Mary Ward C S S Mathematics Department

Principles of Mathematics MPM 1D1 Grade 9 Academic Mathematics Unit 3

ALGEBRA OPERATIONS

Combining Like Terms The Distributive Law Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

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Unit 3

Algebra Operations

EXPECTATIONS:

By the end of the unit, all students will:

Define the vocabulary used in Algebra. Recognize and group terms that are alike. Simplify polynomial expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. Apply distributive law for multiplication over addition and subtraction. Define the area of a quadrilateral in terms of a polynomial expression. Add and subtract polynomials with 2 variables

JOURNAL WRITING: Please refer to handout COMPUTER WORK: The Learning Equation: worksheet handed in separately from the unit work.

TEST: Follows this unit

ASEESSMENT / EVALUATION ACTIVITY A B C D E F G Math Literacy Like Terms Algebra Tiles - 1 Algebra Tiles - 2 Combining Like Terms Distributive Property Seminar Activity Practice Test TLE self check Unit Test Total estimated time (in school and at KTCA T, C K, A T, C T, C T, C K, A T, C K, A K, A K, A home) TIME 0.5 h 0.5 h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 9h +

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

WHAT IS ALGEBRA ?

Algebra is the branch of mathematics in which symbols, usually letters of the alphabet, represent unknown numbers.

The origin of word al!ge!bra is mid-16th century via Italian and medieval Latin: Arabic al-jabr "the reuniting," in the title of a treatise by the mathematician al-Khwarizmi

Let us compare the language of Algebra to the English language:

English

Algebra

Letters

Variables

Syllables

Terms

Words

Polynomials

Phrases

Expressions

Sentences

Equations

Paragraphs

Problem solving

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VARIABLE A variable is a letter that represents one or more numbers. TERM

A term is a number or a variable, or the product or quotient of numbers and variables. Some examples of terms are: x!, 4y,
, 5

x, y are 4,

variables,

are coefficients,

and 5 is a constant.

POLYNOMIAL

An algebraic expression formed when terms are added or subtracted.

These are some examples of polynomials:

5x 2x + 3y 2x + 4y + 7z

(monomial one term) (binomial two terms) (trinomial three terms)

LIKE TERMS

Terms that have the same variables raised to exactly the same exponents.

These are some examples of like terms:

2x and 3x,

-4xz and 7xz,

4x! and -6x!

UNLIKE TERMS

Terms that have different variables, or the same variable but different exponents.

These are some examples of unlike terms:

3b and 4a,

11b! and -9b,

5xy and 8xz

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

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This is a Frayer Diagram. It is made up of 4 boxes, each with a purpose. The concept tying everything together is in the middle oval. It is used for definitions of mathematical terms. Here is an example of a Frayer diagram to define a Polygon: Definition (in your own words) Characteristics

A simple, closed, plane figure made up of three or more line segments

Curve doesnt intersect itself Plane figure(2 dimensional) three or more line segments No dangling parts

Examples

Polygon

Non-Examples

Rectangle Triangle Pentagon Hexagon Trapezoid

Circle Cone Arrow(ray) Cube Letter A

A. MATH LITERACY Use a Frayer Diagram to define each of the following terms: algebra; polynomials; like terms;

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

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variable;

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

Definition (in your own words)

Characteristics

Examples

Non-Examples

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Mathematics 9 p 265 # 1, 2 B. LIKE TERMS MHR Mathpower 9 p 305 # 1 p 308 # 5, 6, 7 MHR Principles 9 p 151 # 1 - 4

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COMBINING LIKE TERMS

We will use ALGEBRA TILES to represent terms. The following coloured or shaded tiles represent positive :

x2

y2

xy

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

The colours of the algebra tiles do not matter, but the shapes do

The AW textbook uses green for positive, red for negative. The MGH textbook uses colours for positive: red for unit tile, green for x, orange for y and grey for xy, while negative tiles are blank.

