What Actually env is?

Env impact Factor responsible for causing env impacts Population and industrialization Sustanability technologies Meant by sustainability Spheres of env lithosphere ,hydrosphere,biosphere atmosphere how thy interact Problems of these spheres Env problems of pak and khi How env contires govern Overveiw of country Environment Def: Everything that around us actually the env Def: Everything minus us is actually the environment Env particular area at particular time is specific Pak is semi arid country Karachi is a costal area so its remain coastal Lahore cannot become coastal Def: env composed of physical and biological factors Or Env is composed of physical and biological factors Env: composed of biotic and abiotic factors These biotic and abiotic factors which are responsible for formation of env of this planet may be classified in to 4 sphere >Atmosphere >Hydrosphere >Lithosphere >Biosphere These 4 speheres are interconnected and inter related to each other These 4 spheres are contionus state of changes so this makes earth as a dynamic plannet or This makes env of the earth dynamic So env of this planet is in the continuous state of changes so env is some thing which is dynamic The activities which are giving on in 1 sphere are influencing the activites going on in another sphere sot this influence makes earth as a dynamic planet Eg 1 activity done in bio sphere i.e deforestation by pepl CO 2 means the sink for the CO 2 being lost for it serve as CO2 sink CO 2 increases then the CO2 will go accumulates in the atmosphere People burn Fossil fule to get energy ( the fossil fuel is the fuel made from fossil eg coal ,oil The fossil fuel is a kind of resources RESOURCE

Renewable Can be regenerated

Non-Renewable cannot be regenerated

Example 2 Fossil Fuel Non- Renewable When we burn fossil fuel it will produce exhaust emission which contains green house gasses and these are CO2 CH4 CFC these green house gasses accumulates in the atmosphere. Q. Why these are called G.H.G ? Ans Because these GHG are responsible for a phenomena called Green house Effect Q What green house effect? Ans. Sun provides temp and light, heat, warmth When sun rays sterrikes on the surface of earth there energy is lost and thy convert in to lower energy rays Some portion of energy rays is being absorbed on the surface of earth and some are reflected back. Means they again enter to the atmosphere (lower energy rays ) when they are refelcteed back they strik whith barriers of naturally occurring GHG. These naturally occurring ghg are responsible for the absorption of heat. If we would not have the barrier of naturally occurring GHG so there will be no absorption of heat as a result the temp of earth will become lower so it will droped on -33c so there will be no survival. The phenomena of absorption heat by the GhG is referd to as green house effect and the phenomena of GHG effect is desirable for the survival of life on this plannet When we burn fossil fuel this will increase the conc. Of GHG then they will accumulate in the atmosphere when GHG conc. Incresase in the atmosphere so more absorption of heat /rays will occure so due to more absorbtion of heat by GHG the phenomina of GHG effect converted in to the phenomina known as Global Warming Phenomena of GHG effect is Desirabele Phenomena of Global warming isnt Desireable Since Prehistoric time the temp of global world increased as 1.8c It may effect hydrological cycle (Hydrosphere) th 3/4 of plannet is water th 70% of 3/4 of water is oceans /seas 97% of water of plannet is saline and cannot readily use for human consumption st 1 problem due to increase in temp (3) Due to high temp the water vapour is it self is a green house gas More temp more heat more evp The water molecules evp sometimes it condense due to low temperature so falls as rains. B/c of high temp there is more evp and lesser condensation . It would mean that the hydrological cycle is being disturbed. The areas of world which were previously used to become water are now become dry and the areas of the world which were previously used to become dry are now become wetter These indicates distrbed global hydrological cycle The rain system based on monsoon in pak (Disturbed monsoon) nd 2 Problem of increase in temp

1 of the source of water is glaciers Due to high temp they melt In 2050 75% of glaciers will be lost melted Melting of glaciers is responsible for hydrolic flow increased then water floods More water is generated so go into sea due to excessive water the sea level rise therefore coastal countries Maldives ,island of indonasia will be sink due to rise in temp. Where there would be no water/ rain so sea will move towards land this problem refused to sea water intrusion Means the activites going in atmosphrer disturbed the hydrosphere. LIFE Water is a life blood of environment Def: Life is a specific combination of element. The elements are comes from lithosphere rocks) 3 Types of Rock Sedimentary rocks 75% on planet Ignious Rocks Metamorphic Rock Sedimentry rocks are made up of sediments Rocks are made up of sediments Sediments are made up of minerals Minerals are made up of elements Elements are made up of atoms We cannot accumulates the rock or elements directly We can take the elements in the available form So rock must b broken into sediments etc they will be broken by weathering by water etc But if water isnt available then no weathering and no availability of elements so no or less life thats why life is more in tropical rain forest then deserts Means due to hydrological cycle disturbance biosphere is effected mathematically EI =P x T Environmental = Population x Technology Impact Def: Environment is a source and sink for metter and energy that flow through the society Population and industrialization accelerates that flow which which results in resources depletion and population When the society consume these resources, they end up in the env Eg. When we burn fossil fuel oil coal etc then it is converted into exhaust emission GHG They accumulate in the atmosphere. Eg. We take in water creates waste water which accumulates in the seas oceans which ar e part of hydrospehere is env Thats why we consider the env as source and sink .

