GRAMMAR LESSON 1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: An adjective is a word used to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun.

. An adverb is a word used to modify (describe) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence. Because the definition of an adverb s often more confusing than helpful, lets look at some basic characteristics: - An adverb often ends in ly. I worked enthusiastically. She sings beautifully. It was a terribly hot afternoon. ! Not all adverbs end in ly. An adverb indicating time (like soon)does not end in ly An adverb indicating position (such as nearby) does not end in ly An adverb indicating to what extent (like almost) does not end in ly - An important thing to remember is that adjectives work only with nouns and pronouns, while adverbs work with anything other than nouns and pronouns. Incorrect: He is a quietly reader. Correct: He is a quiet reader. Explanation: Because quiet describes the noun reader, the ly ending of the adverb is not appropriate Incorrect: Correct: Explanation: needed. The first attempt failed bad. The first attempt failed badly. Because badly describes the verb failed, the ly ending of the adverb is

Be sure to understand the differences between the following two examples: "The dog smells carefully." Here, carefully describes how the dog smells. him sniffing very cautiously. We imagine

"The dog smells clean." Here, clean describes the dog itself. It's not that he's smelling clean things or something; it's that he's had a bath and does not stink.

Write the correct form of the word in brackets: (adjective or adverb) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tom is (slow) ______________. He works ______________. Sue is a (careful) ______________ girl. She climbed up the ladder ______________. The dog is (angry) ______________. It barks ______________. He acted (excellent) ______________. He is an ______________ actor. They learn English (easy) ______________. They think English is an ______________ language. 6. The little boy looked (sad) ______________. I went over to comfort him and he looked at me ______________. 7. Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme/good) ______________. If that is true, why does dog food smell so (terrible) ______________? 8. She is a (patient) ______________ teacher. She teaches ______________.

Which word is an adjective? 1. The happy- ending was predictable from the very beginning. predictable happy very ending 2. The television screen suddenly went blank. screen suddenly television none of the choices are adjectives Which word is an adverb? 1. Nubian goats have very long ears. Nubian goats very 2. Frequently the water is cold during the spring or fall. Frequently cold during LESSON 2 THE VERB TO BE. PAST TENSE SIMPLE: I WAS at the store yesterday. YOU WERE always a nice person. HE WAS the wiser from all. SHE WAS the top student in her class. IT WAS a stupid remark. WE WERE all at the party. We were celebrating the end of exams. THEY WERE all happy to see her safe. ________________________________________________ I WAS NOT I WASNT IT WAS NOT IT WASNT Although it was free, I was not at the circus. Their house was not very neat. YOU WERE NOT YOU WERENT WE WERE NOT WE WERENT You werent very funny. We were not all present in the class. HE WAS NOT HE WASNT YOU WERE NOT YOU WERENT He was not at the market. You were not thanked with her poor results. SHE WAS NOT SHE WASNT THEY WERE NOT THEY WERENT She was not happy about failing the test. Her friends werent poor. ___________________________________________________ Was I ever your friend? Were you busy yesterday? Was the camera expensive? Was the movie good? Were Gaby and Maya at the party? Where was Maria yesterday? Where were they last week? Why was she angry? WAS or WERE? 1. Who ______________ your English teacher last year? What ______________ her name? 2. When ______________ you in Britain? And why ______________ you there? 3. Where ______________ Alexa in the holidays? ______________ she in the mountains? No, she and her friend, Tabita, ______________ both by the sea. 4. How ______________ your holiday? LESSON 3 Can & Could: CAN is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb.

long spring, fall

SUBJECT + CAN + MAIN VERB

The main verb is always the bare infinitive. (infinitive without to) Can is invariable. There is only one form of can.

SUBJECT + ? WE HE CAN

AUXILIARY VERB CAN CANNOT (CANT) YOU

MAIN VERB SPEAK APPRECIATE DO ENGLISH. YOUR WORK. YOUR HOMEWORK?

-ability & possibility We use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do: The secretary can help you with all the information you need. I cant swim. I cant hear you! Can you hear me? -requests and ordersWe often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a real question - we do not really want to know if the person is able to do something, we want them to do it! The use of can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family): Can you make a cup of coffee, please? Can I help you with your homework? -permissionWe often use can to ask or give permission for something. Note that we also use could, may, and might for permission. The use of can for permission is informal) Can I smoke in this room? You cant smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden. COULD Past ability:

I could run ten miles in my twenties. He phoned to say he couldnt come. Possibility: Mario could be the one who stole the money. It couldnt be true. Suggestion: You could see a movie or go out to dinner. Polite requests: Could I borrow your pen? Could I bother you for a moment? (Requests usually refer to the near future) Conditional of can: If I were younger, I could attend a University. Connect the sentences on the left to the sentences on the right: 1. 2. 3. 4. She could read before she went to school. I couldnt phone you. I couldnt buy it. We couldnt find a parking place. 1. I didnt have your number. 2. I didnt have enough money. 3. Her mother taught her. 4. It was very busy in town.

Put in order: 1. something / you / ? / I / Could / ask 2. please / Could / that / you / explain/ ? / again / , 3. tell / you/ me / sales tax / the / if / ? / Could / includes / price

4. Could / quiet / be / you/ ? Complete the sentences with could or couldnt: Lea asked if she ___________ come to London with us. What ___________ I say? I ___________ say no because shes been very kind to me. :-) Complete the sentences with the suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Oh, mum! You have made a cake! I___________ smell it when I entered the kitchen. This cake is delicious. You ___________ cook very well. I am sure you ___________ do this exercise alone: it is very easy! Sorry, but I ___________ hear you. There is too much noise! ___________ you swim when you were a child? No, I ___________, but now I ___________.

LESSON 4 Saxon Genitive (or Possessive s): It indicates ownership (possession) and it is formed, in its simplest case, by adding an apostrophe and an S to the word that indicates the owner. Do not confuse with the similar looking but vastly different contraction of is into 's. Johns wife is a stylish woman. Dannas husband is a celebrated writer. A cats whiskers should never be trimmed. I speak the Queens English!

POSSESSORS My father Paul John The children My fathers house Pauls car Johns dog The childrens book

THINGS POSSESSED house a car some dogs some books