The following tiles (absence of colour) represent negative:

-1

-x

- x2

-y

- y2

-xy

The Zero Principle can be represented by combining a positive and a negative of the same shape:

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Example 1 State the algebraic for the following Algebra Tiles Display :

Solution :

The tiles show

: 2x2 + y2 + 3x 2
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Example 2. Use tiles to illustrate:

-2y2 + x 2y + 4

2 negative y2 - tiles (blank squares) 1 x - tile (shaded rectangle) 2 negative y tiles (blank rectangles, different size from the y) 4 unit tiles (shaded small squares)

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Example 3. Combine the following, using both Algebra Tiles, and Algebra Expressions:

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Solution: Regroup and use the zero principle

x2 + 2x -3

first group

-2x2 + 2x +4

second group

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Regroup, according to like terms :

x2 -2x2

+ 2x+x

-3+4

Use the zero principle

-x2

+3x

+1

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C. ALGEBRA TILES - 1 1. Use tiles to model each algebraic expression (Draw the diagram in your notebook) a) x2 +5 x b) 3x2- 4x c) 2x2 + 3x + 4 d) x2 -5x 3 e) 3x + 5y f) 5x! + 4xy + 3y! 2. Make up 3 algebraic expressions and illustrate using tiles 3. Use tiles to build an area model that has length and width as indicated a) Length = x, width = x + 2 b) Length = x + 4, width = x c) Length = x + 2, width = x + 3 4. Use algebra tiles to model and simplify each expression. Draw the diagram in your notebook. a) 2x + 3 + 4x + 1 b) 5y + 2 3y -1 c) 2c2 + 3c + 4c2 4x D. ALGEBRA TILES -2 MHR Mathpower 9 p 308 # 1 - 4

AW Mathematics 9 p 265 # 3, 4

MHR Principles 9 p 108 # 1 - 5

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SIMPLIFY POLYNOMIALS
An expression is in simplest form when there are no like terms. For example, the expression 5x is in simplest form, but the expression 8x 3x is not.

To Simplify Polynomials Means To Combine Like Terms.

Example 1 Simplify the following.

a)

3x + 5y + 2x + 3y

b)

x! + 3xy + 2y! + 4x! + xy + y!

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Solution:

3x + 5y + 2x + 3y
=

3x + 2x + 5y +3y 5x + 8x

Group like terms Combine like terms

x! + 3xy + 2y! + 4x! + xy + y! = = x! + 4x! + 3xy + xy + 2y! + y! 5x! + 4xy + 3y!

Group Arrange final answer in alphabetical and descending order.

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Example 2

Find the perimeter of the polygon. Evaluate for

x = 5 and y = 3

Solution:

The perimeter is the sum of the 6 sides Start at the top left, and work your way around, clockwise. There are 6 addends, each in brackets. One bracket represents one side. Since there are only addends, remove brackets Group like terms, working from left to right Answer is in alphabetical order Replace the variables with brackets. Inside the bracket put the value.

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Example 3 Determine the value of each expression when x = 1, and when x = -1.
a) 9

+ 3x

b) 4x

Solution:

When x = 1 9 + 3x = 9 + 3(1) =9+3 = 12 4x 9 = 4(1) 9 =49 =-5

When x = -1 9 + 3x = 9 + 3(-1) =9-3 =6

4x 9 = 4(-1) 9 =-49 = - 13

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Example 4

Subtract

7x + y from 6x 3

Solution
6x 3 is the minuend, so goes first 7x + y is the subtrahend, so goes second Change the subtract operation to add. Change the subtrahend to its opposite Remove brackets Group like terms Combine

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AW Mathematics 9 p 265 # 6, # 7 a, g, d # 8 a, b, c, d # 9 a, b, d # 11 a, b, d, e, e, f # 12 a, b, d # 13 E. COMBINING TERMS MHR Mathpower 9 p 308 # 8, 12, 14 # 28, 29, 30 p 311 # 5, 6, 7, 8 # 18, 21 MHR Principles 9 p 151 # 5, 6, 7 p 157 # 2 a, e, e # 4 a, d, e #5g

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MULTIPLICATION OF MONOMIALS
Example

Multiply the following.

a) (2x) (4x)

b) (2a) (7)
When multiplying monomials, first multiply the numerical coefficients, then the variables.

Solution:

(2x)(4x) = (2) (4) (x) (x) = 8x!

(2a) (7) = (2) (7) (a) = 14a

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MULTIPLICATION USING ALGEBRA TILES

Use Algebra Tiles to illustrate

2 (x + y +2)

2 (x + y+2)

means 2 groups of

(x + y +2)

Group like terms Answer :

2x + 2y + 4

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THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
You have been invited to meet 3 very important people. In our North American culture, when you meet people, you are expected to shake hands. Your hand shake must be distributed to everyone. You (VIP # 1 + VIP # 2 + VIP # 3) = You shake hands with VIP # 1 + You shake hands with VIP # 2 + You shake hands with VIP # 3 You have to go through the brackets to shake hands with everyone. You are the monomial The three VIP are the polynomial

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If you do NOT shake hands with someone, it is considered rude! The Distributive Property in Algebra works like a handshake in that it must be

distributed to everyone . The monomial on the outside has to go through the brackets .
Example 1 Simplify 3(x + 4).