The source are available in the form of matter and energy which flow through the society where flow means condumption of resources means society consume resources. Consumption of resources from society is referd as through put The through put consumption of resources and flow of matter and enegy depends upon 2 factors Population Industrilization Greater The consumption of resources more the population and more the through put Population and industrialization are directly co-related or proportional to each other 1 Greater the Human Population require more technology advancement Bucket and rope system technology of history it was time consuming and by this less water harvested. 2 More Tecnology advancement and industrialization is responsible for greater human population As time passes then with the electricity more water can be take as population increase technology also inccrese because water req increase of population Tecnology advanscement increases due to human population eg. Truck Population and technology are directly proportional for causing env .impact EI EI has two consequences : 1 depletion of resources DR 2 Pollution Problems Its is actually through put which is responsible for env. Impact EI Through put is responsible for pollution and technology 5 stages of human Env Impact Hunting And Gathering Stage Pre historic time long long ago Human Life justy started on planet Features Of this Stage The Human Population was very low The human population confined only in some specific area The human Population was confined only on those area where they have found the availability of resources The Human Population was dependent on availability of natural resources The human Population was low bcause it was largely at the mercy of various env factors and hazards Meaning The People may died due to flood , earth quake , for disease medicinses not available due to attack of animals All these factors were responsible for keeping the population is lower number It doesnt means that people were not multiplying people (x) and reproducing but at slower rate Due to above resons The people were living ina specific area where resources were present but a time came the resources has to finished then thy started migration to other areas Migration was also responsible for keeping the population low The people were leading Nomadic life style (Khana Badosh) In Nomadic life style the children were unwanted bc children were additional burden on the families and communities bc the resources were limited so they cant share it

Conclusion So we can say it that in the first stage of EI Sipply of resoureces was more and the demand of the resources was leess so we can say that at this stage there was minimal ENV impact for insignificant EI Key Factor people were (x) not resources so at a time came where the availability of resources bcomes less Then next stage 2 Agriculture Stage: Agricultre stage provides a milestone in the history of human EI The delicate balance /equilibrium b/w supply and demand resources broken Now deman of resources was more and supply of the resources was less because the people were (x) so the people were partially dependent on natural resourecs and they have developed methods how to produce resources For life main need is food so the started to developed how to produce food the people started agriculture Features In the agriculture stage the children were wanted Greater The # of children confers social standing in the society If they have more children so the can grab more land Childeren provides additional laboure force to the community and society (Zada bachy to zada land area) In orfer to perform agriculture the resources which are require is land and land is always limited so the people started doing deforestation and forest land converted int agriculture land Os by doing deforestation thy are depeleting the natural biological resources Forest also serve as a habitat for plant and animal specie so if habitat is destroyed so man of the species of plant and animals got extinct People req water so they were harvasteng more and more wter as compared to the rate of recharge of water resources In the particular stage of the people X exponentially why? Because additional food and additional resources were available spasific food was available Even softer food is available that food was also unenough to satisfy need of the people due to high Population They dmand for resources and thy cannot wait for the crop to the mature through natural process is people introduces inorganinc fertilizer NO3, PO4 Inaorganic fertilizer also called limiting nuternt req by all plants But a portion of fertilizer is absorbed by the crop and rest of fertilizer will remain in soil or enter into the water which is responsible for algal bloom which grows on the surface of the water so there will be no penetration of sunlight and there will be no mixing of atm oxygen So if no oxygen in water aquatic life will be die so this called Eutrophication Crop is mature yield has also increased so now crop is suseptable to attack of insects and pests due to early maturaing so peple started spraying the pestisides which causing pollution Conclusion So at this stage we can say that env impact is significant in term of depletion of resources and population

