English Builder

A reference and practice boo/( tor the first years of English
by
Necdet
Ke le~o~ lu
Salim Klh~
Ufuk G i.ine~
Betty Rowbotham
Keith Rowbotham
illustrated by
Murat Saym
We wish to t hank our famiti es for t heir patien ce and e ncouragem ent during t he
preparation of this book.
We would like to extend ou r speci<:l l t hanks to Mrs Keriman ~ahll w ho kindly and
patiently read the m anuscript. mad e invaluable rem arks and prepared the k ey
to this book.
Authors
All rights reserved. No port of this book may be reproduced In ony form or by any means
without the prior permission of SUN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING LTD. CO.
Her hokkl soklldlr. Bu yOYlnln tOmu yo do bir bolumO SUN ULUSLARARASI YAYINClllK LiMiTED
~iRKETi ' nden onceden IlIn ohnmakslzln hl~bll bl~imde <;:ogolfllomoz, bOSlhp yaYlnlonomoz.
1st published 1990

12th edition 2CXJ6
80SIm yerl, Samsun
2CXJ6
e SUN 1Nl PUBl. LTD. CO .
ISBN:975 6583 22-3

PK.90
06692 - Kovokhdere I ANKARA

e-moll:sunpub@Sunpubl.com
FOREWORD
This newly revised edition of English Builder is a reference
and practice book for the first years of English. It has been
extensively revised to meet the needs of learners through
updated exercises. With the addition of new and improved
features, it will reinforce and update the level of knowledge
of the students from the beginners and false beginners
level to the intermediate level. It contains a large variety
of exercises and illu strations and provides users with a
stimulating approach to the fluent practice of the English
language .
....
..........
....
......
~.. ..'.
:.;.;.
CONTENTS
',
UNIT
........
:.:-:.:;::.:
...
.',
PAGE
veRB TO BE (Present)
................................... ..................... 6
PREPOSITIONS
....................................................... . 10
:>-
A I AN (Indefinite Articles)
........................................................ 12
PWRALNOUNS
. ................................................. ..... . 13
..
I THAT THESE / THOSE
...................................................... .. 14
S-
THIS
6-
THeRe IS / THERE ARe
............................ ......... ... .. ..... ... .. .... 15
TO HAVE
................................................... ..... 16
e-
COUNTABLL / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
....................................................... 17
possessive FO RMS Of" NOUNS
19
........................................................ 20
..................................................... ... 22
I (). POSSessiVE ADJECTI VES

11 - ALSO, TOO
I EITHER
12 POSSfSSlVE PRONOUNS
.. ...................................................... 23
l~
....................................................... 2 5
MANY / MUCH
14- A LOT
or I
15- HOW MANY
lOTS OF
........................................................ 26
........................................................ 27
HOW MUCH
16- A FEW
I A LITTLE
17 SOM e
........................................................ .:50
ANY
......... . ......................................... ..... .:51
18- CAN (Ability I Possibility)
........................................................ 3 2
19-
-:-:
...
lM~RATI Ves
........................................................ 3 6
2(). TNt PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
.................... .................................... .:57
2 1- OBJECT PRONOUNS
22 IMPCRATIVES (Revision)
............................................ ...... ... .. . 48

........ ................ .. .............................. 49
2~
............... .. ........... ... ......... ...... .. ........ 50
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
24- (BE) GOING TO
............... ..................... .. .... .... ... .... ... 55
25- MUST I HAVe TO
.. ......................................... .. .. ...... ... 57
26- VERB TO BE (Past)
................................................... .. ... 5 9
....................................................... 6 1
27 THE SIMPLE PAST TeNSE

29- ADJ ECTIVes AND ADVERBS
........................................................ 6 5
............ . ........................................... 6 9
.3().. COMPARISONS
........................................................ 70
.3 1 SUpeRLATIVes
.. .. ........... ... .. .. . ................................. 7.:5
28- THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
3 2- COMPARATlVes AND SUPeRLATIVES
................................................. ....... 74
J;)- THE PReSENT reRf"f!.CT TENSE
........................................................ 7 6
I"o r / Since
Ever / Never
J ust
I Already I Yet
.34-
TH ~ PRES~NT
.:55-
RfFL~X IV~
.:56-
TH ~
PERfECT CONTINUOUS
PRONOUNS
INfi NITiVe
T~NS~
........................................................ 84
............................................... .. ..... .. 87
........................................................ 88
The: Innnltlve with TOO

The InnnlUve with ENOUGH
.:57 DIRECT / INDIReCT OBJECTS
.:58-
TH~
SIMPLE rtrrURE TENSE
.:59 TH E fUTURf CONTINUOUS TENSE
..... ........................................ .... ... .. .. 9 1

................ .................................... .. .. 92
.......................................... ... ......... .. 96
~.
::::: ::: :
......
... .
"""......
. ....
...
CONTENTS
UNIT
4().
..
..
.::::;:;:;
'
:.:.:<.
......
PAGE
MAY (Pe rmission possibility)
I COULD I 8e ABLe TO
I OUGHT TO
45- SOMe I ANY I NO I EVERY (Co m pou nd I"orms)
44- 60TH I NEITHER
........................................................ 97
41 CAN
........................................................ 98
42 SHOULD
........................................................ 99
45- NEITHER ... NOR
100
102
51 WOULD
10'
104
105
106
107
108
109
52 WOULD LiKe TO
11 0
.53- THE (Definite Article)
III
54- ARTICLES (Revision)
11 4
11 5
11 7
11 8
11 9
46- NOR ... Nr:.IT HER

47 EITHER ... OR
48- USED TO
49- Be USED TO
50-
so
55- THE PAST PtRf'eCT TENSe

56- QUESTION TAGS AND ANSWERS
57 THE FUruRE PERl"ecT rr:.NSE

58- CONDITIONAL SEl'f"reNCes
f'Uture Possible:
Present Unreal
Past Unreal
60- HAD BElTER
125
129
61 THE PASSIVE vOice
1>0
62- NOT ONLY ... BlIT ALSO ...
1>7
59- WISH
63- THE GERUND
64- THE GERUND AND THE PReSENT PARTICIPLE

65- THE GERUND AND
me INFINITIVE.
66- INDIRECT SPeECH
"'8
141
142
14'
Statements
Q uestions
Questions with a Helping Verb

Comm ands
I Requests
Exdamatlons
67 PRePOSITIONS (Re viSio n)
154
68- CAUSATIVES
156
69- SENTeNCtS AND Ct.A.USfS
159
The Parts of a Sentence

Clauses
Adjecti ve Clauses
Adverb ial Clauses
Noun Clauses
7(). PHRASAL VeRBS
7 1- MULTIPLe CHOice PASSAGfS FOR REVISION
185
192
.
...
......
,'
"
. .
....
.
VERB "TO BE" (Present)
It
....
.......
.
.......
........... VERB "TO BE" (Present)
.....
1
0::.
.r.
Ohl They
wild animals!...
Question:
lam ...
AmI ... ?
He /She/ It is ...
Is he / she/ it... ?
Iamnal ...
He/ She / It is not ...
We / You / They are ...
Are we / you / they ... ?
We / You / They are not ,_,
In conversation and informal writing, we use short form s:
I'm
you're
' m not
he's
she's
's not OR isn't
it's
we're
you're
they're
're not OR aren't
............ ...
....
.. ...
....
....
.. .,..
....
..
-
....
.........
......
.
.......
....
..
. ...
.-0:':':.eo..
.
.
~
1
....... VERB "TO BE'.' (Present)
!ti0'
0:.'.
~ A.
"
..
Fill in the blanks with he, she, it, we, you or they as in the example .
I. glass
.....~t .....
5. John, Mary and 1........... ..
9. grandfather
2. you and I
6. you and Urn
lO.apple
3. grandmother
7. sister
11. Helen
4. father
8. Oara and Tom
12.Richard
~ B.
............ .
Look at the pictures and answer the questions as in the examples.
EXAMPLES:
a) Is he a pilot?
X'~:. ~~ .~~.'!. p.!!~~:
b) Is she a hairdresser?
No
she isn't, She is a doctor.
. 1
1. Is she a nurse?
2. Is he a cook?
5. Is she a singer?
6. Is he a gardener?
9. Is it a computer?
10. Is he a policeman ?
3. Are they ducklings?
4. Is he a doctor?
8. Is he a thin boy?
11. Is he a bus driver?
12. Is it a tape recorder?
.
-.......
:.:-:.....
.........
....
1 ..
~
~
C.
VERB "TO BE" (Present)
-:.'.
......'........
...
=-....
..
.
,' "
./'!. ,'
Look al the pictures and complele Ihe sentences from the box as in the example.
happy. hot - cold - hungry - thirsty
Heis .... ~~......... .
They are ....................... .
She is ....................... .
o..:l>~
H e is ....................... .
They are ....................... .
<i!f
D.
Answer the following questions. Give true and complete answers.
1. Are you from Gennany?
21. Is it sunny today?
2. Is grass red?
22. Is a fly a fruit?
3. Are you hungry now?
23. Is Leonardo Di Caprio a poet?
4. Is a jaguar a pet?
24. Is a horse a wild animal?
5. Is a monkey a wild animal?
25. Is Venus a planet?
6. Are you fifteen years old?
26. Is today Monday?
7. Is Tokyo in China?
27. Is Turkey in Africa?
8. Is Elvis Presley aJjve?
28. Is Mozart a musician?
9. Is Paris a village?
29. Is Ball an island?
10. Is it nine o'clock now?
30. Is Michael Jackson a footballer?
11. Is it cold in summer?
31. Is Shakespeare a film star?
12. Is Mahatma Gandhi from Israel?
32. Is English easy?
13. Is Tokyo a smalJ city?
33. Is Moscow a country?
14. Are you sorry now?
34. Is the Big Ben in England?
15. Is Britney Spears a soprano?
35. Is it cold outside?
16.15 January a hot month?
36. Is Hyundai a Japanese car?
17. Are you happy today?
37. Is Istanbul in Europe?
18. Is James a Russian name?
38. Is Canada a continent?
19. Is Madonna a writer?

20. Is a potato a vegetable?
39. Is kiwi a fruit?
40. Is Ferrari a cheap car?
......
-.:.:-:-:
~.'.'.
.. ..'..
~....

...
~
.....
:.:. .

PREPOSITIONS
in, on, under, by, behind, in front of, below, above, across, near, beside, between
The lion is in the cage.
The bird is above the tent.
The octopus is below the fish.
The telephone box is

across the street.
The ruler is under the book.
The tree is behind the house.
The rat is near the hole.
The postman is at the corner.
The bag is besid e the chair.
The cat is on the pillow.
-----
The chicken is in front of the dog.
The ball is between John and Tun.
The tem perature is above 30C.
The temperature is below Oe.
....
PREPOSITIONS
....,......................
If
~ A.
Look at the picture and complete the sentences using a preposition.
EXAMPLE:
. ...............
between ...... M aTth a an d NleoIe.
5 tuart IS
1.
The dog is ................... the picnic table.
11. The rabbit is .... ............... the tree.
2.
The lantern and the thermos are .............. the table.
12. Nicole is ................... the tree.
3.
Annie is ................... the picniC table.
13. The rucksack is ................... the tent.
4.
Jack and Diana are ................... the ri ver.
14. The tent is ................... the cow.
5. The fish is ................... the fishing net.
15. The cow is ................... the tent.
6.
The blanket is ................... the rucksack.
16. Jack is ................... Diana.
7.
The plane is ................... the mountain peak.
17. Diana is ................... Jack.
S.
The pimic basket is ................... the picnic table.
18. The temperature is .................. 25C.
9.
The sleeping bag is ................... the tent.
19. Annie is ................... the thermos.
10. Charles is ................... the river.
20. Stan is ................... the river.
~~r:: A / AN
........
.. .
-......
.............
(Indefinite Articles)
.0, .. .
Use a before a word which begins with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound.
a teacher
a university
a book
a student
a hote l
a boy
a sandwich
a pencil
a girl
( The sound of the next word. is important. not the spelling.)
Use an before a word which begins with a vowel sound, or words beginning with a mute h.
an umbrella
an elevator
an e lephant
an egg
an eraser
an apartment
an apple
an onion
*anhour
(. The spelling may begin with a consonant, but it has a vowel sound.)
Complete the following sentences with a or an.

1.
....... butterfly isn' t ............ bird.
21. Is football ....... exciting game?
2.
Robin Hood is ....... British hero.
22 ........ shark is ........ fish.
3.
Is ....... surfboard ....... boat?
23........ apple ....... day is very useful
4.
Is Atlantic ....... ocean?
24. Are you ....... 1ucky person?
5.
Edison is ....... famous scientist.
25. Coffee is ....... ho t drink.
6.
Is ....... elephant ....... insect?
26. Pele is not ....... film star.
7.
Neil Armstrong is ....... astronaut.
27. It is ....... old bag.
8.
Is Madonna ....... painter?
9.
Sherlock Holmes is not ....... pop singer.
11 . Fruit juice is ....... cold drink.
28.
29.
30.
31.
12. Is ....... lion ....... big cat?
32. Cambridge is ....... university town.
13. Asia is ....... continent.
33. Is ....... apartment ....... house?
14. Mars is ....... planet.
34. The Challenger is ....... space shuttle .
15. ....... cock is ....... domestic animal
35. A piano is ....... musical instrument.
16. Is ....... kite ....... toy?
36. Measles is ....... infectious disease.
17........ wolf is ....... wild animal
37. Cyprus is ....... island.
18. Michael Jordan is ....... basketball player.
38. Is ....... whale ....... mammal?
19. Is Niagara ....... waterfall?
39 ........ Mercedes is ....... expensive car.
20. The Empire State Building is ....... huge building.
40. Are you ....... fortune teller?
10. Brasil is ....... big country.
Is Charles Dickens ....... famous painter?

English Builder is ....... grammar book.
Tony Blair is ....... politician.
Nigeria is not ....... town.
....
.....
........
...
..........
.. .
~.....
..e........... .
.
...
.. ...
...
:.:. ;.
.. .
...
.
PLURAL NOUNS
.. .:..
RULES
"
EXAMPLES
boys
1.
Most nouns take -s at the

end of their singular forms.
boy
pencil
eraser
pencils
erasers
2.
the noun ends in -5, -z, -ch,

-0", -sh, or -x, we add -es.
potato
class
watch
potatoes
classes
watches
radio
radios
If the noun ends in -y, preceded

by a consonant, change y to i
and add -es.
baby
city
country
babies
cities
countries
:>
If
:>
..... -_.. _... _. 0_._ ....... _. _...... ___ ._ .. _.... , ___ ._
,. Exceptions
o.
photo _. -_..... 'r;nofos
:>
:>
3.
4.
If the noun ends in -f or -fe,

change f or fe to V, and add -es.
leaf
knife
leaves
knives
:>
5.
Some nouns have

irregular plural forms.
child
man
mouse
tooth
children
men
woman
mice
teeth
women
Change the following sentences from singular to plural as in the example.
EXAMPLE:
1 am a football fan.
... 1Ye. ...r.<j()(j!~..llj~.~'............... .
I. It isn't a new bag.
16 . She is a lucky baby.
2. He is a fat boy.
17 . It isn' t an old book.
3. A watch is a small clock.
18 . It is a new building.
4. He is an author,
19 . A carrot is a useful vegetable.
5. A rose is a beautiful flower.
20 . She is a pretty girl.
6. She is a ballet-dancer.
21 . It isn't a new car.
7. She is a lady.
22 . He is a painter.
8. It is a good film.
23 . She is a pop singer.
9. He is a little boy.
24 . It is a new compact disc.
10 . A book is a good friend.
25. A giraffe isn't a short animal.
11 . The President is a famous man.
26. It is an adventure story.
12 . A butterfly is not a reptile.
27 . It is a cheap sweatshirt.
13 . It is an old mosque.
28 . A knife is a sharp instrument.
14. He is a clever policeman.
29 . An airplane is very fast.
15 . It is an expensive brush.
30 . A wolf isn't a pet.
<&
...
. .
...
.
..
5 ......
~ ..
.. ..
.
~0.'.'.
.. THIS
I THAT - THESE I
..
.
THOSE .......
....
...
That is a cat.
These are chickens.
A.
Those are butterflies.
Ask and answer as in the examp1es.
What are tllese?
What is that?
These are watches.
That is a camera.
4. ~
............................
6.I&.Q...~
5. ~
7. ~
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
9.~
~O
Ii.~~~~.~.~~
8. ~
THERE IS I THERE ARE
...' ..
.............
.....
"
',
<$s
A.
Look at the picture. Complete the sentences as in the examples.
EXAMPLES,
a) ... .T.~~~!.~..~~.~ ... baIl ......~!~.q!. ........ the table.
b) !!.I.~r.~. ~:~.t!g~ .. hens .. ./~! .. in the garden.
1. ................... birthday cake ............... the table.
7.
................... smaU girl ............... the table.
2.
................... car ................... the house.
S.
................... post box ................... the gate .
3.
................... party hats ................... the cha ir.
9.
............ ....... sm all boy ...... ............. the car.
4.
................. candles ............... the birthd ay cake.
10.................... jug ................... the table.
5.
.. ................. postman ................... the ga te.
11. ................... storks ................. .. the roof.
6.
................... ban anas ................... the pl ate .
12.................... cock ................... the two hens.
Now work in pairs. Ask questions and answer them as in the examples.
EXAMPLES,
a) Is there a cake on the table?
Yes, there is.
b) Are therefoll r cJwirs ill the garden?
No, there aren'l. Tltere are two chairs ifl the garden.
<&
........
.... ....
-.:.:-:-:
. ... ...
Wri.
.. .
........
....
.
..
....
.. ...
TO HAVE
00
~~
....
...
.. ..
.~
~
.... .
Have with do
+
7
I I You I We I They have ...
He I She I It has ...
Do I I you I we I they have ...?
Does he I she / it have ...?
I / You I We / They do not have ...

He / She / It does not have ...
... -_. ---... -... _.. --_._.- -- _........ -_.- -- _. ......
----_.- _. -....... --- -- -- _._ ....... --
Short forms: don't, doesn't

We use have to talk about, possession, family (and other) relationships.
~ A.
She has a new bag
They have a baby.
Jeremy has a good job.
~OOk at the examples and answer the questions.
EXAMPLES:
a)
Peter : Do you have a motor-bike?

Janeth : Yes, .~.~'!.l!!:.~.'!!.t?~9.r~~/~: ......... .
b) Jim
Tom
: Does Mc Jackson have fair hair?

: No, ~~..~~~.t}.:~.~lf.~Jl!!!..~~.~~: ...... .
1. Linda : Do you have a new raincoat?

Liz
: No, ................................................... .
3. Willy : Does Mike have a bicycle?

Joe : Yes, ................................................... .
2. Brian : Do you have a camera?

Pat : Yes, ................................................... .
4. Karen : Do Mr and Mrs Cobb have a new baby?
Jean : No, ................................................... .
Have without do ( have/has got)

We often use got with have. We use have / has got like have / has to talk about possession etc.
We don' t use do l does with have got.
I I You I We I They have got ...
He I She I It h as got...
Have I I you I we I they got ... ?
Has he I she I it got ...1
~ B.
I I You / We / They have not got ...

He I She I It has not got ...
- _. ----- ---- -- ----------------------------------- -- -- --------------_. -- --- ------ --- - _. -Short forms:
I've, He's etc.
haven't, hasn' t
Look at the examples and answer the questions.
EXAMPLES:
a)
Has she got apples in her basket? - (bananas)

No, ~~~.~~~:~:.~~~.~~~8.~t..~~~!~~~~.!~.~~.~~~~~!:.
1.
Has she got a microwave oven?
3.
Has he got a camera? -
(binoculars)
b)
Has he got a mobile phone?

Yes, .~!:.~lf.~.8.~!..~.!!!9~!~~P..~q,'!.~:....
2.
Have they got a DVD player?
4.
Have they got a car? -
(boat)
~~r:: COUNTABLE I
.....
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ..
0'
:-.'
COUNTABLE NOUNS
a Walkrnan
a mobile
phone
a computer
an orange
an elephant
a lion
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Aour
water
butter
sugar
honey
ri ce
We can say one computer, three elephants. They are countable.
We can not say one honey, two butters. They are uncountable.
\~~. ,
a piece of
cheese
two loaves of
bread
.. ,
"-
a bar of
chocolate
two kilos of
a jar of
sugar
jam
We can count uncountable nouns as;

a loaf of bread
a piece of cake
a box of biscuits
a bottle of milk
a glass of water
three pieces of cake

two slices of bread
four bars of chocolate
two cans of peas
a kilo of apples
a packet of sugar
a bar of soap
a kilo of cheese
a can of fisll
Some nouns like fruit, money, furniture, ha ir, wea tlrer are norma Uy uncountable in English.
....
.
...
.
..........
.. .
..
.
....
..
.....
..-0'..... COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ......
a
........ .
~ e"...
,"
... .
~A.
Look at the pictures and put in descriptions from the box.
a~co<~k~---------a~g
~l~as~s--------------a~r-a'dcio
~-------------a-cu-p-o7f~te-a---'
a glass of water
a loaf of bread
a sheet of paper
an iron
two pieces of cake

three sbces of bread
paper
chocolate
1............................
2.......... ................. .
a packet of biscuits
two bars of chocolate
a can of fish
a chocolate
a bag of onions
a packet of tea
a newspaper
a fish
3 ....................... .....
4 . .. .......... .. .. ... ....... .
~
','
:'
..
"
5........................... .
8........................... .
9.................... ....... .
10 . .. ... ....... ....... .. .. ..
11 .........................
12 . ............ ............ .
13........................ .
14 ........... ... .......... .
15 . ..... ... ............... .
16 ......... ................
17........................ .
18....................... .
19. ....................... .
20 ....................... ..
.
...
POSSESSIVE FORMS OF NOUNS .........
.....
.
:.:.:-:-:
. . .
...
RULES
EXAMPLES
If a noun ends in any letter except S,

we add an (') and (s) in both
If a plural noun ends in s,

b we
add an ( ')
If a singular noun ends in
we add an ( ') or an ('s)
..
.I
Betty's friend
children's TV
George's bike
singular and plural forms
the boys' coat

the Browns' house
Mr Jones' car
5,
Mr Jones's car
e",~ph"
and do the same.
EXAMPLES,
1.
purse / Sarah
!U~.?~~~~:~.p..'f.~~~:.............. .
2.
trousers / TImothy
.T.~~.~r.~.-nrJ.J.q.~~y. :~..t!9.~~q~.
3.
books / the students
22. tie / Bob
41. lockers I the girls
4.
skirt / Helen
23. shoes / James
42. wallet / Tim
5.
book / Mr Jones
24. handbag / Daisy
43. toys / Mary
6.
bicycle / Jeremy.
25. tights / JuJia
44. ice cream / Kate
7.
room / the teachers
26. garden / the Blacks
45. picture / Anthony
8.
briefcase I John
27. glasses / Tim
46. birds / Mr Brown
9.
car
28. roses / Maggie
47. rabbits / Jus tine
10. house / the Whites
29. office / Mr Deaklns
48. airplane / Mr Gates
11 . jeans / Mary
3O. armchair / my father
49. skirt / Susan
12. bag / Carol
31. fork / Lisa
50. socks / Terry
13. umbrella / Bob
32. spoon / Charles
51. bowl / Mr Derrick
33. cushion / Tom
52. sweater / Brian
34. garage / Jeremy
53. lamp / Sarah
35. cake / Sally
54. records / Don
17. desks / the students
36. calculator / Paul
55. keys / the secretary
18. ruler / John
37. comb / Melissa
56. printer / Paul
19. cat / Terry
38. tissue / Bob
57. discs / Kelly
20. class / Tma
39. eraser / Sam
58. tulips / the florist
21. scarf / Bill
4O. dictionary / Arthur
59. letter / the boss
14. kite
Peter
Brian
15. basket / Mrs Green

16. radio
Paul
..-...........
...
......
00
!i......
0::.
..-...................
.. .
......
.....
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
We use possessive adjectives

before nouns.
Plural
Singular
our
my
your
his
her
their
its
~ A.
Look at the examples and do the same.
EXAMPLES:
a) This is Tom's car.
b) They are Toby and Brian's keys.

T.!!~.'!!.~..~~~!..~~~: ...
1. Alison's mother is a nurse.
21. Is Mrs Edelman's son in japan?
2. This is Julia's room.
22. Mr jones is Paul's uncle.
3. Sue is Jack's sister.
23. This is Terry's calculator.
4. Is it your uncle's farm ?
24. This is Linda's towel.
5. Helen's brother is in our class.
25. [s this Bed's toothbrush?
6. Mrs Brown is DUver's aunt.
26. Miri am's hair dresser is new.
7. Emma is Bill and Ann's daughter.
27. These aremy children's bags.
S. loe is Mr Peterson' 5 son.
28. Is Clark's office comfortable?
9. Bill is Ann's husband.
29. My father's armchair is in the corner.
10. Pete is Trevor's brother.
30. Ruth's computer is out of date.
11. My sister's husband is an engineer.
31. Are these Ben's trousers?
12. Frank' s car is a H onda.
32. That isn't my s ister 's doll.
13. This is Bob and Su san' 5 van.
33. Paul's telephone is a Nokia.
14. Sarah's mother is a housewife.
34. My sis ter 's room is very untidy.
15. Is this Celina's bicycle?
35. My car is in H arry's garage.
16. Jane's brother is in New York.
36. My brother 's wife is a lawyer.
17. That is Peter's dog.
37. William's spelling is very poor.
18. These are Betty and Helen's toys.
38. They are m y sisters' friend s.
19. Is that your mother 's car?
39. This is not joan's purse.
20. That is you and Torn's problem .
40. Mr Black's office is on the third fl oor.
....
..
.-.:.:-:-:
... ...
.=-"........
~.
',
:::
,'
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
~B.
Look at the examples and do the s ame.
EXAMPLES:
a) bicycle / Bill
TN~.j~.~!~Ngjfl~:....
I. pencil / you
2. raincoat
Mr Rock
b) boots / Ruth
.T.hf.Y. .l!Xf!. h~r..~Qf!t?~.

I
26. sweater
27. room
you
we
3. dog / Carla
28. shoes / I
4. bags / Carlos
29. mob ile phone / Mary
5. hat / Mc Gibson
30. mirror / Mrs Stone
6. tie / Paul
31. books / John
7. flowers / Miss Foster
32. sweatshirt / I
8. jacket / your
33. carpet / Mrs Brow n
9. toys / Judie
34. comb
10. country
11 . chair
we
Brenda
my mother
35. trousers ! Ben
36. flat / The Blacks
12. slippers / Jererny
37. bed /I
13. photographs / my sister
38. skirt / Susan
14. towel / Bob
39. chair / the teacher
15. purse / Diana
40. anorak / Mark
16. house / they
41. violin / Mr White
17.car/ 1
42. coat / I
18. cafe / Mr Douglas
43. shirts / Bill
19. pyjamas / Henry
44. watch / Carla
20. keys / Orson
45. cushion
21. carcligan / 1
46. compute r / Tun
22. school /we
47. brush / Neil
23.
~elephone
number / Paul
I my father
25. calculator I Martha
24. car
Mr Diaz
48. cat / Mrs Williarn

49. glasses / Betty
SO. office / Mr Brown
..... .
.
...
.. .....
..
...
.
..
...
.. ....
...
.......
..:.......
..........
.....
~
..
e,..
ALSO, TOO I EITHER
.........
...
.. ...
...
..... ..
.:.;.:.:....
~
We use also and too in affirmative sentences.

EXAMPLES:
Bob is a teacher. Judy is also a teacher.
Bob is a teacher. Judy is a teacher, too.
We use either in negative sentences.

EXAMPLE:
Susan isn' t fat. Barry isn' t fat, either.
</!}
A.
Complete the following sentences with a/so, too or either.
1. New York isn't a village. London .... ............... ....................................................... .
2. Helmut is a German name. Franz .................... ... ........ ......... ................... ... ............ .
3. My hair is short. your ........................... ...... ............................................. _............. .
4. Bobby is a musician. Simon ...... ......................... ........... ... ...... ............. ............. ..
5. Paul isn't from Detroit. Mike ...... .. ........................... .................... ..... .... .. ............ ..
6. Tim's uncle isn' t a lawyer. Mark's ...................... .. ... ................. .... .......................... .
7. The Rowbothams have got a nice flat. The Whites ............. ..................... ...... ..... ..... ..
8. HeJen has got a new purse. Mary ................ .... .. .. .. .. : ................ ... .. ......................... .
9. My car is a Mercedes. His car .................... ........ ......... ......... ...... ........................ ...... .
10. Miss Brenda is from Birmingham. Miss Cruz .................. .... ..................... .. ... ... .... ..
11 . We haven' t got a summer ho use. They ............................ ..... ................................ .
12. The workers are at the factory. The boss ... .......... .. ......... ......................... .. .......... .... ... .
13. My mobi.le p hone is old. your .................... .............................. ...... .................. .
14. Sam's father is a rich man. Linda's ........................................ ... ............................... .
15. Mrs Foster's car is expensive. Mrs Lorenz's ....... ... .................... ...................... ....... .
16. Germany isn' t in Asia. France ......................................... ... ..... .................... ......... .
17. Your sh~s are not clean. My ........ .......................... ..... ................................ ...... .... .
18. M.ichaeI"is a basketballer. Duncan ....... .......... .... ....... ...... ........ ............. .... ..... ...... ...... .
19. }ackson is a pop singer. Britney ....................... ... ..... ............. .. .......... ....... ....... ...... .
20. Ann is a tall g irl. Brenda ............................................... ... .. ........................ .. ....... . .
....
~
...
.
:.:.;.;.
.. .
.. . .

..
....
......... ....
...... ..
... ...
.. .
~.'.'.'
.. .
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
We use possessive pronouns as the subject or

the object of a verb. Notice that we do not use
Singular
Plural
ours
mine
yours
its as a possessive pronol!D.

his
hers
theirs

EXAMPLES:
a) This is our TV.
b) My toys are old.
This is ours.
Mine are old.
1. This is our house.
19. His cardigan is blue.
2. My coat is brown.
20. Her pullover is in the wardrobe.
3. Their car is in the garage.
21. Is this your book?
4. They aren't our books.
22. Our car is a Daihatsu.
5. Is this your mobile phone?
23. That is my uncle's car.
6. That is my jacket.
24. This is Mrs Clinton's purse.
7. This is not his towel.
25. My trousers are blue.
8. Our teacher is very kind.
26. Your computer is a Sie m ens.
9. Your books are on the shelf.
27. Our class is on the first Hoor.
10. Are these her keys?
28. My aunt's umbrella is new.
11. His car is a BMW.
29. That is not my uncle's car.
12. My trousers are dirty.
30. This is your ruler.
13. These are her pens.
31. Its tail is short.
14. That is Tom's bag.
32. My camera is a Nokia.
15. Is that your tent?
33. Is that his Walkman?
16. His shoes are clean.
34. This is not your watch.
17. My Jacket is in the dry-cleaner's.
35. My mother's cakes are delicious.
lB. This isn't her radio.
36. Our TV is out of order.
..-..
.............
... .
......
...
,'
...
00
".
~ B.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Fill in the blanks as in the examples.
EXAMPLES:
a)
TIm
: This ball is h ers. Where is his?
Mabel : ... !!!?.~~........ in the garden.
b) Jane
Jack
1. Sue
Carol
2. Rick
: These trousers are his. Where are yours?

: Mine are
in the dry cleaner's.
: This office is Mr Edmond's. Where is Mr A llm" h f
: ......... ......... ................ on the third floor.

: These candies are Tom's. Where are yours?
John
: .......................... ........ in m y pocket.
3. Calvin
: This wallet is Tlll1's. Where is George's?
5aIah
4. Sue
: .................................. in his drawer.
: This car is my sis ter 's. Where is theirs?
Norman: .............. ....... .......... ... in the car park.

5. Bill
: This jeep is ours. Wh ere is yours?
George : .................................. in the garage.

6. Simon
Angela
7. Sally
Trevor
S. Emily
Brenda
: This camera is mine. Where is yours?

: ............................ ...... at home.
: These bags are theirs. Where are mine?
: ............................. ..... at the reception.
: These magazines are h ers. Where are his?
.................................. on the shelf.
..-..........
....
.......
...
......
... .
.~.'.'.'
::
................
.......
00
.
~
~.
"
MANY / MUCH
We use many and much in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.

H owever, they are unusual in affirmative sentences.
In conversations, we prefer a lot of/Iots of.
(see page 26)
many + countable plural nouns
--i.~
many eggs, many apples
much + uncountable nouns
--i.~
much sugar, much butter
EXAMPLES,
a)
Are there many eggs in the kitchen?
r:!.~!..~~~.~~.~:.~!!.:~.~~.~.y..~ss.~. ~~. ~~7..~~~~~~: ..

b) Is there much milk in the bottle?
No, there isn't much milk in the bottle.
~ A.
Fill in the blanks wi th much or many.
1. Have you got .............. ......... friends at school?
2. Is there .... ................... water in the glass?

