MICROCONTROLLER BASED ANESTHESIA INJECTOR

ABSTRACT In the hospitals when any major operation is per orme!" the patient m#st $e in anestheti%e &on!ition' I the operation lasts or a lon( time" say or s#ppose or ) or * ho#rs" &omplete !ose o anesthesia &annot $e a!ministere! in a sin(le stro+e' It may lea! to the patient,s !eath' I lower amo#nt o anesthesia is a!ministere!" the patient may wa+e#p at the mi!!le o the operation' To a-oi! this" the anesthetist a!ministers ew milliliters o anesthesia per ho#r to the patient' I the anesthetist ails to a!minister the anesthesia to the patient at the parti&#lar time inter-al" other allie! pro$lems may arise' To o-er&ome s#&h ha%ar!o#s pro$lems the !esi(n o an a#tomati& operation o an anesthesia ma&hine $ase! on a mi&ro.&ontroller is e e&ti-e' In this system a +eypa! is pro-i!e! alon( with the mi&ro&ontroller an! syrin(e in #sion p#mp' The anesthetist &an set the le-el o anesthesia in terms o milliliters per ho#r to a!minister anesthesia to the patient with the help o +eypa!' A ter re&ei-in( the si(nal rom the +eypa!" the mi&ro&ontroller &ontrols the si(nal to the !esire le-el an! e! into the stepper motor to !ri-e the in #sion p#mp in proper manner' The anesthesia is a!ministere! to the patient a&&or!in( to the stepper motor rotation /the syrin(e will mo-e orwar! or $a&+war! !ire&tion0' This parti&#lar paper will $e -ery m#&h #se #l to physi&ians to see the &#rrent position o anesthesia o the patients' I the le-el o anesthesia is !e&rease! to lower le-el /set -al#e0" the alarm will $e initiate! to alert the physi&ian to re ill the anesthesia in the Syrin(e 1#mp to &ontin#e the pro&ess'
INTROD2CTION

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software and additional mechanical parts designed to perform a specific function. An example is the microwave oven. It is hardly realized that the oven actually consists of a processor and the software running inside. Another example is the TV remote control. Very few actually realize that there is a microcontroller inside that runs a set of programs especially for the TV. Automatic Anesthesia In ector system is also an application of embedded technologies in which a microcontroller is used to control the entire device.
www.Technicalsymposium.com

MICROCONTROLLER A !icrocontroller is a general"purpose device that is meant to read data, perform limited calculations on that data and control its environment based on those calculations. The prime use of a microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in #$! and that does not change over the lifetime of the system. A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that includes all or most of the parts needed for a controller in a single chip. The microcontroller could be rightly called a one.&hip sol#tion' MICRO CONTROLLER Vs MICRO PROCESSOR If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as #A!, #$! or E%#$! and peripherals and hence the size of the %&' will be large to hold all the re(uired peripherals. 'ut, the micro controller has got all these peripheral facilities on a single chip and hence development of similar system with micro controller reduces %&' size and the overall cost of the design.The difference between a !icroprocessor and !icrocontroller is that a !icroprocessor can only process with the data, but !icrocontroller can control external device in addition to processing the data. If a device has to be switched )$*+ or )$,,+, external I&s are needed to do this wor-. 'ut with !icrocontroller the device can be directly controlled without an I&. A !icrocontroller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world application, for example switch contracts can be open or close, indicators should be lit or dar- and motors can be either turned on or off and so forth. A2TOMATIC ANESTHESIA INJECTOR /AAI0 !a or operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations will lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays an important role in the part of pain-illing .AAI can be defined as )Automatic administration of anesthesia based on the bio"medical parameters of the patient, eliminating future side effects and the need for an anesthetist.+ Anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and so an Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for a successful surgery. PRESENT SYSTEM USED At present anesthetist controlled manual operation is employed, which may cause many difficulties such as, .evel of anesthesia may get varied and there is a chance of getting side effects in future.
www.Technicalsymposium.com

 If suppose the anesthetist fails to administer the level of anesthesia during the predetermined period, the patient may be disturbed during the operation. $ther systems developed to administer anesthesia operates by sensing the consciousness level of the patient and not by measuring his overall body conditions.

