or5ing N - %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Application N ( %ar5s <. *'plain the construction and wor5ing of scanning electron microscope with neat

diagram. (Yan #=1=)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diagram F :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N ( %ar5s Application N # %ar5s 1=. $rite the principle, construction and wor5ing of T*% with its application. (Yan #==<) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N ( %ar5s Application N # %ar5s 11. (i). ,olve the ,chrodinger wave e/uation for the particle in a one dimensional "o'.

(ii).:ompare ,*% and T*%

(Yan #==<)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ ,chrodinger wave e/uation N 1#%ar5s ,*% and T*% N (%ar5s 1#.(i).Deduce ,chrodinger?s time dependent and time independent e/uation.

(ii).Descri"e the construction and wor5ing of transmission electron microscope. (Yan #=1=)
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ ,chrodinger time dependent e/uation ,chrodinger time independent e/uation :onstruction $or5ing N (%ar5s N(%ar5s N %ar5s N %ar5s

7rinciple

N # %ar5s

UNIT IV ULTRASONICS
PART A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. .ame the methods "y which ultrasonic waves are produced. (%ay #==()
%echanical generators and electrical generators. %echanical generators are classified into gas driven and li/uid driven. *lectrical generators are classified into magnetostriction generator and pieGo!electric generator.

#. Are the ultrasonic waves are electromagnetic waves& )ive proper reasons to your answer. (Yan 1<<4)
.o. Eltrasonic waves are not electromagnetic waves. Eltrasonic waves are high fre/uency sound waves. There is no electric and magnetic vectors in Eltrasonic waves as in electromagnetic waves. . %ention the properties of Eltrasonic waves. (Yan 1<<9, Dec. =(, %ay =9, Yan =<, Yan 1=) 1. The fre/uency of ultrasonic waves is greater than #= 5;G. #. They are highly energetic. . They travel through longer distances. (. They are reflected, refracted and a"sor"ed similar to ordinary sound waves. -. $hen ultrasonic waves are passed through li/uid, it produces stationary wave pattern and ma5es the li/uid to "ehave as an acoustical grating element. 3. 6t produces heating effect. 4. The velocity of Eltrasonic waves depends on the temperature of the medium through which waves propagate&

9. Eltrasonic waves produce negligi"le diffraction. ,o they can transmitted over a long distances without apprecia"le loss of energy. <. The speed of Eltrasonic waves depends on fre/uency, it increases with increase of fre/uency. 1=. They have high penetration depth in solids and li/uids. (. $hat is magnetostriction effect& (Yan =3, %ay =4, Yan =9) $hen an alternating field is applied to a rod of ferromagnetic material such as .ic5el, :o"alt, 6ron etc., or Alloys of it, then the rod is thrown into longitudinal vi"rations , there"y producing Eltrasonic waves at resonance. This effect is 5nown as magnetostriction effect.

-. $hat are the main differences "etween 7ieGo!electric and magnetostriction method& (Yan <4)
,..O. 1. #. . (. 76*>O!*J*:TR6: %*T;OD 6t can produce ultrasonic waves of fre/uency as high as -== %;G A constant fre/uency can "e o"tained. 6t has narrow pea5 of resonance. 2re/uency is independent of temperature. %A).*TO,TR6:T6O. %*T;OD 6t can produce ultrasonic waves of fre/uency a"out %;G only. A constant fre/uency cannot "e o"tained. 6t has "road pea5 of resonance. 2re/uency is dependent of temperature.

3. $hat is 7ieGo!electric effect&

(%ay =(, %ay =4, Yan 1=)

$hen pressure or mechanical force is applied along mechanical a'is with respect to optic a'is of the crystals li5e /uartG, tourmaline, Rochelle salts etc., then e/ual and opposite charges are produced in electrical a'is with respect to optic a'is of the crystal. This effect is called pieGo! electric effect.

4. $hat is inverse pieGo!electric effect&

(Yan =3, Yan 1=)

$hen potential difference or e.m.f is applied along electrical a'is with respect to optic a'is of the pieGo!electric crystals then the crystal starts vi"rating along mechanical a'is with respect to optic a'is of the crystals. This effect is called inverse pieGo!electric effect.

9. $hat is the principle of ,O.AR& (Or) ;ow can the ,O.AR "e used to find the depth of sea& (Yan =<)
,O.AR is "ased on the echo!sounding of ultrasonic waves. $hen ultrasonic waves is passed towards the proSect in the water, it is reflected and from an echo signal. 0y measuring the time difference "etween the transmitted and echo signals, the distance of the o"Sect can "e calculated. The fre/uency of the echo signal is changed due to Doppler effect. This change is fre/uency is used to locate the o"Sect and to determine the velocity and its direction.