3. Mary hasn' t got ....................... pencils in her pencil-box.
4. There isn't .... ........ ........... butter on my bread .
5. I haven' t got ........ " ........ ..... problems at work.
6. Are there ... .................... books in your lib rary?
7. Is there ....................... salt in the soup?
8. Tma hasn' t got ....................... p lums in her basket.
9. Have you got ....................... pairs of shoes in your wardrobe?
10. Is there ....................... rice in the jar?
11. There aren' t ............ " ......... women in the Parliament.
12. There isn' t ............ ........... cheese on the' pla te.
13. There aren't ...................... children at the theatre.
14. There isn't ....................... sugar in my tea.
15. I haven' t got ....................... apple trees in my garden .
16. Are there ....................... flowers in your garden?
17. Has Betty got ......... .............. salad on her p late?
18. Trevor hasn't got ....................... money.
19. There isn' t ....................... jam in the jar.
20. Are there ........ ............... children in the garden ?
......
.. .
...
.......... ...
..
.. ....
.....
......
.....
......
...
.. ......
-........... .
...
.... ...
.....
.':.' .
A LOT OF I LOTS OF
=w
','
We use a lot of and lots of in affinnative sentences. They are common in

an informal style. They have the same meaning and are more natural than
much/many in conversation.
(see page 25)
a lot of/lots of + countable plural nouns --.~ a lot of/lots of eggs, apples
--.~
a lot of/lots of + uncountable nouns
~A.
a lot of/lots of sugar, butter
EXAMPLES:
a)
coal / wood
!:~~.&~!.~.~~~..of~?~!..~.~.~.!. ~~~~~ :~.&~~.!!!.~.~~.~?~'....

b) ties / shirts
I've got a lot of ties but I haven't got many shirts.
I.
umbrellas / raincoats
13. cats / dogs
25. flour / eggs
2.
chocolate / butter
14. butter / honey
26. sugar / salt
3.
pencils / pens
15. classes
4.
milk / fruit juice
16. socks / stockings
28. honey / milk
5.
tomatoes
17. friends I relatives
29. jars / jam
6.
lemons
7.
ink / chalk
19. jackets / coats
31. uncles I aunts
8.
tea / sugar
20. VeDs I DVDs
32. boy friends
9.
cups I coffee
21. cheese I olives
33. spoons / forks
10. water / glasses
22. bread I cheese
34. sweaters
11. books I magazines
23. wells I water
35. shoes I boots
12. rice / sugar
24. fruit trees / fruit
36. chairs I armchairs
potatoes
I oranges
18. dreams
I students
I money
27. oranges / apples
30. vases I flowers
I girl friends
I jumpers
..
....
.......
.
........
!i
ll - , ' , "
0:.'.
HOW MANY? / HOW MUCH?
How many + countable plural nouns

How many
cars
books ................................. ?
students
.......
...
.
..
...
.... .....
...
.. ..
...
How much + uncountable nouns

milk
H ow much
cheese.................................. ?
water
EXAMPLES:
\ A.
!!~.1:'!. '!':~!.'}! bird s ~.~~.~.~.~.'! on the tree?
!!!.~'!!..'!.r.'!1f!.':I.r. birds on the tree.
-'-...."...n..,...,"
.....~.~~.~.~.?~.~tbirds on the tree.
p.=.
!!!.~~.~~~.:~..'!!.~~.. birds on the tree.
B. !!~.~ .~.~.~~. cake is !.~~~~.~!l the plate?
.. ..
.?7!~~ ~~ '!.l!, cake on the plate.
...
. ..
...
.......
.. .
~..
...
~
:c
<et A.
HOW MANY? I HOW MUCH?

Fill in the blanks as in the examples on page 27.
1. ............................................ bananas ...................... in the box ?(-"",="'--B..J

a) ............................................ bananas in the box.
b) ............................................ bananas in the box.
c) ............................................ bananas in the box.
2. ............................................ water ...................... in the pitcher?

a) ............................................ water in the pitcher.
b} ............................................ water in the pitcher.
c) ............................................ water in the pitcher.
3. ............................................ flowers ...................... in the vase ?
a) ............................................ flo wers in the vase.

b) ............................................ flowers in the vase.
c) ............................................ flowers in the vase.
4. ............................................ jam ...................... in the jar ?
a) ............................................ jam in the jar.

b) ............................................ jam in the jar.
.
. the Jar.
.
c)............................................ Jam
m
........
.......
".' .. "
.
..
"
.. .".
...
....... .
..........
~
........
..
.
!i.... ..
"0..
HOW MANY? / HOW MUCH?
Look at the examples and ask questions with how many and how much.
B.
EXAMPLES:
a)
There are two bottles of milk on the counter.
l!.~l!!..~.'.~!.'}f. ..~~!.~~~.~f~~!!~.~:~.~~~:~.??.~~~.~~!.'.~7.~!..
b)
There are two packets of tea on the counter.
How much tea is there on the counter?

1.
There are two bars of soap in the basin .

........................................................................................................................ ?
2.
There are two bars of soap in the basin .

........................................................................................................................ ?
3.
We have got five kilogrammes of flour.

........................................................................................................................ ?
4.
I have got three kilogrammes of sugar.

........................................................................................................................ ?
5.
There are five pieces of paper o n the desk.

........................................................................................................................ ?
6.
There are fi ve pieces of paper on the desk .

........................................................................................................................ ?
7.
We've got two bottles of fruit juice in the fridge .

........................................................................................................................ ?
8.
We've got two bottles of fruit juice in the fridge .

........................................................................................................................ ?
9.
There are two litres of milk in the jar.

........................................................................................................................ ?
]0. There are two litres of milk in the jar.
........................................................................................................................ ?
11. There is only one loaf of bread in the basket.
........................................................................................................................ ?
12. There is a loaf of bread in the basket.
........................................................................................................................ ?
.--.. ..
..
...
.. ...
...
.-.:.:.:.
"'.
.",'.'.

....................
.....
!i.
' . .
e O' ....
.:.:.:-:-:
.......... ..
...
.. ....
...
..
... .
A FEW I A LITTLE
a few + countable p lural nouns _ _.....~ a few eggs, a few apples

a little + uncountable nouns
1!}
A.
- -.....~ a little sugar, a little butter
Fill in the blanks with a/ew or a little.
1.
There is .................................................. soup in my bowl.
2.
I have got .................................................. penciJs in my pencil-box.
3. She has got .................................................. books in her bag.

4.
There is .................................................. butter on the plate.
5.
There are .................................................. teachers in the teachers' room.
6.
There is only .................................................. snow on the mountains.
7.
We have got .................................................. problems to solve.
8.
She has got only .................................................. apples in her basket.
9.
There are only .................................................. boys in our classroom.
10. There is .................................................. fru it-juice in the bottle.
~B.
Make up sentences using a few or a little with the following words.
l.
oranges
11. money
2l. lemons
2.
water
12. ice-cream
22. sugar
3.
vinegar
13. garlic
23. bananas
14. friends
24. honey
4.
5.
shirts
15. tea
25. magazines
6.
chocolate
16. fruit juice
26. plums
7.
bread
17. jam
27. milk
8.
children
18. apples
28. newspapers
9.
snow
19. time
29. coffee
20. butter
30. potatoes
10. girls
m
.
......
......
. .......0:...,",....
some + uncountable nouns
some + countable
salt
some
any
1.
rice
rice
. ..!~ ...... there .~~~y... water in the glass?
..~.~~ ... there ... ~~y.. apples in the basket?

~I No, there aren't any apples in the basket.
3.
............... there ............ cars in the car park?

Yes I No, ............................................................... .
4.
............... there ............. jam in the jar?

Yes
I No, ............................................................... .
5. ............... there .............. bananas in the bowl?

Yes
6.
No, ............................................................... .
.............. there ............... cheese on the plate?
Yes I No, ............................................................... .

7.
.............. there ............... lemons in the bowl?

Yes
I No, ............................................................... .
8. .. ............ there ............... money in the wallet?

Yes
some
any
nouns
eggs
potatoes
eggs
potatoes
Yes! ~, there is some water itl the glass.
2.
...
.. ....
...
..
...
.. ....
SOME I ANY
~A.
.......
.,...
No, ................................................................
.....
.... ..
.
00
:.:-:.:.
...
'. '
0,
CAN ( Ability I Possibility)
......... ..
..
....
:.:.;.
....
.'!.o

ABILITY
I can't see.
I can talk.
I can see.
~ A.
..
I can hear.
Answer the following questions as sh own .
QUESTIO NS
l.
Can you swim?
2.
Can a fish fl y?
3.
Can a bird open the window?
4.
Can you touch you r toes?
5.
Can you speak French?
6.
Can you speak English?
7.
Can you comb your hair?
8.
Can you touch the sky?
9.
Can a baby ride a bike?
10. Can a d og sw im?
LO NG ANSWER
......Y.~~.l .~~n .~w..im. . ............... ,... .
SHORT ANSWER
....... .Y~,..!..r:;.a.!J.,.......... _.
.............
~
......
-.:.:-:-:
..
f!
~
B.
Look at the examples and do the
..........
.'..... ..
......
........
.. ...
.. .
s~me.
EXAMPLE:
talk I fly
( 1)
................ }. ~.~!! .Y!!.~. P.~!..~. ~~!! :Lfly:: ........................... .
1.
play football / swim
( he )
................................................................................................................................................,...
2. sing / make a good speech
I drive a car
3.
walk
4.
swim / walk
5.
drink milk
6.
speak English I speak German
7.
ride a bicycle
8.
play the piano
( Mary )
( children )
( a fish )
I drink beer
I ride a motor bike
play the guitar
( babies )
(I )
( Emma )
(John )
9. fly I wash the dishes
( abird)
10. touch theiIoor / touch the ceiling
( Oliver )
11 . lift the chair f lift the refrigerator
( Teresa )
12. make a cake / knit
( Margaret)
C.
Write five things you can do at school.
1.
1 ............................................................................................................. in the class room .
2.
I ............................................................................................................. in the gard en.
3.
I ............................................................................................................. in the cafete ria.
4.
I ............................................................................................................. in the gymnasium haIJ .
5.
I ............................................................................................................. in the library .
.... .
.......
.....
... .
~.....
;;:
CAN ( Ability / Possibility )
"
!i. ... .
<@
..0:';'
....
......
:..
.e.....
..
...... ..
.
:.
D.
Write five things you can't do at school.
1.
I ........................................................................ during the lessons.
2.
[ ........................................................................ during the breaks.
3.
I ........................................................................ in the classroom.
4.
I ........................................................................ in the library.
5.
I ........................................................................ in the cafeteria.

Answer tbe following questions witb complete answers.
E.
11 . Can you sing a song?

12. What can a bird do?
1. What can a fish do very well?
2. Can you make a cake?

3. What can't babies do?
13. Can you speak English fluently?
4. Who can drive a car in your family?
14. Can you cut bread with a fork?
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
15. What can a doctor do?
Who can teach you English?

What can't you do in the classroom?
Can you wri te a good composition?
What can't a fish dol
Can you lift a car?
10. Can babies ride bicycles?
16. Can you touch the ceiling?
17. Can you walk on your hands?
18. Who can help you with your homework?

19. Can you drive .a car?
20. What can't you do at a hospital?
PERMISSION
come with you?
I
Can
we
sit here?
use your telephone?
borrow your books?
<@ F.
Write five complete questions with can asking for permission.
1.
Can I ................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.
Can we .............................................................................................................................................. ?
3.
Can I .................................................................................................................................................. ?
4.
Can I ................................................................................. :................................................................ ?
5.
Can we .................................................................................... .......................................................... ?
....
....
........:-:.;.. .
,",
'.' .
0:.',
.......
...... ...
...
... ..
...
... ..
.0.'.' .
~
Read the dialogue.
John
Peter
John
I-;!ow many things can you do, but J can't do?
Peter
I can drive a car, but I can't ride a bike!
John
Peter
John
I can't sing, can you?

No, I can't sing, either!
Peter
John
Peter
John
Peter
John
I don't know. We can count them!
_--V.V-~U-r----,
I can't drive a car, but I can ride a bike.
J can play football very well.

I can, too!
J can speak. French and English, can you?
J can't speak. French, but I can speak Gennan and English.
Oh ! We are equal!
We're good friends. We both can do the same things, can't we?
Of course we can.
Answer these questions. Give complete answers.

1. Can John drive a car?
2. Can John ride a bike?

3. Can Peter drive a car?
4. Can Peter ride a bike?
5. Can John sing?

6. Can Peter sing?
7. Can John play football very well?

8. Can Peter play footbaJJ very well?
9. Can John speak German?
10. Can Peter speak French?

11. Can Peter and John speak English?
12. Are Peter and John equal?
13. Are they good friends?
14. Can they both do the same things?
.. ..
......
.......
.. .
...
;.
IMPERATIVES

..! .. ..
~
.....:.:.:-............
......
..
....
We use the imperati ve form to exp ress a comm and or request.
Sit down.
Open the door.
Turn right.
Walk.
We use please I to make the imperative form more polite,

at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
Please sit down.

Open the door, please.
Please turn riglrt.

Walk, please.
We use don't to m ake the imperative form negative.
Don 't sit down.

Don 't open the door.
Don 't turn right.

Dott 'twalk.
We can use please in nega tive sentences.
Please don 't sit down.

Don 't open the door, please.
~A.
Please don't turn right.

Don't walk, please.
Make the imperative sentences given below more polite and negative.
EXAMPLES:
a) Stand up.
~~~'!.~~. ~~.~.:!..~.~'!.~f!...'!;P.: ....... ,'"

b ) Wait ou tside.
Don't wait outside, please.
1. Put your hat on.
I ............................... .
11. Sit down.
I ............................... .
2. Turn the lights on. / ............................... .
12. Play the piano. / ............................... .
3. Walk. / ............................... .
13. Open the windows. I ............................... .
4. Open your books. / ............................... .
14. Open the d oor. / ............................... .
5 . Laugh. / ............................... .
15. Give your keys. I ............................... .
6. Eat chocolate. / ...............................
16. Turn rig ht. / ............................... .
7.
Drink coffee. / ............................... .
17. Answer the phone. I ............................... .
8.
Turn the radio on. I ............................... .
18. Write your name. I ............................... .
9.
Come back. / ...............................
19. Hurry. / ............................... .
10. Turn the TV off. / ............................... .
20. Wait here. I ............................... .
~~j)~ THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE iif)

We use the present continuous tense to describe an action that is h appening now.
We {onn the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the main verb after the appropriate
{onn of the verb to b e.
Affirmative
Question
I am working.
Am I working?
He / She / It is working.
Is he / she
We / You
They are working.
'1
Negative
J am not working.
I it working?
He I She / It is not working.
Are we / you I they working? We / You/ They are not working.
How to make -ing forms

. (iF'
most verbs: (+) -ing
<X)
<F verbs ending in - e:

(+ ) -ing
\
<F - ie changes to y (+) -ing
<i!} A.
wait
waiting
talk
talking
drive
driving
w rite
writing
lie
lying
Write the -ing form of the verbs given below.
I. drink ....... ......... ....
4. help ................... .
7. live ................... .
10. read
...................
.
/
.
2. wash ................... .
5. work ......... .... ...... .
8. feed ................... .
11. try ................... .
3. play .................. ..
6. save ................... .
9. cry .................. ..
12. continue ................... .
~ B.
Complete the exercises as in the example.
EXAMPLE :
My brother is ( f eed ) our cat.
I.
The baby is (s leep ) at the moment.
2.
AJex is ( read ) a novel now.
3.
She is ( w ork ) h ard .
4.
Kevin is ( pla y) tennis now.
5.
The telephone is ( ring).
6.
The birds are ( fly) south .
7.
Edward is ( solve) a problem now.
8.
Peter is ( talk ) w ith A1i n ow.
9.
I'm ( hav e ) my breakfast now.
10. Gordon is ( eat ) an app le now.
~~r::THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE itt

~c.
Look at the pictures and write sentences.
1. .......... .. ........................................
2. ....................................................
3 ............ .............. ..................... .. .. ..
4. ......... ...... ............ .............. .. .........
5. ....................................................
6 ................................ ............. ....... .
7. ......... .. ........... ..............................
8. ....................................................
9....... .......... ....... ....... ........... .......... .
10. ..... ..............................................
11. ...................................................
12 ................................................... .
13. ...................................................
14. ...................................................
15 ................................ ... ............ ..
~~r:[THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~f::[

~D.
Look at the pictures and answer the questions as in the example.
1. Is it snowing?
...!':?!!!..~~..~~.~.:~.~~P.l!!.~~8:................ .
2. Are Mr Brown and Jim painting 3. Are they playing volleyball?

the door?
It is shining.
4. Are the birds walking?
6. Is Mary running?
5. Is Jerry driving a car?
7. Is the boy playing with his toys?
8. Is Tom watching television?

~~r:~THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .....
..-.:-:.:.............
....
...... .
are flying
over the trees.
The traffic is running

through the tunnel.
~ E.
in I into the water.
Look at the picture. Now make up sentences using the prepositions below.
behind, by , on into in , at near in front of through ,between under, over.

I
b. Jean
c. Oark
d . Mike
e. Toby
f. Malcolm
g. Vmcent
J*'~~-:-~'::-;:=-..,.l~ ~~~"1It---J h. Pete<
i. Betsy
j. John
k. TlIJl.
EXAMPLE : Fred I Jean I gate

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fred / ball / arm I carry

C1ark I sand castle I sit
Mike I sand I crawl
,Toby I stool I sit
Toby I towel I sit
Vmcent I life guard chair I s it
Malcolm / Toby and, the life guard chair / sit
John / Tom / sea / walk
~~~~.!~!!.~~.~~~$..~~r::.~$.~..~~..~!.~:.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
11'.
I Tom's sh ouJders / sit

Mike I shovel I h and / hold
Jean / bag I shoulder / carry
TIrn I Peter and Betsy I look
John I Fred. I wave his h and
Peter and Betsy / sea I stand
The b ird / Vincent's head / fly
TIDl
~r:::THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~~j\:

~F.
Look at the pictures. Ask and answer questions with What and Where.
EXAMPLES ,
a) What is John doing?

He is watching TV.
b) Where is John watching
He is watching TV at acaf~.
1
a ) What are the birds doing?

They are flying.
b ) Where are they flying?
They are flying to their nest.
3
12
Br[~THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~~~}:

Look at the examp le and do the same.
EXAMPLE,
B:b
liS going upS~
'to call dMick n~w.
e
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Who is going upstairs to call Mick now?

Where is Bob going to call Mick now ?
When is Bob going upstairs to call Mick ?
Why is Bob going upstairs now ?
What is Bob doing now?
1.
Mr ~rown is going to thebkitchen to hel p ~s Brown n~w.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
......................................................................................................................... :............................................. ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
2.
Mc ~ones is going to s~ool to teat
a.
b.
c.
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
............................................................................................................................................. ... ....................... ?

....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
English n~w.
d.
e.
3.
J:ry I
a.
b.
d
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
c.
d.
e.
is going to th~ garage to re:air his car noew.
................................................................................................................................... .................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
th;
hi;
4.
M~Ck is going to
a.
b.
c.
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
................................................................................................................................. ...................................... ?
library to complete
homework n~w.
d.
....................................................................................................................................................................... ?
e.
..................................................................................................... .. ................................................................ ?
~~~:tTHE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~~r::

~
Look at the icture.
' ..cb .....

~
..A.
U ... . ......
...k .~
..
Read the passage.
The Dixon family has a house in the fo rest in Toronto. Tun and Sue are the children of Mr and
Mrs Dixon. There is a pool in their garden. Now Sue is swimming in the pool. Tun is in the forest.
His dog is running after him . Mrs Dixon is hanging the laundry. Jane is Sue's friend . She isn' t
swimming. She is jogging, too. Sue is inviting her to come into the pool. Mr Dixon is reading a
book at the terrace. They are all happy.
Answer these questions. Give complete answers.

1. Where is the Dixon family?
7. Is Mrs Dixon talking to Sue?
2. Whose children are Tun and Sue?
8 . . What is Mrs Dixon doing?
3. Who is Jane?
9. What is Sue doing?
4. Is Jane swimming in the pool?
10. Where is Mr Dixon?
5. What is Jane doing?
11. What is Mr Dixon d oing?
6. What is Ttrn's d og d oing?
12. Are they having a good time?
~lr:~THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~W(
Look at the picture and the sentences. Write (T ) for true and ( F) for false.
Write correct sentences of the false ones as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
...~.~.~.~~~~~.~~~.o/.~.~R:..~.~.~.!~.~~!~!.~~~: ..................... .
Mrs White is sleeping. ( F )

1. Tom is holding a ball.
2. Grandpa is watching television.
)
)
...................................................................
.........................................................................
3. The cat is drinking milk.
4. Betty and Liz are dancing.
S. Tun is drinking fruit juice
) ...............................................................................
6. Grandma is writing a letter.
) ........................................................................ ...... .
7. Tom is playing with the cat and the dog. (
) .............................................................................. .
8. Mrs White is sitting on the sofa.
..........................................................................
9. Grandpa is sleeping on the sofa.

10. Mr White is sitting on a chair.
........ .......... ........... ...... ............................ ........... .... .
er)THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ~lr::

~ J.
Rearrange the following words to make correct sentences.
Example:
garden I Mr Brown / in! is / the l working! now.

~fNGI 0\
Mr Brown is working in tile garden now.
RING] ff.\~
I.
digging / grandfather / our / in / is / garden / the.
2.
father / hard / is / your / working.
3.
birds / flying / are / south / all / the.
4.
toy / playing / small / with / girl / her / the / is.
5.
now / drinking / Bob / coffee / a / of / is / cup.
expecting / isn't / today / Mr Brown / letter / a.
7.
page / you / on / 45 / are / exercises / doing / the?
&
now / the / students / singing / in / are / the / classroom.
9.
lessons / driving / tlking / is / Martha.
10. kitchen / the / in / doing / is / mother / your / what?

11. and / Liz / now / the / on / getting / bus / are / mother / her.
12. enjoying / party / the / you / are?
13. he / going / school / bus / by / to / is.

14. picnic / having / a / they / are / where?
.............................................................. .
15. drinking / and / caM / in / talking / Tom / are / Ann / and / the............................................................... .
16. football / the / playing / boys / are / garden / in / the.
17. room / is / Mr Brown / the / cleaning / now.
1& at / moment / this / talking / Tom / is / John / to.
19. crying / why / baby / is / the?
20. Tun / ball / running / isn't / after / the.
21. the / door / somebody / at / knocking / is.
22. clean / weacing / a / friend / your / shirt / is / now.

23. having / are / where / dinner / they / now?
24. now / the / on / corner / for / they / us / waiting / are.
25. very / sky / getting / the / is / dark.
26 moment / the / sweeping / at / are / they / streets / the.
<W
................. ,.............................................
~~r:: THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE~f:::

ADJECTIVES - Combining two sentences by adding adjectives.
Write one sentence as in the example.
Example:
A man is crossing the street. He is blind.
~.~!.I:~~..~~~! ..~~..~:'~~~!.1!.g.!.~~ .~.t.r:!:~!:.
I. Jim and Mike are drinking cola. It is cold.

2 Tun is driving a car. It is blue.
3. Molly is sitting on a chair. It is old.
~
Bobby is feeding the chickens. They are hungry.
5. Jeremy is buying a car now. It is expensive.
6. A boy is waiting at the bus stop. He is tall.

7. A man is running after the bus. He is fat
8. Rob is wearing a pair of socks. They are blue.

9. Jane is washing the dishes. They are dirty.
10. A boy-scout is helping the old lady. He is young.
11. A man is crossing the street He is blind.
12 He1en is cooking steak for dirmer. It is delicious.
13. John is attending a university in Rome. It is old.
I~ The children are cheering up. They are happy.
15. Allan is drinking a glass of water. It is cold.

16. A man is walking slowly in the street He is fat
17. Unda is reading a book. It is thick.
18. He is wearing a pair of boots. They are new.

19. rm writing with a pen. It is red.
20. Adrian is reading a novel. It is English.

21. A driver is parking his car. It is small.
22 The baby is drinking milk. It is hot.
.
.....
....
..
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ....
~:~:>
,.
What are you doing?

A group offriends are at a seaside hotel.
They are spending their holiday at this
hotel.
Ronald
Russ
Ronald
Russ
Ronald
Russ
Ronald
Russ
Ronald
Russ
Ronald
Russ
What are you doing. Russ?

I'm bored.
j
I am reading a book about whales. What are the others doing?
Daisy is watching a video and Bill is writing a letter to his cousin.
And what ahout Susan and John?
They are sitting in the beach cafe.
Oh! What are they doing there?
John is li stening to music on his Walkman and Susan is reading a magazine.
Well, go and talk to Timothy, then.
I can't. He is taking a shower right now.
Wait a minute! What's that?
What? I can't see anything.
There' s something in the water. Let ' s go and see.
Answer the following questions. Give complete answers.

1.
Where are these girls and boys?
2.
Who is bored?
3. What is Russ doing at the moment?

4.
Is Daisy reading a newspaper?
5.
Who is writing a letter?
6.
Who's he'writing a letter to?
7.
Are Susan and John looking at the sea?
8.
Is John reading a letter now?
9.
Is Susan watching TV at the moment?
10. Why can't Ronald talk t6 Tunothy?
................
.....
~... . .
....:.:.:-;.:
........ ..
..
.-:...
..
.. ....
...
OBJECT PRONOUNS
a"::.",
=- ..
We use object pronouns as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
Subject Pronoun
I
You _
He
She
It
~ A.
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
I~
l-
me
you
We
You _
us
you
him
They
them
her
it
Look at the example and do the same.
EXAMPLE,
The students are getting on the school bus.
!.!!!:.~t.If.~l!.1! !.~. ~!l!.J5.l!.~ !.~!!g .f!.'!.. ~!.', ..

1.
Mary is standing near Larry.
2. Jean is w riting a postcard to her parents.

3.
Object Pronoun
Sarn is asking a question to his father.
4. Trevor is going upstairs to call Mary.

S.
The baby isn't drinking his milk.
6.
The teacher is shouting at the students.
7.
Adrian isn' t eating his sandwich.
8.
Mr Luck is carrying the bags for Tina and me.
9.
Tom is disturbing his brother.
10. My father is eating an apple now.
11. TIm is reading a newspaper now.

12. Mike is looking at Susan out of the window.
13. Mrs White is setting the table fo r her children.
14. A porter is carrying my baggage.
15. John is helping his uncle in the garage.
16. My sister is talking to Jeremy on the phone.

17. Karen is picking flowers for Amanda.
18. Tom is sitting between Mark and Brian.

19. The dri ver is driving the bus very fast.
20. Brian is buying a kilo of bananas for Emily and you.
............. .
~. ..
',
:.:-:-:.
00...
...
"
~~
~ A.
IMPERATIVES ( Revision )
.........
....
.....
.......
....
.
., .
.
"
VEXAMPLES:
me boys are playing football in the rain .
I?~.'!. :~.P..~~..!.'!.. ~~.~.:'~!.~.!...........................

Sarah isn' t watering the flowe rs.
~~~~:'.~~~!!.~~~~!...............................,..
1. Unda is making noise in the library.
2. Jirn is running noisily in the hospital.
3. Tom is drinking icy water.
4. The students aren't keeping quiet in the class.
5. The boys are tallOng loudly.
6. Sally is picking up the flowers.
7. The girls are listening to loud music at home.
S. The children aren' t helping each othe r.
9. The driver isn't keeping on the right lane.
10. Trevor is talking with his friend during the exam .
11 . Brian is eating ice cream a lo t.
12. The boys aren't doing their homework.
13. Karen isn' t eating her sandwich.
14. Bill is throwing stones at the birds.
15. The boys are drawing pictures on the walls of the garden.
16. Brenda isn' t cleaning the blackboard.
17. Martha isn't wearing heavy dothes in winter.
18. Jenny isn't giving her dolls to her sister.
19. The boy isn' t talking politely with his mother.
20. The students are quarrelling in the dass.
21. Bob isn't brushing his teeth after meals.
22. Simon is chewing gums in the lesson.
23. Janet isn't turning her mobile phone off during the lecture.
24. George is playing computer games a lot.
25. Bobby is disturbing his brother.
26. Tom is talking impolitely with his mends.
27. The students are littering in the dass.
28. AJex is telling lies.
29. Bob isn' t drinking milk in the moming.
30. Tom isn' t listening to the lecturer carefully.
'
..
......
....
.......
................... THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
',
='11-
...........
.... .
.. .
..
..
.. ...
,"'
.... .
We use the simple present tense,

a) to show a habit
b) to show general facts
c) to show an action
Tom brushes his teeth after meals.

The sun rises in the east.
I go to Brig hton two times a week.
The simple present tense describes an action which goes on every day or all the time.
1
go
swim
dance
s leep
You
We
They
Add s to form the 3rd

person singular (he, she, it)
of most verbs.
Rules
study
cry
wash
teach
try
If the verb ends in

-sh, -ch, -x, or -z,
we add -es.
'0, - 5,
He
She
swims
dances
goes
washes
It
sleeps
teaches
~ A.
If the verb ends in

-y preceded by a consonant,
change y to i and add -es.
studies
cries
tries
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form as in the example.
EXAMPLE:
Mr Thomson (teach) English to teenagers.
M.r..::~7~9.~~9.~..~~'!.~!.I.~~.~r]gH~~.~.C?.~~~.'.~,!g~r:~: ....
1. Astronomers (study) the stars.
11. Susan (d rive) to work.
2. Water (boil) at 10(JO C.
12. A fridge (keep) the food cold.
3. Trees (lose) their leaves in the autumn.
13. I (brush) my teeth twice a day.
4. My daughter (get up) at 6:30 in the morning.
14. My sister (go) to bed at 9:30 every night.
5. We (wash) our hands and face in the morning. 15. This bus (go) to the main station.
6. Tom (like) music very much.
16. My father (help) me with my homework.
7. Panda bears (eat) bamboo.
17. Tom and Bob (like) football matches.
8. The moon (go) around the world.
18. Janet (p lay) the piano very well.
9. Tigers (have) stripes in their body.
19. I (co llect) toy cars.
10. Cats (catch) mice.
20. This shop (sell) kitchen accessories.
. ..
@..
....
.
.
.....
.......
.
.
. . THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Z3 ........
,'
!i""' ..
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
The common frequency adverbs in Englis h are :
always
rarely
frequently
occas ionaJJy
sometimes
never
usually
genera lly
seldom
hardly ever
often
ever
Frequency adverbs indicate the number of repeti tio ns of an action. They take place between the
s ubject and the main verb o r follow the verb to be and the modals such as can, may, must, etc.
Never, rarely, seldom and hardly ever are negative ad verbs, so we don't use them with negative verbs.
EXAMPLES:
a)
b)
c)
cl)
~ 8.
Jererny always gets up early.

Tom is never late for work.
We frequently visit o ur relatives.
I usually have lunch at 12:30.
Insert the frequency adverbs that suit your personal habits.
EXAMPLE:
1.1 help my mother with the housework.
11 . I take a sho wer in the evenings.
2. I visit my fri end s.
12. I chat w ith my fri ends on the Internet.
3. I watch videos at nigh ts.
13. I s u rf in the Internet.
4. I d o my homework in the school library.
14. We go to the funfair on Su ndays.
5. I eat lunch at the o ffi ce.
15. I make mistakes in the exams.
6. I go to basketball matches.
16. I listen to fo lk music.
7. I go shopping on Saturdays.
17. I need help to mend my Playstation.
8. I play squash at the weekends.
18. 1send messages to my friends in holidays.
9. I study English with my fri ends.
19. I go to work by share-cab.
10. I feel better a fter holidays.
20. I watch birds.
A SILl.Y QUESTION
It's always in front of you , but you can't see it.

What is it ?
(asou JOOA,)
.
.
...
.......
13 ...
.....
...
.....
......
... :.
~.
~
c.
1. Tom and TIm
2.
Circle the correct answer.
~ daug~k.isses me every morning.
@ / A dog like to sleep by the firepl ace.
3.
Melissa I J never tell a lie.
4.
They / Mary go jogging every morning.
5.
I I Brenda speaks English and German flu en tly.
6.
Bob / llike documentary films.
7. We / She always have lunch at the school cafeteria.

8.
My roommate / Jim and Jack does his homework regularly.
9.
That bus I AU those buses go to the main station.
10. I / My father comes home at 7 p.m.
~D.
Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1.
I always (take) my umbrella with me in winter.
2.
Brian usually (lrave) breakfast at 7 a.m.
3.
My father (w ork) for an insurance company.
4.
My sister always (WQtclJ) TV se ries.
S.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
I (do ) my homework in the evenings.

Lu cy (bike) to her office every morn ing.
Pete and Alex (love) rafting.
I sometimes (take) a nap after lunch.
Bill (ha ve) lunch at his grandma'S on Sundays.
Kerry (wake) up ea rly in the mornings.
We (go) to baseball matches on Sundays.
They usually (play ) chess at the weekends.
My parents never (go) to bed late.
The Boston train (leave) the station at 9 p.m.
Sue (help) me with my project.
My father always (prepare) salad for dinner.
1 usuall y (eat) eggs for breakfast.
The Whites seldom (visit) us.
My son (bmslJ) his teeth after meals.
All living things (need) wa ter.
....
......
........ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
13 .:.:.:.:.
.........

......
. ..
.
To make interrogative and negative sentences we use d o I d oes.
I / You / We / They work ....
He / She / It works ....
Do 1 / you / we / they work .... ?
Does he / she / it work .... ?
I / You / We / They don't work ....
He / She / It doesn' t work ....
~E.
Make questions.
l.
Torn likes horror films.
6.
This bus goes to the city centre.
2.
I need some sugar.
7.
Pamela sings pop songs very well.
3.
Mary usually drinks milk fo r breakfast.
S.
lim always sleeps in the afternoons.
4.
Bill sometimes comes to work late.
9.
They visit histo rical places at weekends.
5.
Everybody likes weekends.
10. t help my mother w ith the housewo rk.
~F.
Answer the foUowing questions. Give true and co mplete answers.
1. What do you have for breakfast?
2. What d o you usually do in your spare time?

3. Do you like swimming?
4. What do you usually do a fter suppe r?
5. How often do you visit your school library?
6. Do you go fishing at weekends?
7. Where do you usually spend your mid -term holidays? .................................................................. ..
8. Do you get up early on Sunday mo rnings?
9. Does anybody help you with your homework?
10. Do you listen to folk music?
11 . Do you wash your hands before meals?
12. Where do you usually have lunch?
13. How do you go to school?
14. Do you go out at nights?
15. What do you generally do after school?
...............
...
.........
.ooo
!e-' ..
"0. .
.....
>
My Daily Routine
My name is Janet Dickson. I'm fifteen years o ld
and I live in Exeter in England. My daily routine
is always the same from Monday to Friday. I always

start my daily activities al half past seven in the morning. I get up and have
a shower first. Then, I go to the kitchen and have a quick breakfast with my parents
and small brother Ricky. I usually have toast and a big glass of milk. After breakfast I
make my bed and tidy up my room and then I go to school.
I stay at school from nine o'clock in the morning until half past three in the afternoon. J stay a little bit
longer on Wednesdays and Fridays because I have guitar lessons. On the other days, I usually go windowShopping with my two close friends, LaTa and Deborah. When I get home, I often take my little dog.
Lucky, for a walk in the park.
I always do my homework from half past five until ha lf past seven in the evening. Then, we all have
dinner together at home. After dinner, my brother and I always clear the dinner table and do the washing
up to help my mother. I sometimes watch TV for about one hour after dinner but my brother never does.
He always prefers to play compuler games in his room. IfI don 't walch TV, I always read latest novels
of contemporary British writers. I a lways go 10 bed at eleven o'clock. After such a busy day. I usually
feel sleepy and ready 10 rest in my comfortable bed.
+Go
1.
How many days a week does Janet go to school ?
2.
Does she have a shower at 9 o'clock in the morning?
3.
Who does Janet have her breakfast with?
4.
Does she have honey, butter and egg for breakfast?
5.
Who makes Janet's bed and tidies her room up?
6.
How many hours does Janet stay at school?
7.
Why does Janet stay a bit longer on Wednesdays and Fridays?
8.
Does Janet take her brother for a walk in the park?
9.
What does Janet usually do after school?
10. How long does it take Janet to do her homework?