PROPOSED SYSTEM *ow days, embedded systems are used in many applications in medical field for controlling various biomedical parameters. In this design, a micro"controller is used for controlling the anesthesia machine automatically, depending upon the various biomedical parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate etc. !a or operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays important role in the part of pain-illing. /ence, anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery. Advantages of using the proposed system are, The need for an anesthetist is eliminated. .evel of anesthesia is not varied, so the future side effects are eliminated. I# detector is also included in the system for monitoring the total anesthesia level for the entire period of the surgery time. BLOC3 DIA4RAM

www.Technicalsymposium.com

5OR3IN4 O6 THE S7STEM 'y using the -eypad provided along with the !icrocontroller, the anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia to be administered to the patient in terms of milliliters per hour 01ml to 1222ml3.After receiving the anesthesia level from the -eypad, the !icrocontroller sets the system to administer anesthesia to the prescribed level. It then analyses various bio"medical parameters obtained from the sensors to determine the direction of rotation of the stepper motor. The rotation of the stepper motor causes the Infusion %ump to move in forward or in a bac-ward direction and the anesthesia provided in the syringe is in ected into the body of the patient. If the level of anesthesia is decreased to lower level than the set value, the alarm gets activated to alert the anesthetist to refill the anesthesia in the syringe pump to continue the process. In this design, the total timing and opposite flow of blood will also be detected by using !icro &ontroller. COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE SYSTEM Temperature 4ensor 5 to measure body temperature #espiration 4ensor 5 to measure respiration /eart 'eat 4ensor 5 to measure heartbeat !icro"&ontroller 5 to &ontrol the overall operation 4tepper !otor 5 to control the movement of the 4yringe Infusion %ump A67 &onverter 5 to convert the analog information in to a digital format. MEAS2REMENT O6 BIO.MEDICAL 1ARAMETERS The measurement of bio"medical parameters is a vital process. These parameters determine the overall condition of the patient. It plays a very significant process in the level of anesthesia that has to be administered to the patient. $nly based on these parameters the movement of the stepper motor is determined. Transducers and Thermistors are the -ey lin-s in all sensors designed to describe and analyze the bio"medical parameters. The transducers used here are ust those that find applications in patient monitoring systems and experimental wor- on four parameters namely blood pressure, temperature, pulse and respiratory activity. 'oth transducers and thermistors are made in a wide variety of forms suitable for use in medical applications. They are available as wafers for applying on the s-in surfaces tiny beads for inserting into the tissues
www.Technicalsymposium.com

. TEMPERATURE SENSOR The most accurate method to measure temperature is to use Thermistors and #esistance Thermometers. Thermistor or thermal resistor is a two"terminal semiconductor device whose resistance is temperature sensitive. The value of such resistors decreases with increase in temperature. The thermistors have very high temperature coefficient of resistance of the order of 89 to :9 per ;&, ma-ing it an ideal temperature transducer. The temperature co"efficient of resistance is normally negative. The output of the temperature sensor is given to the amplifier stages. #esistance thermometers can also be used to measure the body temperature. Important characteristics of resistance thermometers are high temperature co"efficient to resistance, stable properties so that the resistance characteristics does not drift with repeated heating or cooling or mechanical strain and high resistivity to permit the construction of small sensors. &ircuit to measure Temperature

RESPIRATION SENSOR The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. The action of breathing is controlled by muscular action causing the volume of the lung to increase and decrease to affect a precise and sensitive control of the tension of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. <nder normal circumstances, this is rhythmic action. &ircuit to measure #espiration