<. $hy not ultrasonic "e produced "y passing high fre/uency alternating current through a loud spea5er& (.ov =#)

1. $hen high fre/uency alternating current is passing through a loud spea5er, inductance of the spea5er coil "ecomes so high and hence no current passing through it. #. Joud spea5er coil cannot vi"rate at high fre/uency. Therefore` ultrasonic waves cannot "e produced "y passing high fre/uency alternating current through a loud spea5er.

1=. $hat is an acoustic grating& (Or) ;ow is acoustic grating formed& (Yan =<)
$hen ultrasonic waves travel through a transparent li/uid, due to alternating compression and rarefaction, longitudinal stationary waves are formed in a li/uid. 6f monochromatic light grating. ,uch a grating is 5nown as acoustic grating.

11. $hat is meant "y .DT&

(Yan =9)

.on!destructive testing (.DT) is the method of testing the material without any damaging and destroying. 6t is used to e'amine the material and to detect the flaws, defects and other irregularities present in the material without damaging it. 6t is a /uality assurance managing tool, and it gives a good result, safety and relia"ility.

1#. $hat are the applications of ,O.AR&

1. 6t is used to locate the shipwrec5s and su"!marines on the "ottom of the sea. #. 6t is used for fish!finding application and the detection of fish shoals. . 6t is useful for all merchant and military ship. (. 6t is used for seismic (earth /ua5e) survey. -. 6t is used to find the depth of the sea and, the depth of the roc5s in the sea.

1 . ;ow are sound waves classified&

,ound waves are classified into three categories "ased on fre/uency as follows+ 1. 6nfrasonic ("elow #=;G) #. Audi"le sound ("etween #= ;G to #= 5;G) . Eltrasonic (a"ove #= 5;G)

1(. $hat is sonogram& %ention its application.

,onogram is an instrument used to monitor and visualiGe the image of the interior parts of the "ody using high fre/uency sound waves. 6t provides high resolution, high accuracy, and high contrast ultrasonic images using digital image processing unit. Application+ 1. To monitor the interior parts of the "ody more accurately. #. 6t is used to confirm pregnancies and to indicate delivery dates more accurately. . To monitor the health and development of fetus

1-. Define :avitations& %ention its use. (Or) $rite a note on cavitations& (Yan =<, Yan 1=)
$hen the ultrasonic waves propagate through li/uid media, they induce alternative regions of rarefaction and compression. A negative local pressure at the rarefaction cause local "oiling of the li/uid accompanied "y the "u""le growth and collapse. This phenomenon is 5nown as cavitations. Application+ 1. 6t is used to accelerate the chemical reactions.

#. 6t is used for ultrasonic cleaning and emulsification. . 6t is used to locate the minerals and oil deposits.

13. )ive some of the important industrial applications of ultrasonic& (%ay =9)
1. Eltrasonic drilling. #. Eltrasonic welding. . Eltrasonic soldering. (. Eltrasonic flaw detection. -. Eltrasonic thic5ness determination. 3. Eltrasonic cleaning.

14. $hat are the advantages of ultrasonic cleaning&

(Dec #==1, %ay #==9)

1. A"le to clean delicate parts without damage. #. A"le to clean small apertures, "lind holes and crevices. . A"le to clean sensitive parts (wiring, plastics)with relatively mild chemistries. (. Does not re/uire line!of!sight for effective cleaning. -. :leaning speed is high and low cost. 3. *nvironmentally pollution free and highly safe.

19. %ention any two medical application of ultrasonic. (or) %ention any four uses of ultrasound in clinical medicine. 9(Yan #=1=)
1. 6t is used to detect tumours in human "ody. #. Eltrasonic are used to find velocity of "lood flow and the movement of heart in the human "ody. . 6t is used for "loodless "rain surgery and painless e'traction of teeth. (. 6t is used to measure the internal dimensions of the eye.

1<. Differentiate destructive and non!destructive testing method.

,..o 1 # Destructive testing
6t is applied to only a small siGed sample. ,amples are damaged during testing. Only single test can "e done on one sample.

(Yan #==9)

.on!Destructive testing
This is applied to large siGed samples also i.e., directly on production times. There is no damaged to the sample during testing. %any num"ers of tests can "e done on the same sample. .o need of ,ample preparation. 6t can "e used when any part is in service. 6t has low time consumption Ja"our cost is low

( 3 4

,ample preparation is re/uired. 6t is not used even a single part is in service. 6t has high time consumption Ja"our cost is very high

#=. .ame any four methods of detection of ultrasonic waves. (%ay #==9)
1. Thermal method #. 7ieGo!electric method

. Vundt?s tu"e method (. ,ensitive flame method -. Acoustical method

#1. $hat are the merits of 7ieGo!electric oscillator&

(Yan #==()

1. 6t is more efficient then magnetostriction oscillator #. Eltrasonic fre/uencies as high as -'1=9 or -== %;G can "e o"tained "y this oscillator. . The output of the oscillator is very high. (. 6t is not affected "y temperature and humidity.