11. Does Janet have dinner alone?
.........................................................................................................................,......................................... .
12. Why does Janet do the washing up?
13. What does Janet do if she doesn' t watch TV?
14. Whose novels does she read?
15. How many hours does she sleep?
.
.
........
........
14 .....
~ ... .
. ... ..
-.,-
( BE ) GOING TO
.. .
.........
.' .
.:.:
...
:- .
,"
We use ( be ) going to , to express near future or an intention to perform a certain action.

In this form we generally use con tractions and time expressions.
He
She
It
We
You
They
~A.
am
'm
am not
'm not
is
's
is not
fly
visit him
drink it
at 5 o'clock.
p lay tennis
are not
aren't
this afternoon.
soon.
going to
isn't
are
're
tomorrow.
write a letter
this evening.
onSW1day.
EXAMPLE :
He .........~~. 8!!!!.18..~l!..1!.~~.i.~ .............. his aunt tomorrow.
1. Mrs Black ............................................................................ shopping in the afternoon.

2. They ..................................................................................... a pirnic next weekend.
3. It ........................................................................................... another cold night.
4. We ....................................................................................... at home and watch television tonight.
5. Bob ....................................................................................... an engineer next year.
6. Alex .................................................................................... his new school next month.
7. Adrian and 1 ...................................................................... to the Maldives next summer.
S. Kevin and Ralph ............................................................... .football next weekend.
9. Mrs Brown .......................................................................... the dirty dishes after dinner.
10. Jane ...................................................................................... her homework at night.
11. Brian .................................................................................... Lily to the dance nex t weekend.
12. J ........................................................................................... you next week.
13. Mr Brown ............. .
14. John .........................
.. .................................... up early and drive to Exeter !offiPITPw.

........................................ a letter in the afternoon.
15. Jim ........................................ ......................................... a picture after dinner.

16. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. It ........................................................................... soon.
17. There's a hole in front of the blind man. He ......................................................................... into it.
18. The walls of our flat are very dirty. J ................................................................... them on Sunday.
.......... . .
...
.......
.
... ...
~..
~
":. ',
( BE ) GOING TO
Present continuous and (be) going to future.
B.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs given in brackets.
EXAMPLES,
It's 6:00. I am .~~~,]8. ( do ) my homework.
r!!!. g~!!.'8.J!l..lf!.q.~~~.J watch ) a film o n TV at 8:00.
1. Ifs 5:30. Mary is ......................... (shop) on Pine Avenue.

.. ................. ... ...... .. ....... .............. (return ) home at 7 o'clock.
2.
It's 8 o'clock. Bob is .. .. ................... .. (leave) home .

..... .................................. ........ .,' (be) at work at 8:30.
3.
It's 9 o'clock. Mark is ......................... (read) a novel.

.. ................... ...... .. .............. ........ (go) to bed at 9:30.
4.
It's 5 o'clock. The officers are ..... .. .. ..... ...... .. ... (work) .
... ........................ ............. ........... (leave ) the bank at 6 o'clock.
5.
It's 6 o'clock. Terry is .... .. ................... (sleep ).
...... ................ ............... .. .. ..... .... (get up) at 7 oclock.

6.
7.
8.
9.
It's 7:15. My s ister is . ........................ (w ash) her face .

.. ... ................. ... ... ... ...... .......... .... (have ) breakfast at 7:30.
It's 7:50. Mick is ......... ............. ... (nm) to the station .
.............................. ................... .. (catch) the 8 o'clock train to Rome.
It's 5:45. Mr Thomson ......................... (drive) to his home .
......................... ............ ....... ....... (be) at h ome at 6:15.
It's 11 :35 Mrs Taylor is ....... .. ............ .... (make) an apple pie .
.... ............................................ ... (seroe) it to her guests in the afternoon.
10. It's 12:15. Brian is ... ... ................... (read) a news pa per.
.... ............................... ...... ....... ... (have) lunch at 12030.
11. Ws 3:25 John is ....................... .. (play) squash .

..................... .. ................ ............ (take) a shower at 4 o'clock.
12. It's 9 o'clock. The students are ......................... (take) an exam .
............................................... .... (fin ish) the exam at 11 o'clock.
13. It' s 8 o' clock . Mr5 Albright is ...................... ... (knit) a glove .
..... ................. ..... ... ....... ........... ... (co mplete) it at 9:30.
14. It's 9:15. The professor ....... .................. (give ) a lecture .
..... .................................... ....... ... (fi"isJr) it at 10 o'clock.

15. It's 1:55. AUan is .. . ...................... (wait) for his friends .
.................................. . ........ ....... (meet) them at 2 o'clock.
............
......
..
...
.. ..
.
....
. .
,',
.....
......... .
.....
..:.:.:-:,
"
MUST / HAVE TO
!i.o. ....
..
~.:
Must and have to express obligation or necessity.

The main differences between must and have to are :
a ) Must expresses an obligation forced by the speaker.
Mother (to her child)
:" You must w ipe your feet on the d oor-mat."
Teacher (to the students) :" You must attend classes regularly. I'm strict in attend ance ".
b) Have to exp resses general obliga tions.

Visitors have to be quiet at hospitals.
Drivers have to drive on the left lane in England.
c) When we are s tating ano ther person 's ob ligations we u se have to.
He has to work hard.
~
...
They have to visit her grand parents.
r:.
tP
~~'
~ mYou / He / She / It / We / They must ....

~ I Must 1 / you / he / she / it / we / they ....?
~
~ / You / He / She / It / We / They must not ...

Short form : must not
I / You / We / They have to ....
mustn' t
He /She/ lthasto ....
~ r Do 1 / you / we I they have to .... ?
Does he / she / it have to .... ?
He I She / It does not have to ....
.I
I / You / We / They do not have to ...
Short forms: do not have to

does not have to
don't have to
doesn't have to
.....
.
.
:::::::::
25 ...
@
..
..
!!......
<f!J
A.
0 ,
MUST I HAVE TO
Fill in the blanks with affirmative o r negative forms of must or have
to.
1.
Tlm! You ............. play with knives. It's dangerous.
2.
I'm feeling much better today. I ........... go to the doctor.
3.
All applicants ............. take an entrance exam .
4.
Where is Brian? I ...... ...... ,. talk to him right now. 1 have an urgent message for him.
5.
Susan has already finished all her work, so she ............ study tonight.
6.
In order to be a good saJesman or salesiady, you ............ be polite to customers.
7.
I have a class in five minutes. So I ............ go now.
S.
I'm looking for Bob. I ...... ...... talk to him about our dinner date. I can't meet him,
because I .' ............ fly to Paris tonight.
9.
A person doesn't ............ become rich and famous in order to live a happy life.
10. We ............. go to school tomorrow, because it is holiday.

11. A person ............... eat in order to li ve.
12. you ............ have a passport in order to travel abroad.
13. I can hear you. You don't ............. shout.
14. Your present is in the closet. But, you ............ look in it now.
15. you .............. use a key to open a locked door.
16. You ............ teU my secret to anyone. Do you promise?
17. Librarian: you ........... keep quiet here.
18. The teacher: you .............. talk during the exam.
19. Policeman: You ........... drive slowly. The road is icy.
20. you ................ leave now. It is so early.
21. All the drivers ............... obey the traffic ruJes.
22. It is cold outside. you ................ wear heavy clothes.
23. The baby is sleeping. We .............. make any noise.
24. Students ................. stand up when the teacher comes in.
25. Children ................ eat sweets a lot.
26. You .................... smoke. It's harmful for your health.
27. Bob's lazy. He ...... .... spend a lot of time on his project.
28. We ............. pay the bill before we leave the restaurant.
29. you .... ...... .. play basketball in the street.
30. Simon is still very fat. He ............... improve his diet.
...
9 .. ....
...
:.:'
:-:-:. .
Z& .....
!e-'
", ..
VERB TO BE ( Past)
o .'
VERB TO BE (Past)
was
were
yesterday
last week
last night
VERB TO BE (Present)
am , is
are
today
this week
tonigh t
I You / They were ....
I was ....
He / She / It was ....
We
Was I .... ?
Was he / she / it .... ?
Were we / you / they .... ?
I was not .... He / She I It was not ....
Short forms: was not
~ A.
wasn't
We / You I They were not ....

were not
weren't
Fill in the blanks as in the example.
EXAMPLE:
I can't find my wallet. It ....l!-?f!~ ......... here last night.
1. The children .................. with their parents at that time yesterday.
2. .................. you in Boston last week?
3. The meal .................. delicious, but the cake .................. not very good.
4. Where .................. the children last night? .................. they at home?
5. Last night it .................. cold and foggy.
6. .................. the film on TV last night exciting?
7. The shops .................. dosed yesterday.
8. Last Saturday Tunothy .................. at Brian's birthday party.
9. Yesterday Sue .................. late to the meeting, but she .................. very late.
1O. ln 1999, there .................. only one theatre in our town .

1. Was it foggy yesterday?
2. Were you in Paris last weekend?
3. Was there a festival in your town last Saturday?
4. Were you fourteen years old last year?
5. Were you ill yesterday?
6. Was there a good film on TV last night?
7. Were you at the theatre yesterday night?
8. Where were youyesterday afternoon?
9. Was the wea ther good yesterday?
lO.Were the fast exam questions easy?
w~ .,.~ ~M
"M'if,..
QVESTIOr.l!.
...
......
........
.....
16 ..
......
': .',
00
~c.
.....
........
....
VERB TO BE ( Past)
Complete these sen tences as in the examples.
o 0
o 0
o o 0
o o
o oo
o 0
o 0
o
o oo
o oo
o
o 0
o oo
EXAMPLES:
a) It is snowy today, but
'
.':~..~~.~!.'.:~.:!.'.?~~..Y..~~~~:.1~.:
b) He isn' t happy today, but .~~~..1!!.~?~.~1?.P''/..}f~.~.t.:.~~~y.

1. Ann is at home tod ay, but ....................... .......... .. ....... ......... ....... ........ .. ............ ........ ..... .
2. Tod ay is Monday. All the shops are open, but .. .... ........ ....... .. ............... .................... .
3. Our teacher isn' t angry this morning, but .................................................. .............. .
4. There are a lot of peo ple in the park today, but ..... ................... ... ........ ......................... .
5. The weather isn' t cold today, but ........................................................................................ .
6. I'm late for work this morning, but .......... ...................................... .... ................. .
7. There is an ap ple pie after s upper thi s evening, but ... ....... .......... ......... ... ......... ..... .
8. My shirt isn' t dirty today, b ut ...................................................................... ........................ .
9. Mary is busy all day today, but ..................................... ......... ................................................ .
10. Mr Brown is fat this year, but .............................................................................................. .
11. Brian is with his friends today, but .............................................................................................. .
12. Brenda isn' t ill today, but .... ......... .. ........ ....................... .. ...... ......... .......... ........ .... ......... .
13. John isn't late for school today, but. ..............................................................................................
14. Ruiz Costa is a good foo tball player this year, but .................... ..................................... .
15. O ur director is a man thi s yea r, bu t ................... ..................................................... .
16. They are in London for the summer holiday this year, but .... .......... .......... ........ ... .
17. Bob is a uni ve rsity student this yea r, but .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ................ ... .... .... .............. .
18. Ann and John a re in the USA now, b u t ....... ....................... .. ........................................... .
19. I'm not tired today, but .... .. ....... .............................. .. .......... .................. ........... .... .. .... .
20. I'm in teres ted in tenni s this year, but .......................... ......... ....... ......... ....... ...... .
...
.
..
.
.
..
.......... ...
........
17 .~
,
.......... ..
_.a:.' .
. ....
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
.... ..
We use the simple past tense for actions in the past. We use the same time expressions
that we use in the past form of the verb to be.
RULES
EXAMPLES
help
live
helped
lived
want
wan ted
stu dy
carry
bu ry
stu died
2.
If the verb ends in -y preceded by a

consonant, change y to i and add -ed.
3.
-y preceded by a vowel d oes not change.
play
stay
played
stayed
For all persons we form the simple past

tense by ad ding -d or -ed to regular verbs.
1.
carried
buried
Here are the simple past forms of some irregular v erbs.

Learn them by heart.
PRESENT
PAST
beat
beat
become
became
began
blew
broke
brought
built
bought
begin
blow
break
brin g
build
buy
can
catch
could
PRESENT
find
fly
fo rget
freeze
get
give
go
have
hi t
hu.rt
draw
caught
cante
cut
did
drew
drink
drank
may
drive
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
meet
come
cut
do
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
know
let
Lie
make
pay
put
read
ride
ring
PAST
found
flew
forgo t
froze
got
gave
wen t
had
hit
hurt
knew
let
lay
made
might
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
' PRESENT
PAST
rise
rose
run
say
see
sell
send
shut
sing
sink
ran
sit
speak
s tand
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
wear
win
w rite
said
saw
sold
sent
shut
sang
sank
sat
spoke
stood
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
wore
won
wrote
..
00
......
.......
...... .
..
27 ....
~
,. .
I / You / He / She / It / We / They worked ....
Did I I you I he I she / it / we / they work .... ?
I / You / He / She / It / We / They did not work ....

Short form: did not
<f
.,....
,"
didn't
Write the simple past form of the verbs given below.

A, ' - - - -- - - ,
1. (teU ................. (5. think .............. (9. (stand ..............(13j make ............. (171 feel ................. J
' .( catch .............. J_. do ................. JlOj break ............. J14j start ............... J1S1find ................ J
31answer ...........17.
say ................. 111 1 know ............. 1151 play ... ... 119 sing ... ... ... 1
41 study .............18.
carry ... .......... 112 go ................. 116.1 live ................. 121jump .... ... ..... 1
B.
Circle the correct form as in the example.
EXAMPLE : I didn't play / played table tennis this morning.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I see I saw him yesterd ay afternoon.

When did the bus arrived / arrive?
I phone / phoned her last night.
I eat I ate the cake yesterday.
Did you brush I brushed your teeth?
6. Helen didn't work I worked last week.

7. John answer I answered the first question .
8. Who break I broke the vase?
9. We play I played basketball yesterd ay.
10. Who invent I invented the telephone?
Write five things that you did last week.

1. ................................................................................................................................................................... .
2 .................................................................................................................................................................... .
3.
4 .............................................................. ..................................................... .
5.
<f
D.
Write five things that you didn't d o last summer.
1. .......................................................................................................................................................... .
2 ....................................................................................................................................................... .............
3. .....................................................................................................................................................................
4 ........................... .. ..................................................................................... .. .......................... .. .................... .
5.
.....
........
.
....
.
.......
27 ...
{ffi
....... ..
......
.
0
o
AGO:
+E.
Look at the example and d o the sam e.
EXAMPLE:
It is 201 0 now.
~!.~~!.}I.~~.~~.~8.~. it was 1999.
3.
It is February now .
.......................................................................................................................................... it was Decem ber.
It is July now.
........................................................................................................................................ it was my birthd ay.
It is 10 November 2003 .
4.
It is 11:15 now.
5.
It is Thursday today.
1.
2.
............................................................................................................................ it was 3 Novembe r 2003.

.......................................................................................................................................... it was 10:50.
.......................................................................................................................................... it was Monday.
Nancy is eighteen years old .
........................................................................................................................ she was fifteen years old.
7. It is September.
.......................................................................................................................................... it was June.
8. It is 6:30 p.m. now. Miriam is a t home .
......................................................................................................................................... she was at school.
9. It is ha lf past seven now.
.................................................................................................................................... it was seven o'clock.
10. Mr Black is a teacher. He is th irty years old .
.......................................................................................................................................... he was a student.
6.
F.
Answer these questions as in the example.
EXAMPLE :
When did you finish your thesis?

I fi.!.'.~?~~~4..!!..~.!!.l!.'!.r.~. ago.
1.
When did you begin to learn English?

I ................................................................................ ago.
2.
When were you born?

I ................................................................................ ago.
3.
When did your mother marry your father?

My mother ................................................................................ ago.
4. When did you start this school?
I ................................................................................ ago.
5.
When did you first visit a museum?

I ................................................................................ ago.
..............
................... ...
. .,
.
..
~Read the following passage.
"Ten years ago I was a stud ent at Brighton Boys' School. I was a good basketba ll player.
One d ay I got up at half past seven . I was late for school. I had to be at school at eight
o'clock for the final examination. I didn 't brush my teeth. I didn't have breakfast, either.
1 rushed out. I met Ttmothy at the bus stop. There was also an old woman at the bus stop.
"You are late. The school bus left fi ve minutes ago," she said . Timothy was a basketball
player, too. We started to run. On our way to school, I fell down a hole and broke my arm.
Unfortunately we missed the examin ation and the foll owin g year we had to a ttend the
sam e class for the second time."
AlI an is a dentist in Brighton now. He al ways tells his friends about this terrible morning.
1. Was Allan a dentist ten years ago?

2.
Was he a good foo tball p layer?
3. What time d id he get up that day?

4. Di d he ha ve to be at schO?I at half past eight ?
5.
Did he brush his teeth ?
6. Did he have breakfast ?

7. Who did he meet at the bus stop ?
8.
Was Allan a volleyball player ?
9.
What happened on their way to school ?
10. Was it a terrible morning?
~ A. k your friend five different que.tion.
about the pa age.
~f( THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

We form the past continuous tense
by adding -ing to the main verb after the appropriate past fo rm of the verb to be.
I was sleeping.
He / She l it was sleeping.
'1
Was I sleeping?
Was he
I was not sleeping He

Short fo rm:
I she I it sleeping?
I She / It was not sleeping.
was not - .
wasn't
We
I You / They were sleeping.
Were we / you
I they s leep ing?
We / You / They were not sleeping

were not _
weren't
We use the past continuous tense:

1.
to indicate that an action was going on at a definite time in the past.
What were you doing at 10:30 last night?

I was watching TV at 10:30 last night.
2.
to express a past action which was going on when another event took place.
<:;i)
~~~ ~
~~
~
When the tele phone rang, Sue was s leeping.
)While Sue was sleeping, the telephone rang.
000
ODD
000
3.
to indica te that two contin uous actions were going on at the same time.
Judy w as cooking while Peter w as reading a newspaper.
.
.......
....
~.-.-.... THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .......
....... .....
...
.......
. ooo
....,',..
~Ao
Look at the p ictures. Write sentences as in the example.
What was Hm doing when Sarah phoned?
rim was sleeping when Sarah pho/Jed.

or
When Sarah phoned, rim was sleeping.
1.
What was John doing when

his father came home?
, ..
;~
),
2.
f .
\ /
5.
What was JeTry doing w hen

his mother called hirii.?
6.
What was Janet doing when
o.
were Linda and Larry doing

when the telephone rang?
the water went out?
3.
What was Mrs Brown d oing when

the lights went out yesterd ay?
7.
4.
What was Jenny doing when

you last saw he r"?
sitter doing
entered the room?
. ..
.. .....
j l.. . . THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .

...... ..
....
.....
."
...
'
. . .
Look at the pictures and answer th e questions. Give complete answers.
1. What were Bobby and his mum doing at

nine o'clock yesterday?
2. Wha t were Brian and Adrian doing in South

East Anatolia, at 6:30 yesterday?
5. What was Paul doing at 9:00 p.m last night?
6. What were the workers doing at 8:00 a,m

yesterday morning?
3. What was Jirn doing at 12:30 on Tuesday,

July 7th?
4. What was Liz doing at 5:15 yesterday

afternoon?
7. What was Joe doing at 7 n,' rI"rk

evening?
8. What were
yesterdayafbornOOr!?
..
...
..
.
..
...
.......
........... . THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
8 ...
....
~
..
.
.
~c.
Look at the pictures and write sentences as in the examp le.
I Samuel I
EXAMPLE:
CD
...
... ..
.
.....
.
29 .:.:::::::
... . .
.........
..
.,. ... ..

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
-:.:
Adjectives modify nouns and tell us more about them.

a beautiful song
a long journey
an easy question
Adverbs modify verbs and they tell us how we do something.

He runs quickly.
She lea rns easily.
He speaks slowly.
We can form adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective.

easy
=> easily
slow
=;> slowly
c.:::;:> quickly
quick
Some adjectives and adverbs like hard, fast, late, early and low have the same form.
This is a fast car. (adjec t ive)
He drives very fast. (adverb)
The adverb fo rm of good is well.
~
~A.
Use the appropriate fonn of the words in brackets.
EXAMPLE:
a)l never drive .... .fCf.~:....
( fast I fastly)
1. She walked away ..... ........................... ...................................................... (quick! quickly)

2.
This is a ....................... ................................................................ train. (slow /slowly)
3.
Sue sings very ............................... ............................................... ..........
4.
That is a ....................................................................................... bag. (beautiful / beautifully)
5.
Everybody can learn English .................................................................. . (easy / easily)
6.
Jeremy is a .......................................................................... coach.
7.
The chicken was ....................................................................... cooked.
(weak / weakly)
8. Tom has bought a .................................................................... car.

9.
(bad / badly)
(bad ! badly)
(fast I fastly)
You have to bake the cake ...................................................................... . (slow / slowly)
10. He speaks five languages ..................................................................
(fluent / fluently)
11 . Timothy wTites in .....................................................French.
(perfect / perfectly)
12. Thomas has .................................................................. ideas.
(interesting / interestingly)
13. They are making a ..........;.................................... ................... mistake.
14. He can play golf .............................................................
(terrible / terribly)
(skilful ! skilfully)
15. My grandfather drives his car very ...........................................
16. 1 can solve these questions.............................. ........................
(slow / slowly)
(easy / easily)
17. You have to listen ................................................ . (careful/ carefully)

18. Susan plays the piano ....................................................... .
(beautiful ! beautifully)
.......
.
..............
t]
. ... .
...
..................
....
...'.
..
.....
COMPARISONS
0' . ..
e-,,' .
.""",.
THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

We make up the comparative form of one - syllable adjectives and adverbs by adding -er.
tall
dark
hard
fast
taller
darker
harder
faster
We use more to make up the comparative form of adjectives that have three or more syllables
and adverbs that have two or more syllables.
interesting
difficult
carefully
quickly
more interesting
---+- more difficult
----+- more carefully

more quickly
We usually make up the comparative form of two-syllable adjectives

ending in -er, -y or -Iy by adding -er.
pretty
silly
clever
prettier (y becomes i)
siUier (y becomes ;)
---+- cleverer
We use more to make up the comparative form of two-syllable adjectives ending in -fu! or -re .
doubtful
---+-
obscure
more doubtful
--+-
more obscure
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms.

good
bad
We use than after comparatives.
This exam is harder than the last one.
<!}
well
badly
better
worse
better
worse
My camera is more expensive than his camet:a.
A. Fill in the blanks with the <omp".tive forms of the .dje"ives .nd .dve<bs given below.
1. short
2. quickly ....................... .
3. fat
....................... .
4. often
5. brave
6. old
7. early
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
8. big
....................... .
9. famous ....................... .
10. far
....................... .
11 . much ....................... .
12. valuable ................... .
13. long ....................... .
14. handsome ............... .
'.,
~
'
clever
comfortable ................... .
cold
....................... .
dangerous ..................... .
slowly
........................
few
....................... .
A SILLY QUESTION
Can a kangaroo jump higher than

the Emp ire Stat e Build ing?
(jdwnf.j.ou ut 6u!Pl!na ~"'O.j.5 3J!dw3 ~4.j. 3SnOJ3q 'saN
....
.
....
.:.:-:-:.
....
30 .
[@
....
.......
, ',
..
COMPARISONS
" '.
0:.',
...
THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
B.
Look at the pictures and write sentences as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
An elephant is heavier titan a tiger.
A tiger is ligh ter 'han an elephant.
800 kg
CD
2003 MERCEDES
1931 FORD
-.
~
180km/h
earth wonn
Ma~ ~uliet
.... ,'
.......
.
.... .
........
30 ... .
~
....
......
COMPARISONS
0, . . . .
rr
as ..... as "
We use as.~ .. as to show the equality of comparison or similarity.

EXAMPLE :
145kg.
.ET~~.!~.~~.~t!:q.1'!.8.~~.!!!.~.~~: ........ .
Fred
CD
scorpion
ISO km / h
180 km / h
fi- .-:;r~~
800
4cm
-50 QC
-SO QC
~/~.
.
.......
........
-....
31 ....
~
....',
. .'..
.': ...
..
..:.-....
SUPERLATIVES
THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

We make up the superlative form of one - syllable adjectives and adverbs by adding -est.
tall
dark
hard
fast
tallest
darkest
hardest
fastest
We use most to make up the superlative form of adjectives that have three or more syllables
and adverbs that have two or more syllables.
interesting
difficult
most interesting
most difficult
carefully
qukkly ----+
most carefully
most quickly
We usually make up the superlative form of two-syllable adjectives

enc:i.i.ng in -er, -y or -Iy by adding -est.
pretty
silly
prettiest ( y becomes j )
silliest ( y becomes j )
clever
cleverest
We use most to make up the superlative form of two-syUable adjectives ending in -ful or -re.
doubtful
-+- most doubtful
obscure
----+ most obscure
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular superlative forms.
well
badly
best
wo rst
----+ pest
worst
We use the before superlatives.
EXAMPLE: Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world .
<@
A.
Fill ;n the blanks wHh the superlative fonns of the adjectives and adve<bs g;ven bel ow.
1. short
2. q uickly ......
3. fat ..........................................
4. often ........................................ ..
S.big
9. famous ........................................ .
10. far
5. brave ............................................
12. valuable .................................... .
6. old
........................... .
7. early ............................................
13. long
14. few
11 . much
.......................................... .
15. hand some ............ .

16. clever
17. comfortable ..
IS. cold
19. dangerous .
20. slow ly ........................................... .
A SILLY QUESTION
What is the longest word in
the Engl ish Language?
S.S o~ u",,~aq
allW"0
S!
aJatu (nl!ws)
~~~:/COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES iif.::
+A
.
Look at the pictures and write sentences as in th e example.
EXAMPLE :
a) A tenn is ball is big.
b) A foo tball is bigger fhan a tenn is baU.
c) A basketball is tile biggest.
CD
a) ............................................................................ .
W
d
(3)
a) ....................................... ......................................
W
d
Jane
CD
a) ... . . . H ... H... H........ ...... .
W
d
G)
a) . ............. H.. H..H ......................................... .
W
d .. ........................ . ...
~~f( cOMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES ~i~~U:

~ ..::.
Worksho
... '.
TWO DIFFERENT TOWNS IN ITALY
After their holiday in Italy, Albert and Jenny are talking about the.ir impressions.
Jenny
Albert
Jenny
Albert
:
:
:
:
Jenny
Albert
:
:
Jenny
Albert
:
:
I'm sorry that life in Treviso isn' t very interesting.

You mean life in Cariati is more interesting.
Certainly! And houses are better than the houses in Treviso, I think.
And what about the weather? Treviso has got a better climate for us, the
British. It's not as hot as it is in Cariati. And, you know, we are not accustomed
to hot weather.
You're right.
WelJ, actually, life in Cariati is more attractive. That is why more peop le
visit there.
I can say that Cariati is the best holiday res~rt I have ever visited.
Well, it is not only the best, but a lso the most bea utiful resort.
Work in pairs. Ask questions about this passage and give complete ans wers.
........
~...
. .
.......
e . . .
'! "
. ... .
33
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We ma ke up the prese nt p e rfect te nse wi th h ave I h as a nd
the pa st p a rti cip l e fo rm of the ma in ve rb .
+ I have worked.
He I She / It has worked.
We I You I They have worked .
Has he / she I it worked ?
Have we
Have I worked ?
I you I they worked ?
He I She I It has not worked. We / Yo u / They have not worked.

have not _ haven' t
1 / you / ....etc have ---+ I' ve I you've I ... de
has not -.-h as n't
+ he / she / .... etc has ---+ he's I she's/etc
I have not worked.
Short fo rms:
We use the present p erfect ten se to describe an action that took p lace at some indefi nite time in
the past and has a connection with the present time. If the exact time is mentioned, we often use
the Simple past tense.

EXAMPLES: a) I have read that magaZine.
(Indefinite time in the past)

(Definite time)
b) 1 read that magazine yesterday.
The time expressions like today, this week, this year, etc. symbolize the present time.
EXAMPLE : I haven' f seen Bob today.
We also use the present perfect tense

to describe an action that was repeated several (many) times in the past.
EXAMPLE : Diana has gone to London several times.
Here are the past participle forms of some irregular verbs. Learn them by heart.
PRESENT
b,,.1
"""m,
begin
blow
break
bring
build
buy
PAST
.,."
PAST PARTICIPLE
PRESENT
,,,
PAST
,,,
PAST PAKI1CIPLE
catch
rom.
j)e(:ame
began
blew
broke
brought
built
bought
could
ca ught
came
beaten
"""m,
begun
blown
broken
brought
built
bought
been able to
caught
rom,
rul
rut
rul
ruo
do
draw
dri nk
drive
did
drew
drank
drove
.to
fell
doo.
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
~y
said
m"
paid
puI
re.d
ridden
ruos
risen
ruo
said
~w
~o
~II
~od
~'d
~'d
~o
."
fall
'''''
fight
,~,
fiod
fly
forget
"""
8"
give
~~ve
hit
hUrl
imow
,'"
felt
fought
found
fl,w
forgot
froze
80t
gave
went
h,d
hit
hUrl
im.w
red
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
frozen
got/gotten
given
~one
.d
hit
hUrl
known
lie
make
m.y
m~1
p.y
pUI
re,d
ride
ring
ri~
shut
sing
sink
sit
speak
stand
swim
. '"
teach
tell
think
throw
wear
win
write
'.y
made
might
mol
paid
puI
re.d
rod.
rang
"0
~"'
shut
'01
lain
made
~"'
~of
shut
sung
' u""
~I
~I
spoke
.tood
swam
spoken
.tood
swum
laken
tau ght
told
thought
thrown
worn
woo
written
~o
look
taUgh t
10'
though
threw
wore
woo
wrote
...
-.................
.......
33
@,
.. ..
...
~ A.
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
0,
.,.. '.,
Complete the following sentences
using the present perfect tense form of the verbs in brackets.
f'1'O}E.CT
EXAMPLES:
a ) We .~~l!.f!.~!~.'.~ .~~!.J. ('lOt see) him lately.

b) Has John ~~~~~r.~~~~~ (complete) his project?
1.
2.
1.,
00o
Mrs Ruth ................ (mail) the letters.

I ............... (not Itear) anything about him recently.
3. My father .... ........... (not buy) a computer for me.
4. Demi ............... (go) to New York several times.
5. The postman ................. (deliver) the lette rs.
6. . ............. you ........ ....... (be) to Rome before?
7. The baby ................ (not drink) aB of his milk in the bottle.
8. The inspectors .................. (v isit) the Central Bank several times this year.
9. Brenda says that she .................. (find) her keys.
10. I .................... (have ) fi ve rups of coffee this moming.
11. Miss Shelby ................... (prepare ) all the reports for my father.
12................ you ................ (not finislJ ) your assignment?
13. My daughter .......... .... ..... (lIot be) to the zoo before.
14. A lot of Polish people ..... ... ... .. ...... (go) to Ge rmany to work.
15. I ................ (not see) Mary in the canteen tod ay.
16................... Susan ................. (lIot invite) you to her birthday party?
17. We .................. (notice) a few changes in Sue.
18. I ................. (wa ter) the flowers three times this week.
19. The authorities ................... (not semI) us any e-mail this week.
20. I ................. (finish) all my studies. I' m ready to go out now.
21. I ........ _........ (not have) breakfast this morning.
22. Mary ................. (leave) her dictionary at home.
23. TIm ................. (read) A Farewell to Arms three times.
24. We .................. (watch ) The Titanic two times.
25. I .. .................... (lose) all my credit cards.
26. My son ................... (buy) a new mobile phone. It's a Nokia.
27. My brother .................... (break) my new digitaJ camera.
28 .................. you .............. (see) the new Playstation 2?
29. I ............... (surf) on the Internet many times.
30. We .................. (1Iot receive) any news from Amanda.

00
..
..............
...
!e.'
. .

0
~
V
B.
.... .
-.-... .
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .-.:.:.:.
.. .
.0..... ..
Complete th e following sen tences

using the present perfect tense or the simple past forms of the verbs in brackets.
1.
Who ........................ you ............................ (s ee ) on the way to school yesterday?
2.
Emily ................................................................... ( be ) abroad many times.
3.
I ................................................................... ( lose) my umbreUa. I can't find it anywhere.
4.
......................... you .......................... (v isit ) the Buckingham Palace when you were in London?
5.
My sister .................................. ( live ) in Canada for two years before she moved to London.
6.
How many times ....................... you ............................................ (watc1, ) that film?
7.
My fathe r ............................................ ( not give) me any pocket money last week.
8.
What news ............................ you ................................ ( hear ) of John la tely?
9.
........................... your dog ................................... ( bite ) anyone before?
10.
Unfortunately, it ......................................................... . ( bite) the postman last year.
11.
.. ................................ the post ................................. ( come ) ? Is there anything for me?
12.
Ernest Hemingway ............................................. ( write) a lot of novels.
13. She is a famous painter. She ................................................... ( paint) three portraits this year.
14.
Luckily, nobody....................................... ( die) in the accident yesterday.
15. She is very hungry. She ................................................................... ( 'lOt eat) anything today.
~ c.
Complete the fo llowing sentences

using the present perfect tense of the verbs in brackets.
1.
I ............... .!.t.q!!~Ar.'!.t}.~.~~!r:!:~ ....................... cups of tea today. ( dri"k )
2.
Mr Cobb ................................................................... quizzes. (prepar" )
3.
Ann ................................................................... books this month. ( read )
4.
Danny ................................................................... bars of chocolate this afternoon. ( eat)
5.
Pam ................................................................... plates tOnight. ( wash up )
~~r:~ THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
......
......
.. .
.......
.. .
....
FOR / SINCE
We also use the present perfect tense to describe an action
that began in the past and has continued up to the p resent time.
We use for to show a period of time up to now.

EXAMPLE:
Linda has studied French for two years.

We use since to show that the action is from a definite point or period in the past up to now.
EXAMPLES :
I have lived in London since 1975.

I have lived in Boston since I was born.
Complete the following sentences uSing/or or siuce.

1.
I have studied English ................................................... seven years.
2.
Mr Tobey has lived in Turkey ................................................... 1955.
3.
We haven't gone for a picnic ................................................... May.
4.
Ellen hasn't come to school ................................................... three days.
5.
John has n't seen his aunt ................................................... last s ummer.
6.
It hasn 't rained here ................................................... June.
7.
I haven't written to my brother ................................................... years.
8.
Allan has been ill ................................................... hvo weeks.
9.
I haven't spoken English ................................................... my birthday.
10.
Lucy hasn't seen Bob ................................................... he was born.
11.
Mr Brown has been a teacher ................................................... ten years.
12. Mr JUrgen has worked in Germany ................................................... fifteen years.

