DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ON DURIAN OPENER

LING CHAI VOON

This report is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluid)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

APRIL 2009

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I hereby, declare this thesis is result of my own research except as cited in the references

Signature Authors Name Date

: . : LING CHAI VOON : 10/04/2009

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To my beloved family

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to convey my most heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Kamarul Ariffin Zakaria as the final year project supervisor who has graciously offered his time, attention, experience and guidance throughout the completion of project. Special thanks also to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Technical Malaysia Malacca (UTeM) for the opportunities given and facilities offered. Lastly, I would like to thank each and every individual who have either directly or indirectly helped me throughout the efforts of this report be it in the form of encouragement, advice or kind reminders. A special thanks to the occupants of No.23, Jalan TU 23, Taman Tasik Utama for their consistent words of wisdom and company throughout the late nights.

ABSTRACT

The present investigation primarily designs of the durian fruit opener that easy to use and create the model for the design. To build up the idea of design the durian opener, research on the different body shape and size of durian fruit from different species have to be done well in order to get the dimension for the design. Beside that, research on old type methodology of opening a durian fruit also will be consider to find out the weaknesses of the methodology and solve the weaknesses with new idea of design. There are many different types of durian fruit opener that used by people nowadays. Therefore, research will be done on those openers to find out the weaknesses such as its size, method of use, safety factor, etc. From these, more information will be collect for analyses so that a more easy to use and comfortable durian opener idea can be create for the conveniences of durian fruit fans. After the full concept design have done, a model of durian fruit opener will be fabricate for the analysis test on its toughness and the force that it can afford on it. A suitable material to fabricate the design of durian fruit opener also will be considering in this project.

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ABSTRAK

Projek ini adalah kajian tentang mereka cipta satu alat pembuka buah durian yang mudah untuk digunakan dan membangunkan model rekabentuk tersebut. Untuk membina gagasan reka bentuk pembuka buah durian yang sempurna, kajian ke atas pelbagai bentuk dan saiz buah durian daripada pelbagai spesis hendaklah dikaji dengan baik untuk mendapat dimensi rekabentuk tersebut. Selain itu, kajian ke atas kaedah lama yang digunakan untuk membuka buah durian juga akan dipertimbangkan untuk mengetahui kelemahan-kelemahan kaedah tersebut dan menyelesaikan kelemahan-kelemahan dengan idea baru rekabentuk. Terdapat pelbagai jenis alat pembuka buah durian yang digunakan sekarang. Oleh itu, kajian akan dibuat ke atas alat pembuka yang sedia ada untuk mengetahui kelemahankelemahan seperti saiznya, kaedah penggunaan, faktor keselamatan, dan sebagainya. Daripada ini, lebih banyak maklumat dapat dikumpulkan untuk membuat analisis supaya satu rekaan yang lebih mudah dan selesa dapat dibangunkan bagi kegunaan atau keselesaan peminat-peminat buah durian. Selepas idea konsep penuh telah dibuat, sebuah model pembuka buah durian akan difabrikasi untuk ujian analisis ke atas kekuatan alat tersebut. Bahan yang sesuai untuk membina rekabentuk pembuka durian juga akan dipertimbangkan dalam projek ini.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER

TOPIC

PAGE

VERIFICATION DEDICATION AKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES

ii iii iv v vi vii x xii xvi

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Background Study Problem Statement Objectives Scope

1 1 3 3 3

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Durian Fruit Different Species of Durian Fruit The Shape of Durian Fruit Old Type of Durian Opener and the Weaknesses of the Design

4 4 6 7 8

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CHAPTER

TOPIC

PAGE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 Planning Research of different type and shape of durian fruit 3.3 Investigation of old methodology and design of durian opener 3.4 Design Process 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 Conception design Design Concept and Criteria Evaluation on Design Drawing

14 14 15

15

15 16 19 20 21 21

Detail Design 3.5.1 New Design of a Durian Opener 3.5.2 Components of the New Durian Opener Complete With Dimension