##. $hat are the demerits of 7ieGo!electric oscillator&

1. 7ieGo!electric crystals are very e'pensive. #. :utting and shaping are not easy.

(Yan #==-)

# . ;ow are ultrasonic waves detected "y thermal method&

(Yan #=1=)

During the ultrasonic wave propagation in a medium, alternate compression and rarefactions are generated. At any point in the medium temperature increases during compression and decreases during rarefraction.6f platinum wire is introduced in the path, the resistance of the wire changes alternatively during the propagation of ultrasonic waves. The change in the resistance of the platinum wire can "e detected using a sensitive "ridge arrangement. ,uch a method is 5nown as thermal detection method of ultrasonic waves.

#(. $hat are types of ultrasonic imaging systems&

The three of ultrasonic imaging systems are as follows+ 1. A!scan (or) Amplitude modulated scan. #. 0!scan (or) 0rightness modulated scan . :!scan (or) T! % scans.

(%ay #==-)

#-. $hat are the disadvantages of magnetostriction oscillator& (Or) $hy ultrasonic fre/uencies greater than %;G cannot "e produced "y magnetostriction method& (Yan #=1=)
6t can produce fre/uencies up to %;G only "ecause+ 1. 6t cannot withstand at high temperatures, since the fre/uency of oscillation depends greatly on temperature. #. Joss of energy may occur due to hysteresis and eddy current during the oscillations. . The fre/uency is inversely proportional to the length of the rod. The fre/uency can "e increased only "y decreasing the length of the rod to a greater e'tent, which is practically impossi"le.

#3. :an we use the copper rod in %agnetostriction generator& $hy&

.o. :opper rod cannot "e used to produce ultrasonic waves in magnetostriction generator, "ecause it is not a ferromagnetic material.

#4. $hy are ultrasonic waves not audi"le to humans&

The audi"le range of fre/uencies for human "eings is "etween #=;G to #=,===;G. ,ince the fre/uency of ultrasonic waves is having a"ove #=,===;G, it is not audi"le to humans.

#9. $hat is ,onogram&

,onogram is a techni/ue which is used to record the sounds produced due to the pumping action of the heart using ultrasonic?s. 6t also provides the information on heart ratio, rhythmicity, "lood pumping, valve action, etc. #9. $hat are the factors affecting the acoustic /uality of a "uilding. Rever"eration time 2ocusing and interference *choes and echolen effect Resonance *'traneous noise #<. 6f the rever"eration time is lower than the critical value, how will it affect the acoustical /uality of a "uilding. $hen the rever"eration time is lower than the critical value, sound "ecomes inaudi"le "y the o"server and the sound is said to "e dead and if the rever"eration time is too large, echoes are produced. Therefore, the rever"eration time should have some optimum value. =. Define rever"eration time of an auditorium. The persistence of audi"le sound, even after the source has stopped to emit the sound is called rever"eration. The time during which the sound persists in the hall is called as rever"eration time. 1. Define a"sorption coefficient of a material. The a"sorption coefficient of a material is defined as the ratio of the sound energy a"sor"ed "y the surface to that of the total sound energy incident on the surface. A"sorption coefficient (a) 8 The a"sorption coefficient can also "e defined as the rate of sound energy a"sor"ed "y a certain area of the surface to that of an open window of same area. #. $rite a note on noise pollution. .oise pollution is one of the maSor factor which occurs in our day to day life. The noises produced in a particular area creates harmful effects to the human "eings. 6t produces mental fatigue and irritation. 6t diverts our concentration on wor5 hence reduces the efficiency of the wor5. 6t sometimes affects the nervous system and lowers the restorative /uality of sleep. ,ome strong noises lead to damage the ear drum and ma5es the wor5er hearing impaired. ;ence noise pollution should "e reduced. . $hat is loudness& )ive the relation "etween loudness and intensity of sound. (or) state $e"er N 2echner law. Joudness of sound is defined as the degree of sensation produced on the ear. This cannot "e measured directly. ,o that it is measured in terms of intensity. Joudness is proportional to the logarithmic value of intensity. J log 6

J 8 V log 6 This is also 5nown as $e"er N 2echner?s law. (. Define sound intensity level and write its unit. 6ntensity level (6J) is e/ual to the difference in loudness, which is given "y 6J 8 J1 ! J= 8 V log1= 61 N log1=6= $hereas J1 is the loudness of any sound intensity 61 and J= is the loudness corresponding to the standard reference intensity 6= 6J 8 V log1=

. Enit for intensity level is "el.