13.
I have waited at the bus - stop ................................................... an hour.
14.
I haven't watered the plants ................................................... three days.
15.
Mrs Freeman has been in the supennarket ................................................... two hours.
16.
Mr Friss has had his new car ................................................... a year.
17.
Dolly has been in New Delhl ................................................... 1985.
18. Tom and Jim have been &iends ................................................... fi ve years.

19.
20.
haven't received any e-mails ...................................... ............. a mo nth.

I haven .. played basketball ................................................... 1978.
~~r:: THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

~ E. Answer the following questions usingfor or since. Give true and long answers.
1. How long have your parents been married?
2. How long have you learned English?

3. How long have you been in this city?
4. How long have you been awake?
5. How long have you attended this school?
6. How long have you used this book?
7. How long have you been a student?
8. How long have you studied science?
9. How long have you had a new watch?
............. ............. ................ .................. .. .. ...... ............... ............. ...... ....

10. How long has your family had a TV?
11 . How long has your English teacher taught English in this school?
12. How long has your fathe r been a member of a social organisation?
13. How long have you studied this exercise?
14. How long have you played volleyball?
15. How long have you ridden a bicycle?
. .. . , ......... ........ ................ ........................................ ............ ............. .... .
:.:.:.......
....
~~r:: THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ...
.. ..
....
....
', "
-:-:
.
EVER/NEVER
We often use ever and n ever with the present perfect tense.
We use ever in interrogative sentences:
EXAMPLE:
Have you ever seen the Prime Minister?

Yes, I have seen the Prime Minister ( once, twice, etc. )
We use never in negative sentences :
EXAMPLE:
Have you ever seen a tiger?

No, 1 have never seen a tiger.

1. Have you ever played baseball?
2. Have you ever been to a museum?
HAVE YOU EVER
3. Ha ve you ever spoken to a fore ig ner in English? SEEN A TIGER?
4. Have you ever seen an ostri ch?
5. Have you ever visited the Topkapl Museum?
6. Have you ever eaten a crab?
7. Have you ever watched a documentary film on TV?
8. Have you ever been to a pop concert?
9. Have you ever made a mistake?
10. Have you ever told lies?
11. Have you ever nown by plane?
12. Ha ve you ever given a present to your friends?
13. Have you ever broken a vase at home?
14: Have you ever cut your f.inge r?
15. Have you ever drawn doodles on the walls?
16. Have you ever fought with your friends?
17. Have you ever left your dictionary at school?
18. Have you ever iJ)jured your leg?
19. Have you ever met the President of your country?
20. Have you ever read a detective sto ry?
21. Have you ever surfed in the internet?
22. Have you ever watched a thriller?
23. Have you ever sent an e-ma il ?
24. Have you ever had a pen-pal?
25. Have you ever baked a cake?
~i~r:::: THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE i~::

_.
."
.~
We make up the present perfect continuous tense with have/has been and
the -ing form of the main verb.
have
How long
has
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
working ............. ?
You
We
been living ............. ?

studying ............. ?
They
He
She
It
1""
have been working .............
've been
living
has been
's been
.. ...........
studying .............
We use the present perfect continuous tense to describe an action

that began in the past, is soJi in progress, and may also continue in the future.
They have been waititlg at the bus-stop for an hour.
~A.
Complete these sentences

using th e present perfect continuous tense form of the verbs in brackets.
1.
Janet ................... ............................................................... ( practise) the piano for two hours.
2.
Rob ............................................................................ ............ .......... ( sleep) for ten nours.
3.
Mick and Jenny ................................................................................... ( study) Maths for an hour.
4.
Mr Dickinson ....................................................................................... ( tend,) Eng lish since 1998.
5.
The bus-driver ................................. ................................................................. ( drive) for nine hours.
6.
They .................................................................................................. ( ta lk ) for fifteen minu tes.
7.
The baby .................................................................................................. ( cry ) for ten minutes.
8.
1 ........................................ .......................................................... ( collect) sta mps since 1994.
9. We .................................................................................................. (wa lk) since mOrning.

10. Kirk and Sa lly ................ ................................... ............................................. (da nce) for an hour.
~~r::: THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

~ B.
EXAMPLE:
He has been paill tillgfor sevelll1ollrs.
1.
.............................................................. .
.. .... .. ... ................................................... .
.. ... ... ... ....................................... .. ... ..... .. .
4.
.............................................................. .
... ... ... ..................................................... .
...
........
........
...
.......
.
...
.. ..
.......
......
..
......
.......
THE INFINITIVE
~
~
.:~
...
The infinitive consists of two words, to + verb, as in the examples.

to work
to study
to read
We use the infinitive to complete the m eaning of several verbs.
VERB + INFINITIVE :
a) Helen likes to study English .
b )They began to run.
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE :

a ) His fa ther wants AlIan to be an engineer.
b )She asks me to help her.
We also use the infinitive to complete the meaning of several adjectives and ad verbs.
EXAMPLE:
It is impossible to study at home tonight.
INFINITIVE WITHOUT "TO" :

After some verbs and expressions like will, shall, can, do, mus t, m ay, n eedn't, dare,
would rather, had b etter, let, make, fee l, hear, see and watch we use the infinitive without to.
~ A.
Com plete these sentences as in the examples.
EXAMPLES:
a) Kelly ..................... .li.ke.sJo..s'.".dy. .............................. English
b) His fa ther Y!~t!!.~ ...... Bob .. !Q.. P.L ... an engineer.
c) It is ......... ..f!!!p.~$.~fp.!~ .t9..$.~!f:4J{ ........... ~ .... at home tOnight.
d ) You .......... )!f!.4..~!!;~.~t;r.gq.......................... to bed early.
.( like to )
( w ant .... to )
( impossible to )
( had better )
1. Billy ............................................................. .................... an architect.
( intend to)
2.
I ..................................... Kevin ................................................... again .
( encourage ... to )
3.
I ......................................................................................... out at nigh t.
( dare n ot )
4.
We all ....................................... Bobby ............ ........... .......... in Turkey.
( want ... to )
5.
You ..................................... .............. .................... . quiet at the theatre.
( must )
6.
Where do you ....................................................................................... ?
( want to )
7.
His car isn't ........................................ ................................................... .
( safe to )
8.
Would you ............................................................................. an apple?
( like to )
'
....
......
........
...
.........
.
~.
...
... ',.
THE INFINITIVE
...
~
Infinitive with TOO [ too + adjective I adverb + infinitive 1

Too indicates an excessive amount or degree in adjectives and adverbs and it has a negative meaning.
~ B.
Write one sentence as in the examples.
EXAMPLES :
a) Helen is very ill. She can 't go to school.
..... !:I.~l~!1.j.tp!? m.!.Q.gR.!9. ?~hgpl: ..... .
b) This orange is very sour. I can't eat it.
..... !!!.i~ .~~~!!g~.!~..~C?!!.~~~r..(fo..~..'!!~.}..~f!..~~f: ..

1.
This car is very expensive. We can't buy i t. ................................................... ................................. .
2.
The coffee is very hot. I can't drink it. ............................................................................................... .
3.
I am very tired. r can't finish my homework.................................................................................... .
4.
5.
6.
I am very busy. I can't watch TV........................................................................................................ ..

The suitcase is very heavy. Sarah can't carry it. .............................................................................. ..
The ceiling is very high. We can't touch it. ........................................................................................ .
7.
Allan is very young. He can't drive the car........................................................ ,............................... .
8. It is very cold. I can't swim .......................................... ........................................................................ .

9. It's very dark. I can't see anything .................................................................................................... ..
10. This skirt is very small. Mary can't wear it. ..................................................................................... ..
11. It's very windy. We can't sail. ............................................................................................................... ..
12. The hill is very high. We can't climb it. ............................................................................................. ..
13. You are very young. You can't go out alone at night. .:....................................................................... ..
14. I'm very sleepy. I can't drive ................................................................................................................ ..
15. He is fat. He can't run fast. ................................................................................................................... .
16. I'm very hungry. I can't work.............................................................................................................. .
17. The soup is very salty. I can't drink it. ................................................................................................... .
18. Liz is very young . She can't stay at home alone .............................................................................. ..
19. Bob is very busy. He can't go to the cinema ..................................................................................... ..
20. The apple is very sour. I can't eat it. ................................................................................................. ..
21. The water is very rough. We can't swim ......................................................................................... ..
22. It is ramy. We can't go for a picnic..................................................................................................... ..
23. The questions are very difficult. I can' t answer them .......................................................................... ..
24. This blouse is very tight. I can't wear it. ......................................... ....... ..... ...................................... ..
... ....
........
3 .........
.......
........ THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

..,.
We form the simple future tense w ith will + the simple form of the main verb. 10 the
past, instead of will, shall was used with I and we. We gen erally use contractions
( '11 , won't ).
? Will I/ we study ............. ?
Will you / they / he / she study............ ?
Yes, you / they / he / sh e will study ........
Yes, I / we will study ........
No, I / we will not study ....

No, you / they / he / she will not study ...
_-. __ .- ....... -.. __ ._.-- -... __ .. --._ .. --- ... ".- ..... --'._-_.- .. _--_.- .. _--_.- .... _.. -' ... __ .-- .. -..
Short forms:
will not - + won't
111/youll /hell ... etc.
.......
~ A.
Write the simple future tense form of the verbs in b rackets as in the examples.
EXAMPLES:
a) Will you ~.elp'.

b) Trevor will go
(help ) me tomorrow?
(go) to Madrid next week.
(not go) to school tomorrow.

1.
Mrs Lopez ................................................................................................. ( go ) shopping tomorrow.
2.
TIm ................................................................................................. ( be ) two years old next year.
3. Sarah ................................................................................................. ( not go ) to bed early tonight.

4.
Tom ................................................................................................. ( meet) us at the bus-stop.
5.
Bob ................................................................................................. ( fly ) to London next week.
6.
This exercise ............... .................................................................................. ( be ) easy for Miriam.
7.
...................... you ............................................................................ ( do) any homework today?
8.
Jim ................................................................................. ( not have) any EngJjsh exams this month.
9.
.. .................... you ................................................................................. ( visi t ) your aunt tonight?
10. Sally and Larry............................................................................................. (go) to Italy next Sunday.

11. Be quick, or you ........................................................................................ ( miss) the bus.
12. Sue ........................................................................................ ( not be ) here this morning.

13. Thomas is tired. He ........................................................................................ ( not work ) tonight.
14. The New York flight ........................................................................................ ( be ) on time today.

15. Jim ........................................................................................ ( leanl ) the truth soon.
.
..
~
......
.. ....
........
8' .....
.....
.... . THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
o ,
...
o , .
...
0.,. .
'
o "
Ask questions about the s tatem ents as in the exam ple.

EXAMPLE ,
Who will have a birthday party llext Saturday?
Brian w ill have a birthday party next Saturday.
1. When ....................................................................................................................... 4~~:':l. ............ ?

Sally wilJ have an interview next week.
2.
Wh at
.................................................... ...... ........................... ...................................................... ?
Julia will help her mo ther in the kitchen after lunch.
3.
Why
.................................... ...... ................................................................................................. ?
Luey w ill go to the lib rary to complete he r thesis .
4.
How
.................. .. ............................................................................... ....................... ...... .. ......... ?
I will go to my office by bus tomorrow.

5.
Who
............................................................................ .............................................. ................. ?
Linda and Polly will visit the British Museum.

6.
................................................ .......... .......................................... ...... ...... ..................... ..... ?

Where
Bobby will go to Vienna next month.
7.
How many............................................................................................................................................ ?
I w ill buy four magazines next month .
&~~~?
9.
Hans will stay in London for two weeks.

Where
..................... ............................................................. ............ ........................ ............. ........ ?
Trevor will meet Nelly at the bus terminal.
10. How much ................................................................ ......................................................................... ?
Mrs Ford will buy 2 kg of sugar.

11. Why
...................................... ........................... .................. ............................ .................... ....... ?
Mrs Ford will buy 2 kg of sugar to make jam.

12. Wha t
...................... ...................................................................................................................... ?
Jim will take OUI photographs tomorrow.

13. Where
..................................................... ...... ............... .................................................................. ?
We will spend our sum me r holiday in Spain.

14. When
.......................................................................
......................................... ...................... ?
Bob will plant flowers in the garden next Sunday.

15. What
......................................................... ........................................ ........................................... ?
The weather w ill be sunny tomorrow.
~~r+rHE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE::~: .

We make up the future continuous tense with will + be
and the -ing form of the main verb.
I
we
?
Will
+
Yes,
I
we
you
they will be
he 'lI be
she
it
you be
they
he
she
it
working ... .. .........
going ....................
living ....................
s tudy ing .. ............
writing .................
playing ................
visiting
................
working ..............?
.
gOlng
.................... ?.
living ...... .............. ?
s tudying ....... ....... ?
w riting ................. ?
playing ................ ?
visiting ................ ?
No,
I
we
you
they will not be
he won't be
she
it
working ..............
going ....................
li ving ....................
s tudying ..............
writing .................
playing ................
visiting ................
We use the future continuous tense to describe an action

that will or won't be going on at a certain time in the future.
~ A.
Fill in the blanks with the future continuous tense form of the verbs in brackets.
EXAMPLE,
This time next week, ~.f!...~.i.~~.~.:.. ~.r.:!.~~t}.~~~~!!$.. ( swim ) in our pool.

1.
At the same time tomorrow morning, I ................................... (wait ) for you at the bus stop.
2.
TOnight after 10 o'clock, I ............. ...................... ( watch) my favourite TV programme.
3.
Where ................................... you .......... ......................... (go ) at this time tomorrow?
4.
At this time next month, we ................................... ( work) in our office.
5.
This time next yea r, Tom ..................... .............. ( attend) Yale University.
6.
Tomorrow afternoon at six o'clock, I ................................... ( plant ) flo wers in my garden.
7.
Tomorrow at 11 :30, Tom ................................... (drive) to Berlin.
8.
At this time next Saturd ay, Sally ................................... ( v isit ) he r grandmother.
9.
John ............
(fly) to New Jersey next Monday at this time.
10. Don't ca ll him tOnight, he ................................... ( do) his homework.

11. When you come home tonight, I ................................... (stu dy ).
12. Tomorrow evening at seven o'clock, I ................................... (go ) to Detroit.
13. What ................................... you ............................. ...... ( do ) this time next week?
14. Tomorrow mo rning at ten o 'clock, we ................................... ( shop) at the s upermarket.
....
........
.. ..
.....
....
..
' ,"
'.'.
MAY (Permission-Possibility)
.....
..-......
.....
......
....
...
.. ..
...
"
,'
PERMISSION
We use may to ask or gi ve permission in the present and future time forms.
May is more fo rmal than can.
EXAMPLES:
a ) May I ask a question, please?

b) Candid ates may bring their calcul ators into the examinati on room.
POSSIBILITY
We also use may to express the possibility in the present and future time forms.
EXAMPLES :
~ A.
a ) It may rain tomorrow.
b ) He may come today.
Ask five questions using may for asking permission and answer them.
I.
My.....................................................................................................................................................1
2.
.f..:;........................................................................................................................................................ .
M~y..................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.
.y~$. ....................................................................................................................................................... .
M.~y.....................................................................................................................................................1
No
4.
M~y................................................................... ........................................................................1
~L._ ................. _......................................... _..................................................................................... .

5.
My............................................................................................ ................................................... ....1

Ng...................................................................................................................................... .
~ B.
Answer the following questions. Give complete answers using may.
1.
Will you buy a new mobile phone next year?
2.
What will you d o after lunch?
3.
Will you pass the final exams?
4.
Where will you go this summer?
5.
What will you do this weekend ?
.......................................................................... .
.................................................................................................. .
We sometimes use might instead of may in possibility situation.

EXAMPLE:
He may be at the cinem a now.

He might be at the cinem a now.
......
...
:.:.:.:-
~.
.......
, '
"
!e-' ..
:.
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
PRESENT TENSE
can
am / is/are able to
PAST TENSE
A.
,',.
'
FUTURE TENSE
could
was/were able to
can
will be able to
can ' t
couldn't
am /is! are not able to wasn't/weren't able to
<fj
.......
....
....
....
.. .....
. .
can't
won't be able to
Write five things that you couldn't do last week.
2.
............................................ ......................................................................................................................
... ........................... .... .... .. ........................................................................................................................ .
4.
................................................................................................................................................................. .
5.
............ .................................................................................................................................................... .
Write five things that yol:J. can't do this week.

I.
................................................................................................................................................................ .
... .... ................. .... .... ........ ........................................................................................................................ .
.................................................................................... ............................................................... .. ...... .. ... .
4.
................................................................................................................................................................. .
............................................................................................................................................................... .
Will you b e able to do them n ext week?

I.
..................................................................................................................................................................
2.
................................................................................................................................................................. .
3 .................................................. ...................................................................................................... .
5.
................................................................................................................................................................. .
. .. .... ... ... .. .. ... .... .... .... ..... ........ .. ................... ............ ...................................... .. ......
7.................................................................................................................................................................. .
& ...............................................................
9.
............................................................... .
.............................................................................................. .................................................................. .
10.................................................................................................................................................................. .
........... .......
...
....
.....
...
~
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
......
'
..... .
......
...
.. ...
...
......
...
.. ..
...
..
We use should
1 . to express what we think is good or right to do.
EXAMPLE,
You should knock at the door before you come in.
2. to ask for or give an opinion about something.

EXAMPLES ,
a) Do you think we should caB a doctor?
b) Yes, I thjnk we should call a doctor.
3. to express that something is not right or not what we expect.

EXAMPLE,
_ _ _ _...:Tc.h"o.::.
se:...b::..:oys should be at school now.
Should and ought to have the same meaning. We can use ought to instead of should.
Should and ought to can be used with a perfect infinitive ( have+ V3)
to talk about past events which didn't happen although they were necessary.
EXAMPLE,
Mike should I,a ve studied hard to pass the finaJ examinations.(But he didn't.)
~ Re,ad the following passage
LAZY ROB
Last year Rob was not able to pass his final exams. He didn't study hard enough. This year
he isn't studying, either. He doesn't ta lk to his parents po litely. He wastes a lot of time in
the school canteen. He goes to bed very late and doesn't eat regularly. His parents always
complain about him.
~ A.
What should or shouldn't Rob do to please his parents?
1.
He ......................................................................................................................................................................... .
2.
He .................................................................................................................................................................... .
3.
He .................................................................................................................................................................... .
4.
He .................................................................................................................................................................... .
5.
He.................................................................................................................................................................... .
....
..........
........
...
....
.. .

"
-:c
~
SOME I (Compound
ANY I Forms)
NO I EVERY
.........
.........
...
..
....
...
..

..
SOMEBODY ( SOMEONE ) - SOMETHING - SOMEWHERE

We use somebody ( someone ), something and somewhere in affirmative sentences.
We use them in inte rrogative sentences if we expect an affirmative answer.
EXAMPLES,
a ) There is somebody at the d oor.
b) There is something under the table.
c) I lost my keys somewhere.
ANYBODY (ANYONE) - ANYTHING - ANYWHERE

We use anybody (anyone), anything and anywhere in negati ve and interrogative sentences.
EXAMPLES,
a) Is there anybody at the door?
b ) Is there anything on the table?
c) Did you go anywhere yesterd ay?
No, there isn't anybody at the door.

No, there isn't anything on the tab le.
No, I didn't go anywhere yesterday.
In subject positions, these words are always singular.
~A.
Fill mthe blanks with somebody, something, somewhere, anybody, anything or anywhe,e.
1. She has put her books ................................................................. .

2.
Is there .............................................................. in the classroom?
3.
Did you see him ................... ....................................... yeste rday?
4.
There isn't .......................................................... ......... at the door.
5.
Is there ................................................................ under the book?
6.
I can't find my keys ..................................................................... .
7.
I haven't seen .. ........................................................ on the street.
S.
They hid their money ......................................................... here.
9.
Is there ............................................................................. at home?
10. I haven't been ............................................................... this year.

11. Can I tell you ................................................................................. ?
12. I wish there were ........................................... I could do to help.
13. I can't see ...................................................... today. I'm too busy.
14. I've looked for my g lasses but I can't find them ...................... .
15. I haven't eaten ..................................................... since morning.
.........
.......
......
..
... .
.....
.
SOME I ANY I NO I EVERY
. .
NOBODY ( NO O NE) - N OTHIN G - N OWHERE

Nobody ( no one ), nothing and nowhere are negative words.
We can't use any other negative wo rd such as not I never In the same sentences.
EXAMPLES:
a ) There is nobody at the door.
b) There is nothing on the table.
c) I went nowhere yesterd ay.
EVERYBODY ( EVERYONE) - EVERYTHING - EVERYWHERE

Everybody ( everyone ), everythi ng and everywhere are singu lar words
tha t we use in affirmative, negati ve and interroga ti ve sentences.
EXAMPLES:
a ) Everybody in my class passed the fin al exams.
b ) I bought everything to make an apple pie.
c) I looked everywhere, but couJdn't find my keys.
In subject positions, these words are always singular.

B. Fill in the blanks with nobody, nothing, nowhere, everybody, everything or everywhere.
1. There is ............................................................................................ at ho me.
2.
There is ............................................................................................ under the book.
3.
Hulk stayed at ho me, he went ............................................................................................ yesterd ay.
4..
Hello, .................................................................... I have good news to tell yo u.
5.
Did you buy ............................................................................................ to make an apple pie?
6.
Did you search ............................................................................................ to find yo ur keys?
7.
Helen told me ............................................ about the film . l don' t wan t to see it anymore.
8.
9.
Who helped yo u to write this composition? .......................... . I wrote it by myself.

We can park the ca r ...................................... he re. It's a no-parking area.
10. What's the matter w ith you? ........................................... I'm just too tired to walk.
11 . You are always putting your things ..................... Please put them in their places.
12. You are clever students. I think .................................... will find this drill d ifficult.
13 . ............................................................................................ cures headache faste r than an aspirin .
14. The questions on the last exam were very difficult. .......................... in the class could get a high mark.
15. I would gi ve ............................................................................................ to own this car.
...................
...........
~..... ...
.
.,.
',
.,
..
BOTH / NEITHER
.. .
.......
... .
...
.. ...
...
...
.. ...
...
...
.
Both means " one and the other".

We use both ................ and .............. to emphasize a combination o f two nouns, etc.
EXAMPLES:
Both Jack. and Ralph are stud ents.
I met both Jane and John at the party.
Neither means "not one and not the other"

We use neither ........... nor ......... to emphasize a combination of two negatives.
EXAMPLES:
Neither Jack nor Ralph speaks French .
John went neither to a disco nor to a caf~ yesterday.
1!fA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Write sentences about yoursel1 and the people you know.

You can use any of the tenses you have learned up till now.
Both ............................... ...... and I are .......................................................................................... ..... .

Neither ..................................... nor .................................. ... like ......... ............................................... .
Neither ................................. .... nor ................... .................. cou ld ................................................... .
Neither ..................................... nor I are .................... .................................................................. ... .. .
Both ..................................... and ................... .................. have been ............................................... .
~B.
Look at the examples and rewrite the following sentences using

both ..... and or neither ...... nor ....... .
EXAMPLES:
a) Jane helped me. George helped me, too.
Both Jane and George helped me.
b) I didn't see Mary yesterd ay.

I didn' t see Sue yeste rday, either.
!.~.~.~..~~~.~~.~ .~~ry..~?~ .~~~.y.~~~~~~~y.:.

1. I am going to invite Jack to the party. 1 am going to invite Cindy to the party, too.
2. Your paren ts are here. Your sister is here, too.
3. Timothy didn't call me yesterday. Mark didn't call me yesterday, either.
4. I didn't go to the school canteen yesterday. I didn't go to the internet caM yesterday, either.
5. His sister wants to visi t rum this week. H is uncle wants to visit him this week, too.
6. I lost my umbrella today. I lost my dictionary today. too.
7. Mrs Cobb didn't clean the balcony yesterday. She did n' t dean the windows yesterd ay, either.
8. Clara wants to buy a shirt. She wants to buy a pullover, too.
9. My parents will give me a present. My sister will give me a present, too.
10. The boss didn't shout at the secretary. Our manager didn't shout at her, either.
....
.......
-....
.........
........
~....... ..
.
"
NEITHER NOR
.................. ....
Study the example chart.
Neither
Kate
the teacher
Sarah
the doctor
MrBrown
nor
Sally
the nurse
Tommy
Mi chael
Mrs Brown
knows Spanish.
will be coming.
went out.
liked the film.
When two subjects are combined with neither "_ nOf... ,

the subject closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural
EXAMPLES,
a ) Neither the studen ts nor the teacher is going to the concert.
b) Neither the teacher nor the students are going to the concert.
Now look at the examples and then do the same.
EXAMPLES ,
a) Mary doesn't speak Turkish . Her brother d oesn't e ither.
!':!~~ tb.~~. Mf}.1]f, !.'f?!'.~!ifr. P.~f?!h.t::. .!fP.~'!.~.!!~ rM~~: ..
b) I don't know French. I don't know Spanish, either.
!.!?!~!~.!!~~!!~~:.E~if.~~~!!.!.lf!.~.~P~!!!~~~: ................. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Bob won't be saili ng to Australia. Brian won't, either.

Mr Ross isn't going to Spain. His friends aren' t, ei ther.
Mary can't speak Italian. She can't speak German, eithe r.
My brother didn't ca tch any fish. I didn 't, either.
I can't speak German. My friends can't either.
I haven' t had breakfast today. I haven't had lunch today, either.
Mrs Brown hasn't read that book. Her students haven't, e ither.
The tourists can't find a good fish restaurant. Their gu ide can't, either.
Her brother didn' t give me her address. He didn't g ive me her phone number, either.
Lions don't live in Turkey. TIgers d on't, either.
My classmates can't speak Ja panese. I can' t, either.
My father hasn't got a Mercedes. My uncle hasn't, e ither.
Dad isn't going to buy vegetables. He isn' t going to buy frui t, either.
We aren' t watching television. TIm isn't, either.
Barry hasn't got a cat. Karen hasn't, e ither.
Simon didn't study much. Brian djdn 't, either.
My father d oesn't know English. My mother doesn't, either.
AlI an didn't learn French. Jim didn't, either.
She d oesn't have a pet. I don' t have a pet, either.
I haven' t read that book before. My sister hasn't read it before, either.
.. ., .
....
','
....
.. ...
....
...........
..........................
~....
' ,"
.......-.......... .

.. .
.... .....
...
"
NOR NEITHER
We use nor or neither followed by inversions to have a variety of usage instead of either.
John
hasn't watched
didn't watch
won't watch
mustn't watch
hadn't watched
the film,
nor
neither
has
did
will
Laura.
must
had
Look at these examples and then rewrite the second sentence by using nor or neither.
EXAMPLES,
a) Sue can't speak French. Rose can't speak French, either.
Sue can 'f speak Frellch, and nor/neither Catl Rose.

b) Bill didn't go to the cinema last night. Jam es d idn't go there, either.
Bill didn't go to the citlema lasf night, and nor/tleither did lames.
1. Tom has never been to Nice. Sam h as never been there, either.
2.
Tiro won't be going to the cinema. Mick won't be going, either.
3.
Kevin didn 't break the window. Samuel didn 't break it either.
4.
Alex isn' t interested in photography. I' m not interested in it, either.
5.
Liz has never made a dress for herself. Lucy has never made one for herself, either.
6.
Adrian didn't go to the football match yesterday. Allan didn't go to it, either.
7.
Rob hasn't written to his family for a month. Janet hasn't written to her family for a month. either.
8.
Jim didn't go out last night. Ralph didn't go out last night, either.
9.
Mark didn' t phone me last night. Mick didn't phone, e ither.
10. Unda won't come to the party. Celin won't come, either.
11. My brother hasn't left the house. My parents haven't left the house, ei ther.
12. Bob can't speak French. Tun can't speak French, either.
13. I have never travelled to the USA. My sister hasn't travelled there, either.
14. Bob doesn 't like pop music. We don't like it, either.
15. Peter can't swim in the pool. O bver can't swim in the pool, either.
16. I didn't stud y much last night. My brother didn't study, either.
...
.
.-.:.:-:-:
..
...
......
...
..
. . ...
~
~
~
......
... .
.......
....
..,
-.0;,',
EITHER OR
.. .
... . ..
"
We use either ... or to indicate that there is more than one possibility or alternative. When we use
either .......... or ........ , we indicate that one or the other available action is possible but not both.
EXAMPLES:
a ) You may either do your term-work this week, or do it next week.
b) Either my sister or my brother will help me.
c) Either watch TV quietly, or go away.
d ) Mc Rose wants to employ either a Turkish expert or an American one.
<f!}A.
Answer the following questions as in the example using either ..... or ..... .
EXAMPLE:
Shall we go to the cinema, or shall we watch TV?
We can either go to the cinema or watch TV.
1.
Can they go to London by air, or can they go by sea?
2.
Shall we take a taxi, or shall we go by underground?
3.
Can I dial direct, or must I ask the operator to put me through?
4.
Do you want me to spend my holiday in Paris, or in Singapore?
5.
Must this student have a haircut now, or can he have it later?
6.
Must she dress up for d.inner tonight, or may she wear something comfortable?
7.
Would you like to listen to the radio now, or watch TV?
8.
Would you like to have fruit juice, or something else?
9.
Shall we have tea now, or have it later?
10. Shall I read you a story, or shall I tell you a story?

11. Shall we study English now, or do it later?
12. Can I give you some changes, or can I give you a banknote?
13. Shall we take a private course now, or two months later?
14. Would you like to visit the museum, or the zoo?
IS. Shall I read the instructions, or keep quiet?
16. Would >,'ou like me to buy you a computer now or la ter?
17. Must the students bring their dictionaries now or later?
18. Do you want me to teach you chess now or later?
19. Would you Like me to sing in English or in French today?
20. Shall we go to the stadium by subway, or by taxi?
....
......
........
.. .
....
.....
~........
.
....:.:.:.;.
..
.... .
USED TO
Used to expresses something that happened regularly in the past,

but isn't happening at the moment.
EXAMPLES ,
I used to go to bed early when I was a student.
We didn' t use to live in the country ten years ago .
Did you use to go to school on foot or by car?
Used to is always past. It has no present form. We use the simple present tense
to express something that happens regularly in the present time.
EXAMPLES,
past
present
~ A.
I used to go to bed early .............................. .

I go to bed early, "............................. .
Answer the followin g questions. Give true and complete answers, please.
1.
What did you use to drink when you were a baby?
2.
Did you use to make mistakes in spelling at primary school?
3.
How did you use to study your lessons when you were nine years old?
4.
Did you use to sleep in the afternoon when you were ten years old?
5.
Who did you use to play with when you were at kindergarten?
6.
How did you use to go to school when you were seven years old?
7.
Did you use to suck your thumb when you were ten years old?
8.
Which games did you use to play when you were six years o ld?
9.
What do you think your father used to do when he was your age?
10. What do you think your mother used to do when she was your age?
11 . Did you use to go to bed late when you were ten?
12. What did you use to think about your parents when you were a child?
13. How many hours a night d id you use to sleep w hen you were seven?
14. Did you use to make your parents angry when you were six?
15. Whom did you use to sleep w ith when you were fi ve?
16. Did you use to have milk for breakfast w hen you were a child?
17. Did you use to ask your mother to teU you stories when you went to bed?
18. Did you use to shout at you_r fri ends when you were at kindergarten?
19. Did your father use to punish you when you were seven?
20. Did your mother use to give you pennission to play in the living room when you were six?
.. .
...
.
......
..
...
.......
....
~ ..... ..
.,.
.........
..
...
,0,
BE USED TO
"0'. ','
."
Used can be an adjective. It means accustomed to. We use it after be I become o r get
in any tense and to + naun I pronoun or the V ing follows it.
EXAMPLES :
a ) I am used to noise.
b) He is used to working in a noisy room.

c) I got used to typing all d ay in the office.
" He is used to working in a noisy room" means that he has wo rked in a noisy room, so the
noise doesn't bother or disturb him, or he d oesn 't mind it.
A.
Complete the following sentences as in the examples.
EXAMPLES :
a ) She is used to P'~~'y'~~8J.~~!~.~~~~!t~.~:.v.~~~~~~~~: ....................................... ( play)
b ) I think you got used to ~~o/.~~R.P'.~~.~~!.~.'.~!~.~~~~~.~$.~.: .................... ( pet animals)
1.
They got used to .......................................................................................................... ( welcome )
2.
I am used to ............................................................................................................................... ( eat )
3.
Did you get used to ......................................................................................................... ? (attend )
4. She becam e used to ................................................................................................................ ( take)
5.
I didn't want to get used to ................................................................................................... ( chess )
6.
We are used to .................................................................................................................... ( watch )
7.
I am used to ............................................................................................................................... ( see )
8.
Did it take long to get used to .......................................................................................... ? ( noise)
9.
I am not used to .............................................................................................................. ( darkness )
10. It is not easy to get used to ..................................................................................... (cold weath er)

11. I'm not used to ........................................................................................................... ( pronounce )
12. l"m used to ................................................................................................................................. ( be )
13. Mary is used to ...................................................................................................................... ( climb )
14. Are you used to .................................................................................................................. ? (study )
15. Is she used to ........................................................................!....................................... ...... ... ? ( ride )
16. I d idn't want to get used to ........................................................................................ ( chew gum )
... ..
..
.......
.......
00
.................
....
....
..
so
0: ......
0::.
~
"
....
.
To have a variety of usage we use so followed by inversion instead of too.
Larry
A.
has watched
watched
w ill watch
must watch
can watch
the film,
so
has
did
will
must
can
Mark.
Look at these exam ples and then rewrite the second sentence by using SO.
EXAMPLES ,
a ) Tom is tall. Sam is taH, too.
Tom is tall, so is Sam.
b ) The girls must be at home at seven o'clock. The boys must be at home at seven
o'clock, too .
.!~.~.$.~:'~~.!!.I.~.:.~ .~.~.~~.!~~~~~.~.~.~~.~..~.:~!?~~:..~.~~~~~.!.~.~.~.::
1.
Phil was very UJ after the meal La rry was very ill after it, too.
2.
Don has been to England twice. Brian has been there twice, too.
3.
Mary plays chess very wetl. I play it very well, too.
4.
Jim w ill be going to France next year. Henry will be going there too.
5.
Michael can swim very well. George can swim very weU, too.
6. Jack spent his holid ay in Miami. Albert spent his holjday there, too.
7.
PoUy is a very thin girl. Jane is a very thin girl, too.
8. Norman has to get up early every mOrning. I have to get up early, too.
9.
Elaine passed the English exam easily. Gary passed it, too.
10. My uncle bought a new car last month. My father bought a new one last month, too.
11 . I must get up early. My brothe r m ust get up early, too.
12. Tracy has learned three fore ign languages. Sharen has learned three foreign languages, too.
13. Cathy plays the piano beautifully. H er parents play the piano beautifuJl y, too.
14. I have to study hard for my exams. Robert has to study hard for his exams, too.
15. Amold Schwarzeneger is a strong man . Mike Tyson is a strong man, too.
16. Angela brushes her teeth after meals. Nancy brushes them, too.
17. Sally must wash the dishes. Barbara must wash the dishes, too.
18. fl eft my books at home. Robert left his books at home, too.
19. Ray read a story about ghosts. Jack read a story about them, too.
20. And y jum ped over the fence. Jacob jumped over it, too.
...........
....
-.:.:-:-:
WOULD
...
..
0. .....
~
We u se
....
..:.:-:.....
..
."
would:
1. for polite orders / requests.
EXAMPLE:
Would you close the d oor, please?
2. to show preference.
EXAMPLES :
a) I'd rather live in a s mall town than a big city.

b ) I'd rather swim than play foo tball .
A. Ask someone politely to do something using the following verbs in brackets.

