CIAN Supercourse 2011 Optical Performance Monitoring to Enable Robust and Reconfigurable Optical Networks

Alan Willner University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-2565

USCs OCLab

Outline
1. Overarching Perspective 2. Optical Performance Monitoring - optically-assisted techniques - receiver based techniques

Differential Phase-Shift-Keying (DPSK)

DPSK 1 1 0 1 0 0 t Constant optical power
RZ-DPSK

Energy is information. t Information is sent during 0 bits.

Pulse appears in every bit

!Multi-level Modulation Formats in Optics

1 bit/symbol
~112 Gbaud OOK DPSK DB/PSBT "#$%&'!

2 bits/symbol
~56 Gbaud DQPSK (4-ASK)

4 bits/symbol
~28 Gbaud PDM-(D)QPSK (16-DPSK)

8 bits/symbol
~14 Gbaud 16-QAM 8-PSK/2-ASK

"#$%&'! ()$%&'! ()$%&'!

"#$%&'! ()$%&'!

"#$%&'! ()$%&'!

( )

"#$%*'!

"#$%*'! ()$%*'! ()$%*'!

Benefits from coherent detection: ! More effective for pol-demuxing ! Digital processing for mitigation

!"#"$"%&"'()*(+,%-"$.(/0&12"0345&"%2.(678(9(

DPSK & DQPSK

DPSK
Im{E}

Input signal
Re{E}

1 T 0 1 0

! ! 0 0

!! 3-dB sensitivity improvement

!! Less sensitive to nonlinearity DQPSK
Im{E}

Input signal
Re{E}

+45 T -45

I I Q Q

!! Spectrally efficient - 2 bit/s/Hz

!! Tolerant to dispersion

Polmux Concept
01 Regular (D)QPSK 2 bits per symbol 11 001 Polmux (D)QPSK 3 bits per symbol 10 000 00

polarization axis

011 101

010 100 110 polarization axis

111

Polarization is another dimension to carry information, so Polmux is more spectrally efficient.

DPSK & Polarization-Multiplexing

D(Q)PSK
Im{E}

Input signal
Re{E}

1 T 0 1 0

!! Less sensitive to nonlinearity !! 3-dB sensitivity improvement

! ! 0 0 T

Transmitter
H

Receiver
Data 1
t

DPSK

PC

Pol-muxed DPSK channel

H t PC V

H t

DPSK

DPSK

PC t V

PBC

PBS t V

DPSK

Data 2

Pol-muxing doubles the spectral efficiency ! enhanced performance

Latest Results on High Capacity/S.E. Transmission

32Tb/s PDM-RZ-8QAM over 580km Ultra-low-loss Fiber
! PDM-RZ-8QAM ! Digital coherent detection ! EDFA-only Amplification ! 25GHz-spaced ! 320x114Gb/s ! length / loss ratio 82.8km / 14.6dB X. Zhou, OFC 2009 PDP

72x100Gb/s over 7040km Large Effective Area Fiber

! 100Gb/s channels ! 88x80km distance ! Raman-Erbium amplification ! coherent receiver G. Charlet, OFC 2009 PDP

Spectral Efficiency
Improving Spectral Efficiency
"! Challenge: to explore multilevel optical modulation formats "! Pack more bits per symbol: DQPSK, APSK, OFDM, QAM "! Powerful tool: orthogonal modulation

Several Examples
Spectral Efficiency 6.2 bit/s/Hz

10 bit/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency

Modulation 10!112 Gbit/s PolMux 16-QAM 8!65.1 Gbit/s coherent PolMux-OFDM PolMux 1Gsymbol/s 128 QAM 14 Gbit/s

Reference A. H. Gnauck PDPB8 2009 H. Takahashi PDPB7 OFC2009 H. Goto JThA45 OFC2008
Pol-Mux 1 Gsymbol/s, 128 QAM (14Gbit/s) (BW: 1.4 GHz)

7 bit/s/Hz

10 bit/s/Hz

To date, largest spectral efficiency

Predicted bursting of bubble in 97

Heterogeneous Systems: One Network Fits All

Variable QoS Different Modulation Formats Sub-carrier Multiplexing (D+A)?

Variable Bit Rate

Future Heterogeneous Network

Multiple Wavelength Ranges

Circuit + Packet Switching?

! Hardware should be reconfigurable and transparent ! An intelligent network could use the optimal method from the application/user viewpoint. Economics: Early market entry of new services (CATV??)

