PROJECT IN SOSCIO1

SUBMITTED BY:
RAJAS, MICHAEL BERT G. TRANQUILINO, JANINA P. KANNAYA, PAULA ROMBAON PANGAN, JAZZEL O. SANTILLAN, RACHELLE MABALOT, KRISTIAN BELO, DAYANA ROSE O. ROBES, ERIKA JANE F. DELA CRUZ, BON MICHAEL

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. ARJAY CUASAY

WHAT IS FAMILY PLANNING? Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management. Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control, however, it often includes a wide variety of methods, and practices that are not birth control. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved". Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources: time, social, financial, and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. The purpose of family planning is to make sure that any couple, man, or woman who has the desire to have a child has the resources that are needed in order to complete this goal. With these resources a couple, man or women can explore the options of natural birth, surrogacy, artificial insemination, or adoption. In the other case, if the person does not wish to have a child at the specific time, they can investigate the resources that are needed to prevent pregnancy, such as birth control, contraceptives, or physical protection and prevention.

Surgical Methods Surgical methods for contraception are also called sterilization, procedures, which render the man or the woman permanently infertile. Sterilization operations for either sex are based on the same standard approach of cutting or occluding the tubes that carry the sex cells towards junction and contraception. Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control. During the procedure, the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied/sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream (ejaculate). Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician's office or medical clinic. Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are clamped and blocked, or severed and sealed, either method of which prevents eggs from reaching the uterus for fertilization. Tubal ligation is considered a permanent method of sterilization and birth control.

Mechanical Methods There are two main types of mechanical barriers: the condom and Diaphragm or cap. Condoms are available for both men and women. The diaphragm is used by the female for the vagina and cervix. The cap is smaller than the diaphragm and is used to cover the cervix. All these methods prevent the meeting of the egg and the sperms. Condom for Men The condom is a rubber or plastic sheath used to cover the whole length of the erect penis. Ejaculation is thus made inside the device and the semen is usually collected in a receptacle at the tip. When it is used properly, the condom is more than 97% effective. Couples using the condom, however, report lower levels of effectiveness because (hey do not use it properly and consistently. Pregnancy rates have been as high as 26% per 1 no couple - years of use in a study in the Philippines. In the United States study, 14% of married women have an accidental pregnancy during the first year of condom use. Condoms are also protective against sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B. The main objections to its use are it reduces sensation, interrupts sex and embarrasses the couple. Condoms may come in different materials, textures, sizes, colors and shapes. They are sometimes called rubber, sheath, skin and prophylactics. Condom for Women This is a fairly new barrier contraceptive device for women. It is available in some places. This device is inserted into the vagina and made of medicalgrade polyurethane. It consists of soft loose fitting polyurethane sac about 15 em long and 7 em in diameter. Attached at its open end is a flexible outer polyurethane ring. which covers the vulva. with its present version, a flexible inner ring to aid insertion and retention. Sexual intercourse takes place, with a good lubricant (usually spermicides) within the cavity of the device. It is marketed as Femshield, Reality and etc. The effectiveness of the method is around 95%. If not properly and consistentlyused, the pregnancy rate may be around 24%. Diaphragm or Cap This is made of a round metal spring with a soft rubber dome. This rubber dome is applied against the cervix, covering and setting it apart from the seminal pool.

The physician determines the appropriate size of the diaphragm or cap for each patient. He also gives detailed instructions regarding insertion and removal. Chemical Methods Many chemical preparations are available in the form of foaming tablet, cream, foam , jelly. melting film and sponge that are used as contraceptive methods. Some of the chemical components present in them are nonoxynol-9, memfegol. polyoxythene ( 10) and nonyphenylether (NP 10). These are lethal to the spemlS, preventing the meeting of the egg and the sperms. When applied deep in the vagina, they dissolve in about ten minutes, acting like a protective cover over the external surface or plug in opening of the cervix, coital movements hasten the spread. When used properly, they are 94% effective. When not used correctly or consistently, they can give as high as 26% failure rate or pregnancy rate. The advantages of this method are the following - good control of the situation, useful for emergency cac;es and may also prevent STD. The disadvantages are they can irritate, give allergic reaction and that may also be noisy or messy. Physiological Methods

WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS INTERRUPTUS There is no doubt that withdrawal - also known as coitus interruptus or the pull-out method - is the best known and most widespread method in this group. It is also the oldest, since it is mentioned in the Bible. It is important to know that the withdrawal must not only be completely beyond the genital organs but also outside the vulva, since some pregnancies can occur following vulval coitus. In addition, if a second coitus takes place fairly rapidly, there may be a sufficient number of spermatozoa remaining in the urethra to cause pregnancy. Coitus interruptus has many advantages because no artificial means are needed; it is practical and readily available. On the other hand, a major drawback is the fact that some men have difficulty in gauging the imminence of ejaculation and withdraw just a tiny bit too late, which seems to be the greatest cause of failure.

WHAT IS BIRTH CONTROL? Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. Planning, provision and use of birth control is called family planning. Safe sex, such as the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent sexually transmitted infections. Birth control methods have been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods only became available in the 20th century. Some cultures deliberately limit access to birth control because they consider it to be morally or politically undesirable. The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization by means of vasectomy in males (99.85% success rate) and tubal ligation in females (99.5% success rate), intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implantable contraceptives. This is followed by a number of hormonal contraceptives including oral pills, patches, vaginal rings, and injections. Less effective methods include barriers such as condoms, diaphragms and contraceptive sponge and fertility awareness methods. The least effective methods are spermicides and withdrawal by the male before ejaculation. Sterilization, while highly effective, is not usually reversible; all other methods are reversible, most immediately upon stopping them. Emergency contraceptives can prevent pregnancy in the few days after unprotected sex. Some regard sexual abstinence as birth control, but abstinence-only sex education may increase teen pregnancies when offered without contraceptive education. In teenagers, pregnancies are at greater risk of poor outcomes. Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control decreases the rate of unwanted pregnancies in this age group. While all forms of birth control may be used by young people, long-acting reversible birth control such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are of particular benefit in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy. After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks. Some methods of birth control can be started immediately following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months. In those who are breast feeding progestin-only methods are preferred over combined oral contraceptives. In those who have reached menopause it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last period.