www.Technicalsymposium.com

#espiratory activity can be detected by measuring changes in the impedance across the thorax. 4everal types of transducers have been developed for the measurement of respiration rate. A 4train =auge type &hest Transducer is a suitable transducer to measure the respiratory activity. The respiratory movement results in the changes of the strain gauge element of the transducer hence the respiration rate can be measured. HEART BEAT SENSOR /eart rate is our body>s way of telling how hard it is going. It is very vital that heart beat has to be in normal while administering anesthesia to the patient. *ormal heart beat is ?@ beats per minute. A sensor is designed for monitoring the changes in the heart beat of the human body. There are @ ways of monitoring heart rate information from the body. They are Electrocardiogram 0E&=3 %<.4E 13 The E.C.G or Electrocardiogram, gives the electrically pic-ed up signals from the limbs due to the nervous activity of the heart. The electrodes are pasted on to the @ hands and the left leg, the right leg electrode serving as the common or ground reference. The signals are pic-ed up and amplified by high gain differential amplifiers and then the electrocardiogram signal is obtained. @3 The pulse signal refers to the flow of blood that passes from the heart to the limbs and the peripheral organs once per beat. <sually, the physician loo-s for the pulse on the wrist of the patient. The artery is near the surface of the s-in and hence easily palpable. This pulse occurs once per heart beat. These pulse signals can be pic-ed up by -eeping a piezo"electric pic- up on the artery site 0in the wrist3. DESI4N O6 A MICROCONTROLLER The design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of the microprocessor. The microprocessor design accomplishes a very flexible and extensive repertoire of multi"byte instructions. These instructions wor- in hardware configurations that enables large amount of
www.Technicalsymposium.com

memory and I$ to be connected to address and data bus pins on the integrated circuit pac-age. The microcontroller design uses a much more limited set of single and double byte instructions that are used to move code and data from internal memory to the A.<. The pins are programmable that is capable of having several different functions depending on the wishes of the programmer. It is concerned with getting data from and to its own pins .89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER The !icrocontroller that is used in this system is AB&:1 manufactured by Atmel, !&, <4A. This is an advanced version of A281. 4E#IE4 C AB&:1 ,amily TE&/*$.$=D C &!$4 The ma or features of A"bit micro controller AT!E. AB&:1C A 'it &%< optimized for control applications Extensive 'oolean processing 04ingle"bit .ogic3 &apabilities $n"chip ,lash %rogram !emory $n"chip 7ata #A! 'i"directional and Individually Addressable I6$ .ines !ultiple 1E"'it Timer6&ounters ,ull 7uplex <A#T !ultiple 4ource6Vector6%riority Interrupt 4tructure $n"&hip $scillator and &loc- circuitry $n"&hip E%#$! 4%I 4erial 'us Interface Fatch 7og Timer Flash ROM The G"-b #$! in the microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed. If the available memory is not enough for the program an external #$! can be interfaced with this I&. ATAB&:1 has 1E address lines, so a maximum of 0@H1E3 i.e. EG bytes of #$! can be interfaced. 'oth internal and external #$! can be used simultaneously. RAM The !icrocontroller provides internal @:E bytes of #A!. Theses @:E bytes of internal #A! can be used along with the external #A!. Externally a EG"-b of #A! can be connected with the microcontroller. In internal #A! first 1@A bytes of #A! is available for the user and the
www.Technicalsymposium.com

remaining 1@A bytes are used as special function registers 04,#3. These 4,#s are used as control registers for timer, serial port etc. Inp !"O !p ! p#$! ,our I6$ ports are available in ATAB&:1. They are %ort 2, %ort 1, %ort@ and %ort 8. These ports are eight bit ports and can be controlled individually. In addition to this the ports also has pull"up registers to maximize its use. In!%$$ p!s The AT AB&:1 provides : Interrupt sourcesC @ external interrupts 5 I*T2 and I*T1 @ timer interrupts 5 T,2 and T,1 a serial port interrupts.

M%&#$' The memory is logically separated into %rogram memory and 7ata memory. This logical separation allows the data memory to be addressed by A"bit address. %rogram memory can only read the information. There can be up to EG bytes of directly addressable program memory. ADC 8989:898;
The A7& 2A2A62A2B is an A"bit digital to analog converter with A"channel inbuilt !ultiplexer. It is the monolithic &!$4 device manufactured by the *ational semiconductors. It uses the principle of 4uccessive Approximation techni(ue for the conversion process. The A"channel !ultiplexer can directly access any of the A"single"ended analog signals. Easy interfacing to the microcontrollers is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexers address inputs and latched TT. TI#"4TATE outputs. The salient features areC