-. %ention any four sound a"sor"ing materials. $ooden floor )lass :arpets 2elt, etc. 3. $e hear sound from a vi"rating "lade. 6f that sound is to "e made louder, what should "e done& The sound from a vi"rating "lade can "e made louder "y the following ways, The siGe of the "lade can "e increased. A resonant "ody should "e 5ept near the vi"rating "lade. 0y removing the sound a"sor"ing material near"y the "lade. 4. $hat is meant "y /uality of sound& The /uality of sound is that characteristic which ena"les us to distinguish "etween two notes of the same pitch and loudness produced "y two different voices. The loudness and pitch tell us whether it is a voice from a man or a woman. The /uality will help us to recogniGe the particular person who is producing the sound without seeing him. 9. )ive the relation "etween loudness and intensity. s.no Joudness 6ntensity 1. 6t is degree of sensation produced 6t is the energy of sound wave crossing in the ear per unit time at right angle to the direction of propagation #. 6t is a physiological /uantity 6t is purely physical /uantity . 6t is difficult to measure 6t can "e easy to measure <. $hat are the units of loudness& Define loudness. Deci"el+ 6t is the smallest unit compared to "el. 6t is the standard unit to measure the loudness. One deci"el is e/ual to one tenth of "el. 7hone+ The measure of loudness in phon of any sound is e/ual to the loudness in deci"els of an e/ually loud pure tone of fre/uency 1=== ;G

,one+ The measure of loudness in sone of any sound is e/ual to the loudness of that particular sound, having a loudness of (= phons (=. ,tate that sa"ine?s law 6t state that the rever"eration time is the time ta5en "y the sound to fall from one millionth of its original intensity, after the source cut. 68 (6=M1=3) 6f volume of the hall Oa? is the average a"sorption coefficient and , is the total surface area, the rever"eration time is releted as T8(=.134^Ma,) (1. $hat is meant "y optimum rever"eration time& optimum rever"eration time is the persistant time of sound in hall,without causing echos or inaudi"ility. (#.)ive its optimum rever"eration time value for concert halls and theatres. 1.2or concert halls it should "e =.- seconds. #.2or small theatures it should "e "etween 1.1 to 1.- seconds in and for large theatres it should "e "etween 1.- to seconds. ( .)ive the importants of sa"ine?s law for a good auditorium. 1.The sa"ines law can "e used to calculate the rever"eration time of auditorium. #. 6t is also used to find the a"sorption coefficient of any un5nown material. .The rever"eration time should not "e too short and too long. ((.$hat is meant "y echelon effect& 6f there is a regular repeation of a course of the original sound received "y o"server due to presence of flight ofstair or set of railing.then the effect is called echelon effect. (-.$hat is meant "y resonance effect in acoustics& ,ome time due to lac5 of rigidity the window panes or section of the wooden portion may vi"rate with some audio fre/uency.when this fre/uency is e/ual to fre/uency of original sound resonance will occur. This is called resonance acoustics. (3.what is meant "y structure "orne noise& some "uildings may have motor,elevators etc., which generate the enormous sound intensity called noise.this noise travels through the structure of the "uilding called as structure "orne noise.

PART B QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. $hat are magnetostriction and pieGo!electric effects& $rite down the complete e'perimental procedure, with a neat diagram of producing ultrasonic waves "y %agnetostriction effect. (Dec 1<<4, #==3)

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ %agnetostriction N # %ar5s 7ieGo!electric N # %ar5s Diagram F construction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N # %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N # %ar5s Resonance :ondition N # %ar5s #. *'plain pieGo!electric effect. Descri"e the pieGo!electric method of producing ultrasonic waves. (Yan 1<<9, %ay #==3, Yan #==9) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7ieGo!electric N # %ar5s Diagram F construction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N # %ar5s Resonance :ondition N # %ar5s . $hat is meant "y magnetostriction effect& *'plain with neat s5etch the construction and production of ultrasonic waves using magnetostriction method. (Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ %agnetostriction N # %ar5s 7ieGo!electric N # %ar5s Diagram F construction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N # %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N # %ar5s Resonance :ondition N # %ar5s (. *'plain how ultrasonic waves are produced. *'plain in detail how the ultrasonic pulse techni/ue is used in ,O.AR. (Yan #==#) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7roduction of ultrasonic ! 9%ar5s ,O.AR ! 9%ar5s -. (i) $hat is acoustic grating& (ii) Descri"e the method of determining the velocity of ultrasonic waves using acoustical grating. (iii) %ention any four applications of ultrasonic waves. (Yan #==<, Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Acoustic grating N # %ar5s Applications of ultrasonic waves N ( %ar5s Diagram F construction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s