Think wireless laptop LAN

Self-Managed Networks
A B

C
Adaptive Resources
! Diagnose and repair
! BW allocation ! Gain/Loss ! Dispersion Compensation ! !-Routing ! Look-up tables

E
D
Today : Measure, Make, Tweak, Pray.

Automation + Intelligence + Monitoring

Keep the person out of the loop

Monitoring the State of the Network

Window of operability is shrinking
! Monitor non-catastrophic data degradation ! Isolate specific impairments

Monitoring is required
!Ubiquitous deployment !Graceful routing based on physical state of network?

Locate Faults Diagnose & Assess

Ubiquitous Monitoring
Repair Damage Reroute & Balance Traffic

Detect Attacks
Malicious Behavior

Telcos: Human Error (~1/3 of outages)

Design of Optical Performance Monitor

NC & M Network & Switching Fabric
Actions Impacted by OPM
! ! ! ! ! What impairment is affecting the traffic/data? Should compensation be tuned? Should format/rate be changed? Should QoS be changed? Should routing table be changed?

CD
Determine each parameter: For example: Level 0 = no problem Level 10 = channel outage

PMD

OSNR

Power

!"

Crosstalk

Hardware
#! #!

OPM
Spec

#! Update rate #! Isolation Software #! Advanced modulation #! Pattern recognition format using neuron networks #! One or more faults and data constellations

Optical/RF filter Low-speed detector

PARAGON

Monitoring for an Efficient Network

Robert Shapiro, former Undersecretary of Commerce: Accommodating the fast-rising demands on bandwidth will require a significant acceleration in industry investments totaling $300 billion to $1 trillion for the US.

$!Operate closer to the red line. $!Less need to over-build. $!Increase mean-time-to-failure. $!Decrease mean-time-to-repair. $!Decrease human error.

Multivariable Routing
a.! Fiber length b.! Signal degradation c.! Amplification < a i, and transients

b i, c i>
< "j, #j>
"! Component non-idealities #! Signal degradation

#! Each link and node has a set of parameters (a, b, c) #! Must interpret the cost function for routing table #! Determine ranges of these parameters for inclusion into network model
! Interoperability with fiber plant ! # of nodes ! Size of network

Outline
1. Overarching Perspective 2. Optical Performance Monitoring - optically-assisted techniques - receiver based techniques

Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio

OSNR Monitoring Using Polarization Nulling

Polarizer (Parallel) Ps + 0.5*Pase Arbitrarily Polarized signal + Unpolarized noise Polarization controller Ps + Pase

0.5*Pase Polarizer (Orthogonal)

Transparent to multiple input data format and bit rate

!! The received signal (together with noise) is split into two orthogonal polarization components. !! The polarization ratio is a measure of the OSNR (Ps/Pase). !! The performance could be affected by various polarization effects. Y. C. Chung et. al., JLT, 2006

OSNR Monitoring for Multiple Modulation Formats

Power Meter delay T Power Meter

Input signal

Pconst Pdest

Signal has coherent interference, noise doesnt

3 1 ( P signal + Pnoise) 2 Ratio = 4 1 1 ( P signal + Pnoise) 4 2

!! Using partial bit delay-line Interferometer (DLI) !! OSNR is proportional to the Ratio (=Pconst / Pdest) !! Applicable to OOK, DPSK data
Y. Lize, et. al., PTL 07 and JLT 08

OSNR Monitoring for Multiple Modulation Formats

Power Meter delay T Power Meter

Input signal

Pconst Pdest

Destructive port

Constructive port

! Monitor tones to isolate -- CD and PMD ! Insensitive to CD and PMD ! DB / AMI have tones ! OSNR -- only S coherent, not N

FSR=1/T

!! Using partial bit delay-line Interferometer (DLI) !! OSNR is proportional to the Ratio (=Pconst / Pdest) !! Applicable to OOK, DPSK data
Y. Lize, et. al., PTL 07 and JLT 08

Channel Monitoring using Integrated Filters

Signal has coherent interference, not noise

OSNR:

3 1 + ) P P signal noise 2 Ratio = 4 1 1 ( P signal + Pnoise) 4 2 (

CD & PMD

Y. Lize, et. al., PTL 07 and JLT 08

Tones affected differently by CD & PMD

Dependence on Chromatic Dispersion

Data Rate Dependence
Dispersion Bit-Rate Doubled
Time Half

Temperature Dependence
Dispersion Change,! D (ps/nm)
100
Dispersion Slope ~ 0.08 ps/nm2km d"0/dT ~ 0.03 nm/C

ps nmkm

50

NRZ 40 Gbit/s Limit

Freq.