Solution:
To "simplify" this, get rid of the brackets. The Distributive Property says to multiply the 3 onto everything inside the brackets. Draw arrows to emphasize this:

Multiply the 3 onto the x and onto the 4: The most common error is to take the 3 through the brackets to shake hands with x, forgetting to shake hands with the 4 as well. Draw little arrows to help you remember to carry the multiplier through onto everything inside the brackets.

= 3(x) + 3(4) = 3x + 12

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Example 2 Simplify 2(x 4)

Solution:
Take the 2 through the brackets. This gives: A common mistake with this type of problem is to lose a "minus" sign somewhere, such as doing

2(x 4) = 2(x) 2(4) = 2x + 8

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" 2(x 4) = 2(x) 2(4) = 2x 8". Did you notice how the "4" somehow turned into a "4" when the 2 went through the brackets? That's why the answer ended up being wrong. Be careful with the "minus" signs! Until you are confident in Mary Ward CSS your skills, take the time to write out the distribution, complete with the signs

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Example 3 Simplify (x 3)

Solution:
Take the "minus" through the brackets. It is helpful to write in the invisible "1" before the brackets:

1(x 3)
Take a 1 through the brackets: Note that "1x + 3" and "x + 3" are technically the same thing; either would be a perfectly acceptable answer. However"1x + 3" is considered as not fully simplified

= = = =

(x 3) 1(x 3) 1(x) 1(3) 1x + 3 x + 3

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Example 4 Multiply the following using the distributive property

a) 4(3x + 2)
Solution:

b) 3(2y 5)
Distribute multiplication over addition or subtraction.

4(3x + 2) = 4 (3x + 2) = 4(3x) + 4(2) = 12x + 8

3(2y 5) = 3 (2y 5) = 3(2y) + 3 (-5) = 6y 15

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Example 5 3x + 2 Calculate the area of the rectangle.

4

3x

2
Area

Solution:
4

Area

= 12x

=8

4(3x +2) = 4(3x) + 4(2) = 12x + 8

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To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, use the distributive property to multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial.
a (b + c) = ab + ac a (b c) = ab ac

AW Mathematics 9 p. 259 #2 , 3, 8, 9 p 260 # 13 19 p 265 #7 e, f; 8 f # 10 c, e, f # 11 g, h # 12 e, f, g, h

F. THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY MHR Mathpower 9 p 314 # 1 51 (odd #s only); # 55- 59; # 65

MHR Principles 9

p 166 # 1 6 p 167 # 8 a, d; 9 a, f p 168 # 15 a, b, c

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Hand in your unit now. Wait until you have been authorized for the test, then do the following assignment. G. PRACTICE TEST MHR Mathpower 9 p 334 # 1 3; #7 # 37 40 # 65, 66

AW Mathematics 9 p 298 # 5, 6, 7

MHR Principles 9 p 175 # 14, 15, 16 a,b,c # 18 a,b # 19 a, c # 20 a, b p 176 # 8, 9

p 336 # 1, 2, 27, 28

Now do the TLE assignment.

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Extra Practice
1. Simplify by using the distributive property a) 2 (x + 3) f) 2 (n 1) b) 3(y 4) g) -2(x + 3) c) 6 (7 x) h) -2 (x 3) d) 5 (8 + y) i) -4 (-x + 2) e) 3 (n + 2)

2. Simplify by using the distributive property a) 3 (x + 5) e) -5(4x + 2) i) -2(6x 2) b) 3(4x + 5) f) -3 (3x 2) j) -4(x 2) c) 7(3n + 1) g) 6(3 4a) k) -4(-2 8x) d)9 (3b + 4) h)6(3 4a)

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3. Simplify by using the distributive property a) -1(5 2x) b) -5(a b) c) -3 (-a + 4c) d) -2(a + 5)

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MPM 1D unit 3: Algebra

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Answers

a) 2x + 6 b) 3y 12 c) 42 6x d) 40 + 57 e) 3n + 6 f) 2n 2 g) -2x 6 h) -2x + 6 i) 4x 8

2.

a) 3x + 15 b) 12 x = 15 c) 21 n + 7 d) 27 b = 36 e) -20x 10 f) -9x + 6 g) 18 + 4y h) 18 24 x i) -12x + 4 j) -4x + 8 k) 8 + 32 x

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3.

a) -5 + 2x c) 3x 12c e) 20b 12c

b) -5a + 5b d) -2a -10 f) 12 42 a

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