7rinciple N # %ar5s 3. (i) $hat is inverse!pieGo!electric effect& (ii) Descri"e the construction and wor5ing of ultrasonic waves using pieGo!electric method. (iii) ,tate the merits and demerits of magnetostriction oscillator. (Yan #==<) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7ieGo!electric N # %ar5s :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s %erits and Demerits N ( %ar5s 4. Descri"e with neat diagram the construction of a pieGo!electric generator and how ultrasonic waves are produced with it. (Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diagram N # %ar5s :onstruction N %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Advantage F Disadvantages N %ar5s Resonance :ondition N # %ar5s 9. (i) $hat is pieGo!electric effect& Descri"e the pieGo!electric method of producing ultrasonic waves. (ii) *'plain how ultrasonic waves are used in the industrial applications of drilling and soldering. (Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7ieGo!electric effect N # %ar5s :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s Applications N ( %ar5s <. (i) Descri"e the process of non!destructive testing of materials using ultrasonic waves "y pulse echo techni/ue. (A N ,can, 0 N ,can, : N ,can). (ii) Discuss in detail how ,O.AR is employed to locate the o"Sects. (Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diagram F construction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s ,O.AR locate the o"Sects N 3 %ar5s 1=. 6n ultrasonic .DT, $hat are the different scan displays in common use& *'plain. (Yan #==<, Yan #=1=) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Eltrasonic .DT N 3 %ar5s

,can displays in common use N 1= %ar5s 11. $rite notes on (i) Detection of ultrasonic. (ii) Eltrasonic welding and cutting. (iii) $rite short notes on sonograms. (Yan #==<) ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Detection of ultrasonic N 3 %ar5s Eltrasonic welding and cutting N ( %ar5s Diagram F construction N # %ar5s $or5ing N # %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s 1#.Derive an e'pression for rever"eration period of an auditorium and e'plain how this can "e used for determining the a"sor"ing power of surface involved. calculation rever"eration period e'pression for growth sound energy e'pression for decay sound energy a"sor"ing power of surface N 3%ar5s N 3%ar5s !(mar5s

1 .$rite the detail a"out the factors affecting the "uildings acoustics and their remedies. 2actors affecting the "uildings Optimum rever"eration time Remedies ! 3%ar5s ! 3%ar5s ! (%ar5s

1(.Discuss the salient point associated with acoustics of auditorium. rever"eration time e'pression for growth sound energy e'pression for decay sound energy ! (%ar5s N 3%ar5s N 3%ar5s

1-.Discuss the factors rever"eration,resonance,echelon effect,focusing and reflection that affect the acoustics in hall and the remedies for them. Rever"eration ! ( %ar5s

Resonance *chelon effect 2ocusing Reflection

! !

%ar5s %ar5s

! %ar5s ! %ar5s

13.what is rever"eration time&Esing sa"ine?s formula e'plain how the sound a"sorption coefficient of a material is determined. calculation rever"eration period e'pression for growth sound energy e'pression for decay sound energy a"sor"ing power of surface N 3%ar5s N 3%ar5s !(mar5s

13.Derive the e'pression for growth and decay sound energy calculation rever"eration period *'pression for growth sound energy *'pression for decay sound energy N 9%ar5s N 9%ar5s

14.i.Define rever"eration time and a"sorption coefficient& Define for rever"eration time ! #%ar5s Define for a"sorption coefficient N #%ar5s ii.Derive sa"ine?s formula for the rever"eration time of a hall e'pression for growth sound energy e'pression for decay sound energy N 3%ar5s N 3%ar5s

19.discuss the factor affecting the acoustics of "uilding and e'plain the factors to "e followed to overcome.

2actors affecting the "uildings Optimum rever"eration time Remedies Joudness

! (%ar5s ! (%ar5s ! (%ar5s !! (%ar5s

1<.)ive an account of good acoustics property of an auditorium e'plain the remedies for it. 2actors affecting the "uildings Rever"eration time Remedies Joudness .oise ! (%ar5 ! %ar5s ! %ar5s ! %ar5s ! %ar5s

UNIT V (PHOTONICS AND FIBER OPTICS)

PART A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. $hat is stimulated emission&
An atom in the e'cited state is induced to return to ground state there"y resulting in two photons of same fre/uency and energy is called as stimulated emission.

