AXES Users' Manual

AXES
Users Manual PLATEIA 2011
Innovative IT and Environmental Technologies, d.o.o.
Contents
1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................5 1.1. About AXES Module ............................................................................................................5 1.2. Menu Commands with Short Descriptions .............................................................................5 1.3. Layers ..................................................................................................................................7 2. Command descriptions of the Axes Module................................................................................9 2.1. 21A - Project........................................................................................................................9 2.2. 21B - Scale...........................................................................................................................9 2.3. 21C - DEFINE AXES ............................................................................................................. 11 2.4. 21D - Construction Elements .............................................................................................. 15 2.5. 21E - Horizontal Elements................................................................................................... 21 2.6. 21F - Edit horizontal elements ............................................................................................ 79 2.7. 21G - Longitudinal Axis ...................................................................................................... 86 2.8. 21H - Cross Axes ................................................................................................................ 93 2.9. 21I - Correspondent cross-sections.................................................................................... 109 2.10. 21J - DRAPE AXES TO DTM ............................................................................................. 112 2.11. 21K - Save Sections ........................................................................................................ 118 2.12. 21L - Roadway and lanes ................................................................................................ 125 2.13. 21M - Cuts, fills and border-lines..................................................................................... 133 2.14. 21N - Extract data .......................................................................................................... 140 2.15. 21O - Labels ................................................................................................................... 153 2.16. 21P - 3D Roadway-Model................................................................................................ 158 2.17. 21R - Tools..................................................................................................................... 165 2.18. 21S - Visibility splay......................................................................................................... 170 2.19. 21T Prepare drawing for plotting ................................................................................ 178
1. Introduction
1.1. About AXES Module
AXES is PLATEIA 2008 s program module for creating horizontal alignments. It can be used for designing roadways, railways and other similar civil engineering objects and structures. The AXES module features both interactive as well as batch processing of horizontal elements (i.e. Tangents, Curves, Spirals and Compound Spirals). Once created, horizontal elements can easily be modified and connected together to form a longitudinal axis. To help you construct your horizontal elements, PLATEIA also includes commands for drawing auxiliary (construction) elements i.e. Lines and Circles which can serve as a basis for creating the actual horizontal elements. Horizontal Tangent and Curve elements are usually connected through a transition element the (clothoid) Spiral. The Spiral is based on the following equation: A 2 =L R Where: A is the Spiral parameter, L is the Spiral length and R stands for radius to which the Spiral is connected.
The longitudinal axis represents the basis for the construction of cross axes. By draping both types of axes onto a digital terrain model you can acquire both longitudinal and cross section and save them to appropriate files. However, this is not the only method for acquiring the longitudinal and cross sections. Another method built into PLATEIA 2008 allows you to acquire longitudinal and cross sections by means of traverse and detail points that have been surveyed in the sections without the need for creating a digital terrain model at all. The resulting sections can afterwards be processed in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS and CROSS SECTIONS modules. You can use the processed data from these two modules to display roadsides, vertical alignments and cut/fill lines in the AXES module again. Furthermore, the AXES program module also allows you to create visualizations of the designed roadway.
1.2.

Menu Commands with Short Descriptions

A - SET PROJECT Manage project files and define system variables. B - SCALE Set the output scale of the plan and change the scale of the plan. C - AXES-MANAGER Define the axis to be created and edit basic axis parameters (e.g., stations chainage, direction and visibility).
D - Construction Elements Create the construction (auxiliary) elements of the axis Lines and Circles with appropriate rotation directions (+ clockwise, - counter-clockwise). E - Horizontal Elements (HE) Construct the horizontal (main) elements of the axis Tangents, Curves, and (Compound) Spirals and list/save their numerical values. F - Edit Horizontal Elements Edit the defined horizontal elements of the axis and modify the axis name that a horizontal element belongs to. G - Longitudinal Axis Render a polyline, representing the entire longitudinal axis, over the defined horizontal axis elements and convert an arbitrary polyline to a longitudinal axis without having to define horizontal elements. H - Cross Axes Place cross axes on the longitudinal axis and label cross axes with stations and axis names. I - Correspondent cross axes Calculating the distances between two axes and entering them into the drawing / saving them to DIS and CAX files. J - DRAPE AXES TO DTM Drape the defined longitudinal and cross axes to a digital terrain model (QuickSurf) and acquire three-dimensional longitudinal and cross axes. K - Save sections Save the generated three-dimensional longitudinal and cross axes (or any other 3D PLINE) to appropriate files. L - Roadway and lanes Calculate and create expansions, left and right road edges, middle lanes and transition curves for opening/closing lanes. M - Cuts, fills and border-lines Draw cuts, fills. Define and save border-lines. N - Extract data Extract coordinates from cross axes. O - Labels Draw vertical alignment and superelevation labels. P - 3D Roadway-Model Create a three-dimensional roadway model and view it from different angles. R - Tools Use these tools to create and analyze axes. Y - Plateia AXES Help Open Plateia help. Z - Exit Plateia AXES Close the PLATEIA AXES module menu.
1.3.
Layers
In the table below you can find a list of layers that the PLATEIA 2008 uses for the output of axis elements. All layers are initialized when creating a new axis (see the Axes-Manager command). The names of all AXES module layers are composed of three constituent parts: 1st PART - prefix "20_", 2nd PART - name of the axis and 3rd PART - name that stands for the basic purpose of the layer.
This way, a logical and clear layer structure is achieved that can easily be distinguished from the layers created with other AutoCAD commands. Example:
20_FIRSTAXIS_MAIN_ELEMENTS
Where:
Constituent part 20_ FIRSTAXIS MAIN_ELEMENTS Means PLATEIA AXES program module name of the axis horizontal axis elements
Layers used by the AXIS program module are as follows:

Layer name 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES 20_AXISNAME_CA_LABELS 20_AXISNAME_MIDDLE_LANE 20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_LEFT 20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES 20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS 20_AXISNAME_CUT 20_AXISNAME_FILL 20_AXISNAME_VERT_ALIGN_LABELS 20_CONSTR_LINES Layer description axis construction elements horizontal (main) elements horizontal element labels longitudinal axis cross axes cross axes labels and stations middle-lane lines left road edge right road edge three-dimensional longitudinal/cross axes and road edges 3D vertical alignment station labels of the longitudinal axis cut hatches fill hatches labels of the vertical axis elements Contains auxiliary points, created by the programs calculations
that can be used by the user. The name of this layer does not contain the axis name because it is common to all axes.
AXISNAME string in the above layer is for illustration purposes only. In your drawing the layer label will contain the name of your axis.
2. Command descriptions of the Axes Module

2.1. 21A - Project
Project command group comprises the following commands: Project Explore working directory Settings Axes-Icons Conversions
2.2.
21B - Scale
SCALE 21B
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
Setting the current drawing scale for the output of axis elements From drawing None This command does not use any. 11B
The Scale (21B) command sets the current scale for layout elements. This current scale affects the following axis elements: Horizontal element labels, Labels of cross axes, Labels of longitudinal axis, and Labels of the vertical axis elements.
The scale settings for the output to a plotter can be modified by means of the Print/Plot Configuration dialog box.
When plotting a survey plan, the settings you have set in the Print/Plot Configuration dialog box have to match the current scale settings. Valid settings: Scale Plotted Milimeters=Drawing Units 1:1000 1=1 1:500 2=1 1:2000 1=2 and similarly for the rest of scales. Parameters associated with the 21B command: [200101] Drawing scale value ( 1000 )
2.3.
21C - DEFINE AXES
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task:
AXES-MANAGER 21C
Managing the projects axes: creating of a new axis, selecting the current axis, deleting an axis, etc.
Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
Via dialog box New layers (if a new axis has been defined) This command does not use any. 21R8
This command is intended for management of axes present in drawing. Prior to designing of a new axis, you need to define it by stating the initial properties (description, station, direction, ) and define it as a current axis. Consequently, all commands from the PLATEIA Axes module are related to this current axis. You can control the active axes in a status line or in Axis Manager where the current axis is colored in red. In addition, this command enables subsequent individual axis editing (after its elements have been already drawn).
The Axis Manager dialog box description that appears when you rightclick the axis name.
Active axis New axis Erase axis Refresh Zoom in the drawing Active axis name. All PLATEIA Axis module commands are related to it. New axis name and its properties definition. When defining a new axis, layers get initialized. (See in Introduction: Layers) Erase axis. When erasing, all layers belonging to the individual axis get erased. Refresh axis list in Axis Manager Zoom a selected axis.
Select in the drawing.
According to selected main horizontal element, program defines to which axis it belongs.
By doubleclicking the Parameters branch, the following dialog box opens:
The Parameters dialog box description:

Axis name Description Km M Station direction Visibility New axis name that should not contain any free spaces (only one word) Selected axis name additional description. User can use any text. Starting station (km) Starting station (m) Station direction on axis can increase or decrease. Usually station increases. In special cases (e.g. watercourses) it can even decrease. If you have more than one axis, you can make a selected axis invisible. This means that all layers related to a selected axis can be automatically switched off. (See in Introduction: Layers)
Currently active axis can not be switched off.
Command 21C is used to set up road category and terrain type. With these two parameters velocity is calculated. By doubleclicking the Road category branch, program invokes the command for a road category setting.
New feature in PLATEIA is defining road category for specific axis and not for whole project. Now you can have multiple axes with different road categories in same project.
The Slo v en e s tan dar d par ameter s dialog box explanation

Road category Terrain-type Velocity Critical parameters overview select among different road categories available in the selected standard list of terrain types velocity is calculated from Road category and Terrain type click to open the Critical parameters overview dialogue box:
The Cr itical par ameter s o v er v iew dialog box explanation:

Rmin Lmin Smax Rmin conv Rmin conc minimal allowed horizontal radius for curves, minimal allowed parameter L for spiral, maximal allowed longitudinal level fall minimal allowed convex radius for vertical alignments, minimal allowed concave radius for vertical alignments.
Values for critical parameters are checked in the following modules: Axes and Longitudinal-sections. The program PLATEIA alerts you when some road elements contain parameters outside the allowed range.
Using the 21C command you can select any number of lanes, their width and label. PLATEIA introduces the LANE expression which can stand for selected elements of a road body. Lanes can stand for traffic lanes, railroad lines, cycling paths, pavements, etc. By doubleclicking the Lanes branch, program invokes the command for a lane setting
You can define lanes separately for left and right side according to axis. Each side can incorporate any number of lanes. Lanes closer to axis appears higher in the list. There are some predefined lane types available in the Predefined types window. In addition, you can define your own lanes. After pressing Add, define a lane name and its width. By doubleclicking the lane, change its parameters. Using Delete, delete a selected lane. Customized lane type can be saved under its own name in the predefined types rubric for later use. You can erase only added types but not the predefined ones .
2.4.
21D - Construction Elements
Figure: Construction elements of the longitudinal axis (Lines and Circles). Construction elements of the longitudinal axis (Lines and Circles) help you define the horizontal axis elements (Tangents, Spirals and Curves). While Spirals can only be created based on defined construction elements, Tangents and Curves can also be created without these elements. Nevertheless, construction elements can often be of great assistance even when creating Tangents and Curves. Construction elements are defined and constructed interactively on the basis of a given layout plan, a scanned or vectorized drawing, etc. Lines with known starting and ending points and Circles with known center points and radii can also be inserted into the layout based on a batch input procedure (from a CEL type). Drawing construction elements can be a very difficult task when planning reconstruction works on an existing roadway (because you must get as close to the real axis as possible). In this case you will have to put all your expertise in using AutoCAD commands to a test.
20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer.
Axis construction elements are and should always be drawn on the
DEFINE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 21D1
Creating of Line and Circle longitudinal construction elements Geometrical characteristics and direction Construction elements 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS 21D2
With this command you can create the AXES modules construction elements Lines and Circles. A Line construction element is defined by means of a starting and ending point. The drawing procedure is identical to the procedure of creating a Line entity with AutoCADs LINE command. Line construction elements are always drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer. Lines can also be drawn with the LINE command, just be sure to create it on the above layer. A Circle construction element can be defined with four different types of input data: Center and radius, Three circle points, Two diametrical points or Two tangents and a radius.
The drawing procedure is the same as with the AutoCAD CIRCLE command. You also have to define the circles sign (+ clockwise and - counter-clockwise rotation). The sign later defines the rotation direction of the horizontal element, created on the circle. To obtain a better plan legibility, Circle construction elements with different signs are drawn with different line types ("PLUS_DIRECTION" or "MINUS_DIRECTION, respectively). You can modify the line type to meet you own need (e.g., with Linetypescale) or even select an entirely different line type (e.g., "CONTINUOUS"). Circle construction elements are always drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer. You can also use normal AutoCAD Arc and Circle entities as construction elements. Both entities are equivalent to PLATEIA Circle construction element with one exception. Namely, they do not have the sign for the element rotation. When creating the horizontal elements, you will therefore have to enter the appropriate rotation sign.
READ CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS <- CES 21D2
Loading of construction elements from a CES file CES file Drawn construction elements 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS 21D6
With this command you can load construction elements to be defined from a CES file. CES files can be created with the Save construction elements to file -> CES (21D6) command but you can also create them using Notepad or any other text editor. The command reads the construction elements from the file and draws the Line and Circle elements on the 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS layer. See Appendix A for further information on CES file format.
The R ead co n s tr u ctio n elemen ts dialog box explanation:

CES input file "File combo box" Existing sections click this button to find the path to the CES input file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the CES file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; sections are groups of drawing elements that can be inserted separately. You can only select a single section.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands
DRAW CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS BASED ON HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21D3
drawing of the construction elements on the basis of horizontal elements drawn axis using the main elements drawn construction elements 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS 21E2, 21D
PLATEIA 2008 enables subsequent drawing of construction elements. Construction elements are derived from the horizontal ones. After invoking this command the following dialog box opens:
Select any axis from the list containing all axes in drawing. There are two buttons to choose from: Select all axes ... select all axes in drawing and draw construction elements for them, Select from drawing >> ... select axis by pointing to it in drawing. This command is suitable for axis editing. On the basis of main axis you can draw construction elements that can be changed. Then you can draw horizontal elements again over them.
CALCULATE LINE OR ARC FROM POINTS 21D4
line or arc aproximation based on selected points points or PLINE ARC or LINE 20_axis-name_CONSTR_ELEMENTS 21D, 111F1
The 21D4 command calculates a line or an arc on the basis of selected, randomly arranged points using the smallest squares method. The result is an approximate (line or arc element) closely adapting to the selected points. This command is particularly useful when you have a recorded road edge or axis with points in your layout and you want to fit lines or arc on them. Or in the longitudinal profile, where you have selected points to which you want to approximate your line as closer as possible. Using the selected PLATEIA points, AutocAD point elements or selected pline element, the 21D4 command calculates either a line or arc and then draws both line and circle elements to the current layers. Gained elements can be regarded as construction elements for further definition of an axis or line. See the CALCULATE LINE OR ARC FROM POINTS (21D4) dialog box in the figure below.
SET CURVE-DIRECTION 21D5
Displaying a list of Circle elements and making modifications Construction elements in the drawing None This command does not use any. 21D1
Using this command you can display a list of defined Circle elements and modify their rotation signs according to your needs the line type of the Circle is changed automatically (MINUS_DIRECTION or PLUS_DIRECTION). Using this command, you can also modify the sign of a circle (arc) created with the AutoCAD CIRCLE/ARC command.
SAVE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS TO FILE -> CES 21D6
Saving construction elements to a CES file Construction elements in the drawing CES file This command does not use any. 21D2
Using this command you can save defined axis construction elements Lines and Circles to a CES file. This file can later be read using the Read construction elements <- CES (21D2) command.
The Save construction elements to file dialog box explanation:

CES input file "File combo box Existing sections Axes with construction elements Select all axes Select from drawing click this button to find the path to the CES file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the CES file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the name of the axis is identical to the name of an existing section, the old section data will be automatically overwritten. select the construction elements to be saved to the file (use "Ctrl" to select more than one axis). click this button to select all axes in the list. click this button to select the construction elements to be saved directly from the drawing (when you forgot the axis name of the construction elements).
See Appendix A for further information on CES file format.
2.5.
21E - Horizontal Elements
This command group contains different commands for the definition of horizontal elements. The longitudinal axis can be defined using the following horizontal elements: Tangent, Curve, Spiral and Compound Spiral. Horizontal elements can be drawn as independent objects or as combinations between existing construction elements. All horizontal elements are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS layer while their parameters ("A=..." and "R=...") are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS layer. When creating and editing horizontal axis elements, you have to observe the following rules: 1. 2. Horizontal elements and their combinations must always be created in the direction of the station increase. Elements with a "+" sign have a clockwise and elements with a "-" sign a counterclockwise direction.
DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 21E1
Creating of individual Tangent, Curve, Spiral, and Compound Spiral elements and their combinations
Input data: Output data: Layers:
Axis construction elements Horizontal elements 20_AXISNAME_CONSTR_ELEMENTS, 20_AXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS, 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS and 20_CONSTR_LINES
See also commands:
21D1
This command group contains different commands for the definition of horizontal elements. The longitudinal axis of the planned roadway is determined by the following horizontal elements: Tangent, Curve, Spiral, and Compound Spiral that can be drawn as independent objects or as combinations between pre-prepared construction elements. Define horizontal elements (21E1) is the main command for the creation of all types of horizontal elements in the AXES program module, i.e. Tangents, Curves, Spirals, Compound Spirals and combinations of individual elements. The dialog box for the creation of an element combination allows you to choose an arbitrary subcombination (option) and set its parameter values. The missing parameter values of some subcombinations can be calculated by clicking the corresponding button in the sub-combination's dialog box. There you can also click Show to display a preview of the selected combination or Redraw to refresh the current view and erase the preview elements from the drawing.
The Ho r iz o n tal elemen ts dialog box explanation:

ABasic elements BFloating curve CS, U combinations, and pline Info with these controls you can create the basic horizontal axis elements: Tangent, Curve, Spiral, and Compound Spiral with these controls you can insert a Curve between two consecutive elements. with these controls you can create known S- and U-type spiral combinations and convert two-dimensional polylines to Tangent and Curve horizontal elements. click this button to obtain a short list of existing element combinations.
HORIZONTAL ELEMENT SETTINGS As described in the Project chapter, the Axes-Settings (21A31) command allows you to modify parameters of the horizontal element output (parameter No. 3 to 32). To mention only Maximum spiral parameter A value (parameter No. 3), used by the iterative calculation of the spirals parameter value for adequate element combinations as the upper limit for parameter A: the lower Amax, the faster the iterative calculation. The following must be true: 0 < A < Amax. If the iteration reaches the Amax value, Amax has to be increased and the spiral (or combination) recalculated.
A-TYPE COMBINATIONS
A-type combinations include the following basic horizontal elements: TANGENT, CURVE, SPIRAL COMPOUND_SPIRAL.
A1
Creating a Tangent Horizontal Element
The Draw tangent dialog box explanation: Interactive two points ... a Tangent can be created between two known points (a starting and an ending one) or between two existing elements. Usually to make the input less complicated the Tangent is created with the help of a Line construction element that has been prepared in advance. To create a Tangent horizontal element, select its starting and ending points. The points must be selected accurately and in the direction of the station increase along the longitudinal axis. Tangents can also be created between two existing horizontal elements. This is the preferred input method because there is no danger of incorrectly selecting the starting and ending points. The program draws the tangent between the ending point of the first and the starting point of the second element. A combination of element and point selection is also possible, allowing you select to a starting point and an ending element or vice versa, a starting element and an ending point.
A Tangent can therefore be constructed using one of the following selection combinations: POINT POINT, POINT element, ELEMENT POINT element element. Automatic between existing horizontal elements ... a Tangent horizontal element is often the link between two Spirals. If you activate this option, the program automatically links Spiral horizontal elements with Tangents. This way you do not have to select the insertion points for the Tangent manually. The program cannot, however, insert an element at the beginning and at the end of the axis you will still have to define the first horizontal element (according to the axis stations) manually (Tangent, (Compound) Spiral or Curve).
Figure: TBD.
A2
Creating an Arc Horizontal Element
The Draw curve dialog box explanation: Interactivethree points/Between two existing horizontal elements ... using this option you can create a Curve horizontal element through three points or between two already defined horizontal elements. The appropriate construction element for creating a Curve is a Circle (Arc). To create the Curve, first select its starting point, then an arbitrary intermediate point and then its ending point. The defined points must follow the direction of the station increase along the longitudinal roadway axis. A Curve can also be drawn between two existing horizontal elements.
Using the latter input method is less complicated and more reliable than trying to create a Curve through three selection points because there is there is no danger of making an incorrect selection. The program draws the Curve from the ending point of the first selected element to the starting point of the following one. When creating a Curve, the following selection combinations are possible:
POINT POINT POINT, element element, POINT POINT element and
element POINT POINT TangentTangentRadius ... using this option for inserting a Curve between two Tangents is similar to drawing a circle with the CIRCLE command. The tangents have to be selected in the direction of the station increase. You can choose between three different input methods:
The Distance from tangent-intersection point (a) dialog box explanation: Connect to next element ... use this input method to select the ending point of the previous element or the starting point of the next element with the SNAP mode toggled on. Distance from tangent-intersection point (a) ... use this second input method if you know the distance from the vertex (i.e., the tangent-intersection point), not the radius. Radius ... use this method if you know the radius.
Regardless of which input method you use, the results can be modified dynamically on screen. TangentTangentFixed point ... this option can be used when you want the Curve to pass through a fixed point, lying between the two Tangents. In this case the radius will uniformly be defined.
Figure: TangentTangentFixed point option. Automatic between existing horizontal elements ... a Curve horizontal element is often the link between two Spirals. If you activate this option, the program automatically links Spiral horizontal elements with Curves. This way you do not have to select insertion points for the Curve manually. The program cannot, however, insert an element at the beginning and at the end of the axis you will still have to define the first horizontal element (according to the axis stations) manually (Tangent, (Compound) Spiral, or Curve).
Figure: TBD.
A3
Creating a Spiral Horizontal Element
Figure: (Clothoid) Spiral. (Clothoid) Spirals are complex mathematical curves, used as transition elements to connect straight axis parts Tangents with Curves. Spirals are calculated based on the following equation: R*L=A 2 The meaning of individual variables: R ... arc radius, L ... spiral length
A ... spiral parameter. Using the A3 element combination, you can create a Spiral horizontal element between the following two construction elements: Line and Circle.
The Optio n A3 dialog box explanation:

Fix here you can select one of the following options: Fixed Line and fixed Circle, Fixed Line and adjustable Circle, or Adjustable Line and adjustable Circle. Moving element Spiral, Boundary point Rotation, Point Spiral data Show Redraw specify whether the adjustable construction element will be translated ( Offset) or rotated ( Rotate). specify the boundary point of the Spiral on the Line, if the Line is fixed and the Circle is not. enter the coordinates of a point, around which an adjustable element will be rotated. enter the value of parameter A or the length of the Spiral if one of the construction elements is adjustable. Click Use L or Use A to switch between the two possibilities. click this button to create a preview of the solution. click this button to refresh the display (similar as AutoCADs REDRAW command).
Considering the different boundary values, the A3 combination includes the following options: A3_1: Fixed Line and Fixed Circle Position
The parameter A value is defined uniformly.
A3_2: Fixed Line and Adjustable Circle
The Circle can be translated (i.e., moved for a specific offset) or rotated around a specific point outside the Circle. One of the following boundary values must be entered: parameter A and Spiral length L.
When translating a Circle, you can choose between the following alternatives: Alternative 1:
Figure: Circle is translated perpendicular to the Line.
Alternative 2:
Figure: Circle is translated according to the specified boundary point on the Line.
Alternative 3:
Figure: Circle is rotated around the specified point.
A3_3: Adjustable Line and Fixed Circle
The Line can be translated or rotated around a point on or off the Line. The position and size of the Circle are fixed. One of the following boundary values must be entered: parameter A or Spiral length L.
Alternative 1:
Figure: The Line is translated to a parallel position.
Alternative 2:
Figure: The Line is rotated around the specified point. A4Creating a Compound Spiral Horizontal Element
Compound Spirals are sections of Spirals that can be fitted to two Circles with different radii, provided that the Circle with the smaller radius lies inside of Circle with the greater radius. The appropriate equation: R1*L1=R2*L2=A 2
The meaning of individual variables: R1 ... radius of the greater Circle, L1 ... total length of the Spiral connected to Circle R1, R2 ... radius of the smaller Circle, L2 ... total length of the Spiral connected to Circle R2, A ... Spiral parameter.
Valid associations: (L2>L1) L=L2-L1=A2 (R1-R2)/(R1*R2) length of the Compound Spiral Using the A4 element combination, you can create a Spiral horizontal element between two Circle construction elements, provided that both Circles feature the same rotation sign and that smaller Circle lies completely inside the greater Circle.
Figure: Two Circle construction elements.
The Optio n A4 dialog box explanation:

Spiral-parameter A definition Spiral parameter A Use L or Use A Show Redraw choose between an Automatic definition, and a combination where the parameter A or length L of the Spiral is already known. if you choose a Spiral-parameter A definition with a known parameter, this is where you will have to enter the appropriate value. click this button to switch between entering parameter value A or length L of the Compound Spiral. click this button to create a preview of the solution. click this button to refresh the display (similar as AutoCADs REDRAW command).
Considering the different boundary values, the A4 combination includes the following options:
A4_1: Fixed Circles (automatic parameter definition) Select both Circle construction elements. Spiral parameter A is defined uniformly.
Figure: Fixed Circles.
A4_2: Fixed and adjustable Circle
Besides selecting both Circle construction elements, enter the Spiral parameter and the starting/ending point of the Compound Spiral.
Figure: Fixed and adjustable Circle. B B-TYPE COMBINATIONS
The B-type combinations allow you to insert a Curve element between two consecutive construction elements. You can select one the following four sub-combinations: Floating Floating Floating Floating curve curve curve curve between between between between two lines, a line and an arc, two arcs and two intersecting arcs with compound spirals.
B1
Floating Curve between two Lines
You can draw two basic horizontal element combinations between two Lines: SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL, SPIRAL SPIRAL.
After clicking the appropriate control, select both Line construction elements following the direction of the stationing. Then choose one of the following options:
The Select o ptio n dialog box explanation:

Option B1_1 Option B1_2 Option B1_3 Option B1_4 Option B1_5 SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and R; SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and Rmin; SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A2(L2) and Rmin; SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) ratio and Rmin SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and A2(L2). (Warning: A1:A2 L1:L2);
Optional parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); R ... radius of the Curve inserted between the two Lines; Rmin ... radius where the two Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin therefore equals 0.
After clicking the appropriate option (e.g., B1_1), enter the appropriate parameter values in the dialog box and draw the element combination.
The Optio n B 1_ 1 dialog box explanation:

A1 A2 R Rmin Use L or Use A Show Redraw parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing). parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing). radius of the Curve, inserted between the two Lines. radius where the two Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin therefore equals 0. click this button to switch between entering parameter value A or length L of the Spiral. click this button to create a preview of the solution. click this button to refresh the display (similar as AutoCADs REDRAW command).
Figure: B1-type combination.
B2
Curve between a Line and an Arc
You can draw two basic horizontal element combinations between a Line and an Arc: SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL, SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL.
On the other hand, you can draw the following horizontal element combinations between an Arc and a Line: SPIRAL SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL, COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL.
After clicking the appropriate option, select the Line and Arc (or vice versa), following the direction of the stationing. Then choose one of the following options:

Option B2_1 Option B2_2 SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1, A2, A3, and R; SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1, A2, and R;
Option B2_3
SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1, A2, and R.
Option parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); A3 ... parameter A of the 3rd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L3 ... length L of the 3rd Spiral (according to the stationing); R ... radius of the Curve inserted between the two Lines; Rmin ... radius where the two Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin consequently equals 0.
B2_1: SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL
The Line and Circle construction elements do not intersect. Input parameters: A1, A2, A3, and R or L1, L2, L3, and R. Click the Rmin = button to calculate the appropriate minimum radius (based on the spiral parameters A or L).
When entering the radius value, bear in mind that R must be greater than Rmin (R > Rmin).
As a result, the following element sequence is created: SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL (or vice versa).
Figure: B2-type combination.
Define the Circles sign with care.
B2_2: SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL
The Line and Circle construction elements intersect.
Because theoretically there are four different solutions, you have to select a point in the appropriate solution quadrant. Input parameters: A1, A2, and R or L1, L2, and R. Click the Rmin = button to calculate the appropriate minimum radius (based on the spiral parameters A or L).
As a result, the following element sequence is created: SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL (or vice versa).
Figure: B2_2 combination.
B2_3: SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL
The Line and Circle construction elements do not intersect. Input parameters: A1, A2, and R or L1, L2, and R. Click the Rmin = button to calculate the appropriate minimum radius (based on the spiral parameters A or L).
As a result, the following element sequence is created: SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL (or vice versa).
Figure: B2_3 combination.
B3
Curve between two Arcs
You can draw the following horizontal element combination between two consecutive Circles (Arcs): SPIRAL SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL.
After clicking the B3 sub-combination, select both Circle construction elements (featuring the identical rotation signs) and enter the Spiral parameters (A or L) and the radius of the Circle for which you would like to define the position.
The Optio n B 3 dialog box explanation:

A1 A2 A3 A4 L1 L2 L3 L4 R Rmin Use L or Use A Show Redraw parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing). parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing). parameter A of the 3rd Spiral (according to the stationing). parameter A of the 4th Spiral (according to the stationing). length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing). length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing). length L of the 3rd Spiral (according to the stationing). length L of the 4th Spiral (according to the stationing). radius of the Curve inserted between the two Lines. radius where the two Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin therefore equals 0. click this button to switch between entering parameter value A or length L of the Spiral. click this button to create a preview of the solution. click this button to refresh the display (similar as AutoCADs REDRAW command).
As a result, the following element sequence is created: SPIRAL SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL.
Figure: B3 combination.
B4
Curve in an Arc-Arc Intersection
You can create one of the following element combinations in an Arc-Arc intersection: COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL, COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL.
After clicking the B4 sub-combination, select both Circle construction elements with identical rotation signs, following the stationing. There are five sub-combinations available:

Option B4_1 Option B4_2 Option B4_3 Option B4_4 COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A2(L2) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) ratio and Rmin (Warning: A1:A2 L1:L2). COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and A2(L2).
Option B4_5
Option parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); R ... radius of the Curve, inserted between the two Circles; Rmin ... radius where the two Compound Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin consequently equals 0.
After clicking the appropriate option (e.g., B4_1), enter the appropriate parameter values in the dialog box and draw the element combination.
The Optio n B 4_ 1 dialog box explanation:

A1 A2 Rmax Rmin R Use L or Use A Show Redraw parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing). parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing). maximum radius value for obtaining a real solution. radius where the two Compound Spirals meet and the length of the Curve with a radius of Rmin consequently equals 0. radius of the Curve, inserted between the two Circles. click this button to switch between entering parameter value A or length L of the Spiral. click this button to create a preview of the solution. click this button to refresh the display (similar as AutoCADs REDRAW command).
Figure: B4 combination.
B5 - Curve between two arcs You can create the following combination between two arcs: COMPOUND SPIRAL, CURVE, SPIRAL
After invoking the command, select two arcs which should have an opposite station direction. After you have selected them, set their parameters.
The Combination B5 dialog box description:

A1 A2 A3 L1 L2 L3 R Preview first compound spiral parameter in station direction second compound spiral parameter in station direction third compound spiral parameter in station direction first compound spiral length in station direction second compound spiral length in station direction third compound spiral length in station direction curve radius that you insert between two curves Solution preview
When you have confirmed the selected parameters, two options get drawn. You need to select the appropriate one in a drawing.
C-TYPE COMBINATIONS
C1
S Combination
You can insert the following element combinations between two Circle construction elements with opposite rotation signs: SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL, SPIRAL SPIRAL.
After clicking the S combination, select both Circle construction elements with opposite rotation sign, following the stationing. There are five sub-combinations available:

Option C1_1 Option C1_2 Option C1_3 Option C1_4 Option C1_5 SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A2(L2). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) ratio. Pozor: A1:A2 L1:L2; SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and A2(L2). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1), A2(L2), and rotation point.
Option parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing);
L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing);
After clicking the appropriate option, enter the parameter values in the dialog box and draw the element combination.
Figure: S combination.
C1_1: SPIRAL SPIRAL with Defined A1(L1)
Enter the A1(L1) value the value of A2(L2) is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL.
C1_3: SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ Defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) Ratio
Enter the A1(L1):A2(L2)=M:N ratio to automatically obtain the parameter values A1(L1) and A2(L2). The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL.
C1_4: SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1) and A2(L2)
Enter the A1(L1) and A2(L2) parameter values the length and position of the Tangent is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALTANGENTSPIRAL. C1_5: SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and Rotation Point
Enter the A1(L1) and A2(L2) parameter values and the rotation point coordinates the position of the rotated Circle is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL. You can select the Circle to be rotated after closing this dialog box.
C2
U Combination
You can insert the following element combinations between two Circle construction elements with identical rotation signs: SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL, SPIRAL SPIRAL.
After clicking the U combination, select both Circle construction elements with identical rotation signs, following the stationing. There are five sub-combinations available:
The Select option dialog box explanation:

Option C2_1 Option C2_2 Option C2_3 Option C2_2 Option C2_3 SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1 (L1). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A2 (L2). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1: A2 (or L1:L2) ratio. SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A2 (L2). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1: A2 (or L1:L2) ratio.
A1:A2 L1:L2
Option C2_4 Option C2_5
SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and A2(L2). SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ defined A1 (L1), A2(L2), and rotation point.
Option parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing);
Figure: U combination.
Enter the A1(L1) value the value of A2(L2) is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL. C2_2: SPIRAL SPIRAL with Defined A2(L2)
C2_3: SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ Defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) Ratio.
Enter the A1(L1):A2(L2)=M:N ratio to automatically obtain the parameter values A1(L1) and A2(L2). The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL.
C2_4: SPIRAL TANGENT SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1) and A2(L2)
Enter the A1(L1) and A2(L2) parameter values the length and position of the Tangent is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALTANGENTSPIRAL.
C2_5: SPIRAL SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and Rotation Point
Enter the A1(L1) and A2(L2) parameter values and the rotation point coordinates the position of the rotated Circle is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination SPIRALSPIRAL. You can select the Circle to be rotated after closing this dialog box.
C3
U Combination Compound Spirals
You can insert the following element combinations between two Circle construction elements with identical rotation signs: COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL, and COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL.
After clicking the U combination, select both Circle construction elements with identical rotation signs, following the stationing. There are five sub-combinations available:

Option C3_1 Option C3_2 Option C3_3 Option C3_4 COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A2(L2) and R. COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) ratio
A1:A2 L1:L2
Option C3_5
COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1(L1) and A2(L2).
Option parameters definition: A1 ... parameter A of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); A2 ... parameter A of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing); L1 ... length L of the 1st Spiral (according to the stationing); L2 ... length L of the 2nd Spiral (according to the stationing);
Figure: U combinationCompound Spiral.
C3_1: COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1), A2(L2) and R
Enter the A1(L1), A2(L2), and R values the position of the Curve is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination COMPOUND SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL. Rmin is an auxiliary geometrical information representing the minimum radius value of the selected Circles. R is usually much greater than Rmin (R >> Rmin).
C3_2: COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1) and R
Enter the A1(L1) and R values the position of the Curve with a length of 0 is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL. Rmin is an auxiliary geometrical information representing the minimum radius value of the selected Circles. R is usually much greater than Rmin (R >> Rmin).
C3_3: COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A2(L2) and R
Enter the A1(L1) and R values the position of the Curve with a length of 0 is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL. Rmin is an auxiliary geometrical information representing the minimum radius value of the selected Circles. R is usually much greater than Rmin (R >> Rmin).
C3_4: COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ Defined A1:A2 (or L1:L2) Ratio
Enter the A1(L1):A2(L2)=M:N ratio and R the position of the Curve with a length of 0 is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL. Rmin is an auxiliary geometrical information representing the minimum radius value of the selected Circles. R is usually much greater than Rmin (R >> Rmin).
C3_5: COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ Defined A1(L1) and A2(L2)
Enter the A1(L1) and A2(L2) values the position of the Curve with a length of 0 is calculated automatically. The result is the element combination COMPOUND SPIRAL COMPOUND SPIRAL. Rmin is an auxiliary geometrical information representing the minimum radius value of the selected Circles. R is usually much greater than Rmin (R >> Rmin).
Command name: Command name: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS WITH STICK METHOD 21E2
construction of the horizontal axis elements
horizontal axis elements this command does not use them 21E1, 21E3, 21E6, 21F
PLATEIA 2008 has introduced a new approach to constructing horizontal axis elements. Axis construction is now possible without the use of the horizontal axis elements. Using this new method, you stick the horizontal elements together in a sequence. After invoking the 21E2 command, program gives the following prompt: Point or [Element / End / NULL]<NULL>: You can select a start point of the first element or the horizontal axis element from which you want to continue your drawing (using the Element option). Or, you may enter nothing by pressing Enter. In the latter case, a start point needs to be defined later. A dialog box having three tabs for drawing a line, arc and spiral (can be also a compound-spiral) opens. You can simply switch from one tab to another and have therefore possibility to draw all possible sequences of the horizontal elements. Some of the parameters found in tab are fixed and cannot be modified according to the previous element. In addition, you will find a spiral direction denoting a position of the individual diameters preset. If you find your line is followed by the spiral, start direction angle (line angle) and start radius (infinity), direction of spiral will be from bigger radius to a smaller one. After each drawn element program suggests the most logical type of the next element by switching automatically to appropriate tab. Using Finish, you can finish your drawing while by pressing Back you can go one step back. Program erases the last drawn element and continues its drawing from the previous one. You can see how your drawing changes according to the selected or fixed elements, thus representing a way of interactive construction. You can change only parameters colored in yellow. A dialog box is of modeless type and therefore you can always reach either an AutoCAD or your drawing.
Drawing line
Line is defined either by a start point, direction and length or by a start and end point. If one of the parameter groups is selected, the remaining data is calculated automatically and an auxiliary line in white is drawn matching the selected parameters. You can enter parameters manually to the appropriate field or select them interactively by dragging the auxiliary line. By pressing Draw , you can get your horizontal element drawn with its labels included. If you have defined unsufficient number of parameters, you can additionally define them by dragging an auxiliary line in drawing bearing in mind that only elements that havent been defined can be edited. If the start point and direction have been defined, only length can be interactively changed. And if only a start point has been defined, only end point can be changed while a direction and length are calculated. Using the upper Jig button, you can select a start point interactively (if not fixed previously). Using the lower Jig button, you can interactively define those parameters that havent been defined yet simply by dragging an auxiliary line. This is similar to using the Draw button except this time a line isnt drawn and only parameters are transferred to a dialog where can be reviewed and edited. If all parameters have been defined, you can define all those that havent been fixed. In the Step frame, you can define steps for direction and length according to which these two change during the interactive parameter definition. Arc drawing
Arc can be defined using three different methods. First method comprises three points, the second one a start point, start angle and end point while the third one includes a start point, start angle, radius and length. When the three point method is used, the second point is not directly seen in a dialog box. If one of the parameter groups is selected, the remaining data is calculated automatically and an auxiliary arc in white is drawn matching the selected parameters. You can define parameters manually or by dragging an auxiliary arc (similarly to the line related procedures). By pressing Draw, you can get your horizontal element drawn with its labels included (If you have defined unsufficient number of parameters, define the missing ones interactively using the jig function.) A method by which you interactively define the missing parameters is similar to the one used with drawing of a line and depends on the fact which elements have been previously defined. If a start angle, radius and angle havent been defined previously, you can define an arc by three points. But this method is possible only when arc is the first axis element. Otherwise, a start angle is already defined. If a start point and angle have been defined without a radius, length and end point, you can change the arc end point. If radius or length have been additionally defined, you can interactively change only length or radius. Both Jig buttons operates similarly to the ones in a dialog used for a line definition. In the Step frame, user can define steps for direction, radius and length according to which these three change during the interactive parameter definition (Jig). Spiral drawing
Spiral is defined three ways. Firstly, by a start point, start angle and end point. Secondly, by start point, start angle, radius and length. And thirdly, by start point, start angle and the A parameter. By pressing Length or Parameter, you can define whether you will employ the length or A parameter (missing data can be calculated from the following equations:
A=
RL or R 1 R1
1 1 L = A2 . R R1
Spiral can be positioned so that radius comes from infinity into some R. Or, it is turned so that radius comes from some R value to infinity. The second option is possible only when the previous element is in a form of arc, part spiral or a normally positioned spiral. In this case a start point, start angle and radius are fixed and you can change only its length or parameter (be it manually or interactively, similarly as with line and arc construction). If a spiral is normally positioned, these are two main options for interactive drawing. In the case radius, length or parameter (if R1 radius equals 0) havent been defined, you just select a spiral end point. Otherwise, you can change a missing parameter while an end point gets calculated. In the Step frame, you can define steps for direction, radius and length according to which these three change during the interactive parameter definition (Jig). Drawing compound-spiral
You get a compound-spiral when the R1 radius is different from 0. This radius is the one that is bigger. Value 0 stands for a simple spiral where the bigger radius equals infinity. Spiral can be positioned so that radius comes from infinity into some R. Or, it is turned so that radius comes from some R to infinity. The second variant is possible only when the previous element is in a form of arc, compound-spiral or a normally positioned spiral. In both cases also a compound-spiral that can be positioned two ways can be drawn. Basically, radius comes from R to R1 (R1 is bigger than R) but if user enters a value for R1 being smaller than R, compound-spiral position changes. The same can be seen in the upper dialog where radius comes from the bigger to smaller value.
DRAW TANGENT-POLYGON WITH HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21E3
drawing of tangent polygon with main elements tangent polygon vertex corrected main elements 20_axis_name_TANGENT POLYGON, axis_name_GLEL 21E1, 21E2, 21E8, 21F
Using a tangent polygon, you can describe any combination of main elements. You can interactively insert a tangent polygon across which main elements are drawn just by using the 21E3 command. After invoking the command, the following dialog box opens:
The Dr aw tan gen t po lygo n dialog box description:

Automatic Interactive At each vertex, program draws the biggest possible arc. If the Draw spirals option is included, program draws the biggest possible arc taking into account the R/A ratio. When selecting the main elements interactively and after tangent polygon drawing there appears the same dialog box as with the 21F2 command in which you select a vertex type and main element parameters (see 21F2 command). When selecting main elements automatically, you can choose between drawing spirals or an arc without spirals. You can select an R/A ratio only when the Draw spirals option is on. Using this parametre, you select the ratio between the arc radius and A spiral parametre.
Draw spirals R/A ratio
After clicking OK, select the first point of tangent polygon. Command line reads: First point or [Polygon/End]:
If you select P as polygon, you can connect to the last element of any existing polygon. In the next steps a command line reads: Point or [polygon/End]: Select a point or the P option with which you connect to the first element of the existing polygon. Using the K option, finish polygon drawing without connecting to the existing polygon. When you have finished with axis definition, the 21L1 command is automatically invoked. Program calculates individual lane widenings and the Draw lane dialog box automatically appears on your screen. Using this dialog box, you can change parameters, import or save widenings in a file or check a calculation standard. For details see the 21L1 command.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: transformation of any polyline element to a tangent polygon with main elements polyline tangent polygon and main elements 20_axis_name_TANGENT POLYGON, axis_name_GLEL 21E3, 21F CONVERT POLYLINE TO TANGENT-POLYGON WITH HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21E4
Using the 21E4 command to convert any polyline to a tangent polygon. On the basis of tangent polygon, main elements are drawn and labeled. After invoking the command, select a polyline to be converted. The following dialog box opens:
The Dr aw tan gen t po lygo n dialog box description:

Automatic Interactive At each vertex, program draws the biggest possible arc. If the Draw spirals option is included, program draws the biggest possible arc taking into account the R/A ratio. When selecting the main elements interactively and after tangent polygon drawing there appears the same dialog box as with the 21F2 command in which you select a vertex type and main element parameters (see 21F2 command). When selecting main elements automatically, you can choose between drawing spirals or an arc without spirals. You can select an R/A ratio only when the Draw spirals option is on. By this parametre, you select a ratio between the arc radius and A spiral parametre.
Draw spirals R/A ratio
CONVERT PLINE TO HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21E5
Drawing of horizontal elements based on selected PLINE element in the drawing PLINE element Horizontal elements This command does not use any. 21E9, 31F
With command you can convert an arbitrary two-dimensional polyline in the horizontal elements of an axis. The selected polyline can either be "heavy" (Polyline) or "light" (Lwpolyline). Straight polyline sections are converted to Tangents and others (Arcs) to Curves. After converting the polyline to horizontal axis elements, the original polyline is automatically erased from the drawing.
Figure: Converting the polyline to horizontal axis elements.
READ HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS <- AXS 21E6
Drawing of horizontal elements based on an AXS input file AXS file Horizontal elements This command does not use any. 21E9, 31F
This command opens the specified AXS file and performs a batch input of the horizontal axis elements.
The R ead h o r iz o n tal elemen ts dialog box explanation:
AXS input file "File combo box" Existing sections in file
click this button to find the path to the AXS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the AXS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; sections are groups of drawing elements that can be inserted separately; you can select only one section or more sections simultaneously.
If the name of the axis has not been defined with the Axes-Manager (2C) command, the program names the axis automatically, creates the appropriate layers and draws the horizontal elements loaded from the AXS file.
The Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command is the inverse command of the Save horizontal elements to file -> AXS (21E9) command.
See Appendix A for further information on AXS file format. You can use the Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command, for example, to import the results of an axis calculation carried out in another program. The format of the saved file has to correspond to the AXS file format definition. The file does not have to contain all data specified in the AXS file format because some of the information is not required for the input of horizontal elements. The following is a list of obligatory data for individual horizontal elements. TANGENTS: Serial number ... serial number of the element (integer); you can also assign the same number (e.g., 1) to all elements and then numerate them with the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command. Element type ... TANGENT. Starting point ... EAST. Starting point ... NORTH. Ending point ... EAST. Ending point ... NORTH.
Data that is not required for the input can be marked with an arbitrary character (e.g. *). You can also omit the serial numbers (1-5) they are only included for your convenience. Example:
TANGENT
* *
UNLIMITED UNLIMITED
-26.718 204.259
190.986 345.331
1 2 3 4 5
CURVES: Serial number ... serial number of the element (integer); you can also assign the same number (e.g., 1) to all elements and then numerate them with the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command. Element type ... CURVE. Radius ... MUST include a sign (+ or -). Starting point ... EAST. Starting point ... NORTH. Ending point ... EAST. Ending point ... NORTH. Center point ... EAST. Center point ... NORTH.
Example:
CURVE
* * *
+250.525 *
22.592 375.545 * * 184.238
196.174 266.213 * * 305.927
1 2 3 4 5
SPIRALS: Serial number ... serial number of the element (integer); you can also assign the same number (e.g., 1) to all elements and then numerate them with the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command. Element type ... SPIRAL. Starting radius ... radius at the beginning of the Spiral (can also be UNLIMITED for a straight tangential part of the Spiral). Ending radius ... radius at the end of the Spiral (can also be UNLIMITED for a straight tangential part of the Spiral). Starting point ... EAST. Starting point ... NORTH. Ending point ... EAST. Ending point ... NORTH.
As the relation between parameter A, radius R and the starting/ending coordinates is defined uniformly, the parameter has to be corrected for the program to be able to use the coordinates exactly as defined.
The reason for this correction lies in the accuracy of the coordinates which depends on the number of decimal places. These corrections are minimal and have virtually no effect on the result (if the file contains real data). Example:
SPIRAL 90.074
* * *
UNLIMITED -75.306
186.048 272.294 * *
210.456 270.886 * *
1 2 3 4 5
The Spiral parameter A for the above example has been corrected to A=90.0745.
Figure: Spiral COMPOUND SPIRALS: Serial number ... serial number of the element (integer); you can also assign the same number (e.g. 1) to all elements and then numerate them with the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command. Element type ... COMPOUND_SPIRAL. Starting radius. Ending radius. Starting point ... EAST. Starting point ... NORTH. Ending point ... EAST. Ending point ... NORTH. As the relation between parameter A, radius R, and the starting/ending coordinates is defined uniformly, the parameter has to be corrected for the program to be able to use the coordinates exactly as defined. The reason for this correction lies in the accuracy of the coordinates which depends on the number of decimal places. These corrections are minimal and have virtually no effect on the result (if the file contains real data).
Example:
1 COMPOUND_SPIRAL 192.592 * * * * -130.000 -75.000 175.223 265.476 * * * 207.525 350.879 * * * 1 2 3 4 5
Figure: Compound spiral.
The Spiral parameter A for the above example has been corrected to A=192.593. For parameters associated with the commands for creating horizontal elements see Chapter: Horizontal elements, Parameters associated with the commands for creating horizontal elements.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Labeling of horizontal elements with their appropriate numbers Horizontal elements New horizontal-element numbers This command does not use any. 21E8 NUMERATE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21E7
PLATEIA allows you to create groups of element combinations in an arbitrary sequence, provided that you select the appropriate construction elements in the direction of the stationing. This is the reason why horizontal elements need to be numerated after all have been defined. A unique serial number is assigned to every individual horizontal element. You can display the assigned serial numbers with the View Data... (21E8) command. If you later add additional horizontal elements or modify the existing ones, simply rerun the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command.
Command code: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
VIEW HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS DATA... 21E8 none reviewing main elements' data axis main elements clipboard data it does not use them
Using the Review elements command, you review main elements and parametre values. Main elements parametre values can not be changed. You can change main elements using the Change main elements command group (see 21F command group). Elements from the list are sorted according to the sequential main element number. After invoking the command, the following dialog box appears:
You can see a tree containing all existing axes in a drawing on the left side of the dialog box. By doubleclicking or clicking the + sign in front of the axis name, open a selected axis. You will see all the main elements. At the same time, main elements with corresponding parameters show up in an element list on the right side of the dialog box. By selecting elements from the tree or list, they get marked in the drawing by a dashed line. To select more than one element use CTRL+click or SHIFT+click. The Main elemen ts : R ev iew par ameter s dialog box description:
Refresh list Copy to clipboard Select from drawing Zoom in the drawing If you erased or added an element in a drawing, refresh a main element list by clicking Refresh list. Copy selected elements to a clipboard. Element data from clipboard can be then pasted to any program (Excel, Word, etc.) If you don't know which element in the list is the one that is of interest to you, select it in a drawing and in the data list a corresponding line will be marked. If this option is engaged, program zooms a selected element group. Select a zoom factor from a drop-down menu.
This dialog box remains active also when using other commands and helps with searching for any element or axis.
SAVE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS TO FILE -> AXS 21E9
Saving horizontal elements to an AXS file Horizontal elements AXS file This command does not use any. 21E6
This command saves horizontal elements and their attribute values to an AXS file. This file can later be read with the Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6) command or used in the Longitudinal Sections program module (see DRAW HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS <-AX, 31F).
The SAVE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS TO FILE dialog box explanation:

AXS output file "File combo box" Existing sections click this button to find the path to the AXS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the AXS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the name of the axis is identical to the name of an existing section, the old section data will be automatically overwritten. select the horizontal elements to be saved to the file (use "Ctrl" to select more than one axis). click this button to select all axes in the list. click this button to select the axis to be saved directly from the drawing (e.g. if you forgot the axis name of an element combination).
List of axes in the drawing Select all axes Select axis from drawing
See Appendix A for further information on AXS file format.
Define horizontal elements with BEST-FIT method 21EA
drawing the axis on the basis of the given points or the polyline with the method best-fit points or polylines axis (tangent polygon, main elements) 20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLyGON, 20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS 21E, 21F
The command 21EA on the basis of the given sequence of points or the polyline calculates and draws an axis that best fits to the given elements. As input data it is possible to give one or two (parallel) sequences of points or one or two (parallel) polylines, where the program can read points from. In case of two sequences of points or two polylines the program calculates the middle line and as input data the points from this line are taken. Output data is the axis with main elements that best follows the course of the given elements. After the start of the command the following dialog box appears:
Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x