1. ................ ......................................................... ....................................................................?( to open)
2..............................................................................................................................................?( tobe )
3. .. ...........................................................................................................................................?( to offer)
4. .. ........................................................................................................................................... ?( to lend )
5. .. ........................................................................................................................................... ?( to pass )
6. .. ........................................................................................................................................... ?( to give )
7. .. ........................................................................................................................................... ?( to play )
8. .. ........................................................................................................................................... ?( to send )
B.
1. Would you rather be a doctor or an engineer?

2.
Would you rather dri ve a small car o r a big car?
3.
Would you rather go to university in your country or in another country?
4. Would you rather walk to school or go by bus?

5.
Would you rather eat at home or in a restaurant?
6.
Would you rather listen to the piano than pl ay the p iano?
7.
Would you rather learn Japanese or French?
8.
Would you rather play the organ or the guita r?
9.
Would you rather attend a public school or a private school?
10. Would you rather spend your summer holiday in Monaco or in Sydney?
11 . Would you rather watch television or go out?
12. Would you rather d rink milk or fruit juice?
'
......................
..........
~ .. .
..,
...
.. ..
WOULD LIKE TO
.. .
We use would
.....
.......... ..
...... ..
"
..
.. ..
like to :
1. for invitations.
EXAMPLE :
Would you like to play tennis o n Sa turd ay afternoon?
2. to accept or refuse invitations.

EXAMPLES:
a ) Yes, thanks. I'd like to.
b ) No, I'm sorry. I'd like to, bu't I can't.
We often use the contracted form ( 'd) .

Accept or refuse these invitations.
1.
Would you like to play football w ith us nex t Sunday?
2.
Would you like to have lunch with us to mo rrow?
3.
Woul d you like to go fishing with me next weekend?
4.
Would you like to swim with us tomorrow afternoon?
5.
Wou ld you like to come to the theatre with us nex t Saturd ay?
6.
Would you like to go shopping with us tomorrow?
7.
Would you like to go to the basketball match with me next Sunday?
8.
Would you like to go to the disco with us tOnig ht?
9.
Would you like to come to my birthday party next Wednesd ay?
10. Would you like to play chess with me tonight?

11. Would you like tu listen to pop music?
12. Would you like to fly to the Canary Islands?
13. Would you like to eat d essert after lunch?
14. Would you like to have a walk in the morning?
15. Would you like to play basketball at the weekend?
16. Would you like to go sigh tseeing with us next week?
17. Would you like to wa ter the fl owers with me?
18. Would you like to drink ice-tea?
19. Would you like to send a telegram to Mary?
20. Would you like to p repare something fo r the pi01.ic?
TONGUE TWISTERS
How much wood would 0 woodchuck
chuc k if 0 woodchuc k could chuck wood?
. . ...
....
...........
.......................
~.
..,.
....:.'......
.
.....
-. -
,'
THE (Definite Article)
-.
'
We use THE to modify singular or plural nouns.
Use THE
a ) before nouns which are accepted as only one.
EXAMPLES,
The sky is bright today.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
b ) before nouns that have already been mentioned.

EXAMPLES,
I have a radio and a TV set. The radio is here.

Tom has an apple and an orange. The apple is in his hand.
c) before superlativ~s and ordinal numbers.

EXAMPLES,
The Nile is the longest river in Africa.

January is the 'first month of the year.
d) before the political titles of countries.

EXAMPLES,
The Republic of Turkey is very young.

He lives in the United States of America.
e) before the names of seas, rivers, groups of islands and chains of mountains.
EXAMPLES,
Bucherest is on the Black Sea Coast.

The River Danube flow s into the Black Sea.
The Alps are the grea test mountain range in Europe.
The Azores are a group of volcanic islands in the Atlantic.
[ ) before works of art and historic regions.

EXAMPLES,
The Mona Lisa is one of the greatest paintings in the world.

Mozart composed The Marriage of Figaro in 1786.
g) before the names of cinemas, hotels, theatres, restaurants, clubs, taverns, and
public places.
EXAMPLES,
The Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles is a five-star hotel.

The Armada Cinema in Lisbon shows wonderful films.
The Theatre Royal is in Drury Lane in London.
The Yacht Club is very popular in Miami.
The Oscar Restaurant serves delicious Spanish meals.
..
,', ....
......
.-.:.:-:-:
.. '.'.
...
~"0..
..........
.. .
....
...
.. ...
...
.. .....
...
'
Do not use THE

a) before a noun when it has a general meaning or stands for some indefinite quality.
EXAMPLES :
There is.tt(e tobacco in Turkey.

'1)(e fresh air is necessary for t(e heal th .
b ) before the names of persons, countries, streets, cities, or towns.

EXAMPLES :
U(e Atattirk is the founder of modem t)t Turkey.

1Xe Montreal has a ve ry cold climate in winters.
U(e Elm Street is very crowded during the rush-hour.
~e Italy is in ~ Europe.
c) beto're nouns when they are modified by someone's name or by a possessive or

demonstrative pronoun.
EXAMPLES :
~e
my sister is a beautiful girl.

~ that man is a friend of mine.
lane is ~e Brian's sister.
d ) before abstract nouns.
EXAMPLES:
"tI(e honesty is the best policy.

'I}{e patience is a virtue.
~e charity begins at home.
e) before the names of s tars and planets.
EXAMPLES:
1)(e Mars is the nearest planet to the earth.

~e Venus is one of the heavenly bodies in the universe.
f) before single mountains.
EXAMPLES :
~e Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

~e Mt. Blanc is the highest m ountain in Eu rope.
g) before the names of Jakes.
EXAMPLE:
~e Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey.
..-.........
......
.........
tl
. ..
~
~A.
'::.
.......
.....
.......... .
.
...
"
................ Bosphorus Bridge lies between Asia and Europe.
2.
................ France and ................ England are in ................ Europe
3.
................ Mt. Ararat is ................ highest mountain in ................ Turkey.
4.
Which is ................ capital city of ................ Italy, ................ Naples or ................ Rome?
5.
................ Mt. Everest is in ................ Himalayas.
6.
................ Lake Ontario is in ................ north of ................ USA.
7.
I am having ................ dinner at ................ Mimoza Restaurant with Mary.
8.
We are going to go to ................ Globe Cinema tonight.
9.
Her birthday is on ................ second of January.
e',..
10................. Fifth Symphony is ................ most famous work of Beethoven.

11 ................. Smith's Hotel is just next to ................ State Theatre.
12................. Prime Minister of Italy will stay in ................ Grand Hotel.
13................. sun is shining brightly today.
14. "A" is ................ first letter of ................ alphabet.
15................. River Rhone flows into ................ Mediterranean Sea.
16. I would like to see ................ Eiffel Tower in ................ Paris.
17................. United Kingdom is another name for ............... England, ............... Scotland,
................ Northern Ireland, and ................ Wales.
18................. Pacific Ocean is between ................ United States of America and Japan.
19................. earth goes round ................ sun.
20 ................. Leonardo da Vinci painted ................ Mona Usa.
21. ................ Park Avenue is ................ largest street in ................ New York.
22. .. .............. time is ................ money.
23 ................. t>eauty is only ................ skin-deep.
24 ................. films I d islike most are about ................ animals.
25. .. .............. history of ................ Turkey is very interesting.
.. .
"
Put in THE only wh ere it is necessary.
1.
..
.......
.=-.....................
~
::
~ A.
1.
.:.:.:.:.......
....
-
ARTICLES (Revision)
e...
Fill in the blanks of the following sentences with the proper article ( a, an, the) if necessary.
................ distance from ................ East Lansing to ................ Chicago is approximately four
hund red and thirty kilometres.
2.
................ capital of ................ Un ited States of Am erica is ................ Washington D. C, but

................ New York is ................ largest city.
3.
'", .. ,''''''''' Jim's father is ................ engineer but unfortunately he isn't ................ successful
engineer.
4.
................ calcium is necessary for ................ b uilding of ................ bone.
5.
................ architect of this build ing is ................ very clever man.
6.
................ English is ................ important language.
7.
................ River Mississippi em pties i.nto ........ ........ Atl an tic Ocean.
8.
I have ................ house and ................ fl at. ... :............ ho use is in New Jersey, b u t ................ fl at
is in New Yo rk.
9.
Jane has some fru it and some nu ts . ............. fruit is d elicious, but ............. nu ts are not fres h.
10. For some people history may be boring, but ................ history of ................ South Africa is very
interesting fo r me.
11 . I received some letters and some New Year cards ................. letters were from ................ my
relatives, and ................ card s were from ................ fr iend o f mine.
12................. h/;mest man sho uld never lie.
13................. variety is the s pi ce of life.
14. I'd like to see ................ Mr G reen in his offi ce.
15. ................ time is ................ money. Why do you waste ................ time on ................ foolish things?
16. I d on't know ................ w idth o f ................ room . Can you measure it, please?
17. I want to buy................ pai r of shoes. What's ................ size o f those shoes?
18................. necessity is ................ mother of ................ inven tion.
19................. marriage o f Mrs Reynolds was just ................ disaster.
20................. op posite of ................ success is ................ failure.
A SILLY QUESTION
What is t he capital in Turkey?
..1.
.j..I.al a4.l.
m
..-...........
...
.......
......
eO,
.......
......
..... ..
.....
.. .
"
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
... .
.
....
We form the past perfect tense with had and the past participle form of the main verb.
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
gone ......................... .
worked ............ .
studied ......................... .
played ........................ .
written ..........................
had
We use the past perfect tense to express a past action that took place before another past action.
Future
>
W~
Tom learned French after he had learned Japanese.
Tom had learned Japanese before he learned French.

I had reached home when the rain started.
The rain didn't start until I had reached my office.
A.
Read each sentence and decide which happened first. Then write (a) or cb).
le-
1.,
Leo had learned English
before he went to England.
2.
before he had his driving licence.
3.
Bob had bought his car

I wasn't able to reach the phone
4.
We had been ready
5.
After the children had gone to bed,
long before the sun set.

the house was very quiet.
6.
7.
I had finished my homework
before I went to play tennis.
When we arrived,
8.
I sat down and rested
the film had already begun.

after they had gone.
until it had stopped ringing.
1
a
........
....
.......
~
.....
..
..
.
..
!i.e'.' ..
~ B.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
..:.:.:-:.'
.........
... . ..
...'..
.. .
"
Complete the following sentences m eaningfully.
1.
The teacher had taken some courses before he ................................................................................... .
2.
Barry had studied hard until he ........................................................................................................ .
3.
Liz hadn't shJdied before she ................................................................................................................. .
4.
He had taken dri ving lessons before he ............................................................................................ .
5.
I had seen that film when ................................................................................................................... ..
6.
.. ....................................................................................................................... ..... after 1 had hurt her.
7.
They had been to England before they .............................................................................................
S.
The phone had stopped ringing when ............................................................................................. .
9.
I ha d never seen a tiger before we .................................................................................................... .
10. They had invited us to dinner when ................................................................................................ .

11. I had given him my phone number before he ........................................................ ..................... .
12. The rain had already started when ................................................................................................... .
13. After the policeman had gone, .......................................................................................................... ..
14. The teacher had left the classroom before ....................................................................................... .
15. They had worked hard before they ......... ............................................................... .. ................ .....
16. I had heard stories about Wilhelm Tell before ............................ ................................................... ..
17. I hadn't seen him before he ..................................................................................................... .......... .
IS. .......................................................................................................... after he had finished his work.
19. He had spent all his money before he .............................................................................................. .
20. We had lived in a small town before we ......................................................................................... ..
21. I had met them when ..............................................................................
22. .. ........................................................................................ after r had rung the door bell three times.
23. He had told me his name before I .............................................................................................. ....... .
24. After he had been ill for a long time he, .......................................................................................... .
25. We had visited the museum before we ............................................................................................ .
26. .................................................................................................... after I had finished my homework.
27. She had been a very good student before she ................................................................................ ..
2S. ....................................................................................................... after she had washed the d ishes.
29. After she had finished the housework, ..............................................................................................
30. .. .................................................................................................... after he had planted the nowers.
ffl~~~r::QUESTION TAGS AND ANSWERS ~~~:t

.
- .....
Question tags are short additions to sentences to ask a question for agreement.
SENTENCE
affirmative
QUESTION TAG
- -I
negative
negative
affirmative
After affirmative statements we use negative question tags

with the auxiliary verb of the sentence.
EXAMPLE :
John speaks English, doesn't he?
After negative statements we use affirmative question tags

with the auxiliary verb of the sentence.
EXAMPLE:
John doesn't speak English, does he?
In question tags, we always use pronouns, not nouns.

EXAMPLE :
The child ren are in the garden, aren' t they?
<f!}
A.
Complete the following ques,;ons and answers.
Mary can swim, ..............~~~.~~.~~~ ..........................................?
Yes, .?~~.g!.r!.: ........
2. Jan et d oesn 't smoke, .... A9.~~ ..~~~ ........................................... ?
No, ~h~A~~!?~(!:...
You 'U be back soon, ........... ..................................................... ?
Yes, ...................... .
4. This is your umbrella, ............................................................ ?
Yes, ............... ........ .
1.
3.
5.
They didn't go by bus, ............................................................. ?
No,
6.
You don't have enough money, ............................................. ?
No,
7.
He couldn't pass the exam, .................................................... ?
No,
8.
He shouldn't drive fast, .......................................................... ?
No,
9.
Linda and Tom are old fri ends, ............................................. ?
Yes,
10. You gave him his watch, ...................................................... ?
Yes,
11. He can't play tennis well, ...................................................... ?
No, ..................... ..
12. You have read that book, ...................................................... ?
Yes,
13. You get up ea rly every mom in& ......................................... ?
Yes, ...................... .
14. You won't smoke any more, ................................................. ?
No, ..................... ..
15. lim was absent yesterday, .................................................... ?
Yes, ...................... ..
~~r:: THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
.......
.. .
....
.. ....
...
..
...
.
...
.. ...
...
We form the future perfect tense by using

will have + the past participle fo rm of the main verb.
You
We
They
He
She
It
will have
left
cO~leted
rea
ed
........ by then.
........ by that time.
........ by thi s time tomorrow.
........ by eight o'clock.
........ by next year.
We use the future perfect tense to show that an action will take place,
or will be compfeted before another action or time in the future.
~ A.
Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense.
1.
Next week by this time, we ........................................................................... ( take ) our final exam.
2.
J ..................................................................................... ( complete) this book by next year.
3.
New houses ................................................................ ( be ) buil t for the emigrants by next winter.
4.
The bus ..................................................................................... ( leave) before we reach the terminal
5.
J ......................................................................... ( finish) aJl the work by the time you come back.
6.
On 15 April, my parents ....................................................................... ( be ) married for ten years.
7.
Our teachers ..................................... ( teach ) us English for two years by the end of this term.
8.
By the time we arrive, the meeting ................................................................................. ( finish).
9.
She .............................................................. ( grow up ) by the time her father returns to Turkey.
10. Next December, I ............................................................................. ( be ) in this city for ten years .

11. We expect they .................................................................. ( complete ) the new road by October.
12. By the time I leave, I ................................................................ ( see) all the museums in the dty.
13. Next month by this time, all the roses ............................................................................ ( bloom ).
14. You ............................................................... (forget) all your troubles when you are grown up.
15. Bob and Larry ........................................................... ( work ) here for six years by next November.
16. By this time next month, I ..................................................................................... (meet ) my sister.
17. I ..................................................................................... ( finish) my homework before I go to bed .
18. By the end of this month, we ............................................................. ( stay) here for eight weeks.
.. ..
.......
........
SENTENCES
........"::......... CONDITIONAL
-r e 1: Future Possible
~.
~
..-...
...
This type of conditional sentence describes an action

which mayor may not take place in the future.
If + PRESENT TENSE
FUTURE TENSE
Mark studies hard,
he will pass his exam .
I don't feel well,
I will not go to work tom orrow.
If
Answer the following questions as in th e example.
EXAMPLE,
What will you do if you finish your homework early?
( watell TV)
If.! fi.'.'is./'. '"Y..h.o.'''''1JJo.'.k.e~'.'y,.! .lJJ i'./ .lJJ"./,I,. TY

1.
What will your father do if you pass your exam?
( buy me a bicycle )
2.
What will you do if it rains tomorrow?
( stay at lrome )
3.
What w ill you do if you miss the train?
(go by blls )
4.
What will the dog do if you hit it?
( bite you)
5.
What will Brian do if he goes to istanbul?
( visit ti,e museums )
6.
What will Sa rah do if she goes to Tokyo?
( leam /apanese )
7.
What will you do if you fee l ill?
(go to ti,e doctor)
8.
What will you do if the phone rings?
( answer it)
9.
What will Bob do if it's hot tomorrow?
(go to ti,e beach )
10. What will you do if you have time today?
( water ti,e flowers)
11. What will you do if you are thirsty?
( drink water)
12. What will you do if you have a headache?
( take an aspiri" )
13. What will you do if you have a lot of money?
( buy a summer lrouse )
14. What will you.r teacher do if you don't answer a question?
(give low mark )
15. What wiU your mother do if you don' t tidy up your room?
(ge t atlgry with you )
16. What will you do if you spend aU your money?
( bo"ow some money )
17. What wiU you do if you don't attend the lesson?
( sit
18. What will you do if you feel hungry?
(go to a res taurant)
19. What will you do if you get up late?
( hurry for sclrool )
20. What will you do if you lose all your pocket money?
( be mtl,appy )
j"
the ca nteen)
.....
.:.:.:.:-.' ,' .
.. ...
.. .
"
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Te1: Future Possible
......
..::.:.;.:-:
.......
.',
.' .
; ,,".-.xRead the following passage.
POOR MR JONES
Mr Jones has a problem. He is afraid of both
boss and his wife! He talks to his friend
about it.
"My wife wants me to ask the boss for more money at the end of the month. If I ask him,
I think he'll get very angry. If I get a ri se, my wife wi ll want a new car, won't she? If! buy
a new car, she'll probably want to learn to drive. I don't think she'll be a good driver. If she
passes the test, she'll want to drive all the time. She loves driving very fast. If she drives
very fast, she'll probably crash into something. If she crashes into something, she will
damage the car and injure herself. If she injures herself, she won't be able to go to work.
Ifshe can't WOrk, I'll have to pay all her expenses. I'll have to pay for the repair, too. I think
it wil1 be much cheaper jf I don't ask for more money after all!"
1.
What does his wife want Mr lones to do?
2.
What will happen if he asks for more money?
3.
What will his wife want if he gets a rise?
4.
What will his wife wantif he buys a new car?
5.
How does his wife love driving?
6.
What may happen if she drives very fast?
7. What will happen if she crashes into something?

8.
What will happen if she injures herseU?
9.
What w ill happen if she can't work?
10. What does he think w ill be much cheaper?
...
..:-:.:.:.. ..
....
.............
": :.
.............
......
.. .
.. .
, ..
.....
...
CONDITIONAL SENTE.NCES
T
e 2: Present Unreal
"
This type of conditional sentence describes an action which is not real at the time of the speech.
We use were for all persons in the if - clause.
If + PAST TENSE
I were rich,
If
~ c.
Mike studied hard,

[ had a lot of money,
would I could I might
11
I could help the poor people.

he would pass his exam.
I might travel round the world.
Rewrite the following sentences using an if - clause as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
I want to take a holiday, but I haven't got enough money.
would
If I had enough morley, I could take a holiday.
might
1. Bill wants to read French novels, but he doesn't know French welL
2. Sam wants to drive his father's car, but he isn't old enough.
3. I don't know her address, SO I can't write to her.
4. Jane wants to carry her suitcase, but she isn't strong enough.
5. I want to light a fire, but r don't have any matches.
6. 1 don't want to go to school, but it isn't the weekend.
7. I want to buy a car, but I don't know how to drive.
8. I want to go for a swim, but it isn't hot enough.
9. [ want to paint the ceiling, but I'm not tall enough.
10. She wants to earn a better salary, but s~e doesn't work hard .
11. rwant to correspond with foreigners, but I don't know any foreign langu ago.:.
12. Henry wants to play basketball, but he is short.
13. I want to pass my class, but I don't study hard .
14. Sarah wants to go out alone, but she is very young.
15. Helen wants to cross the street, but the lights are red.
16. I don't know his phone number, so I can't phone him.
17. Lucy wants to attend a university, but she doesn't have enough money.
18. HilIary wants to buy a blouse and a skirt, but she is so poor.
19. Tom wants to have a tour around the world, but he doesn't have enough money.
20. I want to talk to my teacher, but I can't find him anywhere.
.............:.;.;.......
.....
~
~8
....
T
e 2: Present Unreal
.:-:".:.:...... .
~ead the following passage.
IF ONLY HE WERE HERE ....

Hulk is a famous and handsome film star.
Mabel is his biggest fan. She has a huge poster
of him on the wa ll of her bedroom. She bas
scrapbooks full of pictures of Hulk. She thinks
about him all day and dreams about him every night.
"If onJy I could meet him. If only he were my boy friend, " she dreams. " Ifhe knocked on
the door now, we wou ld go to a party togetber. If we drove in his Rolls Royce, all the
journalists would photograph us. Then our picture wou ld be in all the papers. Ifwe danced
together all evening, the other girls would be so jealous! [fwe ate together, we could eat
by candlelight. It wou ld be so romantic!"
But Hulk doesn't knock on Mabel's door. They don't drive in his Rolls Royce. Their picture
is not in the newspaper. Tbey don't dine by candleligbt! Poor Mabel! She looks sadly at
Hulk's picture in the scrapbook. A tear-drop falls on to the page. Sbe puts her book away.
She looks up and sees his picture on the wall. She dreams again.
"If only be were here now ....... .............. n
She sigbs and continues to dream.
1. Is Hulk a famous pop singer?
2. Why does Mabel have Hulk's poster on the wall of her bedroom?
3. What does she do every night?
4. What would they do if he knocked on the door?
5. What would happen if they drove in his Rolls Royce?
6. What would happen if they danced together all evening?
7. What would be romantic?
8. Does Mabel reaUy have the chance to do all these things?

9. What does Mabel see when she looks up?
.
~..
....
...
...... ..

:.:.:.:lOO'
',
e 3: Past Unreal
...
......
......
This type of conditional sentence describes an unreal action in the past.

If + PAST PERFECT
11
If
~ E.
I had known before,

I had worn my raincoat,
Tom had studied hard,
would/ could/ might + have ..... V3
I could have lent you some money.

I wouldn't have caught cold.
he wouldn' t have failed his exam.
Rewrite the following sentences u sing an if - clause as in the example.
EXAMPLE :
He didn't invite me to his birthday party so I d idn't go.
!f!.'.~.!!~~.~~!~!.~~~.!!!~.~~.?!!~.~.~~t.~.t!!!H.P.~:'t:Y.~.~. ~~~!~.~~~~. 8.~!.'.:

1.
I didn't know her address, so I couldn't write to her.
2.
I didn't know you were ill. so I didn't visit you .
3.
He couldn't enjoy the party because he was very shy.

We ntissed the train, so we came by b us.
We didn't enjoy the picnic because it rained all day.
We had enough money, so we went by plane.
We didn't wave our hands, so the taxi didn't stop.
I didn't stop because the traffic ligh ts were green.
We didn't visit the Tower of London because we hadn't enough time.
He couldn't understand the questions because he didn't read them carefully.
I went to bed early, so J couldn't wa tch the film on television last night.
Frank woke up late, so he missed the first lesson.
Our neighbours warned us, because my children had disturbed them.
The doctor wam e:d my father to stop smoking, because he coughed a lot.
One of the children broke the window, because he kicked the ball hard.
We didn't have room in the car, so we couldn't give Trevor a lift.
Simon studied very hard, so he passed all his exams.
The pedestrians crossed the street when the traffic lights were green.
Our teacher didn't give us a test, because we weren't ready for it.
The road was icy, so my father drove the car very slowly.
The weather was very windy, so we couldn't put up our tents for the camp.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. The film was too boring, so we went out in the middle.
"
..........
.....
....
....
.-.:.:.:-:
.... ...
...
SENTENCES
......".'.:. CONDITIONAL
Revision
....

~.
','
Complete the following sentences.

1. If I had more practice in grammar, I ................................................................................................... .
2. If I were you, 1 ........................................................................................................................................ .
3. If the weather is nice tomorrow, ........................................................................................................ .

4. If I had more time, I .............................................................................................................................. .
5. If she had been there, we ............................................................... ........... ........................................... .
6. She will call me tomorrow if ................................................................................................................ .
7. I'll be tired if ........................................................................................................................................... .
8. If he invites me to lunch, I .................................................................................................................... .
9. If I had been driving fast, ....................................................................................... .............................. .
10. We should be happy if .......................................................................................................................... .
11. III could speak French, I .............................................................................................. ........................ .
12. She would have come if ........................................................................................................................
13.1 could have been ill if ...........................................................................................................................
14.lf you work h arder, ............................................................................................................................... .
15. If you had come earlier, ........................................................................................................................... .
16. You could have seen him if .....................................................................................................................
17. If he wasn't so busy, ....................... ......................................................................................................... .
18. If they were not so old, ........................................................................................................................... .
19. We would visit them today if .................................................................................................................
20. If I need help, I ........................................................................................................................................ .

21. You would have gone on a vacation if ................................................................................................. .
22. If he had enjoyed pop music, he ............................................................................................................ .
23. If it rains, .................................................................................................................................................. .
24. We would go to the park if ..................................................................................................................... .
25. If you don't change your mind, ............................................................................................................ .
26. You wiU learn English if ......................................................................................................................... .
27. They would have gone by train if ........................................................................................................ .
28. If you try to see her, ................................................................................................ ~

~
29. If the telephone rings, ....................................................................... ......................
30. Lf you were late for class, ............................................................................ ,..........
.....'
.~a
{...
TONGUE TWISTERS
~
I thought 0. thought. But the thought I thought

W(l$n't the thought I thought I thought. If the
thought I thought I thought, hod bun the thought
I thought, I wouldn't hove thought so lTIuch.
.... .....
...
-.:.:.:-:
.. .
...
~.. ....
-.-:.
.......
....
..
,
WISH
!eo'
..
",
WISH does not state a condition, but it often refers to unreal situations. We wish for things we
do not have, or for events which cannot happen. A wish about the present time is expressed
in the past tense, a wish about tne past is exp ressed in the past perfect.
A wish for the present time

Subject
(tbat)
wish(es)
wish
wishes
He
Verb 2
subject
I
tbat
had
he
Complement
a car now.
A wish for the past time:

Subject
wish(es)
wish
wishes
He
~ A.
(tbat)
subject
tbat
had+Verb 3 Complement
had had
a car last year.
he
Answer tbe questions as shown in tbe examples.
EXAMPLES:
a ) Do you want me to speak more slowly?
Yes, I do. I wish you spoke more slowly.

b ) Can't you read that book w ithout a dictionary?
No, 1can't. [wish I could read it without a dictionary.
1.
Has your father got a plane?

No, ........................ .
2.
Do you wan t me to change the TV channel from 1 to 2?

Yes, .........................
3.
Doesn't your bedroom get the sun in the morning?
No, ........................ .
4.
Doesn't the post come here earLier?
No,.........................
5.
............................................................................................................................. .
Don't you know lstanbul very well?
No, ........................ .
6. Can't you speak English very well?
No, ........................ .
7.
[s there anything your friend can do to help you?

No, ........................ .
...
.
...........
..
.
...
.
.
.... .
...
~ ... . ...
".
WISH
..
........
.........
......
..
....
....
Supply the correct form of the verb in brackets as sh own in the example.
EXAMPLE:
I wish I .!.~~:~ .. ( be ) in Hong Kong now.
1. I wish I .......................................................... (have) two tennis rackets.
2. My mother wishes she .......................................................... ( clean) the living room now.

3. My brother wishes that he .......................................................... ( live) in London now.
4. I wish I .......................................................... ( cau mend ) my bike myself.
5. I wish the questions .......................................................... ( be ) easier.
6. I wish my suitcase .......................................................... ( be ) lighter.
7. My mother wishes 1 .......................................................... ( not go) out in the ram.
8. I wish the new TV set .......................................................... ( be ) cheaper.
9. Our teacher wishes we .......................................................... ( study) English h arder.
10. I wish I .......................................................... ( speak) Italian more fluently.
11. I wish I .......................................................... ( can buy ) a new car.
12. I wish I .......................................................... ( can fly) an aeroplane.
Supply the correct form of the verb in brackets as shown in the example.
EXAMPLE :
I wish I .~~~.~~~.. (meet) her w hen I was young.
1. I wish I .......................................................... ( have ) a car last year.
2. 1 wish you .......................................................... ( post ) the letters yesterday.

3. I wish my father .......................................................... ( buy ) me a present fo r my birthday.
4. 1 wish the mechanic .......................................................... ( repair ) the car yesterday.
S. My father wishes I ....................................... ( leam ) English better when I was a student at high school.
6. He wishes he .......................................................... ( meet) me two years ago.
7. I wish I .......................................................... ( not buy) that brand of computer last week.
S. They wish they .......................................................... ( not meet ) the director yesterday.
9. I wish I ......... ,................................................ ( know) about this yesterday.
10. I wish you .......................................................... ( not say) it to me last Sunday.
11. I wish John .......................................................... ( not spill) the coffee on my carpet last night.
12. My sister wishes she .......................................................... ( not eat) so much last night.
...... ..
...
......
.. .
~
:..e.
.........
0 ,
:.:.:-.....
WISH
"
..
"
Wishes about the future: would

We use would to make w ishes about the future. Would + Verb 1
is used to indicate that the speaker wants something to happen in the fu ture.
EXAMPLES,
a ) He is crying. I wish he would stop cry ing.

b) It's foggy at the moment. I' ll drive home. I wish it would dear up s60n.
c) You're going to miss the train. I wish you would hur ry.
~' D.
Make wishes about the future by using appropriate form of the verbs given in the box.
drive -loan - have - send - go - take - remember - stop - come - give

1. John needs some money.
He wishes his parents .......l!?q!!.~(~~1J.~ ....... him some money.
2. It is raining heavily. I don' t have an u mbrella.
I wish it ................................ rainin g soon.

3. Mother d oesn't like my long hair.
She wishes I ........................................ a haircut soon.
4. Tom drives recklessly.
Sue wishes he ....................................... carefully.
5. You are going to be late fo r work again tomo rrow.
I wish you ..................................... to bed early tonight.
6. I am going to miss my flight.
I wish you ........................................ me a lift to the airport.
7. My cousins always forget my birthday.
I wish they ......................................... it this year.
8. I have to refurnish my offi ce bu t I am short of money.
I wish the bank ...................................... me some credit.
9. My grandchildren visit me rarely nowadays.
I wish they ................................ ........ more often.
10. My parents are going on a holiday without me.
I wish they ......................................... me there, too.
... AND.
I WISH ...
..
~.......
....
..
.......
........
: ...
PUZZLE
!eo' ..
..
.................
,'
"
.., . ..
Seven of the following picture5 are hidden in thi5 word puzzle.

Can you find them?
A
E N
E N
E N
E W
MW 0
... .
......
... .
...
~
..
. . ..
!e. ' ..
.':.'.
....
.:.:':-.-:
.. ..
HAD BETTER
.....
Had better with the simple form of the verb is similar to should. I'd better do something
means it wouJd be better or it is advisable for me to do something; if I don't do it something
bad may happen. Although it is in a past form, had better expresses a future thought.
We generally use the contracted form ( 'd ),

EXAMPLE:
He had better work harder.
He'd better work harder.
~ A.
Complete the following exercise using the examples as a guide.
EXAMPLES:
a)
It would be better if you wrote it carefully.

You'd better write it carefulIy.
b)
It would be better if you didn't drive fast.
You'd better llot drive fast.
1.
It would be better if you saved your money.
2.
It would be better if they lived in the town centre.
3.
It would be better if you weren't so noisy.
4.
It would be better if you did as I told you.
5.
It would be better if you told him the truth .
6.
It would be better if she visited him at the hospi tal.
7.
It would be better if he didn't hit the dog.
8.
It would be better if you didn 't eat so much.
9.
It would be better if he gave the money back.
10. It would be better if they sold the books cheaper.

11. It wou ld be better if you studied hard.
12. It would be better if you learned chess.
13. It would be better if she gave him some advice.
14. It would be better if you didn't sit in draught.
15. It would be better if you didn' t quarrel.
16. It would be better if she looked after the children.
17. It would be better if you didn't watch this horror film.
18. It woul d be better if you washed the dishes.
19. It would be better if you watered the grass.
20. It wou ld be better if you kept to the right.
..:.:.:.:... .
~.... ..
....
. ..
THE PASSIVE VOICE
0. ..
'::.
We use the passive voice if we d o not know who did the action or if the doer is not important.
HOW TO CHANGE TO PASSIVE

ACTIVE
PASSIVE
subject
object
object
subject
past participle form
verb
helping verb
carries the tense of the active sentence

comes between the main verb and the helping verb.
We use being for continuous tenses and been for
present and past perfect tenses and be for the modals.
verb to be
In a passive sentence, if we want to mention what caused or who djd the action,
we u se the agent (by .......................).
EXAMPLES,
a) The garage was built by my glandfather.
b) My leg was badly bitten by a snake.
THE PASSIVE FORMS OF PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE TENSES.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
am / is / are + past participle
Active
Passive
: They per/ontl a new play every year.

: A new play is perfornled every year.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE

was / were + past participle
Active
Passive
: They performed a new play last year.