#. $hat is pumping action&

7umping is the process of achieving population inversion i.e., ma5ing more num"er of atoms in the e'cited state "y supplying energy to the medium is called pumping process. There are several methods "y which the population inversion (pumping) can "e achieved.

$hat are the various methods of achieving population inversion&

,ome of the commonly used methods are+ Optical pumping method. Direct electron e'citation or electric discharge. 6nelastic atom!atom collision method. Direct conversion method. :hemical method.

(.

$hat is meant "y population inversion&

6n general the num"er of atoms in the ground state will "e more than that of the atoms in the e'cited state and it is called as usual population. The reverse of this (i.e.) a state of achieving more num"er of atoms in the higher energy level than that of the lower energy level is called population inversion.

-.

,tat the properties (or) characteristics of laser "eam&

The four important characteristics of the laser "eams are+ 6t is highly directional The "eam is purely monochromatic 6t has high intensity 6t has coherence

3.

$hat are the differences "etween spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation&
,..o. ,pontaneous emission 1. The atom in the e'cited state returns to ground state there"y emitting a photon, without any e'ternal inducement is called as spontaneous emission. #. ,timulated emission An atom in the e'cited state is induced to return to ground state there"y resulting in two photons of same fre/uency and energy is called as stimulated emission. The emitted photons can move The emitted photons move in

randomly. . (. -.

same direction and are highly directional. The radiation given out is of less The radiation is highly, intense and is incoherent. monochromatic intense and coherent. The photons are not in phase. The photons are in phase. The rate of transition is given "y The rate of transition is given R#1(,7) 8 A#1.# "y R#1(,T) 8 0#1La.#

4.

)ive the applications of laser in medical field.

6t is used to drill minute holes in cell walls of human "ody 6t is used to treat cancer and tumour in human "eings and animals 6t is used for the treatment of detached retina 6t is used to carry out microsurgery and "loodless operation 6t is used to shatter the 5idney stones 6t is used to cut the "ones precisely

9.

$hy .itrogen and ;elium gases are used in :O# laser& (or) $hat is the role of ;elium and .itrogen in :O# laser&
6n :O# laser, the nitrogen helps to increase the population of atoms in the higher energy level of :O# ;elium is used to depopulate the atoms to the ground state of :O# and also to cool the discharge tu"e

<.

$rite the principle of semiconductor diode laser.

$hen pn Sunction diode is forward "iased, electrons from n!region and a holes from p!region recom"ine with each other at the Sunction. During recom"ination process, photon is released from certain specified direct "and gap semi conductors li5e gallium arsenide. The photon emitted during recom"ination stimulates other charges. As a result stimulated emission ta5es place which leads to laser light.

1=.

,tate the applications of laser in scientific and engineering field.

;igh power lasers are useful to "last holes in diamonds and hard steel They are used to test the presence of pores, crac5 flows, "low holes etc in the material They are used for welding and cutting

11.

Define holography.
;olography deals with image construction "y means of interference techni/ues without using lenses. ;ere the distri"ution of amplitude and phase is recorded in the !D manner so as to get the complete information of the o"Sect to "e photographed.

1#.

%ention the applications of lasers in industry.

6t is used to test the /uality of the materials ^arious isotopes of an element can "e separated Jaser interferometer is used for high precision length measurements

1 .

$hat are the different types of laser availa"le&

,olid state laser

)as laser ,emi conductor laser Ji/uid laser Dye and chemical laser

1(.

$hat are the conditions re/uired for laser action& (or) Jist the condition to achieve laser action.
The two important conditions re/uired for laser action are+ 7opulation inversion should "e achieved ,timulated emission should "e predominant over spontaneous emission

1-.

Distinguish "etween ordinary light and laser "eam.

,..o. 1. #. . (. -. 3. Ordinary Jight 6n ordinary light the angular spread is more. They are not directional. 6t is less intense. 6t is not a coherent "eam and is not in phase. The radiations are polychromatic *'ample+ ,unlight, %ercury vapour lamp etc. Jaser "eam 6n laser "eam the angular spread is less. They are highly directional. 6t is highly intense. 6t is a coherent "eam and is in phase. The radiations are monochromatic *'amples+ ;e!.e Jaser, :O#Jaser etc

13.

$hat is pumping action&

.aturally, the population inversion is achieved only at negative temperature which is impossi"le. Thus the process "y which population inversion is achieved "y artificial means is called as pumping action.

14.

$hat is principle of laser&

Due to stimulated emission the photons multiplied "y each step giving rise to an intense "eam of photons that are coherent and moving in the same direction. ;ence the light is amplified "y stimulated emission of radiation termed as JA,*R.

