UNIT 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Atom was earlier considered the most fundamental and indivisible unit of matter. Daltons Atomic Theory considered atom as the most fundamental unit of matter and thus believed it to be indivisible. But further on Sub atomic particles were discovered like electron, protons, neutrons, etc. Electrons were discovered in the Cathode Ray tube experiment. Adding to this J.J Thompson found out the charge to mass ratio of an electron. R.A Millikan found out the value of charge on an electron with his oil drop experiment, and using the ratio of J.J Thompson was able to find out the mass too. A simple modification of the cathode ray tubes lead to the discovery of canal rays, particles carrying positive charge, thus, protons were discovered. Eventually, due to the aspect of stabilizing the atom neutrons were discovered by Chadwick. Neutrons have a mass slightly higher than the protons and have no charge.

Now, since so many particles came up, thus there was a need to visualize how these particles were arranged in an atom, thus experimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels. Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deviate from Maxwells electromagnetic theory. Some of those phenomenon are:

1. Nature of emission of radiation: Black Body radiation.

2. Ejection of electrons when radiation strikes the metal: The Photoelectric effect. 3. Variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temperature. 4. Line Spectra of atoms, with special reference to hydrogen. Thus, to overcome this problem a theory was put forward by Max Plank, the main and basic idea of his theory was that atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy(light) only in discrete amounts and not in a continuous manner, thus to the smallest quantity of energy Plank gave the name Quantum.

UNIT 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Atom was earlier considered the most fundamental and indivisible unit of matter. Daltons Atomic Theory considered atom as the most fundamental unit of matter and thus believed it to be indivisible. But further on Sub atomic particles were discovered like electron, protons, neutrons, etc.

Electrons were discovered in the Cathode Ray tube experiment. Adding to this J.J Thompson found out the charge to mass ratio of an electron. R.A Millikan found out the value of charge on an electron with his oil drop experiment, and using the ratio of J.J Thompson was able to find out the mass too. A simple modification of the cathode ray tubes lead to the discovery of canal rays, particles carrying positive charge, thus, protons were discovered. Eventually, due to the aspect of stabilizing the atom neutrons were discovered by Chadwick. Neutrons have a mass slightly higher than the protons and have no charge. Now, since so many particles came up, thus there was a need to visualize how these particles were arranged in an atom, thus experimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels.

Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deexperimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels. Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deviate from Maxwells electromagnetic theory. Some of those phenomenon are:

1. Nature of emission of radiation: Black Body radiation. 2. Ejection of electrons when radiation strikes the metal: The Photoelectric effect. 3. Variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temperature. 4. Line Spectra of atoms, with special reference to hydrogen. Thus, to overcome this problem a theory was put forward by Max Plank, the main and basic idea of his theory was that atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy(light) only in discrete amounts and not in a continuous manner, thus to the smallest quantity of energy Plank gave the name Quantum.

UNIT 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Atom was earlier considered the most fundamental and indivisible unit of matter. Daltons Atomic Theory considered atom as the most fundamental unit of matter and thus believed it to be indivisible. But further on Sub atomic particles were discovered like electron, protons, neutrons, etc.

Electrons were discovered in the Cathode Ray tube experiment. Adding to this J.J Thompson found out the charge to mass ratio of an electron. R.A Millikan found out the value of charge on an electron with his oil drop experiment, and using the ratio of J.J Thompson was able to find out the mass too. A simple modification of the cathode ray tubes lead to the discovery of canal rays, particles carrying positive charge, thus, protons were discovered. Eventually, due to the aspect of stabilizing the atom neutrons were discovered by Chadwick. Neutrons have a mass slightly higher than the protons and have no charge. Now, since so many particles came up, thus there was a need to visualize how these particles were arranged in an atom, thus experimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels.

Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deexperimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels. Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deviate from Maxwells electromagnetic theory. Some of those phenomenon are:

1. Nature of emission of radiation: Black Body radiation. 2. Ejection of electrons when radiation strikes the metal: The Photoelectric effect. 3. Variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temperature. 4. Line Spectra of atoms, with special reference to hydrogen. Thus, to overcome this problem a theory was put forward by Max Plank, the main and basic idea of his theory was that atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy(light) only in discrete amounts and not in a continuous manner, thus to the smallest quantity of energy Plank gave the name Quantum.

UNIT 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Atom was earlier considered the most fundamental and indivisible unit of matter. Daltons Atomic Theory considered atom as the most fundamental unit of matter and thus believed it to be indivisible. But further on Sub atomic particles were discovered like electron, protons, neutrons, etc.

Electrons were discovered in the Cathode Ray tube experiment. Adding to this J.J Thompson found out the charge to mass ratio of an electron. R.A Millikan found out the value of charge on an electron with his oil drop experiment, and using the ratio of J.J Thompson was able to find out the mass too. A simple modification of the cathode ray tubes lead to the discovery of canal rays, particles carrying positive charge, thus, protons were discovered. Eventually, due to the aspect of stabilizing the atom neutrons were discovered by Chadwick. Neutrons have a mass slightly higher than the protons and have no charge. Now, since so many particles came up, thus there was a need to visualize how these particles were arranged in an atom, thus experimentalists started making atomic models, many came up with distinct ideas but had to face serious limitations and drawbacks. Lord Rutherford came up with an idea of the model like the solar system, and his model was also called the solar system model. To put limitations to his model James Clark Maxwell had already developed a theory known as the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. Thus such models, though not perfect still helped the early scientists to work on their own model in a more comprehensive way, and also lead to the development of the Bohr model of atom, the two developments which played an important role in the formulation of Bohrs model were: 1. Dual character of electromagnetic radiation, which means radiation has both wave and particle nature. 2. Experiments on atomic spectra, and the quantization of energy levels.

Sir James Clark Maxwell gave the theory on wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; by this he was able to explain the phenomenon of charged particles on macroscopic level. He explained that if a charge particle is accelerated then it emits electromagnetic radiation, which is in fact a form of energy. Maxwell also proved that light itself is an electromagnetic wave. Many phenomenon like diffraction, interference etc. could be explained by Maxwells theory, but certain phenomenon seem to deviate from Maxwells electromagnetic theory. Some of those phenomenon are:

1. Nature of emission of radiation: Black Body radiation. 2. Ejection of electrons when radiation strikes the metal: The Photoelectric effect. 3. Variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temperature. 4. Line Spectra of atoms, with special reference to hydrogen. Thus, to overcome this problem a theory was put forward by Max Plank, the main and basic idea of his theory was that atoms and molecules could emit or absorb energy(light) only in discrete amounts and not in a continuous manner, thus to the smallest

quantity of energy Plank gave the name Quantum.