Class #9 (6/10) Homework Check What type of relationship does each of the following logical connectors 1-17 indicate?

(cf. Table 4.1) (Appendix 1 [1]-[7]) [1]In this chapter, we explore how ecosystems work at the fundamental level of chemicals and energy. Our look at this basic level will reveal underlying principles that enable natural ecosystems to be sustainable, (1)and it will provide insight into the pathways we must take to make our human system sustainable. (2)Also, understanding at this level will provide a background for understanding agricultural problems, pollution, global warming, and other issues covered in the text. [2]The basic building blocks of all matter (all gases, liquids, and solids in both living and nonliving systems) are atoms. Only 92 different kinds of atoms occur in nature, and these are known as the 92 naturally occurring elements. (3)In addition, physicists have created 14 more in the laboratory, (4)but all of these break down again into the naturally occurring elements (5)such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron (see Table C-1, p. 639). [3]How can the innumerable materials that make up our world, including the tissues of living things, be made of just 92 elements? (6)More specifically, 99% of Earths crust is composed of only eight of these natural elements. [4]Elements are analogous to Lego blocks (7): From a small number of basic kinds of blocks, we can build innumerable different things. (8)Also, (9)like blocks, natures materials can be taken apart into their separate constituent atoms, and the atoms can (10)then be reassembled into different materials. All chemical reactions, (11)whether they occur in a test tube, in the environment, or inside living things, and (12)whether they occur very slowly or very fast, involve rearrangements of atoms to form different kinds of matter. [5]Atoms do not change during the disassembly and reassembly of different materials. A carbon atom, (13)for instance, will always remain a carbon atom. (14)Furthermore, atoms are not created or destroyed during any chemical reactions. This constancy of atoms is regarded as a fundamental natural law, the law of conservation of matter. [6]On the chemical level, then, the cycle of growth, reproduction, death, and decay of organisms can be seen as a continuous process of taking various atoms from the environment, assembling them into living organisms (growth) and (15)then disassembling them (decay) and repeating the process. (16)Of course, in nature, there is no one visible doing the assembling and disassembling; it occurs according to the atoms chemical nature and to flows of energy. (17)Nonetheless, the simplicity of the concept does not diminish the wonder of it. [7]Which atoms make up living organisms? Where are they found in the environment? How do they become part of living organisms? We answer these questions next.

1 sequence 7 clarification 13 example

2 addition 8 addition 14 addition

3 addition 9 comparison 15 sequence

4 contrast 10 sequence 16 clarification

5 example 11 condition 17 contrast

6 clarification 12 condition

Choose logical connectors from the list that enhance the flow of ideas in each passage below. l. furthermore however in contrast

A recent article in Era magazine suggested ways to reduce inflation. The article suggested that the president reduce the federal budget; _____________, it suggested that the government reduce federal, state, and local taxes. 2. For example However Therefore

The same article said that the causes of inflation were easy to find. _____________, the cure for inflation was not so easy to prescribe.

3. For example

However

Therefore

Era also suggested that rising wages were one of the primary causes of inflation. _____________ the government should take action to control wages. 4. For example In contrast Moreover

In physics, the weight of an object is the gravitational force with which Earth attracts it. _____________, if a man weighs 150 pounds, this means that Earth pulls him down with a force of 150 pounds. 5. However In conclusion Therefore

The farther away from Earth a person is, the less the gravitational force of Earth. _____________, a man weighs less when he is 50,000 miles from Earth than when he is only 5,000 miles away. 6. As a result For example On the other hand

A tsunami is a tidal wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. The waves are very long and low in open water, but when they get close to land, they encounter friction because the water is shallow. _____________, the waves increase in height and can cause considerable damage when they finally reach land.

For each blank, choose the best logical connector from the list. Use each logical connector only once. Add punctuation if necessary. 7. also final and most convincing for example indeed second similarly third

One stereotype about North Americans says that they are obsessed with time. It sometimes seems true that for North Americans, time seems as valuable as money. In fact, they even say, Time is money. Also, have you noticed how many verbs can be followed by both time and money? For example, you can spend time, save time, lose time, find time, make time, waste time, and run out of time. Similarly, you can spend, save, lose, find, make, waste, and run out of money. Second, North Americans seem to regard time as a thing that one can own. You can have time, buy time, and take time. (One wonders how much it costs and where it is taken.) A third piece of evidence that North Americans are obsessed with time is their fanaticism about always being on time. Indeed, people who are habitually late risk punishment ranging from frowning disapproval to losing their jobs. The final and most convincing proof is that these poor people sometimes take courses in time management! That is really overdoing it, dont you agree? vocabulary noun disapproval definitions 1. to make a serious, angry or worried expression by bringing your eyebrows closer together so that lines appear on your forehead (frown) 2. extreme beliefs or behavior, especially in connection with religion or politics (fanaticism) 3. your mind is completely filled with something so that you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal (be obsessed with) 4. a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality (stereotype) 5. to do something more than is suitable or natural (overdo) 6. a feeling that you do not like an idea, an action or somebodys behavior because you think it is bad or not suitable (disapproval) fanaticism stereotype frown verb overdo others be obsessed with