19.

$hat is function of ;elium in ;e!.e laser&

6n ;e!.e laser a mi'ture of helium and neon gases under a pressure of =.1mm ;g is used as an active medium. ;elium atoms are e'cited first "y the interaction with electrons. The e'cited helium atoms collide in!elastically with neon atoms. The neon atom goes to e'cited state. The transition of neon atoms produces a laser light.

1<.

$hat are the "asic re/uirements for the laser systems&

The three important components of a laser system are+ Active medium 7umping system

Optical resonator

#=.

Define population inversion and metasta"le state.

7opulation inversion+ esta"lishment of a situation in which no. of atoms in higher energy state .# is greater than that in the lower energy state .1 is called population inversion ie., (.# b .1). #1. Define numerical aperture.The sine of the acceptance angle of the fi"er is 5nown as .umerical aperture.
#

!n##)Mno

$here

and n# are refractive of the core and cladding respectively and no is the refractive inde'

of the air medium. ##. Distinguish "etween step inde' and graded inde' fi"ers.

,..o 1. #. . (. -.

,tep!6nde' 2i"er The refractive indices of air,cladding and core vary step "y step. 6t has low "and width 6t follows a Gig!Gag path of light propagation Distortion is more in multimode step inde' fi"er.

# .

.um"er of modes of propagation .step8(.<(d ' .AMc)# )ive some applications of fi"er optics.

)raded 6nde' 2i"er The refractive inde' that gradually decreases from the centre towards the core and cladding interface. 6t has high "and width. 6t follows a helical path of propagation. Distortion is very less and is almost Gero due to self focusing effect. .um"er of modes of propagation .grad8 .stepM#

6t is used for signaling purpose 6t is used in the field of medicine to study the internal parts of the human "ody 2i"er optics system is having larger "andwidth` the system is capa"le of handling num"er of channels. #(. $hat are the difference "etween single mode fi"er and multi mode fi"er&

,..o 1. #.

,ingle mode fi"er 6n this mode only one mode can propagate through the fi"er. .o dispersion

%ultimode fi"er 6t allows a large num"er of modes for the light rays through the fi"er. Dispersion is more due to degradation of signal due to

#-.

multimode. . The fi"er can carry information to long 6nformation can "e carried to shorter Distance. distance only. (. The single mode fi"er has a smaller core ;ere, since the core diameter is diameter in refractive inde' of core and large, the core and cladding cladding is small. refractive inde' difference is large. $hat are the conditions to "e satisfied for internal reflection& The refractive inde' of the core should "e greater than the refractive inde' of the cladding (n1 b n#) The angle of incidence of light the core!cladding interface should "e greater than the critical angle (Wb Wc).

#3.

*'plain the "asic principle of fi"er optic communication. The angle at which refracted ray is passing "etween core and cladding is 5nown as critical angle. $hen the angle of incidence e'ceeds the critical angle, the incident ray is reflected at the core! cladding interface "ac5 to the core region itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.

#4.

Define acceptance angle. The ma'imum angle of incidence at the aperture of fi"er for which a ray of light starts to undergo total internal reflection within the fi"er is called the acceptance angle.

#9.

)ive the applications of fi"er optic sensors.

2i"er optic sensors are used as optical displacement sensors, which is used to find the displacement of a target along with its position. 6t is used as a fluid level detector. 6t is used to sense the pressure, temperature etcXat any environment #<. $hat is meant "y splicing& )ive its types. ,plicing is the techni/ue used to connect the fi"ers permanently. 6n this techni/ue two fi"ers can "e Soined with the help of an elastometer (or) four rod splices, using an adhesive (or) matching gel. Types+ 1) %echanical ,plices. #) 2usion ,plices. =. Define attenuation& 6t is defined as the ratio of the optical power output (7out) from a fi"er of length J to the power input (7int).

Attenuation (A) 8 1.

d0MVm.

Distinguish "etween splice and connector. ,plice is a permanent Soin and the "onding formed is permanent. :onnector is a temporary Soint or demounta"le Soint. ,plice loss is very small when it is compared with connector loss.

#.

$rite any # maSor advantages of optical fi"er communication over other conventional communication systems.