One chain / two chains input data one or two sequences of points or one or two polylines
AutoCAD blocks Polyline Alignment name Max. radius
input data are the points or optional AutoCAD blocks, the user can choose an attribute for both groups from the drop-down list input data is the polyline or two polylines, the user can choose them in the drawing with the button the name of the new axis the parameter sets the limit between the circular arcs and axes; it is possible to improve the result with changes, where smaller value means that the function perceives arcs with smaller radius better, greater value means greater sensitivity for the arcs with greater radius switched on option means that the function is trying to insert the spirals in the curves with the given parameter R/A or greater (maximum 5), whenever it is possible switched on option means, that the function is trying to reconstruct from the input data also the tangents and connect them with help from spirals with the reconstructed arcs, where they consider the given minimal ratio R/A that must be valid for in such way gained spirals.
Spirals
Detect straight lines
With the help of the described settings in the dialog it is possible to strongly influence the end result and the error.
2.6.
21F - Edit horizontal elements
This command group enables editing of already drawn axis main elements. Editing of the main elements is possible by means of a tangent polygon. Using a tangent polygon, you can describe any combination of main elements. This way you can draw a tangent polygon for editing of the main elements via already drawn main elements. Whenever an axis is edited, 21L1 function is automatically invoked. Program calculates individual lane widenings and the Draw lane dialog box automatically appears on your screen. Using this dialog box, you can change parameters, import or save widenings in a file or check a calculation standard. For details see the 21L1 command.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: drawing of a tangent polygon based on current axis main elements main elements tangent polygon 20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLYGON 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8 DRAW TANGENT-POLYGON FROM HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21F1
To edit a current axis main elements you need to draw a tangent polygon. Use this command if the main elements were drawn employing one of these commands: DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS (21E1), DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS WITH STICK METHOD (21E2), Read horizontal elements <- AXS (21E6).
After invoking of the command, a tangent polygon (normally used for editing of the main elements with commands such as 21F2, 21F3, 21F4, 21F5 and 21F6) is drawn on the 20_axis-name_TANGENT POLYGON layer.
Command name: Command name: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: editing of the main elements in tangent polygon vertices tangent polygon vertex edited main elements 20_axis-name_TANGENT_POLYGON, 20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8 EDIT HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS IN TANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX 21F2
The 21F2 command is intended for editing of the main elements belonging to a selected tangent polygon vertex. To use this command you need to draw a tangent polygon (see the 21F1) via main elements. After invoking of the command, command line reads: Select object:
Select a tangent polygon vertex and the following dialog appears:
Using the Previous and Next buttons, move among the tangent polygon vertices. Program marks a selected vertex by a red square. The Ver tex edito r dialog box description:
Type R1 L1 R Select a vertex type. Options include: LRL, LR, RL, LL, Auto. See the Vertex type descriptions section. Intial spiral radius 1 (optional). R1 should be always bigger than R. By setting of the initial spiral radius, construct a compound spiral. Spiral angle length 1. If L1 isn't checked, a spiral length will equal 0 (L1=0). Arc radius (with the LRL vertex type) or final spiral radius (with the LR and RL vertex type). User interactively selects a radius by clicking R. After the R button has been activated, command line executes the radius selection step. Spiral angle length 2. If L2 isn't checked, a spiral length will equal 0 (L2=0). Final spiral radius 2 (optional). R2 should be always bigger than R. By setting of the final spiral radius, construct a compound spiral. XL/DL ratio. See drawing in a dialog box. In case the r_L ratio selection is activated, you cannot select an appropriate L parameter as it is one-way defined by the r_L
L2 R2 r_L
ratio. r_R XL/DR ratio. See drawing in a dialog box. In case the r_R ratio selection is activated, you cannot select an appropriate L parameter as it is one-way defined by the r_R ratio. If the Auto vertex type has been selected, you can have a possiblity to choose between the drawing of spirals or arc without spirals. You can select the R/A parameter only if the Draw spirals option is activated. Using this parameter, you select a ratio between an arc radius and parameter A of both spirals.
Draw spirals R/A
Vertex type descriptions: LRL ... vertex consists of three main elements spiral 1, arc and spiral 2. Both spirals are optional and can be omitted. In a dialog box, select L1, L2 and L3 parameters. Parameters L1 and L2 can be selected also by means of appropriate r_L in r_R ratios. LR ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2. In a dialog box, select L1 and R parameters. The L1 parameter can be selected also by means of appropriate r_L ali r_R ratio. RL ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2. In a dialog box, select R and L2 parameters. You can select the L2 parameters also by means of appropriate r_L ali r_R ratio. LL ... vertex consists of two main elements spiral 1 and 2. Auto ... vertex consists of three main elements spiral 1, arc and spiral 2. You can switch off both spirals by using the Draw spirals option. If this option is activated, select the R/A option. Program will seek for the biggest radius in a selected vertex that is compliant with the R/A condition.
The simplest way you can balance tangent lengths is to select the r_L and r_R ratios. If you don't want a tangent between the n and n+1 vertices, set the r_R ratio to 0.5 in vertex n. Then move on to the next vertex (n+1) and set the r_L ratio to 0.5. This way, you get S and C curves between the n and n+1 vertices. You can set any ratio. If both ratios' sum equals 1, there is no tangent between them. In certain combinations of the main element parameters, system is not mathematically solvable. You will see a warning message and main elements will not be drawn. In such cases you can activate the Auto type and regain solvable parameters.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: moving of tangent polygon vertex tangent polygon vertex edited main elements 20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis-name_ MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8 MOVE TANGENT POLYGON VERTEX 21F3
In addition to editing of the main elements in the tangent polygon vertices, you can edit them also by means of moving of a tangent polygon vertex. In order to use the command, you need to draw a tangent polygon via main elements (see 21F3 command). After invoking of the 21F3 command, select a tangent polygon vertex to be moved. Using a mouse select a new vertex position.
When selecting a vertex, new tangents are colored white and red. White stands for possible mathematic solution with selected parameters while red stands for impossible mathematic solution with selected parameters of an individual vertex. If the selected vertex type is Auto (see 21F1), program seeks the biggest possible R that is compliant with the R/A condition. While moving the vertex, tangents get colored in red when in selected position. This means that drawing by means of spirals is impossible. Program draws vertex elements without using the spirals. When moving the LRL vertex type, program retains the R parameter. If drawing using the selected R parameter is impossible, tangents get colored in red. After the vertex position has been selected, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: parallel moving of a tangent tangent polygon edited main elements 20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8 OFFSET TANGENT-POLYGON 21F4
Using the 21F4 command, you can make a parallel offset of a tangent. To use this command, tangent polygon needs to be drawn via main elements (see 21F1 command). After invoking the command, you select a tangent to be moved: Constant length (Yes/No)? <No>: You can select a constant or flexible tangent length. When selecting the flexible tangent length, inclinations of the neighbouring tangents are retained. If a selected vertex type is Auto (see 21F1), program seeks the biggest possible R that is compliant with the R/A condition. While moving a tangent, tangents get colored in red when in selected position. This means that drawing by means of spirals is impossible. Program draws vertex elements without using the spirals. When moving the LRL vertex type, program retains the R parameter. If drawing using the selected R parameter isn't possible, tangents get colored in red. After the vertex position has been selected, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
ERASE TANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX 21F5
erasing of vertex and related main elements tangent polygon vertex edited main elements 20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21F5 command, erase a tangent polygon vertex and the main elements belonging to the selected vertex. Tangent polygon must comprise at least three vertices.
After the vertex has been erased, if a mathematic calculation of the main elements is possible, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: adding of vertex and related main elements tangent edited main elements 20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis-name_ MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8 ADD TANGENT-POLYGON VERTEX 21F6
Using the 21F6 command, add a new vertex to a tangent polygon. After invoking the command, select a new tangent onto which you want to add a new vertex and vertex position.
The Auto vertex type is entered (see 21F2 command).
After the vertex has been entered, if a mathematic calculation of the main elements is possible, main elements and their labels will be drawn via a tangent polygon.
REFRESH LABELS 21F7
Redrawing of the horizontal element labels according to the new project settings Horizontal elements Modified horizontal elements 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS 21A31
The output of the horizontal element labels can vary according to the current output settings. The default settings conform to the standards of individual countries but PLATEIA does not restrict you to use those setting only furthermore, you can modify the output of the labels to suit a lot of different needs. See Axes-Settings, parameter no. 5 to 30.
PLACE STATION LABELS IN MAIN POINTS 21F8
Labeling of horizontal element stations Label position Labeled horizontal elements 20_AXISNAME_ME_LABELS 21A31, 21F7
This command saves the horizontal element stations in drawing. Select a label position and click ENTER for a default setting. Example of the horizontal element station labeling:
Figure: Horizontal element station labeling.
DEFINE NEW AXIS-NAME FOR THE SELECTED ELEMENTS 21F9
Assigning a new axis name to selected elements Horizontal elements Modified horizontal elements 20_NEWAXISNAME_MAIN_ELEMENTS and 20_NEWAXISNAME_ME_LABELS 21C, 21E7
This command can be used to divide a large longitudinal axis into two or more smaller axes. Procedure is as follows: 1. 2. 3. Define a new axis name with the appropriate parameter values set (e.g., starting station). (See the description of the Axes-Manager, 21C command.) Start the Define new axis-name for the selected elements (21F9) command, select the elements you would like to include in the new axis, and select the new axis from the axes list. Numerate the newly defined elements with the Numerate horizontal elements (21E7) command.
A similar procedure could also be used to combine smaller axes into a single larger one.
ERASE TANGENT-POLYGON AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21FA none erasing of a tangent polygon and the main elements tangent polygon
20_axis-name_TANGENT _POLYGON, 20_axis-name_MAIN_ELEMENTS 21F, 21E1, 21E2, 21E8
Using the 21FA command, erase a tangent polygon and related main elements. After invoking the command, select any tangent from the tangent polygon. If axis comprises several tangent polygons, command will erase only a selected one and related main elements.
Using this command, erase both a tangent polygon and related main elements. Tangent polygon is drawn on the 20_axis-name_TANGENT POLYGON which can be switched off.
2.7.
21G - Longitudinal Axis
The longitudinal axis is a line, representing the path of the entire horizontal alignment. It is drawn using a two-dimensional polyline that is placed across the horizontal elements.
DRAW LONGITUDINAL AXIS 21G1
Placing of a two-dimensional polyline across the horizontal elements of the axis Horizontal elements Longitudinal axis (polyline) 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES 21C, 21A31
This command draws the longitudinal axis (a polyline), thus concluding the design phase of constructing and modifying horizontal elements. The longitudinal axis, created on the layer 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer, represents the basis for the future construction of cross axes and for the measuring of stations. After starting the DRAW LONGITUDINAL AXIS (21G1) command, select the first horizontal element (i.e. the element with the lowest serial number) in set of horizontal elements that represent the longitudinal axis. The program automatically finds the subsequent horizontal elements and connects them with a polyline. If the elements have not been defined accurately and close enough to each other, the polyline will only be drawn to the point, where the first error occurred.
The first station of the longitudinal axis is the Starting station as defined in the Axes-Managers (command 21C) dialog box. The Draw longitudinal axis (21G1) command draws a polyline across the horizontal elements. This line represents the longitudinal axis and consists of straight-line sections. The number of sections depends on the Allowed distance between chord and arc for longitudinal-axis approximation setting (see Axes-Settings, parameter no. 201001). The greater the value, the less vertices define the curve resulting in a lower accuracy when working with stations.
CONVERT PLINE TO LONGITUDINAL AXIS 21G2
Converting of a normal PLINE entity into a longitudinal axis Normal two-dimensional polyline Longitudinal axis (polyline) 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES 21G1
With this command you can convert an arbitrary two-dimensional polyline into a longitudinal axis, without the need of having to define the horizontal elements of the axis first. This allows designers of watercourses, railroads, etc. to use the possibilities of PLATEIA 2008 to their advantage too. After starting the Convert PLINE to longitudinal axis (21G2) command and selecting the appropriate polyline, the program creates a new longitudinal axis along the selected polyline on the 20_AXISNAME_ LONG_AXES layer.
PLACE STATION LABELS 21G3
Labeling the longitudinal axis with hectometer labels Longitudinal axis Hectometer labels 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS
This command creates station labels along the longitudinal axis in 100 m (hectometer) interval steps. The labels are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES_LABELS layer.
Figure: Creating of station labels along the longitudinal axis.

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Defining the axis starting station based on the station of a selected point Longitudinal axis None This command does not use any 21C DEFINE STATION FOR THE SELECTED POINT 21G4
With this command you can calculate the starting station of the longitudinal axis based on the station of a selected axis point. Select the appropriate point and enter its station. The result can be verified with the Axes Manager (command 21C).
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: PLACE HORIZONTAL-ELEMENT LABELS TO LINE,ARC,PLINE 21G5 None Labelling of selected horizontal elements Line, Polyline, or Arc entities Labels current layer
You can use this command to simply label Line, Polyline or Arc entities representing the road axis and/or its horizontal elements. Usually this command is used when planning roads and ways where no transition curves are used between tangents and arcs. After you have started the command, select the Line, Polyline or Arc entities to be labelled. The Draw labels for LINE, ARC, PLINE dialog box appears:
The Draw labels for LINE, ARC, PLINE dialog box explanation:
Label height Line length Side (Left/Right) Label position (Up/Left) enter the text height for the R= labels here. enter the length of the perpendicular label line here that is created at the beginning and at the end of individual horizontal elements. select the side for the label line placement here. select the side for the R= label placement here;
Use Up to place the label above the respective entity and Left to place it on the left side of the entity (as seen when looking from the first station).
Figure: Assorted examples of labelled Line, Polyline or Arc entities elements.
DEFINE CONTROL POINTS 21G6 none control point definition
control points this command does not use them 21G7, 21G8, 21G1
Using the 21G6 command, you define control points. Control points are similar to the layout points and can be edited using the commands from the Layout module. After invoking the command, you enter control points interactively. If you select N in a command line, the Control points dialog box opens.
The Control points dialog box description:

Radius 1 Radius 2 External control point radius. Radius can be entered manually or selected interactively in drawing by pressing Radius 1. Internal control point radius. Radius can be entered manually or selected interactively in drawing by pressing Radius 2. R2 can be also set to the 0 value. Setting for checking control points according to longitudinal axis. This option can be set to in or out. In stands for longitudinal axis placed between R1 and R2. Out stands for longitudinal axis placed out of R1 and crossing both R1 and R2. Prefix used for point labeling Set a point label counter starting value. For each newly entered point, counter value changes for 1. Select a point type
Control-point and axis position
Prefix Counter starting value Point type
EDIT CONTROL POINTS 21G7 none control point editing control points control points this command does not use them 21G6, 21G8, 21G1
Using the 21G7 command, you can edit control points in a drawing. After invoking the command, you can select any control point element to be edited. You can even select several points at a time.
The Data editing dialog box description:

Radius 1 Radius 2 Control-point and axis position External control point radius. Internal control point radius. R2 can be set to the 0 value. Setting for checking control points according to longitudinal axis. This option can be set to in or out. In stands for longitudinal axis placed between R1 and R2. Out stands for longitudinal axis placed out of R1 and crossing both R1 and R2. Show/Do not show control-point radii
Show control-point radius
CONTROL POINTS - REPORT 21G8 none control point report production control points and longitudinal axis file with report this command does not use them 21G6, 21G7, 21G1
Using the 21G8 command, you can produce a control point report. In addition to individual point data, report contains the point position according to a longitudinal axis. After invoking the
command, select control points to be included in the report. Using a dialog box, select a file to which the report is to be written. File contains the following columns: LABEL ... point label, X point X coordinate, Y point Y coordinate, RADIUS1 control point external radius, RADIUS2 control point internal radius, CONTROL POINT AND AXIS POSITION control point position set using the 21G6 or 21G7 commands, RESULT control point check-up result according to axis. If the point matches the control point and axis position condition, program writes OK to the report. Otherwise, program writes ERROR.
Report example:
# OS_0 * OZNAKA 4 3 2 1 Y 115.86 73.97 0.00 271.24 X 794.46 549.79 0.00 368.66 RADIJ1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 RADIJ2 LEGA KONTROLNE TOKE GLEDE NA OS 50.00 Znotraj 0.00 Znotraj OK 0.00 Znotraj 50.00 Znotraj REZULTAT NAPAKA NAPAKA NAPAKA
2.8.
21H - Cross Axes
After the longitudinal axis has been placed across the horizontal elements, you can construct cross axes. Cross axes that are draped on the surface of the digital terrain model (DTM) are cross sections. Using commands from the Cross Axes command group, you can create cross axes on arbitrary stations as follows: equidistant (at regular intervals), at specific stations saved in a CAX file, through selected points on the longitudinal axis or in the main points of the axis.
Figure: Construction of cross axes. Cross axes are drawn as two-dimensional polylines on the 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES layer. Cross axes are dynamic objects. This refers to automatic refreshing of cross axes after the longitudinal axis has changed. The axes, defined by station, change their position. The axes that have been converted from user-drawn polylines change their stations. To save the geometry of cross sections, use commands from the 21K group. The cross axes related parameters allow you to gain access to a large number of different settings. The most important ones are: Automatic refreshing of cross axes, Station labels, Cross-axis profile-number-label text height and Station text-height.
1. Automatic refreshing of cross axes (see command 21A31) This parameter 202024 controls automatic refreshing of cross axes after the longitudinal axis has changed (1-Yes, 0-No).
2. Cross-axis station (See command 21A31) This setting allows you to choose between eight different station label formats Example: a.) 1.2+03.45 e.) 1.2+03.456 b.) 1+203.45 f.) 1+203.456 c.) 1203.45 g.) 1203.456 d.) 03.45 h.) 03.456
3. Cross-axis profile-number-label text height (See the 21A31) This parameter defines the output height of the cross-axis labels. When selecting a text height, the scale in which the plan will be plotted also has to be considered. A value of 2 means 2 mm on paper in a scale of 1:1000 and 4 mm in a scale of 1:500.
4. Cross-axis station-label text height (See the 21A31 command, parameter no. 202009.) This parameter defines the output height of the cross-axis station labels. When selecting a text height, the scale in which the plan will be plotted also has to be considered. A value of 2 means 2 mm on paper in a scale 1:1000 and 4 mm in a scale of 1:500.
... EQUIDISTANT 21H1
Creating of cross axes with a constant intermediate interval Longitudinal axis Cross axes (two-dimensional polylines) 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES 21H
The command constructs several cross axes at equal distance and characteristic points:
The Dr aw cr o s s -axes dialog box explanation:

Cross-axes types Equidistant inside limits : Cross axes are created equidistantly along the whole axis (option Over the whole interval) or within the specified limits. In the latter case, enter the starting and ending station by typing values in the edit boxes . Either the or select them from the drawing by clicking the button first cross axis can be aligned at the starting station (option Align at starting station) or the last cross axis can be aligned at the ending station (option Align at ending station). Cross-axes types At the start point Cross-axes types At the end point Cross-axes types At the h. el. Start/end points Cross-axes parameters Distance between Cross-axes [m] Cross-axes parameters Width left [m] Cross-axes parameters Width right [m] Cross-axes parameters Prefix of the cross-axis name Cross-axes parameters Starting cross-axis counter Cross-axes parameters Cross-axis counter Select whether axes numbers increase or decrease. Enter starting number for axes numbering. Enter the distance between individual generated cross axes (measured according to the stationing in meters). Enter the left width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the beginning of the longitudinal axis). Enter the right width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the beginning of the longitudinal axis). Enter prefix for cross axes names. Draw cross axes in horizontal elements' start/end points Draw cross axis at the ending station Draw cross axis at the starting station
Parameters related to the command: [202003] Distance between cross-axes for equidistant generation (>0) (20.0) [202020] Cross-axes width left (>0) (30.0) [202022] Cross-axes width right (>0) (30.0)
... READ DATA FROM FILE <- CAX 21H2
Creating of cross axes based on the input data from a CAX file Longitudinal axis, CAX file Cross axes (polylines) 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES 21H9
With this command you can create cross axes using a batch procedure by reading data from a CAX file. You can insert a single cross axis as well as a whole set of them as follows: For a single axis - define the appropriate station and width of the left/right side. For sets of axes - define the appropriate region using the starting/ending stations and the constant distance between cross axes.
New feature in PLATEIA is saving and reading non-linear cross-axes. In case with nonlinear cross-axes file CAX contains data of all polyline vertices that define cross-axes. See Appendix A for further information on CAX file format.
... THROUGH DEFINED POINTS 21H3
Creating of cross axes in selected longitudinal-axis points Longitudinal axis, longitudinal-axis points Cross axes (polylines) 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES
The Through defined Points (21H3) command allows you to interactively create cross axes at selected longitudinal-axis points. Select an arbitrary number of points along the longitudinal axis. After that the program generates the appropriate cross axes automatically.
Description of the Draw cross-axes at the station dialog box:

Station Enter station, at which the cross axis should be drawn. In the brackets the starting and ending station f the longitudinal axis are displayed. The station can be picked from the drawing by clicking the Cross-axes parameters Width left [m] Cross-axes parameters Width right [m] Cross-axes parameters Prefix of the cross-axis name Cross-axes parameters Starting cross-axis counter Cross-axes parameters Cross-axis counter Draw multiple cross axes Click this button to draw multiple cross axes. The dialog box will close. Locations for the cross axes will be selected from the drawing Select whether axes numbers increase or decrease. Enter starting number for axes numbering. button.
Enter the left width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the beginning of the longitudinal axis). Enter the right width of the generated cross axes (as seen from the beginning of the longitudinal axis). Enter prefix for cross axes names.
Parameters related to the command: Paremeters of the command 21H5
... CONVERT PLINE TO CROSS-AXIS 21H4
Converting of an arbitrary (possibly broken) PLINE entity into a cross axis Arbitrary two-dimensional polyline, intersecting with the longitudinal axis Cross axis (polyline) 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES
This command converts an arbitrary two-dimensional PLINE entity into a cross axis, allowing you to create cross axes that are not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The cross axis can also be a broken line.
Selected polyline must be oriented correctly (from left to right), otherwise it can be mirrored while converted to a cross axis.
In the dialog box, specify the cross axis name. The list of existing cross section names appears in the list below. Click OK to finish the command.
Figure: Conversion of a PLINE entity into cross axis.
CROSS AXES LABELS SETTINGS 21H5
Labeling of cross axes with appropriate profile numbers and stations Cross axes Station and/or profile-number labels 20_AXISNAME_CA_LABELS 21H
This command is used to define the display and the position of the labels. The following dialog box appears:
The Cr o s s -axes an d s tatio n tables s ettin gs dialog box explanation:

Cross-axes Select the cross axes to which the changes should be applied
Single
If the option Single is off, the settings will apply to all axes. If it is selected, the cross axes to which the settings will be applied can be selected by clicking in the list or by picking them from the drawing. Click Pick to do the latter. Click Deselect to deselect all cross axes in the list. Select the side at which the labels will be displayed (in the flow direction)
Labels Side Labels X-displacement from the: Labels
The distance in the local x direction (the direction of the cross axis) from the cross axis endpoint. The distance in the local y direction (the direction perpendicular to the cross axis) from the cross axis endpoint.
Y-displacement from the: Click to select the label position in the drawing. Stations Side Stations X-displacement from the: Stations Y-displacement from the: The distance in the local x direction (the direction of the cross axis) from the cross axis endpoint. The distance in the local y direction (the direction perpendicular to the cross axis) from the cross axis endpoint. Select the side at which the labels will be displayed (in the flow direction)
Parameters related to the command: [202001] Cross-axis station (1-X.X+XX.XX,2-X+XXX.XX,3-XXXX.XXX,4-XX.XX,5-X.X+XX.XXX,6X+XXX.XXX,7-XXXX.XXX,8-XX.XXX) (1) [202008] Distance between cross-axis station-label and endpoint of cross-axis (>=0) (5.0) [202009] Cross-axis station-label text height (> 0) (4.0) [202010] Side for placing station-labels (0-Left, 1-Right) (0) [202011] Side for placing cross-axes profile-numbers and station-labels (0-Left, 1-Right) (0) [202013] Cross-axis profile-numbers (0-increase, 1-decrease) (0) [202014] Distance between cross-axis profile-number-label and endpoint of cross-axis (>=0) (5.0) [202015] Cross-axis profile-number-label text height (> 0) (4.0) [202016] Prefix for profile-number-label (can be also without prefix) (P) [202017] Side for placing cross-axes labels (0-left, 1-right) (1) [202018] Starting cross-axis profile-number (1) [202019] Placing cross-axes profile-number-labels (0-on every cross-axis, 1-on selected crossaxes) (0)
RENAME CROSS AXIS 21H6
rename cross axis Cross axes new cross axis label 20_AXISNAME_CA_LABELS 21H
Use this command to rename a cross axis. Name can be fixed (user-specified) or automatic (prefix + counter depending on the axis station). Fixed names always remain the same, while automatic names may change if new axes are inserted. After selecting a cross axis, the following dialog box appears:
Description of the Rename cross axis dialog:

Automatically assigned name New fixed name for the cross axis List of the existing cross-axes Fix names of cross axes in the drawing Changes the axis name to default name (prefix+counter), defined when the cross axis was drawn (see 23G1 23G4). Select this option to enter a new fixed user-defined name. List of the existing cross-axes. Select the cross axes that should be converted to fixed names.
ERASE CROSS AXES 21H7
erase cross axes of the current axis Cross axes longitudinal axes without cross axes
21H
This command erases cross axes of the current longitudinal axis.
SAVE CROSS AXES TO FILE -> RCA 21H8
Saving a cross axis extract to a RCA file Cross axes RCA file This command does not use any.
The Save cross axes to file -> RCA (21H8) command creates an extract of the defined cross axes and saves it to a RCA file. The following is the RCA file format: PROFILE_NO STAT EAST NORTH DIR_ANGLE The meaning of individual abbreviations: PROFILE_NO ... profile number STAT ... station EAST ... EAST coordinate of the cross section axis NORTH ... NORTH coordinate of the cross section axis DIR_ANGLEW ... direction angle of the cross section
The direction angle depends on the defined starting orientation. If no starting orientation is defined, the direction angle is obtained as follows: 0 degrees, if the section lies in direction east-west and 90 degrees, if the section lies in direction north-south.
Angles can be measured in degree (90) or gradient (100). See Appendix A for further information on RCA file format
VERIFY AND SAVE CROSS-AXES -> CAX 21H9
Verifying of cross axes and saving them to a CAX file Cross axes CAX file This command does not use any. 21H2
After placing cross axes on the longitudinal axis, you can verify them and save them to a CAX file. The Verify and save cross-axes -> CAX (21H9) command verifies whether some of the defined cross axes are overlapping and automatically eliminates the redundant ones. After the verification process has been finished, the program asks you whether you would like to save the cross axes to a CAX file.
See Appendix A for further information on the CAX file format.

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: construction of cross axes from points in a layout points in the layout and the longitudinal axis cross axes of the type 2D POLYLINE 20_AXISNAME_CROAX 21H Cross axes from points 21HA
The command replaces an existing command Read profiles from layout points > LON, CAX, CAX. It enables drawing of the cross axes on the basis of points in individual profiles along the axis, namely on the basis of more selected methods. Besides the classic method and the zigzag method of the cross axes drawing, that was enabled by an existent command, the new function enables drawing of the cross axes on the basis of a regression method. Here we have two options, namely: Perpendicular regression and Ordinary regression
All together the function enables the drawing of cross axes from points in the layout using four different methods that are described in the following text. Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x Cr o s s axes f r o m po in ts
Data source CGS points: Civil3D points: Layer:
The user gives the data source in the drawing CGS points (ACAD blocks) with appropriate attributes Civil3D points (CoGo points) The user can select the layer, where the points of the cross sections are, from which he wants to draw the cross axes. There can be more points with defined cross sections in the drawing but only those that are on the defined layer will be considered. The user defines the method and on its basis the cross axes are drawn
Method for drawing cross axes
Perpendicular regression Ordinary regression Classic Zigzag
Cross axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis on the basis of the linear regression Cross axes to the longitudinal axis on the basis of the linear regression Cross axes to axis according to the intersection with the closest points The longitudinal axis connects the points of an individual cross section
Settings Width left: Width right:
The user defines the width for the axes drawing left and right The width of the cross axis on the left of the longitudinal axis The width of the cross axis on the right of the longitudinal axis
Drawing of the cross axes from points on the basis of the perpendicular regression:
Perpendicular regression
Ordinary regression
The method with the perpendicular regression draws the cross axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, where the position of the cross axis is defined on the basis of the smallest squares of an individual points offset from the defined position of the cross axis.
The method with ordinary regression draws a cross axis only on the basis of the smallest squares of the points offset from the defined cross axis. The eventual perpendicular position of the created cross axis to the longitudinal axis is merely coincidental.
Classic method
Zigzag method
The classic method draws the connection between two points that lie closest to the longitudinal axis on each side. At the intersection point of the connection with the longitudinal axis it draws he cross axis.
The zigzag method is the simplest method and simply draws the cross axis on the basis of the connection drawing between points that belong to the same profile or that have the same attribute PR_PROF
Condition for the drawing of cross axes from layout points are properly noted values in an individual point block that defines which cross section along the axis belongs one or more points. The value of an attribute PR_PROF must be filled for each point:
2.9.
21I - Correspondent cross-sections

DEFINE CORRESPONDENT CROSS-SECTIONS -> DIS, CAX 21I1
calculating and labeling of distances between two axes to a drawing and DIS and CAX files
two longitudinal axes DIS and CAX files this command does not use them 21I2,21H2
Similary as with the 21I2 command (Distance betweeen two axes -> DIS, CAX ), the Define correspondent cross-sections command (21I1) relates to a problem when you have several axes in your drawing and you are interested in their relationship. A difference between the upper mentioned commands lies in the fact that in the latter a cross-axis breaks. In other words, cross-axes of the main axis and cross-axes of the side axis are perpendicular to their longitudinal axes. Cross-axis break point is always at the same distance from both axes (d1=d2). That is why axis calculated using the 21I1 command breaks and the distance written to the DIS file is d1+d2 (see figure below). Crossaxes get written to the CAX file. (see the 21H2 command).
When calculating correspondent cross-sections of the side axis, bear in your mind that your active axis needs to be the main axis (see the 21C command). This command can arrange cross-sections of the side axis according to the cross-sections of the main axis. For DIS file: name_profile distance X Y For CAX file: sta_km sta_m wid_left wid_right ; ; ; ; station in km station in m cross-axis width, left cross-axis width, right ; ; ; ; cross-axis, current axis name distance between two axes cross-axis intersection with another axis coordinate cross-axis intersection with another axis coordinate
See Appendix A for further details regarding the DIS and CAX file structure description.
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO AXES -> DIS, CAX 21I2
Calculating the distances between two axes and entering them into the drawing / saving them to DIS and CAX files
Two longitudinal axes DIS and CAX files This command does not use any. 21H2
Figure: Distances between two axes. Many roadways that you will design by PLATEIA will also feature approach ways and exits. An individual cross section can thus intersect with the primary and the secondary road axis at the same time. The Distance between two Axes -> DIS, CAX (21I2) command allows you to determine the distance between the primary and the secondary axis. The resulting distances are dimensioned in the drawing and saved to a DIS file. If requested, a CAX file can be generated as well. The DIS file contains the distances and coordinates of the secondary axis intersections with the primary cross sections. The second file (CAX) can be used as the input file for constructing cross axes on the secondary longitudinal axis. Data saved in a DIS file: sect_name distance X cross axis Y cross axis ; name of the current cross axis ; distance between the axes ; coordinate of the secondary axis intersection with the primary ; coordinate of the secondary axis intersection with the primary
Data saved in a CAX file: km m wi_left wi_right ; ; ; ; station KM station M left cross-axis width right cross-axis width
See Appendix A for further information on DIS and CAX file formats.
2.10. 21J - DRAPE AXES TO DTM
DRAPE LONGITUDINAL AXIS AND CROSS-AXES 21J1
Draping of a longitudinal axis and cross axes to the digital terrain model (DTM) Longitudinal axis and cross axes Three-dimensional axes (three-dimensional polylines) 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES 21K1, 21K2, 21K3
The command enables the draping of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes for the needs of data preparation for the longitudinal section and the cross sections. At the start of the command the data source for the drape execution is chosen. The data source can be: digital terrain model points in individual profiles along the axis.
The digital terrain model can be of the type Civil3D surface or basic 3D face. After the start of the command Drape the longitudinal axis and all cross axes (21J1) a dialog box appears where the user chooses the data source (surface of the program Civil3D, element 3D face or CGS points):
selection of Civil3D digital terrain model:
After the selection of the digital terrain model the program offers all existing terrains in the drawing, on which the drape of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes can be executed. Furthermore, in the dialog box can be defined, which terrain will be defined as an existing ground for the use in the longitudinal and cross sections.
Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x Dr ape Civ il3D

Select a surface Existing ground From the list of Civil3D surfaces in the drawing (sorted by the surface names) the one is chosen, on which we wish to drape the axes. If this option is chosen, the program will handle this surface as existing ground. Only one surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. An existing ground can afterwards also be replaced.
If later you wish to change the data source for an existing ground, you tick the option Existing ground again after the selection of another ground and confirm the selection:
The program will overwrite the previous existing ground with the data of newly selected ground. The projections apply to all the grounds in Civil3D, also the ones that were created on the layer 0. selection of CGS points:
After the selection of the CGS points as data source for the projection creation of the longitudinal and cross axis the user firstly chooses a layer, on which the points are arranged on which basis the user wishes to create a projection. Similarly as when creating an existing ground on the basis of the Civil3D digital terrain model, the user can define which points layer will be defined as the data source for an existing ground.
Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x Dr ape CGS po in ts

Select a surface Existing ground From the list of layers on which the points are arranged the one is chosen, where the points are, on which the projection of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes is to be done. The program will treat the selected source of points on the given layer as an existing ground. Only one surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. An existing ground can afterwards also be replaced.
The drape on the Civil3D digital terrain model and CGS points is dynamically executed, when the geometry of the longitudinal axis is changing and so it is not necessary to drape on the selected data source every time. The data source has to be defined only for the first time, the changes on the longitudinal axis or the cross axes are dynamically reflected in the longitudinal and cross sections. The longitudinal axis and the cross axes are basically planimetrical lines (2D PLINE), drawn on the layers 20_IMEOSI_VZOSI OR 20_IMEOSI_PROSI. After the draping of the longitudinal axis and the cross axes you get 3-dimensional polygon lines (3DPOLY) on the layer 20_IMEOSI_3D_OSI. On this layer the 3D axes of an existing ground are drawn. 3D axes of additional grounds are drawn on layers 20_IMEOSI_3D_OSI_IMEPOVRSINE. The longitudinal axis and the cross axes stay intact. Parameters, related to the command: [200108] Automatic refreshing of the 3D axis (0-No, 1-Yes)
The draped longitudinal and cross axes can be saved with the commands Reading the longitudinal section in -> LAE (see command 21K1) and Reading cross sections in -> CRO (see command 21K2).
DRAPE SELECTED CROSS-AXES ONLY 21J2
Draping of selected cross axes onto the digital terrain model (DTM) Cross axes Three-dimensional axes (three-dimensional polylines) 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES 21J1, 21K1, 21K2, 21K3
In some cases we wish to create a drape on some of the created cross axes or vice versa, but we dont wish to perform a drape on some of the cross axes in the drawing. In this case we use the command Drape only defined cross axes that enables such an option. After invoking the command Drape only defined cross axes (21J2) the following dialog box opens according to the selection of civil3D digital terrain models or the CGS points as the data source for the projection creation: Selection of Civil3D digital terrain model:
Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x Dr ape
Select a surface Select axes Cross-axes
In the window Select surface is the list of all defined surfaces in the drawing. We select the surface from the list, on which the axes should be draped.
In the window Cross-axes is the list of all defined axes in the drawing. We select the axes from the list that we wish to drape. The program drapes the longitudinal axis. The program will treat the selected surface as an existing ground. Only one surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. The program will treat the selected surface as a level.
Longitudinal axis Existing ground Level
selection of CGS points:
Des cr iptio n o f th e dialo g bo x Dr ape

Select a surface Select axes Cross-axes In the window Cross-axes appears a list of all cross axes in the drawing that were created on the basis of the points in the profiles. The names of the axes are equal to the attribute PR_PROF that is mutual to all the points in an individual profile. The profiles we wish to drape are chosen from the list. The program drapes the longitudinal axis The program will treat the selected surface as an existing ground. Only one surface in the drawing can be an existing ground. In the window Select a surface appears a list of all layers, on which the points in the drawing are arranged. We select the layer from the list, on which the axes should be draped.
Longitudinal axis Existing ground
Level
The program will treat the selected surface as a level.
2.11. 21K - Save Sections

This command group is used for creating files with saved the longitudinal (LON) and cross sections (CRO). These files can later be used in the Longitudinal sections and Cross-sections modules of PLATEIA.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Saving of the longitudinal section draped onto the DTM to a LON file Three-dimensional longitudinal axis LON file This command does not use any. 21J1, 31E1 SAVE LONGITUDINAL SECTION FROM DRAPED AXIS ON DTM -> LON 21K1
This command has variable tipes of saving longitudinal section. One is saving only projection on base ground, projection on additional ground or projection of longitudinal section on all grounds. The base ground is here important. In saved LON file the base ground is ending whith .0, when other grounds are named after the name of ground. Base ground in longitudinal and cross sections is in tabels, additional grounds are used as tools for checkin the condition of grounds, etc
The Sav e Lo n gitu din al Sectio n dialog box expalanation:

Using the explorer select the folder to which the LON file is to be saved; Floating list - popup Section/Surface List of already used LON files in the project where the first file is provided as the offered LON file option; Select section or surface to be saved Data to be saved preview List of Axes Select all Axes Select Axis in the Drawing All existing axes are shown. Select an axis with a longitudinal profile you want to save to a file. Using the Ctrl button, more than one axis can be selected. Select all axes from the list to be saved to the CAX file. Select desired axis from the drawing.
Use the saved LON file to draw the longitudinal section in the Longitudinal sections program module (See Draw terrain <- LON, 31E1). See Appendix A for further information on LON file format.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Saving of the cross sections draped onto the DTM to a CRO file Three-dimensional cross axes CRO file This command does not use any. 21J1, 41E1 SAVE CROSS-SECTIONS FROM DRAPED AXES ON DTM -> CRO 21K2
See the command 21K1 for description and orders.
Save crosssections dialog box explanation:

Using the explorer select the folder to which a LON file is to be saved; Floating list-popup Section/Surface List of already used LON files in the project where the first file is provided as the offered LON file option; Select a section or surface to be saved Data to be saved preview Selection of cross-axes Section name List of Axes Select all axes Select Axis in the Drawing Select All for saving of all cross-sections belonging to the selected axis or Single (of the Current Axis) for saving individual axes selected later. If saving to an individual axis file, you need to define a section name under which file sections will be saved. A similar name to axis name is recommended. All existing axes are shown. Select an axis with a longitudinal profile you want to save to the file. Using the Ctrl button, you can select more than one axis. Select all axes from the list to be saved to the CAX file. You can select a desired axis from the drawing.
The Cross sections program module uses database and/or the CRO file to draw cross sections. See Draw terrain <- CRO , 41E1. See Appendix A for further information on CRO file format.
SAVE LONGITUDINAL SECTION FROM 3DPOLY -> LON 21K3
Converting of an arbitrary three-dimensional polyline into a longitudinal section and saving it to a LON file
Arbitrary three-dimensional polyline LON file This command does not use any. 31E1
Use this command to save an arbitrary three-dimensional polyline as a longitudinal section. This way you can create a longitudinal section that does not necessarily have to be a road axis.
The Sav e 3Dpo ly dialog box explanation:

LON output file "File combo box" Existing sections Section name Calculating points click this button to find the path to the LON file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the LON file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of sections saved in the selected file; if the Section name (see below) is identical to the name of an existing section, the old data will be automatically overwritten. enter the name of the file section, the longitudinal sections will be saved to, here. select one of the following options from the drop down list: Calculate and Do not calculate. If you select the first option (i.e., Calculate), an appropriate serial number (1, 2, 3, etc.) will be assigned to each vertex of the three-dimensional polyline. Otherwise the vertex serial numbers will be equal 0 (meaning that the points will not be entered into the longitudinal section table in the Longitudinal sections program module). here you can enter the starting station of the longitudinal section.
Km, m
Use the LON file to draw the longitudinal section in the Longitudinal sections program module. See Draw terrain <- LON, 31E1. See Appendix A for further information on LON file format.
Command name:
SAVE LONGITUDINAL SECTION FROM 3D-PLINE ACCORDING TO THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS -> LON
Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
21K4 none saving longitudinal section from 3D->LON along active axis any 3D polyline LON file this command does not use them 31E1, 21K3
This command enables saving of any 3D polyline (ditch, wall, etc.) which is located near the active axis to the LON file. This way it is possible to draw also other sections to the longitudinal section besides the road section. For example, you can present a wall elevation in correlation to the road elevation.
The Sav e lo n gitu din al s ectio n dialog box description:

LON filename Existing sections Using the explorer, find the LON filepath. Existing sections already in file. If the Section name to which 3D PLINE belongs is equal to the existing one, old data in section get erased and will be replaced by the new ones. Section name under which a longitudinal section will be written to the file. Select for the 3D PLINE offsets to be written to the drawing or not.
Section name Put distance from the axis labels
Using the LON file, you can draw a longitudinal section in the PLATEIA-Longitudinal sections module (See the 31E1 command). In drawing, polyline offset distance from an active axis and point station can be read.
LON file structure is described in Appendix A.
Command name: Command code: Task: Input data: Ouput data: See also commands:
GENERATE PLATEIA POINTS AT CROSS-AXES/CONTOURS/BREAK-LINES INTERSECTIONS 21K5 inserting of PLATEIA points to the section intersection with contours and 3D lines contours and 3D lines, axis with crossaxes detailed points 21K6
Frequently, you use DWG drawings produced by means of photogrametry or vectorisation as a base for designing. Such drawings represent edges, ditches, terraces, waters and similar. If you wanted to calculate longitudinal and cross sections according to the selected axis, you needed to produce a digital relief model. This is a relatively demanding task, especially if designing bases are vast. That is why we have developed a command which calculates intersection points between longitudinal and cross axes and contours, that is, break lines based on selected axis, contours and edges. And without applying any DTM. The 21K5 command output results in drawn PLATEIA points at the intersections. The command output is similar to the one when sections are actually recorded and points get drawn using the Layout module. You can use such points in sections for actual result calculations that can be saved in LON (longitudinal section) and CRO (cross section) files. You can do this using the 21K6 command. This command enables saving of two point types, the PK_DP type and a new one called PK_AP type that has an added attribute (axis label) to be used for subsequent saving to LON file. PK_AP type is set as a default.
2.12. 21L - Roadway and lanes

This group contains commands for calculating curve expansions and drawing road edges, transition curves for opening/closing lanes (e.g., for bus stops) and cut/fill lines.
CALCULATE AND SAVE EXPANSIONS -> EX 21L1
Calculating expansions and saving them to an EX file Horizontal elements EX files
21L2, 21C2, 21C3
Because the rear wheels of a vehicle describe a smaller radius when driving in a curve than the front ones, the vehicle, consequently, occupies more space than when driving straight. The size of the necessary roadway expansion depends on the radius R of the curve and on the vehicle length. The expansion calculation is performed based on curve data, a combination of two vehicles and the design speed as specified in the 21C2 command, Road category. The result is an EX file, containing expansion data for the left and the right roadside. The vehicle combination of two vehicles (a car, bus and truck with trailer) and the expansion length can be defined in the commands dialog box. To define a combination of two identical vehicles, select only one vehicle type. Smaller roadways are sometimes designed using only Tangents and Curves without transition Spirals. Because there are no linear transitions between Tangents and Curves, this can lead to non-linear changes in the expansion size along the roadside. You can avoid this problem by setting the Half expansion-length value in the commands dialog box thus specifying the length of the transition between Tangents and Curves. You can also activate the Calculate checkbox to let the computer calculate the appropriate length automatically. The length is then calculated based on the following equation: LENGTH = 0.1*WIDTH*V
Where: WIDTH ... is the total road width (left and right lane) and V ... the design speed for this road segment.
Using the Calculate expansions and draw lanes command (21L1), you calculate widenings and insert lanes to a drawing. After invoking the command, the following dialog box appears:
The Calculate expansions and draw lanes dialog box description:

Draw expansions Calculation Standard Overwiev Half of transition length When this option is activated, program calculates expansions. If switched off, program draws lanes without calculating the expansions. Calculation standard appears. If you dont have spirals available, you need to define a transition-length, that is, a starting (ending) expansion point at the line-arc horizontal element. Offered option is an automatic calculation but you can set your own specific offset. Select a vehicle combination for a calculation of expansions. You can select 2 vehicles maximum. If you have selected only one vehicle, program considers a combination of two equal ones. Table shows calculated results. You can edit values for individual lane by clicking the appropriate field and typing in a new value. By pressing this button, insert the WID file. Program inserts a new row at the pointers tip. Selected row gets removed. By pressing this button, save the WID type file for subsequent insertion in longitudinal sections or in the same command. Switch on/off an automatic dialog activation when editing axes.
Vehicle-combination
Editor EXP >> Insert Remove >>EXP Dont show this dialog again
The WID type file structure is described in Appendix A.
ROAD-EDGE OR LANE OFFSET 21L3
Drawing a parallel line to the road edge Left/right road edge or any other two-dimensional polyline Left or right road edge (two-dimensional polyline) 20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_LEFT and 20_AXISNAME_ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT
Use this command to draw a parallel line to the selected road edge or to any other two-dimensional polyline. You have to enter the distance and the side (i.e. left- or right-hand side of the roadway).
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: 21L2, 21L3, 21L5 creating a widening alignment or polyline in the drawing, parameters from the dialog widening DRAW TRANSITION CURVES USING PARABOLAS/ARCS 21L4
This command can be used to draw widenings. Widening can consist of up to three parts: opening, mid part with a constant offset and closing. The opening and closing can be constructed with two parabolas or two arcs with or without a line in-between. Widenings can be drawn as polylines or alignments and are created as dynamic objects meaning that they are redrawn automatically when the source object changes.
The following dialog appears after starting the command:
In the upper left part of the dialog an element to draw the Widening has to be picked in the button. It can be a polylinie, or an alignment. It can also be a lane drawing by clicking the created by the "Widenings in curves" command. In this case the alignment that the lane belongs to is used to calculate the stations (start and end point of the widening). A few other parameters can be specified in the upper left part: Width of the widening (offset of the widening), Side (left or right) to draw the widening, Direction (forward to draw the widening in the direction of the source element or backward to draw it in the opposite direction), Design speed and Definition (length or end point). Changing the design speed will result in the recalculation of the lengths of the start and end segment if the widening is parabola-based and if it is defined by length (see below). The recalculation is done according to the following equation:
L z = Ve
i 3,
where Lz is the length of the start or end-segment, Ve is the design speed and i is the width of widening. If the source element is a lane or an alignment, the default design speed is read from the alignment. The "Definition" combo box affects the way the length of the parabola-based widening is defined (otherwise it is disabled). Selecting "Length" means that the end point will be calculated from the given lengths. Selecting "End point" means that the length of the middle line (or one of the other two parts if there is no middle line) will be calculated from the given end point.
In the upper right part of the dialog it is possible to define whether the widening will be tied to the given station or to the start point. That can be achieved by selecting "Station" or "Position" in the "Anchor" combo box. According to the selection the appropriate fields under the combo box are enabled allowing the user to enter a station (or a start point) manually or to pick it in the drawing via the "jig" buttons ( ). If "End point" is selected in the "Definition" combo box the same applies to the end station and end point fields just under the start point. In the mid part of the dialog the user can enable the parts he would like to draw by checking the "Draw" check boxes under all three categories. A widening can be made of any of the following three parts: opening (Start of widening), straight part (Middle line) and closing (End of widening). Straight part is the source element displaced for the width of the widening. The opening and closing can be constructed with two parabolas or two arcs with or without a line in-between, depending on what is selected in the "Type" combo box. The picture in the dialog schematically shows what will actually be drawn. Depending on the type and definition the length of all three parts or the rounding radii (R1, R2) of the opening and closing curves or in some cases even all of the values can be defined. Typing in a new value for the length will override the one that has been calculated from the design speed. When there is no start segment, it is possible to extend the middle line to the end (or beginning) of the source element by checking the "To the end" check box. In the "Settings" section at the bottom the user can define which of the objects (polylinie, alignment) will be used to draw the bus-stop. According to this setting some of the fields below will be shown or hidden, as different element types require different parameters to be defined. If "Polyline" is selected, it is only possible to specify a layer, either by selection one from the "Layer" combo box or by typing in a new layer name. If "Alignment" is selected, additionally an "Alignment style" and an "Alignment label style" can be selected in the combo boxes, a name for the new alignment has to be provided in the "Alignment name" edit box and an existing site can be selected in the "Site" combo box, where the user can also type in a name to create a new one instead. Option *None* in the Site combo box means that created alignment will not be part of any site in the drawing. After clicking the "OK" button the new widening with the given parameters will be created. All the parameters including the anchor settings are saved and used to redraw the widening every time it needs to be updated.
EDIT WIDENING 21L5
editing a widening widening in the drawing, parameters from the dialog widening
21L2, 21L3, 21L4
This command can be used to edit parameters of widening drawn with command Draw widening. Select the widening in the drawing and the same dialog will be opened as the one that is used to create a new widening, except that some parameters (e.g. styles) will be disabled because they cannot be changed. Clicking OK button, widening is erased and new widening with modified parameters is drawn. When source object on which widening is drawn changes, widening is created with modified parameters.
SAVE ROAD-WIDTHS -> WID 21L6
Saving the widths of the designed roadway to a WID file Left and right road edge, cross axes WID file This command does not use any. 31J1, 21L2
This command calculates the widths of the designed roadway (i.e. determines the distances from the roadway axis to the road edges). Mathematically, this means that the program finds all intersections of individual cross axes with the road edge. If no intersection can be found, the program saves the string "NULL".
Figure: Program module finds all intersections of individual cross axes with the road edge.
The Sav e r o ad-width s -> WID dialog box explanation:

Using the explorer select a folder to which the WID file is to be saved Floating list-popup Sections in file Section Search interval In Crosssections In Mainpoints Equidistant List of used WID files in the project where the first file is provided as the offered WID file option; Existing section list You can save data to a new section having a new name Road width search interval left and right to the axis (m) Road width is saved for the left and right road lane at the points of crosssections Road width is saved for the left and right road lane in each mainpoint of the longitudinal axis Road width is saved for the left and right road lane by equable distance. Select a search step and interval (lane width in which command is searching for vertices of crosssections with a road edge). Equidistant step to which road widths will be saved
Step
See Appendix A for further information on WID file formats. Use the WID file to display roadway widths in the Longitudinal sections program module (See Read widths from file <- WID, 31J1).
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: _LANENAME See also commands: 21L6 inserting road-widths from WID file WID file ROAD_EDGE_LEFT , ROAD_EDGE_RIGFT 20_AXISNAME_ ROAD_EDGE_LEFT _LANENAME, 20_AXISNAME_ ROAD_EDGE_RIGHT READ ROAD-WIDTHS <- WID 21L7
Command is used for inserting lines of width of road in drawing. Function inserts all lanes, that were stated in input file. Input file can be written manually or we can use command 21L6. After invoking the command we see next dialog window.
We must choose needed WID file and choose section in file.
2.13. 21M - Cuts, fills and border-lines

With this group of commands you can draw cuts and fills based on input data from IL file. IL file.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Drawing cuts and fills based on input data from a IL file IL file Cut/fill hatches and/or colors 20_AXISNAME_CUT and 20_AXISNAME_FILL 21M, 31V2, 31V3, 41K3,41K4 DRAW CUTS AND FILLS <- IL 21M1
IL files contain information about the height of an arbitrary point type and its offset from the axis. The file can be created with the following commands: Save Intersection Lines -> IL (41K4) in the CROSS SECTIONS and Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4) in the AXES program module.
You can define four characteristic points in the file: 1. 2. 3. 4. Cut left Cut right Fill right Fill left
1 1 1 3 3
2 4
4 2
Figure: These characteristic points represent the cut/fill points in the layout view.
The Dr aw lin es alo n g axis dialog box explanation:

The data source for the intersection line is selected. You can choose between the actual drawing, AutoCAD DWG files and the file type LS. One of the existent sources can be selected from the list. The name of the section (axis) is selected. After the selection o the section (axis) the list of intersection lines is filled. List of intersection lines Every data source can contain one or more intersection lines. The intersection lines that we wish to draw in the layout are selected from the list. With a click on the button all intersection lines in the list are marked;
Line names can be optional or charcateristic. Characteristic line names are CUT_L, FILL_L, CUT_R and FILL_R representing characteristic points in cross-section (see description of the 21M1 command). When drawing characteristic lines you can also hatch and color surfaces reaching road edges while on the other hand you can draw just a line. Draw; 2D Draw; 3D Cut and fills; cut and fill lines Cut and fills; cut and fill Connect All line coordinates will have an elevation of z=0 Line coordinates will have an elevation defined in the IL file; This option enables an automatic connection of cut and fill lines in drawing. Usage of the option is possible even later by invoking the Connect cut and file lines (21M1) command. If line is named CUT_L or FILL_L or CUT_R or FILL_R (characteristic line), it is possible to hatch a surface between the road edge and characteristic line (see picture); If line names are characteristic (CUT_L, FILL_L, CUT_R, FILL_R), it is possible to color a surface between the road edge and characteristic line (see picture); If the possibility Embankment boundary is switched on, around the limits of the boxcuts and dams (lines that are the most distant from the axis) draws a closed polyline. This polyline can be used for the visualization like "hide boundary" for the existing surface.
Hatch
Hatching and coloring; Color cut and fill Embankment boundary
All cut/fill hatches and colors are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_CUT and 20_AXISNAME_FILL layers. You can find the description of the IL file format in the chapter, where all other file formats are described. See Appendix A for further information on IL file format.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Ouput data: Layers: See also commands: connecting of cut and fill lines cut and fill lines and a roadway edge cut and fill hatches and/or colors 20_AXISNAME_CUTS, 20_AXISNAME_FILLS, 21M1, 21M3, 21M4, 31V2, 41K4, 41K CONNECT CUT AND FILL LINES 21M2
After drawing of the cuts and fills by using the 21M1 command, you can connect them using the 21M2 command. After invoking the command, first select both cut and fill lines. In addition, select a roadway edge (you can select any other lane to which you want to draw a hatch). This command seeks a point where a cut changes to a fill at a distance having the equal ratio to that of the cut and fill distances to the axis. Left lower picture shows cuts and fills after inputing with the 21M1 command and the right one after inputing with the 21M2 command.
DEFINE BORDER-LINE FROM PLINE 21M3
Converting a PLINE entity into a cut, fill, border, wall, etc. Two- or three-dimensional polyline None This command does not use any 21M4, 21M1
Using the Define border-line from PLINE (21M3) command, you can assign a label to an arbitrary polyline and browse through the already defined labels. The label can be an arbitrary alphanumerical string ("FOREST-BORDER", "WALL_TOP", "CUT", "FILL", etc.). The label is used as an identification element when transferring data from the layout drawing to longitudinal and cross sections (and vice versa) the program automatically equips the drawn longitudinal and cross sections with the appropriate labels. After starting the Define borderline from PLINE (21M3) command, select one or more polylines along the axis and enter their labels. Borderlines are different characteristic two-or three-dimensional lines, representing: Cut and fill borders, Object boundaries, forest borders, etc., and Terrace break-lines, walls, viaducts, bridges and similar objects.
The borderline data (distances from the axis and elevations) often has to be transferred from the layout plan to the longitudinal/cross sections or vice versa from the longitudinal/cross sections to the layout plan. To accomplish this, use the following PLATEIA commands: Define borderline from PLINE (21M3), Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4), Draw borderline <- IL (31V2), Layout-data transfer <- IL (41K3).
Example: To create a borderline and save it to a file suitable for import into the longitudinal/cross sections follow the steps below: 1. 2. 3. Create a two- or three-dimensional polyline with AutoCAD. Assign a label to the polyline using the Define borderline from PLINE (21M3) command. Save the borderline data to an IL file with the Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4) command.
If the defined borderlines are three-dimensional, the Save borderlines to file -> IL (21M4) command will also save the appropriate line elevations (the default line elevation for two-dimensional lines is "0.00").
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data:
SAVE BORDER-LINES TO FILE -> IL 21M4 None Saving defined borderlines to an IL file Two- or three-dimensional polyline entities with appropriate borderline labels (see the 21M3 command)
Output data: Layers: See also commands:
IL file This command does not use any. 21M3, 41K3, 41K4
This command saves selected borderlines (defined with the Define borderline from PLINE (21M3) command to an IL file. The file contains the following data: Borderline labels, Distances from the axis (for every borderline point), Elevations of every borderline point (if the border line is three-dimensional).
Borderlines must be created within the area of defined cross axes. To calculate the distances from the axis, the program looks for intersection points between cross axes and borderlines. If the borderlines do not intersect with cross axes, the IL file will not be created. Borderlines are saved in columns according to the side of the line (left or right). The IL file format: KM LINE_LEFT1 LINE_LEFTn SECTION_NAME LINE_RIGHT1 LINE_RIGHTn
The meaning of individual abbreviations: KM station KM, M station M, LINE_LEFTn data pairs (distance and point elevation) for borderlines left from the axis, LINE_RIGHTn data pairs (distance and point elevation) for borderlines right from the axis, and SECTION_NAME label/number of the cross axis in the layout (i.e., the cross section).
Borderlines are defined with DISTANCE/ELEVATION data pairs for each individual cross section: DISTANCE ... distance from the axis measured along the cross axis; ELEVATION ... elevation of the intersection point between the borderline and the cross axis (the elevation for two-dimensional lines is always "0.00").
The following figure shows a borderline, starting on the left side and then passing over to the right side of the axis:
Figure: Borderline starting on the left side and then passing over to the right side of the axis:
The appropriate IL file:

# FIRST_SECTION KM M 0 140.000 0 160.000 0 180.000 0 200.000 0 220.000 0 240.000 0 260.000 0 280.000 0 300.000 0 320.000 0 340.000
NULL NULL 21.700 15.406 12.567 9.482 6.156 -3.774 -12.846 -12.832 -11.816
LINE1 NULL NULL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SECTION P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17
The "NULL" keyword means that the borderline does not intersect with a cross axis. For further information on IL file see Appendix A of this manual. After starting the Save border-lines to file -> IL (21M4) command, first select one or more lines defined with the Define border-line from PLINE (21M3) command and then the appropriate cross axes from the intersecting area. The name of the resulting IL file can be defined in the following dialog box:
The Sav e bo r der -lin es to f ile dialog box explanation:

IL output file # New section name click this button to find the path of the IL file in an Explorer-like dialog box. click this button to display a list of existing file sections in the IL file. enter the name of the file section in the IL file, the data will be saved to.
The IL file can later be used in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS (Draw border-line <- IL, 31V2) or CROSS SECTIONS (Layout-data transfer <- IL, 41K3) program module.
2.14. 21N - Extract data
COORDINATE EXTRACT <- LS,CSE -> CSC 21N1
Saving an extract of cross-section coordinates to a CSC file LS and/or CSE file CSC file This command does not use any. 31N, 41L3
This command saves the elevations of the designed roadway along the selected cross axis to a CSC file as follows: 1. 2. Elevations of arbitrary road points can be saved by means of CROSS SECTIONS' Save points to file -> CSE (41L3) command. Elevations of axis and road edge points can be saved by means of LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
The format of a CSC file (if the input file is a LS type file):
remark - first line & sect_name sect_station sect_direction_ang dist_from_axis X Y Z road edge dist_from_axis X Y Z the axis dist_from_axis X Y Z road edge -""& following_section_name ...
; ;
left in
; right
The Coordinate extract <- LS, CSE -> CSC dialog box explanation:
LS input file "File combo box" Sections Calculate road edge left and right click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the LS input file. activate this checkbox to save the X, Y, and Z coordinates of road edge points as well.
CSE input file "File combo box" Sections CSC output file "File combo box" Angle units
click this button to find the path of the CSE file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the CSE file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the CSE input file. click this button to find the path of the CSC file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the CSC file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. here you can select the units of the saved direction angles.
Later you will also have to define the starting direction angle (can be 0). The direction angle is measured starting north and continuing clockwise.
See Appendix A for further information on CSE file format.
COORDINATE EXTRACT <- LS,CSE -> XYZ 21N2
Saving an extract of cross-section coordinates to a XYZ file LS and/or CSE file XYZ file This command does not use any 11F1, 31N, 41L3
This command saves the elevations of the designed roadway along the selected longitudinal axis to a XYZ file as follows: 1. 2. The elevations of arbitrary road points can be saved by means of CROSS SECTIONS' Save points to file -> CSE (41L3) command. The elevations of axis and road edge points can be saved by means of LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
This command can be used to generate points that can later be read with the LAYOUTs Input points (11F1) command. After the points have been read into the LAYOUT module, you can generate drainage contours with the help of a digital terrain model.
The Coordinate extract <- LS, CSE -> XYZ dialog box explanation:
LS input file "File combo box" Sections Calculate road edge left and right CSE input file "File combo box" Sections XYZ output file "File combo box" # click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the LS input file. activate this checkbox to save the X, Y, and Z coordinates of road edge points as well. click this button to find the path of the CSE file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the CSE file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the CSE input file. click this button to find the path of the XYZ file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the XYZ file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. click this button to display a list of existing file sections in the XYZ file.
See Appendix A for further information on XYZ file format.
GENERATE POINTS FROM CRO -> XYZ 21N3
Calculating of situation points on the basis of CRO file CRO file XYZ file Defined by points 11F1, 21K2, 21K6, 41E3
This command is intended for a terrain transfer you have prepared by using cross sections in situation. Command reads a CRO file and produces an XYZ file. Point is entered in the XYZ file in those places where the terrain breaks. If you want the points to be saved automatically, select the Draw points and labels in drawing option. When using this command, you need to select the CRO file as input data and the XYZ file as output data.
See explanation of CRO and XYZ files in Appendix A.

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: CALCULATE POINTS FOR THICKNESS-CONTOURS PREVIEW <-HD ->XYZ 21N3A none to calculate layout points based on the HD file HD file XYZ file defined by points 31O3, 31O4
Using the Calculate points for thickness-contours preview command (21N3A), save elevation differences between terrain and roadway to the XYZ file. Data can be later read by using the QuickSurf program that draws contours representing a roadway thickness.
Select HD file as Input file and XYZ file as Output file. You can get the HD file by using the 31O3 command in longitudinal sections.
SAVE CANALIS MANHOLES AND SECTIONS -> CAN 21N4
Saving manholes and sections drawn by CANALIS in CAN file Canalis manholes and sections CAN file
31S6
This command enables saving of manholes and sections drawn by the CANALIS program to the CAN file. In addition to manholes data such as name, type, cover height, pipe height), also perpendicular distances of shaft from the road axis and station are saved to the file. The picture below shows the perpendicular distance between the shaft and longitudinal axis.
Figure: Perpendicular distance between the shaft and longitudinal axis. Before invoking the command, there needs to be a longitudinal axis drawn in drawing. After invoking this command, the following dialog box appears:
The Save Canalis manholes and sections explanation:

>> KAN filename Select CANALIS manholes and sections Use Canalis pipe catalogue name and location of file where you want to save the calculation results. You can use the existing file. after clicking the button in drawing you select manholes and pipes you want to save to a CAN file, if you select this option and show where the Canalis pipe catalogue is located, program searches for appropriate pipes diameters in the catalogue and saves them to the CAN file.
Example of SEW file:
******************************************************* * PLATEIA: AXES-Roads (ver 6.00 Beta 12) * Filename : C:\CGSA2002\PLATEIA6\ENG\EXAMPLE\test2.SEW * Date : 15.07.2003 * Time : 12:55 ******************************************************* # AXIS_0 !*STAKM
STAM DISTANCE MANHOLE_LABEL MANHOLE_TYPE COVER_ELEV PIPE_ELEV PIPE_DIAMETER SLOPE X Y X' Y' ************************************************************************************************************************************************************ ***************************** 0 5.585 106.476 1 0 105.200 102.000 0 33.347 118.461 98.219 114.879 114.261 0 32.549 106.182 2 0 104.713 0.000 0 0.000 145.030 102.960 141.195 120.137 0 53.852 105.867 3 0 104.328 0.000 0 0.000 165.906 107.228 161.987 124.779 0 93.037 105.340 4 0 103.621 0.000 0 0.000 204.336 114.814 200.230 133.315 0 133.027 104.005 5 0 102.925 0.000 0 0.000 241.343 125.720 239.541 140.561
GENERATE STAKE-OUT POINTS ALONG THE AXIS 21N5
generating stake-out points along the axis or on lanes longitudinal axis, lanes AK_DT point types 20_axisname_LONAXS 21N6, 21N7, 21N8
Using the 21N5 command, you can generate stake-out points along the axis. In addition, points can be generated at any distance from the longitudinal axis or on lanes. After invoking the command, select an area on which you want to generate points. By pressing ENTER, generate points on the entire longitudinal axis. After you have selected the area, the Draw points dialog box opens:
The Dr aw po in ts dialog box description:

Use axis mainpoints Use lanes switch on/off axis mainpoints If the Use lanes option is activated, points are generated also on lanes. By pressing Select, select lanes on which you want to generate points. For multiple lane selection use CTRL + click. Point generation step in m. By pressing Station step-size, you can select the step interactivelly in drawing. Point distance from longitudinal axis (perpendicularly). Positive values stand for an offset on the right side of the longitudinal axis if looked in station direction while negative values generate points on the left side. Prefix used when labeling the point. Set starting counter value. At each new entered point counter value changes for 1. Select a point type.
Station step-size Distance
Prefix Starting counter value Point type
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must comprise the following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE, STATION, SECTION, AXIS and LANE. The best way to define such point is to use the 11E4 command and define a point that is based on the
existing Aquaterra AK_DT standard point.

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: inserting point on or along longitudinal axis and label station and distance from axis interactive point insertion points in drawing 20_CONSTR_LINES 21N5, 21N7, 21N8 INSERT SINGLE STAKE - OUT POINTS 21N6
The 21N6 command inserts an individual point on any station and at any distance from longitudinal axis. In addition to point insertion, this command can label station and distance from axis. After invoking the command, the Draw points dialog box opens:
The Dr aw po in ts dialog box description:

Label station and distance from axis Insert point Point type Prefix Starting counter value Switch on/off label station and distance from axis. Switch on/off point insertion at selected coordinates. Select a point type. Prefix used when labeling the point. Set starting counter value. At each new entered point counter value changes for 1.
After you have pressed OK, interactivelly select points to be inserted.
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must comprise the following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE, STATION, SECTION, AXIS and LANE. The best way to define such point is to use the 11E4 command and define a point that is based on the existing GeoEngineering AK_DT standard point.
CONVERT POINT TO STAKE - OUT POINT 21N7
converting any points to stake-out points any points stake-out points this command does not use them 21N5, 21N6, 21N8
This command converts any points in drawing to stake-out points. After invoking the command, select points to be used for a stake-out. After you have selected the points, the Point type change dialog box opens:
The Po in t type ch an ge dialog box description:

Selected point types Points Assign (=) Erase Select a point type from a drop-down list to be converted to a stake-out point Select a point type for a stake-out. By pressing Assign (=), assign a selected point type to the stake-out point. Erase a point replacement from the replacement list.
User can define any stake-out point. The stake-out point must comprise the following attributes: LABEL. ELEVATION, DISTANCE, STATION, SECTION, AXIS and LANE. The best way to define such point is to use the 11E4 command and define a point that is based on the existing GeoEngineering AK_DT standard point.
SAVE REPORT FOR STAKE-OUT POINTS -> SPL 21N8 none saving of orthogonal measurements according to axis points and axis SPL file defined by points 11F6, 11F7
The command saves a file with stake-out points data. Data comprise a point station according to axis, point label in addition to X and Y coordinates. After invoking the 21N8 command, the following dialog box appears:
Select appropriate Output file and section in it. In addition, select points to be saved to the file. After pressing OK, file is saved.
# AXIS_1 ******************************************************* * PLATEIA * Filename : C:\Program Files\CGSA ENG\2004\PLATEIA6\EXAMPLE\NEW.txt * Date : torek, 25. januar, 2005 * Time : 15:22:16 ******************************************************* STATION 2195.300 2222.790 2237.050 2261.280 DISTANCE 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.150 LABEL AXIS_1 AXIS_1 AXIS_1 X 650.701 617.488 616.944 587.451 Y 962.539 960.959 937.976 936.866 Z 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2.15. 21O - Labels

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Drawing of vertical alignment labels based on input data from a LS file LS file Vertical alignment labels 20_AXISNAME_VERT_ALIGN_LABELS 31N DRAW VERTICAL ALIGNMENT-LABELS <- LS 21O1
This command allows you to schematically draw the tangents and vertical alignments as designed in the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS program module. The program reads the LS file that has been created with the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
Figure: Schematic drawing of vertical alignment labels. The commands output includes the size of the vertical alignment (200 in the above example) and the tangent slopes (%) and lengths (m). To modify the commands output parameters, use the project settings (Axes-Manager (21A31), parameter no. 62 to 65).
The Draw vertical alignment-labels dialog box explanation:

LS input file "File combo box" "Sections list box" click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the LS input file.
See Appendix A for further information on LS file format.

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Generating superelevation labels along the roadway based on input data from a LS file LS file Superelevation labels 20_AXISNAME_VERT_ALIGN_LABELS 31N DRAW SUPERELEVATION-LABELS <- LS 21O2
This command generates superelevation labels on cross sections or at the beginning and at the end of the axis horizontal (main) elements. The program retrieves the input data from a LS file that has been created with the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command.
Figure: Generation of superelevation labels along the roadway.
Th e Dr aw s u per elev atio n labels dialo g bo x des cr iptio n

LS file Select points for labeling We search for the path to LS file with the explorer The user chooses in which points the labels of cross-sections should be drawn. The critical points can be: changes of the cross-fall, start and end points of the main elements, cross axes, points, where the cross-fall equals 0% and in the local extremes of the gradient. preceding labels are deleted from the drawing the labels for minimum and maximum are drawn on the corresponding points
MAX MIN
Remove existing labels Label minimum and maximum
Cross-fall label factor
the factor that controls the largeness of the cross-sections
Cross-fall text factor Text angle from cross axis Text offset from cross axis
the factor that controls the largeness of the label text of the cross-sections Turn of the text according to the cross axis offset of the text from the point of the cross-section
Command name: Command code:: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:
DRAW ELEVATION AND SLOPE LABELS ON THE ROADWAY 21O3
Drawing of elevation and slope labels on the roadway from the LS type file LS type file Elevation and slope labels 20_AXISNAME_SLOPE_ELEVATION 31N
Program reads data from the LS file that you have previously prepared using the SAVE LONGITUDINAL SECTION -> LS (see 31N command) command and draws elevation and slope labels in selected points.
When invoking the command, a dialog box appears for selecting points in which elevation and slope labels are drawn. You can draw slope labels simply by pressing In the LS main points.
The Elevation and slope labels on the roadway dialog box description:
Input GLS file Floating list- popup Section Label lanes In the LS main points Using the explorer, find the LS file List of previously used LS files in the project where the first file is foreseen as offered file option. List of existing sections in the LS file Select one or several lanes on the left/right on which elevation is to be labeled. By pressing this button, elevation labels are drawn in the longitudinal section characteristic points (extremes, tangent start and end). In addition, longitudinal slope and distance labels are drawn between the start and end tangent points. Enables elevation labeling in axis and on selected lanes for a given station. Select station in drawing using your mouse pointer. Enables elevation labeling in selected point on the roadway.
On lanes Selected point
2.16. 21P - 3D Roadway-Model

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Drawing a three-dimensional representation of the vertical alignment and the road edges based on input data from a LS file Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: LS file Three-dimensional vertical alignment and road edges 20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL and 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES 31N DRAW ALIGNMENT AND ROAD EDGES IN 3D <- LS 21P1
This command draws a three-dimensional vertical alignment as well as the left and right road edges. It uses the input data from a "saved longitudinal section" file (.LS), created with the LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS Save longitudinal section -> LS (31N) command. The road edges between profiles are calculated by means of a three-dimensional linear interpolation. Road edges are drawn using the widths and expansions from the file (LS) after the program has created the longitudinal section for the appropriate roadway section.
20_AXISNAME_3D_LEVEL layer.
All road edges are drawn on the 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES layer and the vertical alignment on the
3D polylines representing axes, road edges and cut/fill lines are of a great importance when constructing a roadway model with geometrical meshes. The AutoCAD RULESURF command can generate a surface consisting of a number of segments using two polylines; e.g., the road edge and the cut/fill line. A roadway model built with such surfaces can be used as a basis for creating perspective views with the Visualisation (21P3) command.
The Draw alignment and road-edges 3D dialog box explanation:

LS input file "File combo box" "Sections list box" click this button to find the path of the LS file in an Explorer-like dialog box. type in the name of the LS file or select one of the previously opened files from the drop down list. displays a list of existing file sections in the LS input file.
See Appendix A for further information on LS file format.
MAKE 3D ROAD SURFACES 21P2
Drawing of 3D surfaces between selected lines 3D lines in drawing Drawing of 3D road surfaces between selected lines 20_AXIS_3DSURF_ROADWAY 21P2a, 21P5
By employing the 3D level and road edges drawing (3D axis lines, road edge, cut and fill lines), you can make a surface between selected roadway lines. Using the dialog box shown below, you can define between which lines a roadway surface is to be made.
The Info button dialog box:
Example of roadway body made:
For further visualisation processing, you can use the RDV module using the 21P5 command that is described below.
MAKE SINGLE SURFACE 21P2a
Drawing 3D surfaces between selected lines 3D lines in drawing Drawing of 3D surfaces between selected lines 20_AX_3DSURF_ 21P2
Processing/Drawing of individual surfaces functions similarly to the 21P2 command, except to the fact that you can select any individual polylines between which surfaces shall be made. After invoking the command, you need to select both polylines between which 3D surface will be made.
DRAW 3D PROFILE <- OFF 21P3
Generating an arbitrary three-dimensional profile based on input data from an OFF file Three-dimensional vertical alignment or any other three-dimensional polyline, OFF file Three-dimensional polyline, drawn parallel to the three-dimensional alignment 20_AXISNAME_3D_AXES
Once the three-dimensional vertical alignment has been drawn, you can generate three-dimensional lines parallel to the existing alignment. The Draw 3D Profile <- OFF (21P2) command can, for example, be used for creating bridge constructions. Before starting the command, you will have to create a file (.OFF) containing the offsets of the parallel lines from the vertical alignment. The OFF file format:
* Remark STA_FROM_KM STA_FROM_M STA_TO_KM STA_TO_M DX1 DY1 DX2 DY2 DX3 DY3 ;-""-
; the beginning station (km and m) in view of the current axis ; the ending station (km and m) in view of the current axis ; ; ;
Where: DXi represents the horizontal (+ to the right of the axis, - to the left of the axis) and DYi the vertical (+ above the axis, - below the axis) distance of the i-th parallel line from the axis.
Example:
Figure: T profile
Output file:
* remark; example of a T profile with the length of 20 m 0 0 ;starting station 0 20 ;ending station -3 0 ;point 1 -3 -0.5 ;point 2 -1 -0.7 ;point 3 -1 -1 ;point 4 1 -1 ;point 5 1 -0.7 ;point 6 3 -0.5 ;point 7 3 0 ;point 8
VISUALISATION 21P4
Generating perspective views of the axis Three-dimensional vertical alignment or any other three-dimensional polyline SLD files This command does not use any
The Visualisation (21P3) command offers a comfortable and easy-to-use interface for generating perspective views of the axis. Before using the command, at least the axis and the road edges should drawn in 3D. To generate a perspective view, you will have to enter the following information: 3D axis, Camera position, Target point of the camera, Camera elevation above the axis, Focus (view width).
Figure: Perspective views of the axis.
Figure: More perspective views of the axis.
Using the Visualisation (21P3) command, you can create a virtual flight along the axis. Single views can be rendered or drawn with hidden lines and saved into a SLD file (slide). The slides can afterwards be viewed with the VSLIDE command.
2.17. 21R - Tools
CALCULATE STATION FROM AXIS-POINT 21R1
Calculating and displaying the station of a selected longitudinal axis point Longitudinal axis Station value 20_AXISNAME_CA_LABELS 21C, 21R2, 21R3, 21R4
This command can be used to determine the station of a given longitudinal axis point. First select the longitudinal axis (PLINE entity on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer) and then the point whose station you would like to find out. The program calculates the station, displays it on screen, and generates an appropriate station label. If you do not want the station label to be generated, use the Axes-manager (21A3 1), parameter no. 200201.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Creating a perpendicular line and a tangent at the specified station Longitudinal axis, station value Normal and tangent lines 20_CONSTR_LINES 21C, 21R1, 21R3, 21R4 DEFINE STATION, DRAW PERPENDICULAR LINE 21R2
The program marks the longitudinal axis with a tangent and a perpendicular line (normal) at the given station. After starting the command, select the longitudinal axis (PLINE entity on the 20_AXISNAME_LONG_AXES layer) and enter the station where the tangent and normal will be created. This command can be used to find out the position of a specific station on the longitudinal axis. The marked point can later be used, e.g., to effortlessly create a profile.
DEFINE AXIS-POINT, DRAW PERPENDICULAR LINE 21R3
Creating a perpendicular line in the given point of the longitudinal axis Longitudinal axis, longitudinal-axis point Normal and tangent lines 20_CONSTR_LINES 21C, 21R1, 21R2, 21R4
This command creates a tangent and a perpendicular line (normal) in the selected point of the longitudinal axis. It is very useful for designing various road structures, like bridges and viaducts.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Calculating the radius in a selected spiral point Spiral horizontal element, point on Spiral Center and radius 20_CONSTR_LINES 21R6 DEFINE SPIRAL-POINT, CALCULATE RADIUS 21R5
This command can be used in special cases when you need to determine the radius in a specific Spiral point.
Figure: Spiral radius.
R=
56 4 9. 9 R=
The Spiral radius is calculated according to the following equation: R=A 2 / L
Where: R ... is the radius, A ... the spiral parameter, and L ... the distance of the selected spiral point from the spirals starting point.
The program requires the following input data: Spiral horizontal element and arbitrary point on the Spiral. As a result, the program creates a construction line (starting in the center of the virtual circle) and labels it with the appropriate radius value.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Finding a Spiral point based on its radius Spiral horizontal element, radius Center and Spiral point 20_CONSTR_LINES 21R5 DEFINE RADIUS, CALCULATE SPIRAL-POINT 21R6
This command is the inverse command to the Define spiral-point, calculate radius (21R5); the corresponding equation is: L=A 2 / R.
Where: R is the radius, A ... the spiral parameter, L ... the distance of the searched spiral point from the spirals starting point.
The program requires the following input data: Spiral horizontal element and the appropriate radius value. As a result, the program creates a POINT entity on the Spiral.
INSERT VERTICES INTO CROSS-AXES 21R7
Inserting additional vertices into cross-axis intersections with selected longitudinal lines Cross axes Cross axes with additional vertices This command does not use any 21H1, 21H2, 21H3, 21H4, 21H5
If you are using QuickSurf 5.1 (or a newer version), you will not have to use this command because it is obsolete. It has been used in the previous PLATEIA versions in order to insert additional vertices into cross-axis intersections with break lines.
Figure: Insertion of additional vertices into cross-axis intersections.
Additional vertices had to be inserted to ensure the proper cross-section accuracy in intersections with break lines. To properly execute the Insert vertices into cross-axes (21R7) command, the longitudinal lines (2D PLINE entities) and cross axes (2D PLINE entities) have to be present in the drawing. At the same time cross axes should reside on the 20_AXISNAME_CROSS_AXES layer. The command inserts an additional vertex in each cross axis intersection with the selected longitudinal line (break line). To insert additional vertices follow the procedure below:
1. 2. 3.
Select the appropriate break lines (PLINE entities on an arbitrary layer). You can also select the lines with an appropriate filter command before starting the 21R7 command and then recall the selection with the Previous option. Select the cross axes.
This can be done with the Window option of AutoCADs SELECT command. However, if the drawing contains a large number of cross axes and each cross axis has 100 vertices or more, we recommend you to select the cross axes interactively one by one, from the beginning to the end to cut down the processing time. Program itself creates the new vertices on the selected cross axes. To improve the plan legibility, the program marks every new vertex with a cross (POINT) on the 20_CONSTR_LINES layer.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands: Managing the elements of the current axis Axis elements None According to the selected parameters CURRENT AXIS ELEMENTS 21R8
The whole axis model under PLATEIA is based on an object paradigm. This also means that every axis is composed of specific sub-elements (i.e., construction elements, horizontal elements, HE labels, etc.). Designing an axis (or even more axes at once) involves using a multitude of different subelements. Because selecting these elements is often a very demanding and time-consuming task, you can use the Current axis elements (21R8) command to select, erase and show/hide the complete axis. In addition, you can edit its individual sub-element sets in an easy-to-use dialog box.
The Cu r r en t axis elemen ts dialog box explanation:

"Element check boxes" Select Erase Show Hide activate the elements you would like to manage. click this button to select (AutoCADs SELECT command) the chosen elements; after closing the dialog box you can recall the selection using the Previous selection option. click this button to erase the chosen elements from the drawing. click this button to turn all layers containing the chosen elements on. click this button to turn all layers containing the chosen elements off.
2.18. 21S - Visibility splay
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data:
HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY ANALYSIS 21S1
function calculates and draws visibility splay of choosen left and right lane axis of road TAN file, containing data about vertikal alignment ShLin.dat file, containing data about table of stopping sight distance
Output data: Layers:
visibility splays, rays 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_LEFT, 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_LEFT
See also commands:
21S2, 31Q
Along road we must sometimes maintain horizontal visibility analysis because of:
Overview on course of alignment in driving direction and traffic signs, Stop of vehicle in front of barrier on road.
By designing roads and also in real state of road all barriers (continual and occasional) have to be out range of visibility rays.
Line that defines limits of field of transpareny is named Visibility splay. This is a line that goes from drivers eyes in the middle of driving lane at height of 1.0 m from roadway, to the next point in the middle of driving lane in distance of horizontal stop visibility distance. This line should not cross any barrier.
Dialog window Horizontal stop visibility distances

Axis: Left: Right: Driving side: Start station [m]: End station [m]: Step [m]: We choose axis of road We choose left driving lane; default setting is outside We choose right driving lane; default setting is outside We select driving side: possibility L for left side or D for right side Station of start point of section of axis for which we want to calculate horizontal visibility analysis Station of end point of section of axis for which we want to calculate horizontal visibility analysis Step of calculation of rays
Index Station Velocity
Index of section of axis Start station of section of axis Project velocity of section of axis We choose point on axis izberemo toko na osi tako, da jo pokaemo v risbi preko pravokotnice na os We choose a row and with this button we add choosen row from table We choose a row and with this button we delete choosen row from table We open *.tan file for choosen axis Prewiev of choosen *.tan file with programm Notepad
Calculation of stopping distances:
We choose one of options for calculating stopping sight distances: - From formula: see additional documentation - From table: see Uradni List RS, t. 91 / 14.10.2005 / page 9309 - Use defined: defining konstant stopping sight distance
Tr[s]:
reaction time We open dialog window with extra documentation
Visibility splay:
We choose one of option: - from geometry: konstruction of visibility splay with rays - from aproximation formula: see additional documentation
Draw:
We set output data of function:doloimo izhodne podatke funkcije: - we choose rectangle Rays for showing rays - we choose rectangle Visibility splay for showing visibility splays of left and right lane
Description of additional documentation is here
Dialog window is refering to this table, when we choose option From table for calculating stopping sight distances. If user inserts value for project velocity (section of axis) that is not in table, first higher value is selected or 130 km/h. Stopping sight distance for inserted value of project velocity is calculated as linear interpolation of values in table.
Dialog window is refering to this formula, when we choose option From formula for calculating stopping sight distances. Integral is calculated as Riemanns sum.
This are graphs of stopping sight distances for different velocities, calculation is based on previous formula. We can see that deviation in comparison with Table for calculating stopping sight distance is minimal.
Dialog box refers to this aproximation formula. This formula is good aprowimation only were radius of horizontal curve is constant (main element of axis is circular arc).
Examples of horizontal visibility analysis:
Picture1: visibility splay with rays
Picture2: visibility splay without rays
Picture3: visibility splay with rays .
Picture4: visibility splay without rays
Slika 5: Drawn horizontal visibility analysis on roadway segment with constant stopping sight . distance and calculation of visibility splay from aproximation formula. We can notice . smaller deviation.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Layers:
EDIT VISIBILITY ANALYSIS 21S2
function edits visibility analysis 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_LEFT, 20_AXISNAME _VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME _VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT
See also commands:
21S1
Function edits visibility analysis. After invoking the command, user selects any element of visibility analysis (ray, boundary) and dialog Horizontal stop visibility distances will appear. User can change parameters for visibility analysis.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Layers:
ERASE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS ELEMENTS 21S3
function delets all elements of visibility analysis 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_RAYS_LEFT , 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT, 20_AXISNAME_VISIBILITY_SPLAY_RIGHT
See also commands:
21S1
Function enables deleting all elements of visibility analysis. After invoking the command, user selects optinal element (ray, boundary) and function will erase all elements that belong to visibility splay.
2.19. 21T Prepare drawing for plotting

The 21T command group is intended for preparation of layout and longitudinal section for plotting. Using the 21T commands, you cut layout and/or longitudinal section to the partial plot areas and arrange them to paper space. You plot the drawing by means of the paper space.
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Plotting data: Layers: See also commands:
Define plot area 21T1
defining of layout and longitudinal section areas for plotting Longitudinal axis and/or Longitudinal section Frames for plotting 20_CONSTRUCTION_RECTANGLES 21T2
With command 21T1 the user creates areas (ploting frames) of suitable size along the longitudinal axis and/or the longitudinal section. Use the command 21T2 to create corresponding viewports in the paper space. After invoking the command, the following dialog box appears:
The Plot layout frames dialog box explanation:

Paper: Format,Orientation Paper: Dimension b x h (mm) Frames settings Fixed height Length and height of the paper in mm. If we choose one of preset paper format, the value is displayed automatically. Plot frames are determined according to the selected frame height (paper format minus table height and edges). We can set overlapping of frames (by length). If selected view is Plan view only, additionally enter the values of the left and right minimum width. The maximum length is then determined in such a way that there is space in each frame for the required minimum width to each side of the axis. If selected view is Longitudinal section or Both, then enter the step for base elevation of the frame and space above and below terrain in each frame. Length of frames can be shorter from the set value because of the restriction of the height. When calculating the frame length, the programme additionally checks for the space above and below terrain for all terrain points in one frame. Plot frames are determined according to the selected frame length (paper length minus edges). We can set overlapping of frames (by length). If selected view is Longitudinal section or Both, also enter the step for base elevation of the frame and the offset of the centre of the frame from the terrain (by height). We can set step for length and height (Longitudinal section view) or width (Plan view). Select whether we wish to draw frames in plan view or in longitudinal sections. When we click the OK button, the dialog box closes. If selected view is Plan view, show the insertion point, length, width and rotation in the drawing for each frame. If selected view is Longitudinal sections, we show the bottom left and upper right Select a proper paper format and choose orientation of frame (Landscape/Portrait).
Frames settings Fixed width and height
Frames settings Interactively
corners of the frames in the drawing. Margins' settings: Margins (mm) Setting edges: Distance between margins and viewports (mm) Title block width (mm) Frame size Setting space on paper for title block. It shows the area in [m] that fits inside of one frame. Space between margin and viewport in paper space. Define left and other margins on the paper
Longitudinal section example Frames by length:
Longitudinal section example Frames by height:
Command name: Command code: Icon: Task: Input data: Plotting data: Layers: See also commands:
Arrange to paper space 33K2
preparation of longitudinal sections for plotting into layout space
20_CONSTRUCTION_RECTANGLES 21T1
This command prepares longitudinal section for plotting. First select longitudinal section cutting areas. After invoking the command, program opens a new layout space and arranges profiles in it.
We can put frames of the layout and longitudinal section on one or more sheets (layouts). When multiple layouts are selected, the programme makes a new layout for every frame. Name of layout space is composed of start and finish station. If we select single layout, the programme puts all frames in one layout. If we choose All frames into one table, all frames go into one table. In this case, the table heading is only displayed once. If we want to use a title block, we can insert it into drawing by checking the Title block option and . If we check the Fold to A4 option, the programme select it on the disk by clicking the button will draw marks on the paper for folding to A4 format.
Example of combined plot: layout + longitudinal section.
EXIT PLATEIA AXES 21Z None Closing the PLATEIA AXES menu None None This command does not use any.
This command closes the menu of the PLATEIA AXES program module.
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Users Manual PLATEIA 2011

Innovative IT and Environmental Technologies, d.o.o.

Menu Commands with Short Descriptions

Layers used by the AXIS program module are as follows:

2. Command descriptions of the Axes Module

21C - DEFINE AXES

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task:

Input data: Output data: Layers: See also commands:

Select in the drawing.

By doubleclicking the Parameters branch, the following dialog box opens:

The Parameters dialog box description:

Currently active axis can not be switched off.

The Slo v en e s tan dar d par ameter s dialog box explanation

The Cr itical par ameter s o v er v iew dialog box explanation:

21D - Construction Elements

Axis construction elements are and should always be drawn on the

DEFINE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 21D1

READ CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS <- CES 21D2

The R ead co n s tr u ctio n elemen ts dialog box explanation:

DRAW CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS BASED ON HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS 21D3

CALCULATE LINE OR ARC FROM POINTS 21D4

SET CURVE-DIRECTION 21D5

SAVE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS TO FILE -> CES 21D6

The Save construction elements to file dialog box explanation:

See Appendix A for further information on CES file format.

21E - Horizontal Elements

Command name: Command code: Icon: Task:

DEFINE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 21E1

Input data: Output data: Layers:

See also commands:

The Ho r iz o n tal elemen ts dialog box explanation:

Creating a Tangent Horizontal Element

Creating an Arc Horizontal Element

POINT POINT POINT, element element, POINT POINT element and

Creating a Spiral Horizontal Element

The Optio n A3 dialog box explanation:

The parameter A value is defined uniformly.

A3_2: Fixed Line and Adjustable Circle

Figure: Circle is translated perpendicular to the Line.

Figure: Circle is rotated around the specified point.

A3_3: Adjustable Line and Fixed Circle

Figure: The Line is translated to a parallel position.

Figure: Two Circle construction elements.

The Optio n A4 dialog box explanation:

Figure: Fixed Circles.

A4_2: Fixed and adjustable Circle

Figure: Fixed and adjustable Circle. B B-TYPE COMBINATIONS

Floating Curve between two Lines

The Select o ptio n dialog box explanation:

The Optio n B 1_ 1 dialog box explanation:

Figure: B1-type combination.

Curve between a Line and an Arc

The Select o ptio n dialog box explanation:

SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL w/ defined A1, A2, and R.

B2_1: SPIRAL CURVE SPIRAL SPIRAL

Figure: B2-type combination.

Define the Circles sign with care.

B2_2: SPIRAL CURVE COMPOUND SPIRAL

The Line and Circle construction elements intersect.

Figure: B2_2 combination.

Define the Circles sign with care.