/igh 4peed and Accuracy !inimal temperature 7ependence Excellent temperature dependence Excellent long term accuracy and repeatability &onsumes minimal power. 01: mF3 These features ma-e this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications. STE11ER MOTOR

www.Technicalsymposium.com

A stepper motor transforms electrical pulses into e(ual increments of rotary shaft motion called steps. A one"to"one correspondence exists between the electrical pulses and the motor steps. They wor- in con unction with electronic switching devices. The function of switching device is to switch the control windings of the stepper motor with a fre(uency and se(uence corresponding to the issued command. It has a wound stator and a non exited rotor. 4tepper motors are classified as @"phase, 8"phase or G"phase depending on the number of windings on the stator. STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT In Automatic Anesthesia In ector, a G"phase stepper motor is used. &onsider the four phases as 41, 4@, 48 and 4G. The switch se(uence can be used to rotate the motor half steps of 2.B; cloc-wise or counter cloc-wise. To ta-e first step cloc-wise from 4@ and 41 being on, the pattern of 1Is and 2Is is simply rotated one bit position around to the right. The 1 from 41 is rotated around into bit G. To ta-e the next step the switch pattern is rotated one more bit position. To step anti"cloc-wise the pattern is rotated to the left by one bit position.

This cloc-wise and counter cloc-wise movement of the stepper motor is coordinated with the movement of the 4yringe by means of a mechanical interface.

S7RIN4E IN62SION 12M1 The 4yringe Infusion pump provides uniform flow of fluid by precisely driving the plunger of a syringe towards its barrel. It provides accurate and continuous flow rate for precisely delivering anesthesia medication in critical medical care. It has an alarm system activated by Infra"#ed 4ensor and limit switches. The pump will stop automatically with an alarm when the syringe is empty or if any air"bubble enters the fluid line. =lass and plastic 4yringes of all sizes from 1ml to
www.Technicalsymposium.com

82ml can be used in the infusion pump. The flow rates can be ad usted from 1ml to BBml6hr. 4ince it accepts other syringe size also, much lower flow rate can be obtained by using smaller syringes. SO6T5ARE DETAILS A program is re(uired which when burnt into the E%#$! will operate with the AT AB&:1 to do the function of monitoring the bio"medical parameters. The program answers the following re(uirementsC To read the input from the -eypad provided with the microcontroller. To activate the internal timer and enable it to interrupt the AT AB&:1 whenever the timer overflows. To read the parameters such as heart rate, respiration, body temperature once in every specified interval. To chec- for the correctness of the parameter values and activate the alarm set with the system when the level of Anesthesia goes down. To calculate the stepper motor movement 0increase the speed or decrease the speed3 with the parameters provided by the 4ensors. &ontinue the above until switched $,, or #E4ET.

www.Technicalsymposium.com

www.Technicalsymposium.com

To 4ummarizeC 'y using various electrical circuits the bio"medical parameters can be found. The output of the circuits is amplified by means of an amplifier and fed into an A67 converter. The digitized signal is then fed into the input port of the !icrocontroller. The !icrocontroller displays the parameters in digital value in the display device. If the level of the temperature or respiration is increased or decreased the level of anesthesia was controlled automatically with the help of micro"controller and the stepper motor actions. E<1ERIMENTAL RES2LTS The performance of the microcontroller was chec-ed virtually by interfacing it with the computer. The program was written in the micro controller for analyzing the parameters. Then the microcontroller was interfaced with the %& using the !icrosoft &ommunication %ort interface in Visual 'asic E.2. A 4tepper motor designed in V' was made to run and the motor speed on various conditions was noted. Fhen the respiration rate and the temperature were constant, the motor speed was found to be constant. Fhen this parameter was varied 0by manually coding the change in the microcontroller program3, the stepper motor speed was also found to vary with the aid of the microcontroller. Interface developed in Visual 'asic

www.Technicalsymposium.com

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS !ultiple parameters li-e 'lood pressure, retinal size, age and weight can be included as controlling parameters in the future. 4pecialized embedded anesthesia machine can be developed, thereby reducing size, cost and increasing efficiency.

CONCL2SION !odern technologies have developed that promotes comfortable and better life which is disease free. %#EVE*TI$* I4 'ETTE# T/A* &<#E and protection is intelligent than prevention and our presentation on !I&#$&$*T#$..E# 'A4E7 A*E4T/E4IA !A&/I*E is one of the efficient protecting systems. REFERENCES

www.Technicalsymposium.com

1. !icrocontroller and their applications 5 Jenneth K.Ayalaa 5 %enram International. @. 'io medical Instrumentation and Application 5 Filliam Kohn Febster.

www.Technicalsymposium.com