Optical communication can "e made even in the a"sence of electricity. The optical signals are not affected "y any electrical signals or lightening. Optical fi"er communication is free from *lectromagnetic interference (*%6). This type of communication is suita"le to any environmental conditions. . ;ow are fi"ers classified& Optical fi"ers are classified into three types "ased on (i)%aterial!)lass and 7lastic fi"er (ii) .um"er of modes! ,ingle mode and multimode fi"er (iii) Refractive inde'!,tep inde' and )raded inde' fi"er. (. :alculate the numerical aperture and the acceptance angle of an optical fi"er from the following data. Refractive inde' of core is 1.--,refractive inde' of cladding is 1.-=. (i).umerical aperture (.A)
#

!n##

8 =. <=-(.o unit) (ii) Acceptance angle ,in im8.A im8 ,in!1 (.A)8##o-<1 -. $hat is fi"er endoscope& A medical endoscope is a tu"ular optical instrument, used to inspect (or) view the internal parts of human "ody which are not visi"le to the na5ed eye. The photograph of the internal parts can also "e ta5en using endoscope. 3. %ention various splicing techni/ues 2usion splice!groove splice, *lastic tu"e splice, Rotary splice and %echanical tu"e splice.

4.

$hat is meant "y graded inde' fi"er& Due to non!uniform refractive indices,their difference in refractive indices "etween the core and the cladding gradually increases from centre towards interface and hence called graded inde' fi"er.

9.

A silica optical fi"er has a core refractive inde' of 1.-= and a cladding refractive inde' of 1.(4. :alculate the critical angle at the core!cladding interface. :ritical angle dc8 ,in!1n#Mn1 dc8 ,in!11.(4M1.-=849Z 11.

<.

$hat are active and passive sensors& Active sensor+ 6n intrinsic sensors (or) active sensors the physical parameter to "e sensed directly acts on the fi"er itself to produce the changes in the transmission characteristics. *'ample+ Temperature M7ressure sensor. 7assive sensor+ 6n e'trinsic sensors (or) passive sensors, separating sensing element will "e used and the fi"er will act as a guiding media to the sensors. *'ample+ Displacement sensor.

(=.

$hat are intermodal dispersion& 6nter modal dispersion is defined as pulse spreading caused "y the time delay "etween lower! order modes and higher order modes.

PART B QUESTIONS (16 MARKS)

1. 2or atomic transitions, derive *instein relations and hence deduce the

e'pressions for the ratio of spontaneous emission rate to the stimulated emission rate.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ *instein theory N 13%ar5s

#. $ith a neat diagram, e'plain the construction and wor5ing of :O# laser.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Diagram N ( %ar5s Applications N # %ar5s :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s

. 6n ;e!.e laser, what is the role of ;e atoms& *'plain the construction and

wor5ing ;e!.e laser with the help of energy level diagram.

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Role of ;eliumN # %ar5s Diagram N # %ar5s Applications N # %ar5s :onstruction N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s

(. $ith a neat diagram e'plain the principle, construction and wor5ing of semiconductor laser.
,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ ;omo Sunction+ :onstruction N %ar5s $or5ing N %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s ;etero Sunction+ :onstruction N %ar5s $or5ing N %ar5s 7rinciple N # %ar5s

-. (i) Descri"e the construction and wor5ing of .d!TA) laser.

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ :onstruction and Diagram N ( %ar5s $or5ing N ( %ar5s

(ii) *'plain recording and reconstruction of a hologram.

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Recording N ( %ar5s Reconstruction N ( %ar5s

3. Discuss the applications of laser in welding, heat treatment and cutting.

,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ ;eat treatment 6nstrumentation techni/ue $elding :utting ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ Definition, Diagram Derivation ,plit of %ar5s M Answer 5ey+ 7rinciple, Diagram and wor5ing Advantages and Disadvantages N ( %ar5s N ( %ar5s N ( %ar5s N ( %ar5s

4. (i) Define the numerical aperture of an optical fi"er. Derive an e'pression for it.

! #%ar5s ! 3%ar5s ! 3%ar5s ! #%ar5s

(ii) *'plain the dou"le cruci"le method of drawing optical fi"er with neat diagram.

9. fi"ers.

(i) Discuss the mechanisms of attenuation, dispersion and "ending losses in optical
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(ii) *'plain the principles of wor5ing of temperature and displacement sensors using optical fi"ers.
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(i)*'plain in detail how optical fi"ers are characteriGed according to the material, refractive inde' and modes of propagation.
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(ii) 2ind the refractive inde' of the core and cladding if the .A is =. and the relative refractive inde' difference is e.
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(i) $hat are different units of fi"er optic communication system& *'plain their functions.
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(ii) $rite a note on temperature sensor. 11. *'plain in detail a"out sources and detectors involved in optical fi"er communication with necessary diagram.
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1#. (i) Descri"e a 2i"er optic communication system.

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(ii) Descri"e the principle, construction and wor5ing of light emitting diode.
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(iii) ,tate the advantages of light emitting diode in electronic display.