Double

L=200 km L=500 km NRZ 40 Gbit/s Limit

L=1000 km

-50

Time

-1/2T -1/T 0

Freq

1/T 1/2T

Penalty increases FOUR times

-100 -40 -30 -20 -10

10 20 30 40

Temp Change, C

Vestigial Sideband Optical Filtering

Optical Carrier

$f VSB-L VSB-U

BW

fU f0

fL

Frequency

Chromatic Dispersion Monitoring Using Clock Phase

Filtered spectrum

40-Gb/s RZ Data

Intensity

Isolate CD from PMD effects Entire Low cost channel VSB-L

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 50 100 150

Dispersion

Filtered spectrum

Intensity

VSB-U

O/E

Time (ps)

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 50 100

!t

Time (ps)

150

Time delay ( !t ) between two VSB signals is a function of chromatic dispersion Bits can be recovered from either part of the spectrum
Q. Yu, JLT, Dec., 2002 Q. Yu, JLT, 2003 !

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

cross section

side view

Elliptical Fiber Core

1st-order PMD = DGD The 2 polarization modes propagate at different speeds.

Probability of Exceeding a Specific DGD (%)
50 10 1 0.1

Probability Distribution

! !PMD induces randomly changing degradations.

Maxwellian distribution tail 0 10 20 30 40 50

! Critical limitation at >10 Gbit/s data rates.

Differential Group Delay (ps)

Significant higher-order effects can exist.

RF Clock Tone Fading

Two Clocks Carrier Upper Lower Upper clock clock
Lower

$%

CD (Freq. t Delay)
In Phase

Upper Lower

Out of Phase

Power

Upper Clock

$%

Axis 1 Axis 2

t PMD (Axis t Delay)

In Phase

Axis 1 Axis 2

Out of Phase

PMD Monitoring by Narrowband Filtering

Upper & Lower Clocks

Optical spectrum

w/o filter !

detection

Only Upper Clock

Clock fades with PMD & CD

!
Relative Clock Power (dB)

SMF w/ partial filtering

Relative Clock Power (dB)

detection !
w/ filter

w/o filter
CD = 0 ps/nm
~20 dB

Clock fades with PMD only

320 ps/nm 0 ps/nm

< 3 dB

-10

320 ps/nm 640 ps/nm

-10

640 ps/nm

-20 -30 0

-20 -30

Electrical Domain
40 50

10

DGD (ps)

20

30

40

50

10

DGD (ps)

20

30

T. Luo, et al., PTL, 2004

OPMs Using Delay-Line Interferometer

OSNR monitor
Input signal
T
Partial bit
Power Meter Power Meter

Const. Dest.

! Power ratio of two ports indicates OSNR. ! This OSNR monitor is transparent to various data formats.

Processing

Channel Monitoring using Integrated Filters

Signal has coherent interference, not noise

OSNR:

3 1 + ) P P signal noise 2 Ratio = 4 1 1 ( P signal + Pnoise) 4 2 (

CD & PMD

Y. Lize, et. al., PTL 07 and JLT 08

Tones affected differently by CD & PMD

PMD Monitoring of Phase-Modulated Data Using Interfermetric Filter

!! The two outputs of the PBS represent the constructive and destructive filters of a standard Mach-Zehnder delay-line interfometer (FSR = 1/!").
34 RF power will change with the DGD!! 11/7/11 At the destructive port, the monitored generated interferometric filter response.

Experimental Results
-40 -40 10-Gb/s NRZ-DPSK

RF Power (dBm)

-50 -55 -60 -65 -70 0 20 40 60 80 100 20-Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK

RF Power (dBm)

-45

-45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

DGD (ps)

Chromatic Dispersion (ps/nm)

! The RF power measured at 170 MHz increases by ~ 20 dB in the presence of 0 to 100 ps of DGD. ! Chromatic dispersion-insensitive measurements to be within + 1 dB.
11/7/11 35

J.-Y. Yang et. al., PTL, 2008

Significance of Higher-order PMD

"It is sometimes stated that once the signal bandwidth is large enough for second-order PMD to be important, then all other higher order terms become important too. If this were strictly true, then higher order PMD compensation would be a hopeless task there is a need for closer examination of these bandwidth limitations. -H. Kogelnik, et al., JLT 2003 Autocorrelation Function of PMD Vector PSP Bandwidth ACF (ps2) Higher-orders become important if signal BW > $&PSP
1 Tb/s Transmission Limit due to PMD!