8. although

for example

therefore

It has long been documented that individuals in an organization may voluntarily carry out tasks that are not part of their regular job duties. For example, individuals may go above and beyond the call of duty to help coworkers, prevent problems or volunteer to stay late when not expected to do so. This behavior is intended to help others in the organization or the organization itself and is often referred to as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Although it is recognized that OCB is important for an organization to effectively function, there is debate among researchers as to how OCB can be encouraged and rewarded. This debate is further complicated when considering the role of OCB in multinational corporations pursuing global diversity. Most OCB research has focused on Western cultures; therefore, it is not clear whether these research findings can be extended to other cultures, thus suggesting a need to investigate OCB as it exists in other cultures, particularly those described as collectivist. vocabulary noun coworker definitions 1. to give something to somebody because they have done something good or worked hard (reward) 2. the feeling that you must do something because it is your duty (the call of duty) 3. relating to the political system in which all farms, businesses and industries are owned by the government or by all the people (collectivist) 4. a person that somebody works with, doing the same kind of job (coworker) 5. to try to achieve something over a period of time (pursue) 6. to record the details of something (document) document pursue verb reward adjective, adverb collectivist others the call of duty

9. although

for example

however

thus

whereas

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are a group of metallic materials that can return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate temperature. When some SMA are cold they can be deformed at a low temperature; however, when the material is heated above this temperature it undergoes a change in crystal structure, thus causing it to return to its original shape. Some materials exhibit shape memory only when heated whereas others can undergo a shape change both when heated and when cooled. Although many alloys are known to have the ability to remember their shape, only some may actually find widespread commercial use. Of particular interest are those that can recover substantial amounts of strain or that generate significant force upon changing shape. For example, one common nickel and titanium SMA, Nitinol, has this ability and is being used in surgical implants, clamps, miniature valves and switches, and other devices. vocabulary noun alloy implant strain verb deform adjective surgical

definitions 1. used in or connected with surgery (=medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a persons body and often removing or replacing some parts) (surgical) 2. something that is put into a persons body in a medical operation (implant) 3. to change or spoil the usual or natural shape of something (deform)

4. the pressure that is put on something when a physical force stretches, pushes, or pulls it (strain) 5. a metal that is formed by mixing two types of metal together, or by mixing metal with another substance (alloy)

10. although

because of

for example

in addition

in fact

such as

thus

Although most major companies provide their employees e-mail accounts as well as Internet access, many of these companies are concerned about potential abuse and monitor their employees use of these media. In fact, more than 75% of all major corporations report that they monitor their employees use of e-mail and Internet access, either by spot-checking or constant surveillance. Businesses have many reasons for monitoring e-mail and Internet use; for example, they may be concerned about protecting sensitive company information or they may be worried about lawsuits arising from sexual harassment because of mass mailing of offensive jokes. In addition, there may be concerns about productivity. Recent studies have shown that nearly 86% of employees use e-mail and cruise the Web for personal reasons, thus leading many companies to ban unproductive e-mail, such as jokes, and to restrict Web access. vocabulary noun abuse surveillance ban cruise verb offensive adjective sensitive

definitions 1. that you have to treat with great care because it may offend people or make them angry (sensitive) 2. the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful (abuse) 3. to surf (= scan the offerings of television or the Internet for something of interest) (cruise) 4. the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed (surveillance) 5. rude in a way that causes you to feel upset, insulted or annoyed (offensive) 6. to decide or say officially that something is not allowed (ban)

11. at the same time

first of all

in that case

next

though

to make matters even worse

Listening is a complex skill which takes time to acquire in a foreign language. First of all, you have to catch the speech sounds made by the speaker. Next, you have to make sense of what you think you have heard, though you may not be sure of some part of it. In that case, you have to guess. At the same time, you have to keep asking yourself if what you think you have heard matches the context. To make matters even worse, all these steps proceed almost simultaneously, making listening a difficult process. vocabulary noun context definitions 1. to understand something that is difficult or has no clear meaning (make sense of) 2. in a way several things are happening or done at the same time (simultaneously) 3. the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning (context) 4. to gain something by your own efforts, or ability (acquire) Homework Learn Word List 9. Finish todays handout. acquire verb adjective, adverb simultaneously others make sense of