: A new play was performed last year.
.. ... .
.........
~. ..
....
..
... ..
~.'.' ,',
~.
"
THE PASSIVE VOICE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Iam / is / are + being + past participle I

Active
Passive
: They are peiforming a new play now.

: A new play is being performed now.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

I was
were + being + past participle

Active
Passive
: They were performing a new play.

: A new play was being peiformed.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

rlh-a-v-e-/--h-as--+-b-e-en-+-p
-a-s-t-p-a-rb
-'c-i-p-le---,
Active
Passive
: They have performed a new play.

: A new play has been performed.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Ihad + been + past participle

Active
Passive
: They had peiformed a new play.

: A new play had been performed.
FUTURE TENSE
Iwill + be + past participle

Active
Passive
: They will peiform a new play next year.

: A new play will be performed next year.
THE PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS

Active
: They can perform a new play next month.
must
oughllo
Passive
: A new play should
can
could
has to
be performed next month.
.0......
..........
.. .
...., .
'0'. ','
.
....
-'
......
.. .
~
......
...
..
...
....
...

0 ,
THE PASSIVE VOICE
U the verb in the active voice has two objects,

we usually take the indirect object for the subject of the passive voice.
EXAMPLE,
Active
') : She gave rum an apple.
r~;;:;;pi:as::=S::;iC=v::e=~> : He was given all apple.
"An apple was given to him." is also possible.
~A.
Put the following sentences into the passive voice.
1.
They are repairing the roof now.
2.
They use this room only for important meetings.
3.
They do not admit children under fifteen.
4.
The milkman brings the milk to our house.
5.
They will bring the letters tomorrow.
6.
Someone left this dictionary in the classroom yesterday.
7.
When I arrived there, they were repairing my car.
8.
They haven't watered the garden for three days.
9.
The candidates have to answer the Cjuestions in an hour.
10. Her friends gave her a watch for her birthday.

11. They had taken photographs before the wedding ceremony.
12. J can't peel this orange without a knife.
13. Someone has stolen Mr White's car.
14. The waitress brought me a pitcher of water full of ice.
15. My mother baked me a nice cake for my party vvith my friends.
16. My secretary brought me a cup of coffee.
17. The boss of that company offered my son a well-paid job.
18. Our agencies send us sales reports bye-mail everyweek.
19. The teachers are interviewing a student at the moment.
20. They cleaned the room after .the meeting.
21. All the pedestrians and drivers must obey the traffic rules.
22. The teacher asked the students very difficult questions in the examination.
23. Most of the guests gave me presents for my birthday.
24. When I' m thirsty, my daugh ter fetches me a glass of wate r immediately.
25. The traffic warden asked the driver to wear his seat belt.
...
...
...
..,
'..". .
",
" "
...
...
.. ..
........
6 ...
.. ....
.....
~
..
0::.
THE PASSIVE VOICE
:.:.:
..
"
Put the following sentences into the active voice.
1. English is spoken all over the world.
2. The electric bulb was invented by Edison.
3. She will be taken to hospital this afternoon.

4. The dirty dishes must be washed after meals.
5. This book has been used for years.
6. This report has to be finished by six o'clock.

7. Nothing had been done before I went there.
8. When I woke up, the door bell was beil"!g rung.

9. Our school was built last year.
10. Some old boats were being sold when we were there.
11. The thief had been judged before he was put into prison.
12. Na tural gas is being used for heating in our city.
13. The burglars haven't been caught yet.
14. The streets are washed every day in our town.
15. The water is being frozen in the freezer now.

16. Allan will be given his term report on Wednesday.
17. The area can beautifully be seen from this hill.
IS. Children should be given extra information on traffic.
19. When I went home, I realized that our house had been broken into.
20. The lawn is cut by our gardener every two weeks.
21. This book was given to me years ago.
22. Nobody has been seen in the streets for days.
23. The little cat was being chased by a fierce dog.
24.ln our hotel, the dirty clothes are replaced with the new ones everyday.
25. We will be given an extra bed for our guest.
26. Most of the worldwide automobiles have been manufactured in Turkey.
27. The nominees for this post will be asked ten questions orally.
2S. Non-fiction books are sold on Oxford Street only.
29. An unidentified object was observed off shore last night.
30. No burglary has been reported in this environment lately.
A SILLY QUESTION
What word is olwoys spelled wrong?
(6uo.lM)
... ..
.........
. ....
.....
... ..
~... ....
~
THE PASSIVE VOICE
Put the following sentences into the passive voice.
1. They didn't sign the contract.
2. Factories are using a lot of electricity.

3. Scientists are studying the atmosphere.
4. Everyone needs water.
5. The government will build a new tobacco factory.
6. Some countries bring their water by ship.

7. I had given him the new telephone number.
8. Candidates may bring calculators to the exantination hall.
9. An earthquake destroyed three villages.
10.1 have stamped all the letters.

11. Scientists are looking for new sources of energy.
12. They offered him a good salary.
13. Someone had polished my shoes before I left the hotel.
14.Somebody must send this message to him.
IS.A computer can do all this work in a minute.
16. The boss hasn't signed the cheque, yet.

17. The villagers are picking up the hazelnuts.
18. All living creatures need oxygen.
19. The Prime Minister have considered all the possibilities.
20.A deadly disaster hit the people in this district of the country.
21. The Mayor took an important decision about our town.
22.Allan sent me a message bye-mail for my birthday.
23. You can not use mobile phones in the examinations.
24.1 will watch a soap opera on television tonight.
25.Somebody gave me a lift while I was hitch-hiking.
26. They taught us two foreign languages when we were in high school.
27.People consume a lot of energy for their heating systems.
28. Cars and buses pollute our city a lot.
29.5ome people prefer typewriters to computers.
3D.Scientists see the' child abuse and negligence as the most important problem.
.. .... .
...
.. ..
:.:.:-:-:
.. ..
...
....
......
...
...
.
......
.....
~... .
"
!."..
.. ,',
.
~
eo"
THE PASSIVE VOICE
:.:'.'
.:.:-: .'
~'.'
e "
Put the following sentences into the active voice.
1. That book might have been written by his uncle.
2. My car is going to be painted tomorrow.

3. A new library will be designed in our town.
4. We have been invited to his birthday party.
5. We are being followed by a strange man.

6. That bridge was built in 1980.
7. This room should have been cleaned yesterday.

S. The examination results will be sent next month.
9. The fire couJd have been caused by an electrical fault.
10. The football match had to be postponed because of the bad weather.
11. He has been accused of stealing the money.
12. You will be asked a lot of questions during the oral test.
13. The date of the examination has been changed.
14. He is always beaten at tennis.
15. Someone has to be found to take over his place.
16. You will first be given a preliminary test.
17. A beauty contest is being held in Sydney.
18. All the guests are given a form to fill in completely.
19. Betty has been congratulated on her success.
20. Everyone must be given equal chances on education.
21. Jean has always been promoted by her teachers.
22. The flat tyre is going to be replaced.
23. Toyota is sold all over the world.
24. Books are considered valuable.
25. School children are collected by share cabs.
26. Computers are being used by all the banks for their services.
27. The environment has been polluted by some factory waste.
28. All the nominees will be given extra information about the interview.
29. A mutual understanding must be shown by the two parties.
30. The o ld should completely be respected by the young.
~.
A SILLY QUESTION
You 90 to bed at 7 o'clack in the morning
and set your alarm clock to wake you up
the nvct morning at 8 o'clock . How many
holn will you slap bdo~ being awokened
by fhe alarm?
(Jn0431.10)
...
..
....
...
.....
.....
......
...
e"...
... .
.:.:.:...
",
THE PASSIVE VOICE
..
~
-'
'
Read the following passage.
A DISASTER
John and Mary, a young couple, hated city life. They loved the nature and the countryside.
They lived in a beautiful old house. It was built many years ago by John's grandfather. It
had a lovely view over a lake. The lake was surrounded by trees and mountains. The
mountain tops were covered in snow throughout the year. The house was rewired severa l
years ago. It was in a very good condition. Large new windows were fitted facing the lake.
In addition, central heating was installed. John and Mary were very happy. They wanted
their children to live in the same house. Then John heard that plans were being made to
build a huge apartment block in front of their house. His wIfe was horrified! His children
were horrified, too. At once he telephoned all his relatives. The whole family was astounded
by the news! They couldn't believe that preparations were being made to ruin the countryside!
The whole family was gathered together. Donations were asked for from everyone, and a
large sum of money was collected. But the building plot outside their home had been bought
by a building company. The apartment block was erected, the trees were cut down, and the
wonderful view was destroyed forever! Terrible damage had been done to the environment!
1.
When was the beautiful old house built?
2.
What was the lake surrounded by?
3.
What were the mountain tops covered with throughout the year?
4.
When was the house rewired?
S.
What was installed, also?
6.
What plans did John hear about?
7.
What did he do at once?
8.
Who were all astounded by the news?
9.
What could they not believe?
................................................................................................................................................................
10. What was erected and what was ruined forever?
....
.
.. .
:.:::::::
....... . ..
~z ..
@.
NOT ONLY . BUT ALSO
.,. ... ..
.....
....
.
'.
We use not only ..... but also ..... to. indicate that we have done o.r completed two. actions at ~e
same time, or following each other, or we indicate two. alternatives as our preferen~. U two. subjects
are combined with not only ... but also ... , the subject closer to the verb detemunes whether the
verb is singular or plural
EXAMPLES:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
~A.
I studied not only German, but also French when I was in Europe.
1 want not only oranges, but also apples.

My father speaks not only Spanish, b ut also Italian.
Not only did he miss the bus, but he also le ft his coat at home.
Not only my parents, but also my sister is here.
Not only my sister, but also. my parents are here.
With the clues given above, make up your own sentences using
not only ... but also ... as in the examples above.
1. (visit, museum, art gallery)
19. ( visit, Gennany, FTance)
2. (manage to climb, tree, post)
20. ( my mother, cakes, biscuits)
3. (buy, an umbrella, a raincoat)
21. (p lay, the guitar, the orxan )
4. (the film, long. boring)
22. ( miss, the train, the bus)
5. ( lose, my wallet, the spare keys)
23. ( Tom, Tim, arrive late)
6. ( listen, folk music, pop music)
24. (write, poems, novels)
7. ( phone, Mr Green, his wife, Mrs Green)
25. (buy, books, pencils)
8. (the car, old, expensive)
26. ( Ja net, Betsy, sing songs)
9. (want to see, Sydney, Melboume)
27. ( look after, my daughter, my niece)
10. (play, football, table tennis)
28. (English, easy, fallta stic)
11. ( can do, sailing, fishing)
29. ( wash, the dishes, the clothes )
12. (hotel, dirty, disgusting)
30. ( teachers, teach, train)
13. (speak, Turkish, English)
31. (Sally, Tim, get high marks)
14. (wa1lt to learn, Ita lia1l, Japanese)
32. (engineeTs, architects, build)
15. ( clean, the kitchen, the living room)
33. (Paris, London, a terrific city)
16. ( restaurant, small, expensive)
34. ( drive, a sports car, a race car)
17. (Tom, John, pass)
35. (Jennifer Lopez, Brittrey Spears, pop singer)
18. (doctors, nurses, help)
36. (fail, chemistry, physics)
..................................
~... . .
"
.....:': ...... .
',
THE GERUND
.:.:.'
The gerund is the -ing form of the verb used as a noun.

It functions as :
SUBJECT
Camping is enjoyable.
DIRECT OBJECT
OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
We enjoy camping.
I'm fond of camping.
If a possessive adjective or pronoun comes before the gerund,

tlie gerund refers to the possessive adjective or pronoun.
EXAMPLE,
Our teacher doesn't like our I us coming to school late.
~ A.
Following the examples, make up sentences using a gerund construction.
EXAMPLES ,
a)
wait fo r the good weather ( annoying)
'!Y.~.i.~~ ~~.!~:..~ ~~..$.~~. ~~.~.~~.~:.. ~~. ~~!.,.t.~1!.j.~$..

b)
travel by train ( be tired of)
!.'.~~'..~~ :.:~.~! t:.~r:.:!.I.~~.$.. ~.. ~:'~!.~I:................. .

1.
go to the dentist ( not enjoyable)
2.
eat chocolate ( can't help )

Mary ......................................................................................................................................................
3.
4.
climb mountains ( dangerous )
lose my way ( be afraid of)

I. ..............................................................................................................................................................
5.
6.
7.
collect coins ( be fond of )

My brother ............................................................................................................................................ .
find a well-paid job ( difficult )
8.
learn languages ( be keen on )

Young children ..................................................................................................................................... .
see an old fri end ( very nice )
9.
do the same things all day (hate)

1.. ............................................................................................................................................................ .
10. criticize people in public ( not like)

Sue .......................................................................................................................................................... .
....
.......
.... .....
..
~.:-:.:
~ B.
THE GERUND
1.
Do you like playing chess?
2.
Where do you like spending your holiday?
3.
Do you enjoy walking in the rain?
4.
Do you like climbing mountains?
5.
Does your father like shopping with your mothe r?
6.
Does your mother hate washing the dishes?
7.
Do you like writing letters?
8.
Do you enjoy helping your mother at home?
9.
Do you like eating in a restaurant?
10. Does your father like reading a newspaper at breakfast?

11. Do you like singing folk music?
12. Do you like playing games with your friends after school?
13. Does your father like staying at home?

14. 00 you like travelling by train?
15. What do you hate doing?
16. What do you like doing in your spare time?
17. Do you like spending money on sweets?
18. Do you like learning foreign languages?
19. Does your mother hate cooking cakes for you?
20. Do you like watching football matches on television?
21. Do you like playing table tennis?
22. Do you like going to school on foot?
23. Do you like Sitting late at night?
24. Does your father like helping your mother in the kitchen?
25. Do your parents like helping you wi th your homework?
26. Does your father like getting up late in the morning?
27. Does your sister like playing with her baby toys?
28. Do you like tidying your room up in the morning?
29. Do you like drinking cold water during the meals?
30. Does your brother like playing computer games?
....
..........
.. .
..
:"
...
.
...
.......
63
@,
.....
.... ....
....
!i-'
~ C.
0,
. .',
..._.4.......
....
THE GERUND
"
" .
Using a gerund construction, complete the followi ng sentences in your own wo,ds.
EXAMPLE,
I like the idea of .!~'!.~!.'.~~~s..~~.:.~~~.~.~~~~~:.~S1f.C:!~:.
1. They gave up .................................................................. ...................................................................... .

2.
Try to avoid ................... ........................................................................................................................ .
3.
J prefer ................................................................................................................................................... .
4. We are against ....................................................................................................................................... .

S.
I'm looking forwa.rd to ........................................................................................................................ .
6.
They don't allow .................................................................................................................................. .
7.
We are thinking of ................................................................................................................................ .
8.
I enjoy ............................................... ..................................................................................................... .
9.
Would you mind ................................................................................................................................... ?
10. [hate ....................................................................................................................................................... .

11. The chi.ldren like .................................................................................................................................. .
12. They surprised us by ........................................................................................................................... .
13. Please go on .......................................................................................................................................... .

14. I ad vise you to s tart .............................................................................................................................. .
15. They postponed .....................................................................................................................................

16. 1 made a lot of money by ..................................................................................................................... .
17. I'm very sorry for ................................................................................................................................. ..
18. I never think. of ...................................................................................................................................... .

19. The police accused him of .................................................................................................................... .
20. She apologized for ................................................................................................................................ .
21. The snow kept us .......................................................................................................................... ..............
22. I don't like ....... :...................................................................................................................................... .

23. J can hear the bell ................................................................................................................................... .
24. I caugh t him ............................................................................................................................................

25. I love ....................................................................................................................................................... .
26. Please excuse us .................................................................................................................................... .
27. I'm afraid of ........................................................................................................................................... .
28. They insisted on .................................................................................................................. ..... .............. .
29. The doctor didn't object to .................................................................................................................. ..
30. I can't help ............................................................................................................................................. .
~~r:~HE GERUND AND THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

The -ing form of the verb has two important functions:
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
~A.
( functions as an adjective)
THE GERUND
( functions as a noun )
Pick up and feed that crying baby.

He told us an exciting story.
Travelling by plane is exciting.

I enjoy speaking English.
Read the following sentences and decide if the -ing form of the verbs functions
an adjective or a noun. Then write A for adjective, N for noun.
l.
I'm afraid of barking dogs.
2.
Collecting stamps is very interesting.
3.
The crying baby woke everyone up.
4.
Climbing trees is always dangerous.
5.
It is difficult to imagine her arriving on time.
6.
The rushing crowd fell over one another.
7.
Travelling in the desert is dangerous.
8.
They have a talking parrot in the pet shop.
9.
They will finish painting ou.r house tomorrow.
10.
Her sewing machine is out of order.
11.
It's exciting to watch the stars through a telescope.
12.
Put the potatoes in the boUrng water, please.
13.
Studying all day is very hard.
14.
Using a dictionary is helpful.
15.
She is afraid of walking alone at night.
16.
Do you mind us visiting you so often?
17.
It is frightening to read ghost stories.

~
1\
.:.:.:-;
.....
....
~:~:> THE GERUND AND THE INFINITIVE .
,...,"",....,.....
.. ..
,',
..
Infinitives and gerunds often come after the verb. The gerund functions as a direct object,
the infinitive either as a direct object or as an adverbial modifier.
Some verbs are frequently followed by a gerund. There are, of course, many examples.
enjoy
mind
admit
finish
forgive
keep
postpone
mlagme
delay
Some verbs are followed by either gerunds or infinitives. There are, of COulse, many examples.
start
begin
prefer
~ A.
continue
like
hate
love
intetld
cease
Rewrite the following sentences u sing a gerund construction.
EXAM PLE :
1 will start to work next month.
I will start working next month.
1. He has begun to write a new story.
2. The factory has ceased to make bicycles.
3. I prefer to sit in the shade of a tree.
4. The students like to play games but hate to do their ho mework.
5. They never ceased to complain about the TV programmes.
6. You have to continue to go to the dentist every six months.
7. Our new English teacher will start to teach next Monday.
8. Mu m likes to listen to music while she's cooking.
9. We intend to go to Tokyo on the third of next month.
10. She hates to listen to classical music.
11. She hates to play on the playground.
12. We intended to buy a summer house in Miami.
13. The students began to shout happily.
14. Our teacher continued to explain the gist of the story.
15. I can't stand to wait in lines for a long time.
16. I always like to play chess with my friends.
17. We prefer to spend our summer holiday in Monaco.
18. The boy started to talk about his adventure on the Hawa ii Islands.
19. I hate to stay in a crowded place for long hours.
20. Sudd enJy, it ceased to rain and it was still everywhere.
.
~
....
....
....
.:.:.;.;.
.......
, ',
INDIRECT SPEECH
.......:.:...
. ,"
'
There are two ways of reporting what a person has said.

1. DIRECT SPEECH
We repeat the speaker's words.

He said, " I have lost my pen."
2. INDIRECT SPEECH : We give the exact meaning of a speech w ithout necessarily

using the speaker's exact words. U we wan t to mention who the speaker talked to, we use
told, otherwise we use said.
He said that he had lost his pen.
He told me that he had lost his pen.
Pronouns and possessive adjectives norm ally change fro m first or second person to third
person except when the speaker is reporting his own word s.
EXAMPLES :
a) I said, " [love my English lesson."
] said that I loved my English lesson. (The speaker is reporting his own word s)
b) He said, " I love my English lesson."
H e said that he loved his Eng lis h lesson .
c) " You've m.isspelled ' dictionary' again, A lice." he said .
He told Alice tha t she h ad missp elle d 'dictionary' again .
HOW TO PUT DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
pronouns and possessive adjectives
today
yesterday
tomorrow
next week I month etc.
last week I month etc.
now
tonieht
these
this
can
could
may
might
must
should I ought to
had better I used to
INDIRECT SPEECH
We usually change from first or second to third person
except when the speaker is reporting his own words.
that dav
the da.'L before
the next day I the followine day
the followine week month etc.
the previous week I month etc.
then
that rue ht
those
that the it
could
could
mieht
mip;ht
must I had to
should oU2ht to
had bette r I used to
..............
,..........
......
.'VU
'0 .
INDIRECT SPEECH
...
Do not forget to put the tense one step in the past.
DIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
Tom said, " I am a s tude nt."
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
John said, " I'm playing the piano now."
PRESENT PERFECT
Sue said, " I've s tudied my lessons."
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, " I've been teaching English for
twenty years."
Tom said that lie was a student.
PAST CONTINUOUS
~.
PAST .PERFECT
Mary said, " I had seen this film. "
FUTURE
Mary said, " I will stud y English tomorrow"
She said that she had been teaching English

for twenty years.
AlIan said that he had studied English
the day before .
PAST PERFECT
~.
Mary said that sire had see" that film.
FUTURE IN mE PAST
Mary said that slle would Shldy English
the iollowiny dall.
CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
CONDITIONAL ( Present Unreal)

Tom said to Sue, " If you came to the party,
I would introduce you to my father."
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
CONDITIONAL ( Future Possible)

Tom said to Sue, " U you come to the party,
I'll introduce you to my fathe r."
Sue said that sire had studied her lessons.
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Bob said, " I will be studying EngHsh
by this time tomorrow."
John said that he was playing tile piano tllen.
PAST PERFECT
~.
SIMPLE PAST
AlIan said, " I studied English yesterday."
INDIRECT SPEECH )
Bob said that he wou ld be shldying English

by tllat time tlte fo llowing day .
CONDITIONAL (Present Unreal)

Tom told Sue that if site came to tI,e party,
~ Ite wou ld introduce Iler to Itis fa ther.
CONDITIONAL (Presellt Unreal)
CONDITIONAL ( Past Unreal)

Tom said to Sue, " If you had come to the party.
~
I would have introduced you to my father."
Tom told Sue that if site came to the party,

he would introduce Iter to his fa ther.
CONDmONAL ( Past Unreal)

Tom told Sue that if she had come to tI,e party,
he would have introduced Iter to his fa ther.
.. . .
.. .
...
-.:.:.:-:
.. ..
...
"0. .
.....
INDIRECT SPEECH
STATEMENTS
If the main verb is in the present tense, we don't change the tense in the direct speech.
EXAMPLE:
Direct
Indirect
: He says, "I have lost my pen."

: He says (that) he has lost h is pen.
Dear Mike,
I received your letter yesterday. Thank you for your in vitation . I'll be glad to spend a week
with you at yo~r summer house. I will come next week. I booked my seat this morning. I'll
catch the six o'clock bus on Sunday. I plan to take a taxi from the bus terminal. I'll bring
my guitar w ith me, too. I hope everyone is well . Looking forward to seeing you.
You r friend,
Tim
+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. What does Tim say?
When did TIm receive Mike's letter.
He says
When w ill Tim come?
He says
How w iu he come?
He says ...................................................................... ............................... .
When did he book his seat?
He says
How w ill he come from the bus tenninal?
He says
What w ill he bring with him?
He says
What else does he say?
He says
He says
He says
He says
TONGUE TWISTERS
How many cans can a canner can if a canner can can cans?
A canner can can as many cans as a canner can can.
........
......
~
. o o o
.. .....
..
..
..", .......
INDIRECT SPEECH
.....
......
...
..
.. ...
.. ..
...
..,... .
~
STATEMENTS
We join the indirect and the direct parts of a sentence with that. Sometimes we may omit that.
EXAMPLE,
They sai d, "We don't know."

They said (that) they didnOt knowo
~Bo
What did John say about his trip to Paris?
1. " I will go to Paris tomorrow morning."
John told me .......................................................................................................................................... .

2. "My sister will come with me, too,"
He said .................................................................................................................................................... .
3.
"We will take the eight o'clock bus."
4.
He said .................................................................................................................................................... .
" I don't like to travel by bus, but it's the cheapest way."
6.
He told me .............................................................................................................................................. .
"I'm going to spend a week in Paris."
He said .................................................................................................................................................... .
" We will stay wi th our aunt."
7.
He told me .............................................................................................................................................. .
" I want to visit the Disneyworld."
8.
He said .................................................................................................................................................... .
" I've been to Paris before, but I've never visited the Disneyworld."
5.
He told me .............................................................................................................................................. .
9. " My sister wants to visit the Disneyworld, too."
He sa.id .................................................................................................................................................... .
10. "She wants to take photographs for her homework."
He told me ............................................................................................................................................. .
11 . " I plan to go to a theatre, too."
He told me ............................................................................................................................................. .
12. " I'll tell you everything when I come back."
He told me .................................................................................... ........................................................ .
...
.
......
..
.
..
.
.
...
...
~......
!i.' ..
INDIRECT SPEECH
.....
:.:-.'
...
!$-:

STATEMENTS
Put the following sentences into indirect speech.
1.
.. I' m going to the movie w ith my mother."
Sarah said ........................, ..................................... ........................ ........................................................ .

2.
"My English teacher wants to speak to my father."
He told me ............................................................................................................................................. .
3, "You have done your homework w ell."

The teacher told her ........................................................ . .....................~
4.
" I have been shopping all d ay."

My mother told my father ..............................................................
5.
"We are waiting at the bus-stop."

They said ................................................................................................................................................ .
6.
" I like frui t juice better than milk. "

He said ........................................................ ........................................................................................... .
7.
" You are not studying hard enough."

The teacher told me .............................................................................................................................. .
8.
" I bought a book fo r her birthday."

Mick said ...................................................... ......................................................................................... .
9.
" I was very ill last week."

EUen told me ............................................................................ .......................... .................................... .
10. " I will meet him next Saturday."

Bert said .......................................................................................................................... ...................... .
11 . "We are going to Brighton tomorrow."
He said ........................................................ .......................................................... ................................. .

12. " f haven't told you everything, yet."
She told me ................................................................................................ ........................................... .

13. ., [f I pass the final exams, my father will buy me a bicycle."
[told John .............................................................................................................................................. .

14. " I will play table-tennis after school."
He said ............................................................................................................................. ....................... .
15. " I must send a message to her."

Thomas said ................................................................................................................................................ .
... ....
....
...
......
66 ."'....
..' ...

INDIRECT SPEECH
.:.:',..........
','
QUESTIONS
When we put the direct questions into indirect speech,
a ) we do all the changes as in the statements.
b) we use introdu ctory verbs like asked, wanted to know, wondered and inquired.
c ) we change the interrogative word-order to statement word-order.
QUESTIONS WITH QUESTION WORDS

If the direct question begins w ith a question word like when, why, whose, how much etc.,
we repeat the same question word in the indirect speech.
EXAMPLE ,
Direct : She said, "How has Bob done it?"

Indired : She wanted to know how Bob had d one it.
~ D.
1.
Put the following questions into indirect speech.
" How much did you pay for this T-shi rt? ,.
She wanted to know ............................................................................................................................ .
2.
" Where were you when it started to rain ?"

Janet asked me ....................................................................................................................................... .
3.
" Whose address are you looking for? "
They inquired ........................................................................................................................................ .

4.
" Why d idn 't you do your homework?"

The teacher wanted to know ............................................................................................................... .
5.
" Whose ha t is that on the table? "

The boss asked ..................................................................... ................................................................ .
6.
" When will you check our tests? "

The students asked their teacher ................................................ ....................................................... .
7.
" Which film d id you watch at the cinema last night? "
He wanted to know .............................................................................................................................. .
8.
" How long have you been stan djng in the rain? "
He wondered ................................................................................................................. ....................... .
9.
" How long have you been learning English?"

They asked ............................................................................................................................................. .
10. "What is the matter? "

He wanted to know .............................................................................. ............................................... .
..
00
......
.......
...
.. . .
..
66 ....
~
0,
INDIRECT SPEECH
..
.....
.....
QUESTIONS STARTING WITH A HELPING VERB

If the direct question begins with a helping verb, we use if or whether.
EXAMPLE ,
Direct : "Did you tell the truth to the police?"
Indirect : He wanted to know if I had told the truth to the police.
Put the following questions into indirect speech.
1.
"Do you hear the sound of the wind? "

TIm asked ......................................................................... ..................................................................... .
2.
"Do you know the way to the bus terminal? "

They asked .............................................................................................................................................
3.
.. Have you bro ught the money with you? ..

They wanted to know ..........................................................................................................................
4.
"Would you like to come with us? "

TIna asked ..................................................................................................................... ......................... .
5.
.. Have you ever visited the Buckingham Palace?"

He wanted to know ............................................................................................................................ .
6.
.. May I bring my dog into the restaurant with me? "

She asked ...................................................................................... ....................................................... .
7.
.. Have you ever played for your school basketball team?"

They wanted to know .............................................. ~ ...........................................................................
8.
" Do you know the exact results of the elections? ..

They inquired .......................................................................................................................................
9.
.. Are they coming today or tomorrow morning? ..

He wanted to know ............................................................................................................................. .
10... Are they sorry for what they did?"

Larry wondered .................................................................................................................................. .
11 ... Are the laboratories big enough in your school?"
She asked ............................................................................................................................................. ..
12. " Will you have lunch in the school cafeteria or not? ..
The director asked ........................................ ........................................................................................ .
.. ..
......
.-.:.:-:-:
....... ...
INDIRECT SPEECH
0, . . . .
.......
........ .
.... ...
...
.. .,
,0,
COMMANDS - REQUESTS
When we put direct commands or requests into indirect speech,
a ) we use introductory verbs like order, ask, tell, want and request.
b) we always use indirect objects after introductory verbs.
c) the command or request in direct speech takes the infinitive form.
EXAMPLE :
Direct :" Switch the Light on."
Indirect : He wanted me to switch the light on.
~F.
1.
Put the fo llowing sentences into indirect speech.
"Put the following sentences into indirect speech."

The teacher wanted ............................................................................................................................... .
2.
" Put your hands up. "
The policeman ordered the burglars ................................................................................................... .

3.
" Don't quarrel with your friends. "

My mother wanted ............................................................................................................................... .
4.
"Don't do anything to make your grandmother angry, please. "

My mother asked ..................................................................................................................................... .
"Would you please take off your shoes when you come in? "
5.
She asked ................................................................................................................................................ .

6. " Don't take these pills before meals. "
The doctor told ...................................................................................................................................... .
7.
"Fasten your seat belts. "

The air hostess requested .....................................................................................................................
8.
"Leave the letters on my table, please. "

Polly requested ...................................................................................................................................... .
"Please give me a glass of cold water."
He asked ................................................................................................................................................. .
9.
10. "Write your names at the top of your answer papers. "
The teacher told .................................................................................................................................... .
11. " Don't play your CD player so loud after midnight. "
Our neighbours wanted ....................................................................................................................... .
12. " Don't swim out too far. "
My father warned ................................................................................................................................. .
..
...
...
. .... ..
...
!i.....
0::.
INDIRECT SPEECH
EXCLAMATIONS
Exclamations become statements in indirect speech.
EXAMPLES :
a) Direct : Mary said, " What a lovely day! "
Indirect : Mary said that it was a lovely day.
_ ~
(
Put the following exclamations into indirect speech.

What a terrible noise!
2.
What a beau tiful girl!
3.
How wonderful!
4.
What a lovely garden !
5.
How nice!
6.
What a marvellous supper!
7.
What a dark nigh t!
8.
How sad !
9.
How nice to see you!
10. What a wonderful d ay!

11. How polite of you!
12. How cold it is!
...
.. ....
...
..
...
.... ....
...
_~.'. 'n
.'."./.W.. HR}'"to~'.:....
b) Direct : John said, " How dreadful! "

Indirect : He said that it was d readful.
1.
.......
~~
~
~
..........
.....
....
~
.. ..
....
....
0:.',
~
............
.
...
INDIRECT SPEECH
,' "
MIXED TYPES
If a direct speech consists of mixed types, each section requires its own introductory verb.
EXAMPLE :
Direct
Indirect
"It is hot in here. Aren't the w indows open?"

He said that it was hot in there and asked if the w indows
were open or not.
Put the following sentences into indirect speech

with the appropriate introductory verbs in the past tense.
1.
.. Didn't you hear w hat I said ? You mus t be quiet w hen I talk. "
The teacher......................................................................................................................... .................... .
2.
"I wonder where 1 left the needle. Can you see it anywhere? "
She ............................................................................................................................................................ .
3.
" What time does the football match start? I think it's time to turn on the TV. "
He .............................................................................................................................................................. .
4.
" It's a lovely day. Would you like to play golf with me? "
He ..............................................................................................................................................................
5.
"Don't forget to bring a raincoat w ith you. It's rainy here."
Emily .......................................................................................................................................................... ..
6.
" Where were you this morning? I couldn't see you on the beach."
She ............................................................................................................................................................ ..
7.
"We have to ask someone the way. I think we are lost."

Sue ............................................................................................................................................................ .
8.
"Will you please turn on the radjo? I want to listen to the news."
My father ................................................................................................................................................. .
9.
"You have to comb your hair. Don't you ever look in the mirror?"
The teacher ............................................................................................................................................. .
10. " Don't waste your time. You haven't done your homework, yet. "
His mother .............................................................................................................................................. .
11. " Have you heard the noise? I think there is someone behind the door."
Liz ............................................................................................................................................................. .
12. " Is lunch ready? I feel very hungry."

My father ................................................................................................................................................ .
...
.......
......
..
...
... .
66 !i....
' ..
0, . . . .
INDIRECT SPEECH
LOOKING FOR ME
Thomas and Peter worked in the same
office in a small town. One day Thomas
sa id to Peter, "We are go ing to have
a sma ll party for our friends at home

next Saturday evening. Will you and
your spouse come, too?"
Peter said, "Thank you very much, Thomas. It is very ki nd of you. We are free tbat evening,
I think, but I have to phone ram and ask her."
"Okay, then ." said Thomas. "I ' m waiting for your answer. We wi ll be pleased if you can
come,"
Peter went to the other room and phoned his wife. When he came back, he looked very
surprised.
" What 's the matter?" asked Thomas. " Did you speak to her? What did she say?"
"No" answered Peter. "She wasn't at home. My small daughter answered the phone. I asked
her, "Is your mother there, Brenda?" and she answered, "No. Mum is not at home." "Where
is she, then?" I asked. "She is somewhere outside," she sa id. "W hy is she o utside? What
is she doing?" I asked. "She is looking for meL .... Brenda repl ied.
~ I.
J.
End this conversation as you wish in
Now, re-write it in
direct speech.
indirect speech.
Thomas and Peter ........................................................................................................................................................................................ .
.........
.... .
...
....
.......
......
..
........ PREPOSITIONS ( Revision )
J;. .
.... ..
.:.:.;.:.
....
..
....
!i- ' ..
Prepositions tell the relationship between persons, things, places and time.
There are three groups of prepositions:

A. Prepositions of place, position and direction.
B. Prepositions of time.
C. Prepositions for other relationships.
HERE ARE SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS
PLACE
- POSITION - DIRECTION
above
beyond
around
across
b
d own
from
on
in
alon
amon
at
awa from
be 'nd
below
beside
between
in front of
inside
into
near
off
TIME
OTHER
after
al
about
a ainst
before
as
out 0
ou tside
over
during
b
except
ite
to
for
from
in
on
toward s
u nde r
since
up
10
until till
fo r
from
in
Uke
of
on
with
w ithout
1. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE - POSITION - DIRECTION
~ A.
Fill in the blanks by using to, from, on, in, into or at.
EXAMPLES,
h) He comes home .. fr..9.1!! .... his office at 6:30 p.m.
d ) I saw a pistol ......~~....... the drawer.