$&PSP
Theory Measurement
Fiber type! Old ber! PMD = 0.5 ps/km1/2! New ber! PMD = 0.1 ps/km1/2! Future ber! PMD = 0.05 ps/km1/2!

40 m! 1 km! 4 km!

$&'

Ref: M. Karlsson, et al., Optics Letters, 1999; H. Kogelnik, et al., JLT 2003.

PSP1

Combined Effects of PMD and PDL

Fiber with high PMD

Differential Group Delay PSP1 ( PSP2

PSP1 ( PSP2
PSP1 PSP2

PSP2 Polarization Mode Dispersion PSP 1

$%

Optical Components (PDL=? dB)

Different Attenuation PSP1 ( PSP2

PDL: Frequency-dependent attenuation PMD: Enhanced time spreading

B. Huttner, et al., JSTQE, 2000 L.-S. Yan, et al., PTL, 2003

PSP2 Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL)

Combined Effects of PMD and PDL

Probability density function of 15 PMD sections

Without PDL

With 15 PDL sections (each: 0.2 dB)

L.-S. Yan et. al., JLT 2004

Outline
1. Overarching Perspective 2. Optical Performance Monitoring - optically-assisted techniques - receiver based techniques

Coherent Detection
90o Hybrid

Signal Amplitude

Signal Phase

!"#$%&'('")*!+','+!%,-./!+0!1!+!%23+0'('"#$%&'")*'-./$'01#'2'1)*3%'('0)#$%&'4'))*3'&' Coherently Received Electrical Signal Electric Field Vector of Optical Signal

Linear System

All linear distortions (Dispersion, PMD, PDL) can theoretically be fully compensated. Nonlinear distortion can be partially compensated

Asynchronous Sampling (by MDI) Motivation

On-Off-Keying Data
Clean Noise CD Sampling Input Data Delay

(Asynchronous sampling)

PMD

Crosstalk

All

Unique impairment pattern ! multiple impairments monitoring

#! Limited to receivers.

Self-Managed Optical Networks

End Customer
Send error signals Re-route or feed back information to control the ONE

Router

Router ONE ONE

Router

Optical Network ONE

Router

Fiber link with various impairments

Trained receivers to automatically identify impairments

!! Monitored information can be sent to the network controller and optical network elements to rapidly reroute the data information
X. Wu et al, J. Lightwave Technol. 27 (16), 2009.

Concept - ANNs Trained w/ Eye Diagram Parameters

Tx
OSNR = 36 dB OSNR = 28 dB OSNR = 20 dB CD = 0 CD = 0 CD = 0 DGD = 0 DGD = 0 DGD = 0

Fiber Link

!! It is obvious that different impairment combinations produce distinct features in the eye diagrams !! The input parameters for training are derived from eye diagrams %! Q-factor, eye-closure, jitter, and crossing amplitude !! The controlled impairments are used as outputs for training
X. Wu et al, J. Lightwave Technol. 27 (16), 2009.

Rx

OSNR = 28 dB OSNR = 28 dB OSNR = 28 dB CD = 60 ps/nm CD = 60 ps/nm CD = 0 DGD = 10 ps DGD = 10 ps DGD = 0

Artificial Neural Networks

Advantages of ANN Approach !! Efficient identification and isolation of multiple impairments !! Enhanced monitoring range and sensitivity !! Simple and fast processing of the monitored information !! Format transparent
X. Wu et al, J. Lightwave Technol. 27 (16), 2009.

OSNR/CD/PMD Identifications using ANNs

Block Diagrams for ANN Training and Testing
Q-factor Closure Jitter Crossing Amp. 3-Layer ANN Model 12 Hidden Neurons Conjugant Gradient Training 125 Samples OSNR CD DGD

40-Gb/s RZ-OOK testing results

Q-factor Closure Jitter Crossing Amp. 3-Layer ANN Model 12 Hidden Neurons 64 Testing Samples

OSNR CD DGD

40-Gb/s RZ-DPSK testing results

Training Errors for OOK and DPSK Systems

X. Wu, ECOC 2008

Concept - ANNs Trained w/ Delay-Tap Plot Parameters

OSNR=36, CD=0, DGD=0 OSNR = 16, CD=0, DGD = 0 OSNR = 36, CD=60, DGD = 0

OSNR = 36, CD=0, DGD = 10

OSNR = 20, CD=45, DGD = 7.5

OSNR = 16, CD=60, DGD = 10

!! It is obvious that different impairment combinations produce distinct features in the delay-tap plots
X. Wu et al, ECOC 2009, paper P3.04.