02 Incident Prevention Occupational Safety and Health

Incident Prevention
Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1
Learning Objectives
To define what is incident To explain the causes of incident & role of management control To explain 3 theory on accident causation To list the cost involved in an incident
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 2
Scope
Principles of loss prevention Causes of incidents Incidents and productivity Approach to loss prevention
Principles of Incident Prevention

1. Incident prevention is good management 2. Management and workers must fully cooperate 3. Top management must lead
Principles of Incident Prevention

4. There must be an OSH policy 5. Must have organisation and resources to implement the OSH policy 6. Best available information and technology must be applied
What Is An Incident?
An incident is:
An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events That occurs through a combination of causes Which result in:
Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual, Damage to property, A near-miss, Any combination of these effects.
Why Prevent Incidents?

Legal Human Rights Business
Causes Of Incidents
Types of Incidents
Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property:
A forklift dropping a load Someone falling off a ladder
That occur over an extended period:

Hearing loss Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals
Early Theory Of Accidents (Heinrich (1930's))

Ancestry/social environment Fault of a person Unsafe act/condition Accident Injury
Heinrichs Five Stage Sequence

Ancestry/social environment Fault of a person Unsafe act/condition Accident Injury
Accident Causation Model (1974)
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The Three Basic Causes of Accidents

Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions Personal Factors Environmental Factors
Basic Causes
Unsafe Act
Indirect causes
Unsafe Condition
Unplanned Incidence
Direct Causes
ACCIDENT Personal Injury, Property Damage

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Three Basic Causes Of Accident

Lack of Management Control

Management responsible for:
Selection of workers Machinery and equipment System of work Information and training Supervision, etc
The accident prone worker is a false approach. It is like blaming the victim instead of the perpetrator.
Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B
(Not look where going)
Accident
(Trip)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection? Why did the supervisor allow its use? Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?
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Fall From a Defective Ladder

Was the employee properly trained? Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder? Did the superior examine the job first?
Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

Was there a necessity for that person to walk in that area or was there a safer route. If the person was not in a hurry would they have been more aware of their surroundings and avoided the wood.
Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

If the area was better lit would the person have avoided the wood. Could the wood have been removed.
19
The Accident Pyramid 1 3 50 80 400

Fatal / Serious injury Lost days First aid Property Near misses
20
TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
Accepted Accident Theory

Multiple Causation Theory
A single unsafe act or condition may or may not cause an accident but both are caused by lack of management control.
Bird Loss Causation Model

In line with Schewhart(1930s) theory of quality control.
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Accepted Accident Theory

Heinrichs theory is weak and negative
Blaming victim and lack system thinking, continual improvements, upstream control and worker participation.
22
Productivity Aspect Of OSH
23
Direct Vs. Indirect Incident Cost Iceberg

Direct Costs Indirect Costs It is estimated that for every $1 in direct incident costs, there are anywhere from $4 to $11 in indirect or hidden costs.
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The Hidden Costs

Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage. Hidden Uninsured 8-36 times as much as insured costs
1. Product and material damage 2. Plant and building damage 3. Tool and equipment damage 4. Expenditure on emergency 5. Fines 6. Legal costs
7. Investigation time 8. Supervisors time diverted 9. Clerical Effort 10.Overtime working 11.Temporary labour 12.Loss of expertise / experience supplies 13.Clearing site 14.Production delays
25
Incident Prevention Costs

DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine guards) OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE, etc.) SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health surveillance, audits etc)
Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control Measures

Compare specific incident costs with cost of specific improvement being suggested.
27
Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

All injuries and occupational illnesses are preventable. Management is directly responsible for doing this. Safety is a condition of employment. Training is required.

Safety audits and inspections must be carried out. Deficiencies must be corrected promptly. All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated.

Safety away from work is as important as safety at work Incident prevention is cost-effective; the highest cost is human suffering. Employees must be actively involved.
Summary
Incident in the workplace is largely caused by lack of management control If you think safety is expensive, try accidents Implement an appropriate company policy Control OSH risk Put a management system in place Promote Occupational Safety and Health

02 Incident Prevention Occupational Safety and Health

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02 Incident Prevention Occupational Safety and Health

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Incident Prevention

Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course

Principles of Incident Prevention

Principles of Incident Prevention

Why Prevent Incidents?

That occur over an extended period:

Early Theory Of Accidents (Heinrich (1930's))

Heinrichs Five Stage Sequence

Accident Causation Model (1974)

The Three Basic Causes of Accidents

ACCIDENT Personal Injury, Property Damage

Three Basic Causes Of Accident

Lack of Management Control

Multiple Cause Of Accidents

(Not look where going)

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

The Accident Pyramid 1 3 50 80 400

Accepted Accident Theory

Bird Loss Causation Model

Accepted Accident Theory

Productivity Aspect Of OSH

Direct Vs. Indirect Incident Cost Iceberg

The Hidden Costs

Incident Prevention Costs

Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control Measures

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

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