. .IS . . . . .........
at
Ih e 5 Ia IIon
.
e ) Th e Iram
c) There is a cat going .f.1:'J9. ..... the ki tchen.
f ) The typewrite r is ... ~m
a) My father usuall y goes ..!.CJ. ...... his office on foot.
1.
I usually go ............. school by bus.
2.
Harry is going ............. the post office now.
3.
Where are you coming ............. ?
4. The telephone is ............. the table.

5.
Please come ............. the room. I'll show you something.
6.
Boys and girls are walking up and down ............. the school yard .
7.
The passengers are waiting fo r the plane ............. the airport now.
S.
What are they showing ............. the cinema, tonight?
...... the desk.
.. . .
.-.:.:.:-:
...
.. ..
~
..

.. ..
PREPOSITIONS ( Revision )
.. .

".
.:.:.;.;.:
............... .....
.......
,
2. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
~ B.
Complete the following sentences with, in, at, on, for or since.
EXAMPLES ,
a) J always get up ...(l:t... .... 7:30 a.m.
b ) She was bom ....~. ..... 1975.

c) What d o you do...on...... Sundays?
cl ) I have lived in Oslo .sinc.e.. .. 1979.

e) I have lived in Vienna ..tar...... twelve years.
1. The first lesson begins ............. 8:30 a. m . and the last lesson ends ............. 4:30 p. m. everyd ay.
2. My uncle's wife was ill ............. a week.

3. It usually rains in London ............. the spring, bu t rarely s nows ............. the winter.
4.
A friend of mine was in prison ............. two years .............. that time he has been interested
5.
in painting.
My parents got married ............. 1st May, 1980 bu t her parents got m arried ............. 1970.
3. PREPOSITIONS FOR OTHER RELATIO NSHIPS
~ c.
Complete the following sentences with by, of, tOTo r like.
EXAMPLES:
a) I went to Brighton ... ky ..... bus.
b) The CaulIt afMante Crista was written .....b.y.... Alexandre Ournas.
c) The headmaster .....0./. ... our school is Mr Cobb.
d) She is studying ... ./or. ... science examination.
e) Students in Canad a are ... Ji~(!. . students in the United States.
2.
I went to Cyprus ............. ship.

A Farewell to A rms was w ritten ............. Ernest Hemingway.
3.
Adnan Saygun uses legends ............. the Turkish Independence War ............. his most famous
1.
opera.
4. You're in High School now. Don't behave ............. a child!
... .... .
.....
.
..
68 ... .
@,
:.:.:-:
!!.:.:-:-.
Pattern 1:
CAUSATIVES
....
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
SUBJECT + HAVE / GET + DIRECT OBJECT + VERB (Past Part.)

We use this pattern to cause something to be done by someone.
Instead of saying
We can say
" I employed someone to clean my caT."

" I had /got my car cleaned."
If we do not use the pattern in the correct order, the meaning changes.
EXAMPLE:
I had my car cleaned. (1 employed someone to do it.)

I had cleaned my car. (I cleaned it myself sometime ago.)
<L!} A.
Rewrite these sentences using the have/get causative construction.
EXAMPLE:
My father asked a man to paint the house .
.1':1Y.f~.t.~~:. ..?~(~~~~. ~~~ .~I.?~.~~ .I!.'!.~~~ ~~~:.

1.
The manager's letters are typed for him.
2. Somebody does my laundry for me.

3. We are gomg to ask someone to translate this.
4.
Someone polished my car fo r me yesterday.
5.
A carpenter is making a new front door for us.
6.
He is going to have a haircut.
7.
Someone posts the letters for her.
B.
A servant cleans my room every morning.
9.
Tell someone to bring it to you.
10. I'm going to tell someone to add an extra chair.

11. The knives want sharpening.
You must. ............................................ ..
12. I asked a man to repair my house.

13. Your bicycle wants servicing.
14. We ordered someone to whitewash the walls.

15. We must find someone to cut the la wn.
You must ............................................ .
.......
.....
......... ........
~
0
Pattern 2 :
CAUSATIVES
. ...
. ..
HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING

GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING
HAVE
SUBJECT
VERB (inf.l
SOMEBODY
GET
to VERB (inf.l
We use this pattern to emphasize the person who does th e acti on.
Instead of saying : "Bob asked his barber to cut rus hair short."
We can say
"Bob got his barber to cut his hair short." or" Bob had his barbe r
cut his hair short."
<!} 8.
Rewrite the following sentences as in the example.
EXAMPLE:
We told him to visit us at 7 o'clock.
We had him visit us at 7 o'clock.
1.
I'll persuade Tom to help me carry my bags.
2.
3.
We told the taxi driver to call at 6 o'clock.

Will you ask the d octor to write a p rescription?
4.
5.
6.
Susan will ask her father to clean her bicycle.

Helen is going to ask her b rother to plant a plu m tree.
Ou r teacher made us learn the poem by heart.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
She's so charming th at she can make anybody do anything fo r her.

Shall we ask Mr Brown to play the guitar for us?
The manager asked me to copy it out again.
Our teacher made us alJ spea k English in cl ass.
We tried to fo rce AlIan to pay for it.
Mick made me repeat everything three times a week.
The captain ordered his crew to paint the flag post.
He asked his tailor to lengthen the trousers.
Tun persuaded Lucy to marry him.
I asked Mr Brown to mend my shoes.
My mother will persuade Mr Gardener to plant roses.
I reminded my son to buy some milk.
....
.......
........
.....
.......
......
~.
CAUSATIVES
<$r
......
... .
.......
......
..
.. .
...
...
Read the following passage.
HARRY AND JOE

Harry and loe are good friends. They have known
years.
after day, at
the same time, they sit in the same seats, in the same cafe, and play cards and talk. They're both
lazy and easy-going, but tbey always talk about tbe busy things they are going to do.
" What are you going to do tomorrow, lee? " Harry asks.
" Well .... First I am planning to have the li ving-room decorated. When the decorating is done, I
will get the front door painted. Maybe when it is finished, I'll have time to have my car cleaned.
If I get all that finished, I'll be happy! " 10e replies.
"You're certainly going to get a lot done!" says Harry.
" What are you going to do tomorrow, Harry? asks Joe.
Well, I've got a few plans," says Harry. " First ifit's a nice day, I'll have my roof repaired. Then
I'll get the car serviced, and later I'll get my hair cut at the barber's."
"We're both going to get a lot done tomorrow," says Joe.
"The problem is," says Harry thoughtfully, " by the time we get all that work done, we' ll be too
tired to meet and play cards!"
" You're absolutely right, Harry "Joe agrees at once." I suggest we have the jobs done some other
time. I'll see you here at the usual time tomorrow, then! "
11
Answer the followi ng questions with complete answers.

1.
What is Joe planning to have done first?
2.
What will he get painted when the decorating is done?
3.
When the door gets painted, what will he have time for?
4.
What will Harry do first if it's a nice day?
5.
What will he do then?
6.
What wiU he do later?
7.
What's the problem?
8.
What does Joe suggest?
...... .
~
...
..
....
...
..
.... .
' .'.
e", ..
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
...........
..... .
...,
...
.. "..
...
...
....
,
THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE

The MO essential parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
EXAMPLES:
SENTENCE
Subject
~1.
Predicate
a) Fish
swim.
b)Men
c) Mary
work.
sang.
A.SUBJECf
Fish swim.
What is the sentence about? This question means: What is the subject of the sentence? In this
sentence the subject is Fish. The sentence tells us something abou t Fish: Em1 swim.
B. PREDICATE
FishSJlim,
What says something about the subject? The verb swim says something about the subject (fish):
Fish SJli.Hl. Swim is the predicate in this sentence.
The predicate tens us something about the Subject.
~2.
What does the subject do?

A student studies.
(or) What happens to the subject?
A glass is broken .
(or) What is the subject?
- -_ The sun is.
One-word Subjects and One-word Predicates are called: Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates.
EXAMPLES:
a) Fish is a simple subject.
~
Swim is a simple predicate.
~ 3.
b ) M e" is a simple subject.

Work is a simple predicate.
When there is more than one subject in a sentence, we call it a Compound Subject.
When there is more than one predicate in a senten ce we caU it a Compound Predicate.
EXAMPLE:
Subject
Predicate (verb)
Dogs and cats
walk and sleep
Dogs and ca ts is a Compound Subject.

walk and sleep is a Compound Predicate.
.......
00
......
........
......
...
69 .... ..
~
~4.
',
.:.:
...
..'.'
"
'
When the subject or the predicate has more than one word, we caU it the Complete Subject
or the Complete Predicate.
EXAMPLES:
SENTENCES
Complete Subject
a) All fish
b) The city of SamSUll
Complete Predicate
swim easily.
is on the Black Sea Coast.
CLAUSES
A clau se, like a sentence, must have a su bject and a verb.
There are two types of clauses :

1.
IMAIN CLAUSE
The main clause of a sentence is a complete, independent sentence by itself. It can stand alone.
EXAMPLE :
When the bell ranSt th e teacher went into the classroom.
T h e teacher went into the classroom is a complete sentence by itself. We don't need to know
anything more.
2.
I SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
The subordinate clause, like the main clause, has a subject and a predicate, but it is not
complete by itself. It can not stand alo ne. We need to know something more.
EXAMPLE:
When the bell rang, the teacher went into the classroom.
We ask: When the bell rang. what happened?
When the bell rang can not stand alone. We need to know more. So, it is a subordinate clause.
There are three kinds of subordinate clause:
a) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
b) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
NOUN CLAUSES
c)
If there is a subordinate clause in a sentence, how can we tell which kind of clause it is? We must
ask how it functions in the sentence. How does it work? Does it function like all adjective? If so, it
is an adjective clause. Does it fUllctioll like a 1I0UII? Then it is a noun clause. Does it function like 011
adverb? Then it is an adverbial clause.
....
.....
........
.
.. .
~
!eo ' ..
......
.
....
o .
,'
vI~
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses give us information about the noun before them. We use the relative
pronoWls whol whom, which, whose and that to introduce the adjective clauses. So
we can name them as relative clauses, too.

We use who and whom for persons.
EXAMPLES:
a) The man who went to Sydney is my uncle.
b) I know the girl who won the first prize.

c) The boy ( whom) you saw on the street is my nephew.
d) The man whom I bought this watch from is very rich.
Whom can be dropped out from the sentence if we use it in the object position.
EXAMPLE:
The girl ( whom) you gave your book to is my classmate.

We use which for things.
EXAMPLES:
a) The house which was built last year has five storeys.
b ) The story ( which ) Tom told us was very interesting.

Which can be dropped out from the sentence if we use it in the object position.
EXAMPLE:
The house ( which ) my father bought was very expensive.

We use that both for persons and things.
EXAMPLES:
a ) The girl that won the first prize is my niece.
b ) I saw the tiger that killed the hunter.

That is used only in defining relative clauses.
We use whose both for persons and things in the possessive case.
EXAMPLES:
a ) The lady whose hou se is w hite went to Boston.
b) The chair whose legs are broken must be thrown away.
... ..
......
........
...........
~........ .
t.
~
~
.. ..
.......
.........
...
'.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
~ A.
Fill in the blanks with who, whom, which, whose or that.
1.
I know a m an ...... :p.h.l!. .......... eats glass.
2.
We are looking for somebody ......................... we can trust.
3. The girl ......................... was here last week went to Paris.

4.
AtatUrk I
5.
The chair ......................... was broken has been thrown away.
6.
The house ......................... you are looking at is very expensive.
7.
The Klzthrmak, .......................... is the longest river in Turkey, is 1151 km long.
8.
The book ......................... Tim was reading yesterday was a love story.
9.
The lady ......................... you spoke to is our English teacher.
work we value a lot, was a great leader.
10. Where can 1 find a shop .......................... sell s potatoes?

11. I didn't like the house ......................... she lived in.
12. Ankara, ......................... is the ca pi tal of Turkey, has less air pollution these days.
13. Here comes the man ......................... I'm hiding from.
14. Margaret Thatcher, ......................... was the Prime Minister of England, is called the Iron Lady.
15. The knife ......................... I cut the bread with is very sharp.
16. I'm afraid that's all ......................... I've got.
17. The man ......................... is standing on the corner is a footballer.
18. The boys ......................... you dislike are coming here.
19. Bemard Shaw , ......................... had a long bea rd, was a very clever man .
20. Swimming, ......................... is a good s port, makes people healthy and strong.
21. John Stei nbeck, ......................... was a famous wri ter, wrote Of Mice and Men.
22. The London Train , ......................... should arri ve at 8:30, is late.
....
.
.
.........
46 ....
.. ..
~
.
ft :
0.:.:-:-:
e.-
.,.
~
:.:
.
.:.:.
:
..
There are two types of lIdjective clauses:

1.
2.
Defining adjective clause.

Non-defining adjective clause.
1. Defining Adjective Clause

This type of adjective clause gives us necessary information about the noun before it.
EXAMPLES,
a ) The boy who is standing there is m y son.
b) The story which John told me was very short.
c) The girl whom] know is very beautiful.
d ) I didn't like the car that my father bought.
e) The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate.
Combine the following sentences as in the examples.
EXAMPLES,
a) The s tory was very interesting. My mother told it.
!~~~..~tl?'}!..~?~~~!~ ..f!!}/'.~~!~.~~~~..~9.~~.~!!.~.~~ry:.!!:l.~~:!:~!!.f!.8: .....

b) The boy went swimming. He is a hard working student.
!!.I.~..~~y...1!!.~9..~~.~.!~~!.~~~!.~~~!g.~.~~~~!!.~.~~~!.~.~~l!.{~!!!!.l.~~g:..
1.
You know the boy. I met him yeste rday.
2.
The house is very old. My fath er bought it.
3.
The boy cried bitterly. His leg was broken.
4.
The stUdent failed in the examination. He didn't study much.
5.
The books haven 't arrived yet. We will use them.
6.
1 have a friend. He has an office in New York.
7.
The boy went to the hospital. His arm was broken.
8.
The boy is running towards the house. He is m y cousin .
9.
The teacher is in the classroom. He teaches us mathematics.
10. They cut down the tree. It had a lot of fruit.

11. The girl is saving some money. Her father is a doctor.
.. . .
.....
..........'..
........
'6 ....
. . ..
.
~
~
~
.......
...........
'
2. Non-Defining Adjective Clause

This type of clause gives additional information about the noun before it.
We separate non-d efining clauses with commas.
EXAMPLES,
a) My wife's father, who lives with us, is a nice man.
b) Mr Rose, whose opinion we value, is always helpful
c) Two chairs, which were broken, stood in the corner.
If we take the non-defining clause out of the sentencer the meaning doesn't change.
EXAMPLES ,
a ) Atatiirk, who was born in 1881, was a great leader.
b) Atatiirk was a great leader.
We ca nnot drop out tl1e relative pronouns in non-defining adj ective clau585.
~ C.
EXAMPLES,
Helen's birthday is in October. It was on a Sunday last year.
t.!~!~!!.~~.~.i.~!.~~~Y(.~~.~~.~..r.:!.~~.P.':..~.~.l!.!!~.qy..~~~~.y'~~~~..~~..~~.g~.~?~~~:.
My sister speaks English better than me. She is very clever.
~y...~.i~!.t:!.'..~~~.!.~.~~ry.~~~~:~.~p'~'!.~~..~~R.~~~~~.~~~.~~!..!.~~'!.~ ..~.'.~:...
1.
Mrs White visits them often. 1 met he r last week.
2.
Henry speaks nine languages. He is a polyglot.
3.
Bill paid his bill on Saturday. It was October 2nd.
4.
Susan is a pretty gi rl. She studies English.
5.
Chocolate makes her fat. We are all very fond of it.
6.
Mrs White makes good cakes. She lives next door.
7.
My brother plays baseball. He studied at Yale University.
8.
Her brothers can speak Italian fluentl y. They spen t three years in Rome.
9.
My daughter types very carefully. She is e ight years old.
10. David is the most careless d ri ver in Brighton. He has had three accidents.
11. Our house is located by the sea. It is sixty years old.
... ..
....
........
.. .
...
...:..',..
~.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ( Mixed exercises )
D.
EXAMPLES ,
My brother is 3 years old. He is living with my grandmother.
My.. ~~~.t!.If:r. .1}!.~.,!. !.~. ~ ~~t!.Is..~I!.i.~~~ .!~Y. .g:.'!!!.1.'.~P.~~I.~!.. !:>..~} }/.~~:~. f!.~1.:
The Ktzllrrrnak is the longest river in Turkey. It is 1151 km long .
.!.~'.~.~~~~{!:.t?~'!.~:.~~f~?~.[:>..~.~~.~.~!!!:.!~!~g~.!~.!~~.~~~g~.~!.!J~~~.!!.I."f.!.~:~~.
1. Mr Brown teaches English. I saw him in the street yesterday.
2. The photographs are not clear. They were taken by my sister.
3. John went swimming. He is a hard working student.
4.
5.
6.
7.
S.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
.......
......
~
, '
The Hilton Hotel is very comfortable. It is in Paris.

Mt Ag:n is the highest mountain in Turkey. It is 5165 m. high.
The horse came in last. You were tell ing me about it yesterday.
The story was very interesting. My mother told it last night.

The address was correct. She sent the letter to it.
The girl cried a lot. Her leg was broken last Saturday.
The Black Sea is ful l of fish. It is in the north of Turkey.
My English teacher is very intelligent. You've heard so much about her.
The doctor has come to see a patient. His car is outside.
We saw the girl. Her picture was in the newspaper last Sunday.
He opened the bag. He carried the money in it.
The man is very famous. Allan introduced us to him.
Did you recognize the man? He was sitting behind me.
The child came home early. He was crying in the street.
The book was very interesting. I gave it to John.
The picture has been sold. You were talking about it yesterday.
The house is my house. They are looking at it.
The chair is now mended. It was broken yesterday.
The old man has won 1 million $. He is living next door.
The man is a professiona l photographer. He is taking pictures.
My uncle Jack is always very busy. He is a successful doctor.
The letter had been written in French. I received it this morning.
The concert was excellent. We listened to it last night.
The dress had been sold. I wished to buy it.
The tree was struck. by lightning. It had beautiful flowers.
The glass has not been washed. You are d.rinking out of it.
......

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Who will close the door?
...
......
~..
-..,.
There, once, was a miserly old man who li ved

with hi s wife. Their table, which was large,
was always fu ll of food and fruit juice. One summer night, they were having dinner and enjoying
the cool breeze which came in through the open door. Suddenly a strong wind, whi ch came from
the east, blew up . The man , who was very tired, sa id to his wife. "Close the door quickly!" Hi s
wi fe, who was also very tired, refused to get up. The old man , who was now angry with hi s wife,
also refused to move. They were si lent for some time. Finally they decided that the first onc to
speak aga in must get up and close the door. At this moment three men, w ho were strangers, appeared
at the door. "May we come ill?" they asked. Neither the old man nor his wife answered. The three
men entered the room. The old man and his wife, who were looking angri ly at each other, said
nothing. The men, who were hungry and thi rsty, ate all the food which was on the tab le. Still the
old couple, who were very stubborn, remained silent. Then the men, who were becoming bolder,
started to take all the money out of the old man's pocket. The old man, who was now in a rage,
shouted , "Don't touch my money!" Hi s wife, who jumped to her feet immediately, shouted
triumphantly. "Aha! You spoke first! Now you must close the door!"
Answer th e follow ing questions. Give complete answers.
I.
Who did the miserly old man li ve happily with?
2.
What were they doing one summer night?
3.
What blew up suddenly?
4.
Why did his wife refuse to get up?
5.
Who appeared at the door a t this moment?
6.
Who ate all the food on the table?
7.
Then what did the men start to do?
8.
Who was in a rage? What did he do?
9.
What did his wife shout triumphantly?
......:.:-:-:
.. ....
...
...
~...............
.,.
.:.:
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
We use adverbial clauses to express when, why, how and how long an action takes place.
There are several types of adverbial clauses;
1. Adverbial Clause of Time

It shows us when an action is performed. We use when, before, after, as, as soon as, while
and whenever in adverbial clause of time:
EXAMPLES,
a ) When the bell rings, I'll go home.

b) Emily went to bed as the clock struck nine.
c) We stayed at a hotel while we were in Berlin.
cl) After my sister studied her lessons, she turned off the light.
~F.
Complete the following sentences as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
We wi ll go home when ..... )t.g.~!.~A.q.~k: ................. .
1. When .................................................................................... ................. I we returned to o ur houses.
2. Christopher went out to play before .................................................................................. ............... .
3. Before ................................................................................................................... , we must go home.
4. They went to the cinema after ...................................................... ..................................................... .
5. We went to Spain after ......................................................................................................................... .
6. As .......................................................................................... .......................... , we saw a tra in cOming.
7. We will have dinner as soon as .......................................................................................................... .

8. While ........................................................................................................................., it started to rain.
9. I will visit the museums w hile ........................................................... .................................................. .
10. We visit Calgary whenever .................................................................................................................... .
11. My friends leave the room w henever ............................................................................................... ..
12. While .................................................................................................... , I was listening to the radio.
13. Janet turned off the light as soon as ................................................................................................... ..
14. We saw a man coming towards us as ................................................................................................ .
15. Jenny w ill write a letter to us after ....................................................................................................... .
16. The film h ad already started w hen .................................................................................................... .
17. I found a pencil while .......................................................................................................................... ..
18. You may visit us w henever ................................................................................................................. ..
19. Joh n buys fruit juice every time .................................. ................................................................... ..
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Th e Man and the Moon

Once, there was a very
man. He \jved in a little vi ll age in the
evening he said
to himself, "ft 's a nice evening. I must go for a walk after! finish my dinner." It was dark outside
but th ere was a bright mOOD shin ing in the sky. He stopped at a well for a drink of water. When
he looked down, be saw the reflection of the moon in the water. "The moon has/alien into the well."
the naive man thought. "/ must do something about it ! "
He got a bucket and lowered it into the well.
"Wh en the bucket has reached the water, I must pull the moon out very quickly," he thought.
So, when the bucket touched the surface, he pu lled hard. Just then, his foot slipped and be fe ll over
on his back. When be looked up, he saw the moon, itself, shining brightly above him, "At last I've
managed (0 do it !" he said to himself. "1 have been trying to do something as clever as that since
I was a child! "
~G.
1.
Where did the naive man li ve?
2.
What did he say to himself one evening?
3.
What was shining in the sky?
4.
Why did he stop at the well?
5.
What did he see when he looked down?
6.
What did the naive man think?
7.
What did he lower into the well?
8.
What did he do when the bucket reached the water?
9.
What happened when his foot slipped ?
10. What did he see when he looked up?

11. What did he say to himself?
12. What has he been trying to do since he was a child?
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2. Adverbial Clause of Place.

It shows us where an action takes place.
We use where, wherever, and everywhere, in adverbial clause of place.
EXAMPLES :
a) We want to go where everybody is happy.
b ) Liz can make friends wherever she goes.
e) They had seen interesting things everywhere they visited .
H.
EXAMPLE :

Everybody wants to live where .......... )~!f..r.~{!!!H!.~)~..~'};U!!:................ .
1. We enjoyed ourselves everywhere .....................................................................................................

2. The cat followed Jane w herever ........................................................................................................ .
3. Drivers cannot park their cars wherever .......................................................................................... .
4. Everywhere ......................................................................................................., I see taU bu ildings.
5. You may put the packages wherever ............................................................................................... .
6. Everybody stared at us curiously wherever .................................................................................... .
7. I can easily make friends wherever ................................................................................. ............. .... .
8. My fri end w ill wait for us where .................................................................................................. .... .
9. You will find a mechanic where ................................ ....................................................................... .
10. I saw many things neglected everywhere ........................................................................................ .
11. J asked about my stolen car wherever ............................................................................................. .
12. We noti ce many unusual buildings everywhe re ............................................................................. .
13. The teacher asked me to stay w here ................................................................... .............................. .
14. John hid his books where .. .................................................................................................................. .
15. One cannot smoke everywhere ...................... .................................................................................. .
16. I'll wait for you where ............................................... .......................................................................... .
17. His dog followed him everywhere ..................................... ......................................... , ................... .
18. We saw many interesting statues everywhere ................................................................................ .
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3. Adverbial Clause of Cause or Reason

It shows us why an action has been performed.
We use because, as, since, now that, seeing that and for in adverbial clause of cause or reason.
EXAMPLES:
a) Sally didn't go to school because she was ill.
b) Janet went to bed early sin ce there was nothing on TV.
c) Seeing that the weather was snowy, we stayed at home.
d ) Now that spring has come, we may ha ve a picnic.
Complete the following senten ces as in the example.
EXAMPLE:
We decided to go by plane as ~~!UU4.'!.JlJfJ.1!.~.t;.1J.f!.~!gh..U!.1.l.~)9.Pf!t.~
1. Now that ....................................................................................................., you can p lay the guitar.

2. He failed in the examination because ................................................................................................ .
3.
As ......................................................................................................................... , I went to bed early.
4.
I cannot teU you anything about the film since ............................................................. ................... ..
5.
Since .................................................. ....................................................................... , we had to walk.
6.
I decided to go shopping at once seeing that ................................................................................... .
7.
You can give a party tOnight now that .............................................................................................. .
8.
You cannot expect to succeed since .................................................................................................... .
9.
I visited my grandmother for ...............................................................................................................
10. My sister did not want to go home alone as .......................................................................................

11. As ............................................................................................................. ; I cannot buy that sweater.
12. 1 cou ldn't sleep because ....................................................................................................................... .
13. Laura passed all her examinations because .......................................................................................... .
14. Lisa understood the questions easily because ................................................................................... ..
15. 1 didn't want to say anything since ..................................................................................................... .
16. Tom offered his seat to an old woman seeing tha t.. ............................................................................ ..
17. John will not need so much money now that.. ....................................................................................
18. I will not visit you since ...................................................................................................................... .
19. My friends gave me some presents because ............... .......... ............................................................. .
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4. Adverbial Clause of Condition

It shows us if an action mayor may not take place in the future.
We use if, unless, in case and provided that in adverbial clause of cond ition.
EXAMPLE ,
a) He w ill not go for a piOlic if it rai ns.

b) Unl ess you leave immediately, I will eaU the police.
c) I will take my umbrella in case it rains.
d) Mary will go to Dublin provided that I lend her some m oney.
~J.
Complete the fo llowing sentences as in the example.
EXAMP LE,
My father w ill buy a Mercedes if .!!.~.~~~!~.~..1.~.~.~f.~~1.~~1.~y': ..
1.
2.
3.
You won't be able to ca tch the train unless ...................................................................................... .

I want to take your phone number in case ....................................................................................... .
I'll let my son go out provided that ................................................................................................... .
4.
5.
If ..................................................................................................................... , you w ill miss the bus.
We won't play football if .................................................................................. ,.................................. .
6.
7.
8.
Unless .................................................................................. , you will not be able to learn English.

You will fail the examination if ...........................................................................................................
I will lend you some money on condition that ................................................................................. ..
9. Unless you go to France, you ............................................................................................................. .

10. If we take a taxi , we ............................................................................................................................ .
11. Lf I win the first prize, I ....................................................................................................................... ..
12................................................................................................................................. , if you stud y hard .
13................................................................................................................. , unless you go to the U.S.A.
14. If you want to pass your examinations, you ..................................................................................... ..
15. Vou must save some money if .............................................................................................................
16. Our teacher will give us an exam.ination if ...................................................................................... .
17. My mother won't make a cake unless .............................................................................................. ..
18. My uncle will wear his uniform in case ............................................................................................ .
19. You will ca tch the bus if ...................................................................................................................... .
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5. Adverbial Clause of Result

We use this type of ad verbial clause to show the result of an event, action, etc.
EXAMPLES :
a) The parcel was so heavy that I couldn't lift it.
b) The teacher spoke so rapidly that we couldn 't understand him.
c) Tl1ll had so much money that he bought a second Mercedes.
cl ) rt was su ch a hot day that we all decided to go swim ming.

EXAMPLE :
The box was so heavy that ............. I~!!'!..c;~!!ltJ.nT!ifUL ..

1.
It was such a nice day that ................................................................................................................... .
2. The flowers were so lovely that .......................................................................................................... .

3. The sea was so rough that. ....................................................................................................................
4. John was running so fast that ................................................................................................................ .
5.
Nancy speaks SO quietly that ................................................................................................................. ..
6.
Mr Brown had so many books that .................................................................................................... .
7.
It was such a cold night that ................................................................................................................ .
8.
It was such an interesting journey that .............................................................................................. .
9.
My friend had such a bad toothache that ........................................... ................................................ .
10. My mother speaks English so well tha t ............................................................................................. .

11. There are so many people in the street that .......................................................... ............................ .
12. John studied his lessons so hard that ....................................................................................................
13. Mick was so tired that .......................................................................................................................... .
14. There was so much fru it juice at home tha t ...................................................................................... .
15. Helen was singing pop songs so beautifully that .......................................................................
16. The bus stops so frequently that ..........................................................................................................
17. The plane was so comfortable that ................................................... ................................................... .
18. English is such an easy course that ...................................................................................................... .
19. It was such an expensive car that ....................................................................................................... .

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6. Adverbial Clause of Purpose

We use this type of clause to show why or for what reason an action has been performed.
We use so, so that, in order that, in ad verbial clause of purpose.
EXAMPLES:
a ) I went home early so I could take a shower.
b ) The teacher spoke slowly so that we could understand him better.
c) My pen~friend sent me a photograph in order that I could show it to my parents.
~ L.
Comp lete the following sentences as in the example.
EXAMPLE :
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My mother came home early so ..~t!.~..~~.'!.... :!!!.~!.~ .... r.Cf.~ ...t!!.q)~g~t...~.~..
1.
I turned off the light so .. ................................................................................................................ .
2.
My father gave me some money so that ........................................................................................... .
3.
Emily set the alarm clock for 6:30 a.m. so that .................................................................................. .
4.
The teacher spoke slowly in order that ..................................................... ........................................ .
5.
I turned the radio off in order that .................................................................................................... .
6.
The doctor told him to stop smoking so .......................................................................................... .
7.
My mother locked the door of the house so ................................................................................... .
8.
I put the matches away in order that .................... ........................................................................... ..
9.
My brother didn't let me go hunting so ........................................................................................... .
10. They came home early so that ............................................................................................................. .

11. I'm trying to save some money so ...................... ............................................................................... .
12. I'll take my uncle to the hospital so that ........................................................................................... .
13. The teacher asked very easy questions in order that ...................................................................... .
14. You had better w rite it in ink in order that ........................................... ............................................ .
15. J preferred to take a taxi in o rder that ............................................................................................... .
16. 1 borrowed some money from my friend so .................................................................................... .
17. I'm studying English very h ard so that ............................................................................................ .
18. We have to leave the party early so ................................................................................................... .
19. I wanted to catch the train so .............................................................................................................. .
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7. Adverbial Clause of Manner.

It shows us how or in what manner an action has been performed. We use as, all) if,
as though, like, in the way that, in such a way that, in the belief that in this rI p e of
clause.
EXAMPLES,
a ) Students do their homework as their teacher instructs them .
b) Helen told the story as if she was a professional.
c) Susan cleaned the room in the way that her mother had shown her.
d ) We talked to the teacher in the hope that she would ask us easy questions.
~ M.
EXAMPLE ,
Jose speaks English as if ..~~~.~~.l!.~~.~!?'!.~T!.~~~:.
1.
Mary did her ho mework as ................................................................................ ............................... .
2. She was laughing as though ............................................................................................................... ..

3.
Helen told the story like ....................................... ................. .............................................................. .
4.
I phoned my friend in the hope that ................................................................................................. .
5.
Bill always speaks in a manner that ........................................................ ................................... ..
6.
My wife cooked the meals in the way that ...................................................................................... ..
7.
Jenny went to Houston in the hope that ............................................................................................ ..
8.
The accident took place as ................................................................................................................. ..
9. My father talks politics as though ..................................................................................................... .

10. Liz was singing as if ........................................................................................................... ................ .
11. Tom talked to the teacher as though ............................................... ..... ........................................ ..
12......................................................................................................... as though he won the first prize.
13........................................... ,.................................................. as if he had li ved in England fo r years.
14. I wrote a letter to Janet in the hope that ........................................................................................... ..
15............................................................................... in the hope that I would make friends with her.
16. My daughter prepares the table as ................................................................................................... ..
17. I will do everything as .......................................................................................................... .
18. I always drive my car as iJ ................................................................................................................. ..
19. Tim learned to speak and write in English like .. .. ................................. .................................. .
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8. Adverbial Clause of Concession

It shows us a condition or a thought against the idea given in the main clause.
We use though, although, even if, in spite of the fact that and regardless in this type of clause.
EXAMPLES:
a) Although Mr Brown has no ed ucation, he is the most famous businessman in England.
b) We will go on a picnic even if it rains heavily.
c) Regardless of what he feels, I will tell the truth.
d ) People smoke cigarettes in sp ite of the fact that it is harmful for their health.
~N.
EXAMPLE :
Allan will play footba ll even if .!!..~q.i.1J.?..t;H.~?..'Y:Z.4Agg~: ..
1.
Although I lived in Italy for 2 years, .................................................................................................. .
2.
We feel very happy although .............................................................................................................. .
3.
I love New York in spite of the fact that ................................................................................................ .
4.
Regardless of what the doctor says, .................................................................................................. .
5.
1 studied very hard although ............................................................................................................... .
6.
I couldn't learn to play the guitar even if .......................................................................................... .
7.
Even though it was very windy, ......................................................................................................... .
8.
Even though Mr Brown was not young.. ........................................................................................... .
9.
Linda learned English very well although .......................................................................................... .
10. Although I ran 10 km, I ..................................................................................................................... .