Agriculture stage continues till 1900 . Industrialization After 1900s the people enter in industrialization There was population explosion because of technological advancement We have fertizer , pesticides Can store food ,cure ,drugs health care facility So we can say that in industrilizaton population explosion occure In 2014 Population is 6.5 billion to 6.7 B There are 2 ways and X in population can be changed This line indicates population X exponentially it will continuous as long as resource are available When will resoureces become exhausted not available for each and every individual then the population will be stabilized in 2014. 4 Transition Stage : Here Human population has to decide which way they have to thy have to move Here human population can X Humaan popoultion may move forward if they go with the sustainability to satisfy the need of people without destroying quality of life with future generation Only those countries can survive who have availibilty of resource and technology Post Industrial Stage : A time will come where losses to env bcome irreplaceable, irrepairable, irreversible called post industrial stage and at this stage no one can survive E.I = PxT Q how the EI act on to the env ? We will study the action of EI in env by the growth curve of bacteria How do the bacteria grow or X in the env. There are 4 stages or possible conditions for bacterial growth. For eg. In env we have thousand of millions of bacteria in water ,food , human body, on our skins We are exposing to m.o population very much but we couldnt se them All the time we expose too many m.o but we couldnt sick although they can cause disesas. Gernal rule is that every m.o is treated as pathogenic m.o the reason is that they all are highly opportunistic means when they find suitable or favourable conditions they X or reproduce Some time normal bacteria flora become pathogenic in some conditions Due to weak immune system or lower resistance power non-pathogenic bacteria become pathogenic bacteria Whenever bacteria enters inside the body which is a newr env for bacteria. After entering inside the human body so there are 2 possible conditions 1 The bacteria may die bc of strong /high resistance power of human and it will allow bacteria to X 2 The immune system is weaker and after entering of bacteria in human body the person may acquire infection

When the person acquire infection means the env inside the body is favourable for the growth and multiplication of bacteria (Talking abt human body) 1. Lag Phase st Whnever bacteria enters an env or a body they go in 1 phase called lag phase which means phase of adaptation or a acclimatization phase which means in any new env is favourable the bacteria will grow and X At this phase of adaptation bacteria are still X or bacteria try to X at slower rate and makes conditions favourable for its growth and X 2. Log Phase nd If the phase of adaptation is over and bacteria die so the go in 2 phase which is called Log phase or Exponential phase where the X of bacteria is exponenetially which also means that the condition & env is favorable for growth and and multiplication of bacterial cell. The conditions which enchances the growth of bacterial cell in human body are : The system of bacterial cell available are same as human on principal both rrespire eat food etc 1 OXYGEN Req by both human and bacteria On the basis of O2 the bacteria are divided in to 4 types Aerobic bacteria: req free supply of O2 for there growth and multipilication Anaerobic bacteria : These Bacteria dont req free supply of O2 for their growth and multipilication but they req oxygen Oxygen may b available for them will be by the reduction of sulphate and nitrate They Decomposed Sulphate and nitrate and get O2 FACULTATIVE These bacteria can grow in presense and absence of free oxygen dual in nature MICROAEROPHILLIC BACTERIA These Bacteria require very small quaintitiy of oxygen for growth and multipilication So inside the human body we have plenty of oxygen so bacteria can grow easily in human body

2 FOOD Availability of Nutrient Principal of food which are req by both human and bacteria are Follows Carbohydrates Lipids

Proteins

3 pH Every bacteria grow at a particular range of pH Most of the bacterias grows at a neutral pH i.e 6.5 to 7.5 The pH of human Body is 7 7.2 so pH of human blood favours the bacteria to grow or multiply

4 TEMPRATURE Every Living organisms grow at a particular temperature Normally temperature of human body is 37c On the basis of temperature bacteria again divide in to 4 catogries

Psychrophilic Bacteria Optimum temperature of these bacteria is 10 25*c Food In Refrigerator spoils mainly due to growth of psychrophilic bacteria Mesospheric Bacteria Temprature ranges b/w 25 to 35c Optimum 37 which is the temperature of incubator and human body also Thermophiles Temprature range is 35 45*c

Strict or Obligate Thermophiles They grow on more then 45c So Most of the bacteria grow on 37c ie mesophiles After multiplying exponentially the bacterial growth cannot continue to multiply exponentially but we can maintan the exponential phase in lab by a technique called continuous culturing We want to keep the bacteria in enpoential phase so we take out the spint or utilized medium and add a new medium means 50% spints medium is taken out and fresh medium is added So every time when we add fresh medium the bacteria multiply exponentially and the process called continuous culturing

 By the way we can grow the bacteria in lab so we will require some principle materials so what we ar thy ? We provide medium because it sontains nutrints in the form of carbohydrate lipids and proteins all 3 principle nutrients Medium in a test tube has a natural pH 7 befor inoculation once we enoculate the bacteria in the medium the medium will be raw env for the bacteria in the test tube then placed in incubator 1st it will adapt itself to lag phase then multiply then thy go log phase