11. I couldn' t answer all the questions even though ............................................................................. .
12. I will not go out even if ....................................................................................................................... .
13. You can find someone who speaks English regardless of where .................................................. ..
14. Although it was dangerous to climb that tree, ............................................................................... ..
15. We caught the 8:00 o'clock train although ........................................................................................ .
16. Even though he hasn't finished his work, he ................................................................................... .
17. I felt very tired even though .............................................. ................................................................ .
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9. Adverbial Clause of Comparison

This type of clause shows us the comparison, equality, inequality or proportion between two things.
EXAMPLES:
a) Bob is shorter than John is.
b) Jenny is as beautiful as Susan is.
c) Tom doesn't run as fast as Jim d oes.
d) The harder you study, the mOfe su ccessfuJ you'll be.
There are several types of Adverbial Clause of Comparison:
a. Comparison
EXAMPLES:
a ) urn is 1.70 cm taU. John is 1.60 cm taU.
T! ~!!..~~..~~! !.~r.. ~~.~.r:..l!?~.'Y;. (~~!.:.
or
J.?!.I.~. !~. ~~~:'~~:..~ ~~!!..!~!.~..f!.~!:
b) Mick is 9 years old. Sam is 2 yea rs old .
../~~..':~..~!.4.~.~..~~l!.~ ..?q.~.(/:?):
or S~!!.I..~~..Y.~l!.!.I.$.~~..~?~r:..0..~~.~.(~~).
Compare the following sentences as in the examples.

1.
Tony has $200. Terry has $250.
2.
Tom is 45 kg John is 50 kg
3.
My book is 11. Your book is 17.
4.
Bob's pencil is 10 cm long. Linda's pencil is 15 cm long.
5.
Our class h as 45 students. Your class has 55 s tudents.
6.
A plane goes at 1.000 km / hr A train goes at 220 km / hr
7.
Our car is a 2002 BMW. Their car is a 2003 BMW.
8.
This box is 50 kg That box is 60 kg
9.
Today the temperature is 30C. Yesterday it was 24C.
10. Our building has 8 storeys. Their building has 10 storeys.
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b. Equality or Inequality.
We use this type of clause to show equality or inequality between two things.
EXAMPLES:
a ) Bob is clever. Tom is clever, too. ..........~gkJ~.H?J;(~~xJ!?..IQ!!.1..(i?..J.. .. ................... .

b) AlIan runs fast. Dick doesn't run fast. .. .'~!!.~!! ..4.~~~!.I.:~.'}.I.~~.C!.~!.~l?f~.~!..q~J.?!~~.(~C!.~?L ..
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Combine the sentences as in the examples above.
1.
Driving on icy roads is dangerous. Walking on icy pavements is dangerous, too.
2.
Smoking is ha rmful. Drinking alcohol is harmful, too.
3.
Roberta is happy. Lucy is happy, too.
4.
Sue is thin. La m a isn't thin.
5.
Barbara tidies her room up. Sarah tidies her room tip, too.
6.
J speak Spanish fluently. My brother doesn't speak Spanish fluently.
7.
Liz is beautiful. Brenda is beautiful, too.
8.
Helen is talL Mary is taU, too.
9.
A Mercedes is $ 80.000. A BMW is $ 80.000, too.
10. Sue plays the piano beautifu ll y. Karen plays piano beautifully, too.
11. Paul is a successful lawyer. Bob is a successful lawyer, too.
12. I drive the bus carefully. Thomas doesn't d rive the bus carefu lly.
13. Allan is 14 years old. Matthew is 14 years old, too.
14. This box is heavy. That box is heavy. too.
15. Tun rides his bicycle slowly. Peggy rides her bicycle slow ly, too.
16. Bob's moto r boat is very fast. My motor boat isn't very fast.
17. English grammar is easy. French grammar is easy, too.
18. Jonathan is strong. Peter is strong. too.
19. Terry likes sailing very much. I don't like sailing very mu ch.
20. Our classroom is crowded. Their classroom is crowded, too.
21. I study my lessons regularly. John studies his lessons regularly, too.
22. My mother is fat. My fat her is fat, too.
23. Paul works ha rd. Jim doesn't work hard.
24. Computers are expensive. Photocopiers are expensive, too.
25. Brian swims fast. All an doesn't sw im fas t.
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c. Proportion
the + comparative ...... the + comparative ..... .
EXAMPLES:
a) The quicker you do your homework, the sooner you' ll go Qut to play.
b) The more she ea ts, the fa tter she becomes.
~Q.
EXAMPLE:
... !.~I.~j~!~~~.~.'~~f.!!!.~~~.~!!~ .~~~!!!....... , the sooner you'U go out.

1. The harder I study, ................................................................................................................................ .
2.
The more attention you pay, ................................................................. ............................................... .
3.
........................................................................................................... , the more dangerous it w iJl be.
4. The faster I run, .................................................................................................................................... ..

5.
The more interest you show, ............................................................................................................... ..
6.
......................................................................................................... , the more successful you will be.
7.
.. .............................................................................................................. , the better it wi ll be for you.
8.
.. ............................................................................................................................ , the more he spends.
9.
The more Tom asks, ............................................................................................................................... .
10. The longer you wait, ........................................................................................................................... ..

11 .......................................................................................................................... , the faster you wi ll run .
12......................................................................................................................... , the stronger we will be.
13.........................................................................................., the more interesting you'U find the book.
14.............................................................................................................................. , the better you learn.
15. The harder he tries, ............................................................................................................................... .
16. The older I get, ....................................................................................................................................... .
17.................................................................................................................. , the fatter you will become.
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ( Revision)
~ R.
Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions such as until, unless, since, as, though,
although, as soon as, so that, after, before, if, while or whenever as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
As . ........ It..IS
.... .. .. ... . .......
. d ar,
k I suggest we stop now.
getting
1.
........................................ you have driven a Mercedes, you'll never want to drive any other car.
2.
We do not trust him ..................................................... we do business with him.
3.
.. ................................................... I see the situation, he has no intention of leaving us.
4.
I felt bad ..................................................... she went abroad.
5.
Nobody will leave ..................................................... I say so.
6.
You'll never have a friend ..................................................... you go out and meet people.
7.
Please don't talk ..................................................... the teacher has started the lesson.
S.
.. ................................................... nobody wants these bananas, I'll eat them.
9.
I did my homework ..................................................... J was told .
10. What will you do ..................................................... the course is over?

11. He arrived home ..................................................... I was going out.
12...................................................... you don't eat it, you will be ill.
13. They always laughed at him ..................................................... he spoke.
14 ...................................................... I don't know he r very well, J like her very much.
15. Don't start writing ..................................................... you are told to do so.
16. J wiU sign the letter ..................................................... I find it sa tisfactory.
17. I made the cake ..................................................... you told me and it was a great success.
18. He read law books ..................................................... he had the chance.
19. We will eat our dinner ..................................................... my brother comes home.
20. You'lIleam nothing ..................................................... you do your homework.
21. I'll study the chapter ..................................................... I can pass the examination.
22. The phone rang ..................................................... 1 was studying my lesson.
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ( Revision)
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Complete the following sentences using adverbial clauses as in the example.
EXAMPLE ,
I want to finish this book .......... ~~f~!:~. / .89.. (C?.~.C!!.~~~: ................................................ .
1.
We swa m in the sea although ............................................................................................................. .
2.
As .......................................................................................................... , we decided to go by plane.
3.
I went home early so ............................................................................................................................ .
4.
The questions were so hard that .........................................................................................................
5.
My mother gave me some mo ney SO that ......................................................................................... .
6.
It was such a nice d ay that .................................................................................................................. .
7.
We won 't go there if ............................................................................................................................. .
8.
I was studying my lessons while ....................................................................................................... .
9.
When .............................................................................................................................. , I'll go ho me.
10. As long as .................................................................................................. , she w ill remember hiln.

11. Pascal speaks English as if ........................................................................................................................ .
12. Tim d idn't come to school because ...................................................................................................... .
13. Nancy did n't get a high mark for .......................................................................................................... .
14. Mr Brow n has so much money that .................................................................................................. .
15. I won' t tell you anything if ................................................................................................................ .
16. We will go out after ................................................................................................. _........................... .
17............................................................................................................, the more flu ently you 'll speak.
18. We saw H.e nry w here ........................................................................................................................... .
19. I study in the library w henever ................... ....................................................................................... .
o
TONGUE TWISTERS
She sells sea shells on the sea shore.

'-"1~.===" The shells that she sells are sea shells
I'm sure.
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NOUN CLAUSES
Noun clauses describ e something about the verb of the sentence.

We use who, which, whom, what, whose, whoever, whatever, when, where,
why, whether, how and that in no un clauses.
EXAMPLES :
a ) Do you know what the teacher said about her?

b) 1 d on't know who he is.
c) Mark told me that he would go to San Antonio.
'There are several types of noun clauses:
1) Noun clauses as subject.

EXAMPLES :
a ) Where he is going is not known.

b ) What he said was not clear.
2) Noun clauses as direct object.

EXAMPLES:
a ) I know what his name is.

b) We couldn' t learn where she was going.
3) Noun clauses as indirect object.

EXAMPLES:
a ) I w ill g ive whoever I see there myoid books.

b) The teacher w ill give whoever gets the best mark a pen.
4) Noun clauses after linking verbs be, become, seem, look.

EXAMPLES:
a) This is not what [ want.

b ) She looks what she claims to be.
c ) He ~m s as if he is a millionaire.
cl ) The color of the house didn 't become as I expected.
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NOUN CLAUSES
~T.
CO,mbine the foUowing statements as in the example
EXAMPLE:
People imagine. She is a good housewife .
.E!:f!J??~..~~~.f!g.~~~~..~~.'!.~ .~.~!:. !? .'!. g~~. ~9.~~if.~: ...... .

1.
She doesn't know. My name is Timothy.
2.
I hope. She will be a hard working student nex t term.
3.
My m other thinks. I'm very clever.
4.
Scientists claim. They will try to grow plants on other planets.
5.
People know. The blue whale is a big animal.
6.
People say. He is a good director.
7.
My father says. I'm very untidy.
8.
I think. It will rain tomorrow.
9.
She doesn't think. She w ill come to school tomo rrow.
10. 1 know. You are a hard working student.

11. 1 d on' t think. He w ill go to bed early.
12. I'm sure. He didn't go to Osaka.
13. The doctors claim. They will cure all the diseases.
14. I don't think. She'll get a good mark in the exam .
15. I'm sure. He wil l help us.
16. I know. Tom gets up early.
17. We hope. We'll be successful next term .
18. I am sure. She goes shopping every weekend .
19. He knows. The teacher is in the classroom.
20. They hope. They will find a solution to the problem .
21 . I think. We will go fo r a picnic tomorrow.
22. I know. He is a doctor.
23. My fa ther says. He didn't enjoy the film on television.
24. I know. His name is not Mick.
25. My mother says. My brother is a ca utious boy.
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NOUN CLAUSES
Combine the following sentences as in the example.
EXAMPLE,
She doesn't know. How old are you?
.~~!~.1.~~!(~.~~!~!~.~.<!~.~!~.Y.~!!.~:~: ........ .
1.
Nobody knows. What kind of plant is this?
2.
I don't know. What will you do in Hong Kong?
3.
I don't know. Where was Pamela yesterd ay?
4.
I'm not sure. Where will she go?
5.
Can you tell me? How taU are you?
6.
I don't know. How long were you in Finland?
7.
Do you know? How long is the river Ni le?
8.
Do you remember? Which book does she want?
9.
I don't know. How old is your uncle?
10. We don't know. Why did he go to Osaka?

11. Do you know? Where did Tom go?
12. Do you remember? Where did she go shopping?
13. Do you know? How many years ago was she in London?
14. Do you know? What is his name?
15. Do you know? Whose car is it?
16. Do you remember? What did she teU you?
17. Can you tell me? Where is the Post Office?
18. I'm not sure. What is Bob going to do next?
19. Do you know? What does she want to do?
20. I don't know. Why did he resign?
21. Can you tell us? What's the matter with you?
22. Do you know? How long does the movie last?
23. I don' t know. How many questions will the teacher ask in the exa mination?
24. Can you tell me? What time is it?
25. Can you tell me? Where is your English teacher?
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NOUN CLAUSES
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Complete the following sentences as in th e exampl e.
EXAMPLE,
What ..~~~.~.~f!!..q!..~{~~..~~H.'!.~?~~.~~~}f..l!f~~.~!!~~! ....... was very unusual.

1.
It is essenti al that ................................................................................................................................. .
2.
Ben denied the fact that ....................................................................................................................... .
3.
4.
TIDl
S.
Lisa laughed at what ........................................................................................................................... .
6.
This is not what .................................................................................................................................... .
7.
I will teU whoever ................................................................................................................................ .
8.
We all heard the news that ............................................................................................. ..................... .
9.
The teacher asked me if ........................................................................................................................
told me where ............................................................................................................................... .

Brian couldn't remember what ........................................ ................................................................... .
10. Iwish .................................................................................................................................... .................. .

11. I hope that .............................................................................................................................................. .
12. The teacher w ill tell us how .............................. .................................................................................. .
13. I'm sorry that ............................................................................................ ............................................. .
14. It is always important tha t ............................................................ ...................................................... .
15. It is a pi ty tha t ....................................................................................................................................... .
16. The fact that ............................................................................................................. pleased me a Jot.
17. The news that ................................................................................................................. was not true.
18. There is a rumour that ..........................................................................................................................
19. I don't remember whom ...................................................................................................................... .
20. Can you tell me which ......................................................................................................................... ?
21. Do you know whose ............................................................................................................................ ?
22. Jenny couldn 't remember where ................................................ ........................................................ .
23. Why .................................................................................................................................. is unknown.
24. Susan said tha t ...................................................................................................................................... .
25. We were all surprised that.. ................................................................................................................. .
26. The students always do what ............................................................................................................. .
27. We all trunk ....................................................... .................................................................................... .
28. The truth is that .................................................................................................................................... .

29. 1 cannot remember where ......................................................................... ......................................... .

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PHRASAL VERBS
.eo . .,.
In modem English, we usually place prepositions or adverbs after certain verbs,
because we want to obtain a variety of meanings.

EXAMPLE,
ORDINARY USAGE
PHRASAL VERB
Put the jacket on the chair, Jack. Ja ck, put your jacket on, it is terribly cold outside.
In the first example, the verb put is used in its ordinary or basic meanin g.
I.n the second example, put on gives us a new meanin g which means to wear.
~A.
Look at the verbs in box (A), and the particles (prepositions or adverbs) in box (B).
Write sentences as shown in the example.
clear
out
EXAMPLE,
(iurii:2. ..... ~f!...... ..----_

:
turn
blow
put
wake
take
up
on
wii) ....'
on
up
The music is very loud .
..... a ) I am going to .. Ju.m..tJ.CJ.w,n. ...... the music.

..... b) 1 am going to .. JHr.tI..it4m!!lJ.....
1. It is very cold in here.
I am going to ..................... my sweater.

I am going to .................................... .
2. Your table is very dirty.
You must ..................... your table.
You must .................................... .
3. It is very dark here.
Why don't you ..................... the lights?
Why don't you .................................... ?
4. This room is very hot.

You had better ..................... your pullover.
You had better .................................... .
5. Everything is ready. Let's start the birthday party.
OK. I ani going to ..................... the candles firs t.
OK. I am going to .................................... .
6. John wiUbe late fo r work again .
Lers ..................... John.

Ler s .............. ..................... .
.
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PHRASAL VERBS
H."e are some of the common phrasal verbs. Learn them by heart.
blowou t
blow up
boil over
break down
break into
break out
: put o ut by blowing.
The candle is blown out by tire willd.
: explode
Be careful! The gunpowder may blow up!
flow over the side
The milk had boiled over.
lose the control of emotions/ stop working
W1len we heard the bad news we all broke down.! The bus broke down
: enter by force
The burglar broke ;IIto tile jewellers.
start suddenly
01/
the way to LondOIl.
The fire broke out during the night.

bring up
to educate and care for until grown-up

If children are brought up well; they behave well.
call at
pay a short passing visit

I'll calf at my office before the meeting.
telephone
['11 call you up tonight.
go on, continue
1 will carry on playing the guitar,
do 5th. as required, fulfil sth. / perform or conduct an experiment
I always carry out my promises. / They are carrying out a suroey,
tidy up, to put in order
Clear up your desk before you leave the classroom.
stop production, shut completely
Many factories closed down last year.
meet, find or discover by chance
I came across myoId teacher on the bus this morning.
cause to fall by cutting
We mllstn't cut down young trees.
cut into pieces
Will you please cut up my meat?
become smaller, fewer or less
The number of passeflgers falls off i.n winter.
discover
Could you find out anything about the robbery?
work or play with others without any difficulty
Most people can't get along with children.
call up
carry on
carry out
dear up
close down
come across
cut down
cut up
fall off
find out
get along
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getaway
PHRASAL VERBS
"
":.".
escape, manage to leave
One of the prisoners got away.

get off
leave a vehicle
}oh" got off the bus at Pifle Square.

give up
go ahead
goon
grow up
stop trying
1ca,,'t answer that puzzle; I give up.
make progress
They're going ahead fast.
happen; take place
What's going on there?
become adult o r mature
Rose wants to be a doctor when she grows up.

hold on
keep on
wait
Hold on a minute, please.
continue
Don 'I keep Oil giving silly answers.

look after
take care of
look for
try to find
The baby-sitter looks after tile children while we are away.
look like
look up
I've lost my ring .. J must look for it.

be simil ar
Little John looKS like his father.
find (esp. in a dictionary or an encyclopedia)
Look tlfe new words up ill your dictionary.

puton
dress oneself w ith
Do" 't forget to put your Ifat 011. It 's very cold.
set up
establish
1want to set up my own business.

show off
try to impress others with one's abilities, wealth e tc.
Her friends don't like Mary because she always shows off.
speak up
take off
turn down
speak more loudly

We ca,,'t hear you. Speak up, please.
remove
You have to lake off your lIat iNthe theatre.
red uce the force, speed, lo udness etc...
TUn! that radio down, please.

turn off
If
may disturb the "eighbours.
stop the flow of electricity, gas o r water
Turn the radio off and finisl, your homework!

tumon
begin the flow of electricity, gas or water
Please tUn! on the radio. 1 want to liste" to the news.

turn up
wake up
to a rrive
We arranged to meet at 7:30 in fro" t of the cinema, but she didn 't trm, up.
stop sleeping
What time do you usually wake up?
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PHRASAL VERBS
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Study the example, then complete the dialogues.

EXAMPLE:
( boil over)
: Mummy, there's a strange noise in the kitchen.
Mother: Oh, dear! The milk .. j.!?kQW!!&.qy~.~...... . What shaH I do?
Child
l.
( break into)
]o}m
Mary
Look, someone is trying to open the window. What do you think he is doing?
He must be a thief. He ....................................................................................... .
(blowout)
2.
Father
Mary
OK. Mary, it is time to ........................................... the candles.

Right, daddy, I'll ......................................... them ..................................... now.
(blow up)
3.
Boy
Daddy, what are those men under the bridge doing?
Father
1 think ........................................ it ....................................................................... .
( call up )
4.
5.
Rose
: Jenny, I think Mabel is probably still in bed. She may miss the first lesson.
Don't you think we should phone her?
Jenny
, OK. 1.. ................................................................................................................... .
( clear up )
Husband
Wife
What a mess this room is in, sweetheart!

Don't worry, dear, I ............................................................................................. .
(cut down)
6.
Tile mayor
7.
( cut up )
Mrs lones
: That tree in the corner is very old. It might be very dangerous for the
children playing there.
The park keeper : OK. Sir, we'd better ............................................................................................ .
Mr fOlies
: This wood is too big. I can't put it in the stove. r don't know what
to do wi th it.
: Just a minute. I .................................................................................................... .
(turn down)
8.
Father
Jack
: Jack, the radio is a bit loud . Can you ..................... it ................ a bit, please?
: OK. daddy, I'm going to ................................ it ............................. right now.
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PHRASAL VERBS
Complete the following sentences using a suitable phrasal verb from the box.
Do not forget to use the correct form of the verbs.
close down turn on

wake up
look up
speak up
give up
clear up
turn down
tumup
fan off
grow up
speak up
show off
1.
Jack, don't ride your bicycle too fast on the rough track, or you may ............................................... .
2.
Children, today I have earache and I'm not able to hear you clearly, so please ...................................... .
3.
He promised me that he would wait for me in front of the school, but he d idn't ........................... .
so I was very angry and left there.
4.
I don't like people who usually try to ................................................ when they buy new clothes
or things that I can't afford.
5.
There used to be a very fashionable shoe - shop near the park in my town, but since the shoes
there were too expensive, they couldn't sell any, so it .............................................. a year ago.
6.
My younger brother is only eleven years old. When he ............................................., he says,

he wants to be an astronaut.
7.
At the moment the weather is terrible. As soon as it .......................................... , we will set off
and contact them at the second camp on the mountain .
8.
Excuse me, Jack. I'm studying and the radio is a bit loud. Can you ............................................... .
the volume a bit, please?
9.
t think there's something wrong with my telephone receiver. t can't hear you, Mary.
Can you ................................................ a bit?
10. Although your teacher told you to ............................................... sDlokinSt you haven't. That's
why you are coughing so badly.
11. If you can't guess the meaning of some words in a passage, you may ........................................... ..
them ................................................ in your dictionary.
12. Your brother has just gone to bed, and he asks us not to ............................... him ................... ..
until 9:00 o'clock in the morning.
13. Bob, will you please ................................................ the radio? I wan t to listen to the news.
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WHAT DID MrHARDROCK DO WHEN HE MET HIS BOSS IN THE CORRIDOR?
~.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below to make-up the phrasal verbs and oomplete the stOTY.
out, into, on, in, up, off, on, down
An Unlucky Day for Mr Hardrock

Mr Hardrock had a very unlucky day last Mond ay. He was late for work because
his car broke'J2........... on the way to his office. He left his car in the street. Then he borrowed
a bike, but he was not a good rider, so he fell~ ........... and hurt his leg quite badly. He wanted
to get @ .......... the bus, but it was too crowded. He decided to go on foot. He wanted to ring
CV... . .his boss to explain why he was going to be late, but the telephone was out of order.
When he was leaving the telephone box, he didn 't notice the glass door. He banged his
head on it because he had forgotten to put~............ his glasses. When h~reached the office
building, it was nearly half past nine. The doorkeeper told him to fill .6............. the form and
then sign it because he was very late. Mr Hardrock was very angry so he began to smoke,
but then he noticed a sign saying " No smoking ", Now he had to pu@ ............ his cigarette.
While he was turning the corner, he bumpe~............ his boss. Mr Hardrock was in a terribly
difficult situation.
~ E.
WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?
A SILLY QUESTION
Two fathers and two sons ask for a cup of tea.
The wai t er brings only three cups. Why?
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'uos ";tlj~ Ajuo SI ";tJ";tIj~ ";t$floa)
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PUZZLE
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Complete the following crossword puzzle using the picture clues provided below.
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24
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MULTIPLE CHOICE PASSAGES

FOR REVISION
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THE CHILDREN IN GHANA

The children in Ghana are crazy about football. But only a few of them have got balls of their
own. Most of them play it with a paper ball. Although they have to do a lot of work, they find
time to play football. Some of them he lp their parents look after their younger sisters and
brothers. Most of the teenager boys look after cattle and sheep and girls help their mothers
carry water from fountains and wells.
Nowadays only a thirty percent of small children go to primary schoo l. In Ghana, families
have so many children, but, unfortunately, the number of schools is so few. As a result, in one
sc hoo l in each cla ss th ere are 85 s tudents who are trained by th e ir teachers.
Traditionally, the people in Ghana are not used to eating vegetables. This situation is very bad
for the growing up of the chiJdren. For this reason, in schools, there are ga rdens on which
students can grow their own vegetables.
Children have to walk to school since there is no public transport. Some stud ents even walk
for five hours to their schools. Many of them walk at least two or three hours to reach their
school. The citizens in Ghana know the importance of education, so they love and enjoy
sending their children to school. On the other hand, the government wants more children to
go to school. Some international organisations, such as UNESCO and UNTCEF help them.
Majority of the students want to become doctors. They know that the citizens in Ghana have
health problems, so they want to solve this problem. They have to work hard, beca use they
know that they are Ghana's hope for the future .
...............
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FOR REVISION
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Choose the best answer.

1. The children in Ghana are ................................................ about football.
a) clever
2.
b) crazy
c) ca.reful
................. of the children have got balls of their own.
a) Most
b) None
c) A few
3. Some of the children help their parents by .......................................................................................... .

a) looking after their siblings.
b) looking after their grandparents.
c) looking a fter their relatives.
4.
Girls help their mothers ........................................................................................................................... .
a) by looking after cattle and sheep.

b) by carrying water from fountains and wells.
c) by cooking at home.
5. The number of schools in Ghana is ........................................................................................................ .
a) few
b) many
c) reasonable
6. Traditionally, the people in Ghana are not used to eating ................................................................. .

a) vegetables
b) meat
c) fruit
7. Most of the students walk ..................................... ............... to go to school.

a) 23 hours
b) 1-3 hours
c) at least 5 horns
8. The number of students in each class in Ghana is ...................................................................................

a) less than fifty
9.
b) more than eighty
c) between sixty and seven ty
People in Ghana know the importance of education, so ..................................................................... .

a) they build schools.
b) they go to schools.
c) they send their chiJdren to school.
10. Most of the children in Ghana want to become d octors because ...................................................... .
a) there is a health problem in their country.
b) there are d octors from o ther countries.
c) d octors earn a lot of mo ney.

FOR REVISION
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THE SHOE SELLER AND THE BOY

Paul Molley sold cheap shoes. He had an old van which he used in his business. He bought
the shoes from the factory in the neighbouring town and took them from one house to
another. His main aim was to sell these shoes to people and earn money. He sold a lot of
his shoes in small villages, because there were not many shops in these villages. As people
didn't want to go to the town frequently, they bought Paul's shoes.
One day Paul came to a village. He stopped in front of one of the houses. A small boy was
standing beside the door. Paul opened the wi nd ow of his van and called to the boy.
"Hello! Is your mother at home?"
The small boy looked at him and then he answered, "Yes, she is."
"That's great." Paul said smiling. He got out of his van, took some pairs of shoes from the
back and went to the door of the house very happily. He knocked at the door and wai ted
for sometime. Nobody opened the door. After a while, Paul knocked at the door again and
waited, but nobody opened. Then Paul looked at the small boy and said angrily, "You see,
your mother is not at home. Why did you lie to me?"
"No, she is at home." the small boy answered without a n y h es itation.
'Then, why hasn't she opened the door?" asked Paul suspiciously.
"Because this isn't our house," the small boy answered.
.. ....
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.............
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FOR REVISION
....
.
Ch oose the best answer.
1. Paul owned a / an ................................................................................ which he used in his business.

a) new mini-bus
b) old van
c) new van
2. Paul's essential aim was ........................................................................................................................ .

a) to earn money by selling shoes.
b) to buy shoes from the villages.
c) to visit all the villages.
3. It was possible for him to sell his shoes in villages because .............................................................. .
a) they were small viUages.
b) the villagers were very poor.
c) there weren't many shops in the villages.
4. A small boy was standing ....................................................................................................................... .

a) beside his own house.
b) beside Paul's house.
c) beside somebody else's house.
5. Paul went to the door of the house very happily because ............................................................... ..
a) there was a chance to sell his shoes.
b) it was his birthday.
c) a small boy was standing there.
6. Nobody opened the door of the house because ................................................................................... .
a) it was the boy's house.
b) there wasn't anybody in the house.
c) the boy's mother wasn't in the house.
7. The boy's mother wasn't at that house because ................................................................................... .
a) she was buying a pair of shoes.
b) she was in the market.
c) she was at her own house.

FOR REVISION
.....
......... ....
..
......
.........

..
Once upon a time, a boy whose name was BiIJ lived in a small town that was very far
from the sea. BiU read several books about seas, ships and their voyages to distant
countries. He always imagined himself in th e sea, on a ship or in a voyage.

When Bill was fifteen, he decided to become an officer in the navy. As a result, he went
to a center where young men have been trained for this purpose. Bill enjoyed the lessons
a lot. The lessons in which they were trained as officers on the ships made him very
happy. He was also happy to do a lot of sports and exercise, because he was the best
student in his class who did such activities.
One day, it was time to begin having swimming and diving lessons for the new students.
The next morning all the students were at the pool. Bill was very eager at learning to
swim. A few minutes later the teacher came and he told the ones who could not swim
to go into one group, the ones who were good at swimming but bad a t diving to go
into a second group, and those who could both swim and dive well to go into a third
group. Bill went to the second group. The instructor told the group in which Bill was
to jump into the pool and swim to the other end. Those who jumped into the water
before Bill were good at swimming, so they didn't have any problem in swimming to
the other end. It was Bills turn to jump into the wa ter. As soon as he began to swim,
he sank under the water. When the instructor noticed that Bill did not come up, he
jumped in and took Bill out immediately. The instructor was aJarmed and shocked . He
asked Bill:
"Why didn't you join the ones who can not swim?"
"Sir, I'd never even bathed in a pool before." Bill answered. "So, I didn't know w hether
I could swim or not."
......
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FOR REVISION
Choose the best an swer,
1. The town in which Bill lived was ................. the sea.
a) near
b) by
c) far from
2. Bill was keen on reading books about .................. .
a) ships and seas
b) airports and airplanes
c) lakes and ships
3. Bill wanted to be a/an ..................... in the .................... .

a) captain/army
b) soldier / navy
c} officer/navy
4. Bill was very .............................. to go to the training center.
a) happy
b) unhappy
c) upset
5. Bill was the ...................... pupil in his class.

a) worst
b) good
c) best
6. Bill was eager at learning ......................................... .

a) to swim in the sea.
b) to swim in the pool.
c) to swim in the lake.
7. Bill wasn't good at ................................... .

a) swimming
b) jumping
c) sinking
8. Bill went to the ......................... group.
a) third
b) first
c) second
9. Bill was ........................... to swim to the other end of the pool.
a) able
b) unable
c) not unable
10. When Bill jumped into the water, he .................................... .

a) swam very well.
b) swam to the other end of the pool.
c) sank under the water.
.:-:.:.:.
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FOR REVISION
...........
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Brian was an old farmer. He was born on his farm and all his life he had li ved there. He
was married and had three children. They grew fruit a nd vegetab les on their farm.
Brian got up at five o'clock every morning. He put all the fruit and vegetables in his old
truck and went to the market. There were very few vehicles on the country roads early
in the morning. He was never careful while driving his truck. He only wanted to reach
the market as early as possible before the other farmers.
One morning, he was again driving to the town market. He was thinking about what to
plant for next year. All his neighbouring farmers were planting the same things. As a
resu lt, the prices were coming down in the market. For this reason, he was getting less
money. After a few kilometers, Brian came to an intersection. He drove his truck without
stopping. He always crossed the road like that, because there was never any other vehicles
on the road at this early hour of the morning. So, there was no fear of having an accident.
On the other hand, he was also in a hurry, as he wanted to be the first in the market.
However, this morning a young traffic policeman stopped Brian a hundred meters beyond
the intersection. He had never seen this policeman before. Brian stopped beside him. The
policeman said to him, "Didn't you know that there was a stop sign at the intersection?"
"Oh, yes," Brian answered. "I knew there was a sign there, because I go to the market along
this road eve ry mornin g. Unfortunate ly I didn 't know that you we re here."
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FOR REVISION
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Choose the best answer.
1. All his life Brian lived ..............................................................................................................................

a) in the town.
c) in the village.
b) on his farm.
2. Brian got up ............................................................................................................................................... .

c) ea rly in the morning.
a) late in the morning. b) at midday.
3. Brian had a/ an .............................................................................. to carry the fruit and vegetables.

a) new tru ck
b) old truck
4. Brian grew ........................................................................................................................... on his farm.

a) vegetables
b) fruit
c) fruit and vegetables
5. Brian was very ................................................................................................ whiJe driving his truck.

a) careless
b) careful
c) help less
6. He always wanted to reach the market .............................................................................................. ..

a) very early.
b) at noon time.
c) in the afternoon.
7. Brian drove his car ................................................................................................... at the intersecb ...... 1.

a) stopping
b) wa iting
c) without stopping
8. Brian's first aim was to be the ........................................................................................ at the maFket.

a) second
b) first
c) last
9. .. .............................................................. stopped Brian a hundred meters beyond the intersection.

a) A young man
b) An old policeman
c) A young policema n
10. Brian ....................................................................................................... that the policeman was there.

a) knew
b) realized
c) didn't know

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A reference and practice boo/( tor the first years of English

1st published 1990

e SUN 1Nl PUBl. LTD. CO .

ISBN:975 6583 22-3

06692 - Kovokhdere I ANKARA

I THAT THESE / THOSE

THeRe IS / THERE ARe

............................ ......... ... .. ..... ... .. .... 15

COUNTABLL / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

possessive FO RMS Of" NOUNS

I (). POSSessiVE ADJECTI VES

15- HOW MANY

......... . ......................................... ..... .:51

18- CAN (Ability I Possibility)

2(). TNt PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

.................... .................................... .:57

............................................ ...... ... .. . 48

............... .. ........... ... ......... ...... .. ........ 50

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

24- (BE) GOING TO

............... ..................... .. .... .... ... .... ... 55

25- MUST I HAVe TO

.. ......................................... .. .. ...... ... 57

26- VERB TO BE (Past)

27 THE SIMPLE PAST TeNSE

.. .. ........... ... .. .. . ................................. 7.:5

28- THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

3 2- COMPARATlVes AND SUPeRLATIVES

J;)- THE PReSENT reRf"f!.CT TENSE

The: Innnltlve with TOO

SIMPLE rtrrURE TENSE

.:59 TH E fUTURf CONTINUOUS TENSE

..... ........................................ .... ... .. .. 9 1

.......................................... ... ......... .. 96

MAY (Pe rmission possibility)

45- NEITHER ... NOR

.53- THE (Definite Article)

54- ARTICLES (Revision)

46- NOR ... Nr:.IT HER

55- THE PAST PtRf'eCT TENSe

57 THE FUruRE PERl"ecT rr:.NSE

61 THE PASSIVE vOice

62- NOT ONLY ... BlIT ALSO ...

63- THE GERUND

64- THE GERUND AND THE PReSENT PARTICIPLE

66- INDIRECT SPeECH

Questions with a Helping Verb

69- SENTeNCtS AND Ct.A.USfS

The Parts of a Sentence

VERB "TO BE" (Present)

We / You / They are ...

Are we / you / they ... ?

We / You / They are not ,_,

In conversation and informal writing, we use short form s:

's not OR isn't

're not OR aren't

....... VERB "TO BE'.' (Present)

5. John, Mary and 1........... ..

6. you and Urn

8. Oara and Tom

Look at the pictures and answer the questions as in the examples.

3. Are they ducklings?

11. Is he a bus driver?

12. Is it a tape recorder?