23

3.6

Preparing Model (Model Fabrication) 3.6.1 Tools use for fabricating model of new durian opener 3.6.2 Procedure of fabricating the new durian opener

28 28

34

3.7

Analysis Test 3.7.1 Compression Test 3.7.1.1 Experiment Data for Compression Test 3.7.1.2 Experiment Results for Compression Test 3.7.2 Analysis Axial Loading; Normal Stress and Factor of Safety for the Durian Opener

39 39 46

49

49

3.8

Experiments for Testing the Durian Opener

63

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CHAPTER

TOPIC

PAGE

3.9

Conclusion

65

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Expected Result Design Step Detail Design Fabrication Analysis on the design Further Development

66 66 67 68 68 69 70

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

71

REFERENCE APPENDIX

72 74

LIST OF TABLES

NO.

TITLE

PAGES

2.1

Steps of opening durian fruit using old Methodology

2.2

Different types of existent durian opener and its weaknesses

11

3.1

Five idea sketch complete with advantages and weaknesses

17

3.2

Design Drawing Evaluation

20

3.3

The detail design of the durian opener complete with dimension

24

3.4

Tools that use for cutting system in fabricating model

28

3.5

Tools that use for welding system in fabricating model

32

3.6

Procedure for cutting, filling and welding process

34

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NO.

TITLE

PAGES

3.7

The picture and the data measuring for durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung

42

3.8

The picture and procedure for compression test

44

3.9

Maximum load and compressive strength of durian D13, D98 and Durian Kampung

49

3.10

The procedure of testing the durian opener

63

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LIST OF FIGURES

NO.

TITLE

PAGES

2.1

Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also known as Durian Merah (Source: Djatmiko W.A. 2007)

2.2

Durian tree, compared to human height (Source: Yun, H. Y. 2008)

2.3

Durian flowers (Source: Bryan Loh. 2007)

2.4

Durio Oxleyanus (Source: Nirav, S. 2003)

2.5

Durio Graveolens (Source: Nirav, S. 2003)

2.6

Durio Oblongus (Source: Nirav, S. 2003)

2.7

Three rare Durio species together (Source: Nirav, S. 2003)

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NO.

TITLE

PAGES

2.8

Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing blood (Source: Takato Marui. 2006)

2.9

The zigzag line where a durian will naturally split apart between sections (Source: Nirav, S. 2006)

3.1

Flow Chart of Methodology Frenchs Model of the Design Process

14

3.2

15

3.3

Hierarchical Diagrams of Design Criteria

19

3.4

Sketch of the design of durian opener.

22

3.5

The caulking compress gun CG-A106

23

3.6

The explode view of the design

27

3.7

The actual view of the new durian opener

38

3.8

INSTRON 5585 Material Testing System

39

3.9

Measuring the maximum diameter of a durian fruit

40

3.10

Measuring the maximum width of a durian fruit

41

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NO.

TITLE

PAGES

3.11

Measuring the maximum length of a durian fruit

41

3.12

Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus Compressive Extension (mm) for Compression Test of Durian 13

46

3.13

Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 13

46

3.14

Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus Compressive Extension (mm) for Compression Test of Durian 98

47

3.15

Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98

47

3.16

Graph of Compressive Load (N) Versus Compressive Extension (mm) for Compression Test of Durian Kampung

48

3.17

Graph of Stress-strain diagram for Durian 98

48

3.18

Force acting to press the Aluminum rod down on the compress gun

51

3.19

Force acting to press the Aluminum Alloy 2011 rod down

52

3.20

The Aluminum Alloy 2011 rod is subjected to equal and opposite comcentrated load P and P

52

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NO.

TITLE

PAGES

3.21

The location of durian fruit holder on the design

54

3.22

The Holder (steel 1018) is subjected to equal and opposite concentrated load P and P

54

3.23

Force acting to the Aluminum Alloy 2011 base support

56

3.24

Force acting to press the aluminium rod down on the handle

57

3.25

The Aluminum Alloy 2011 handle subjected to equal and opposite concentrated load P and P

58

3.26

The diagram to find the load acting on the pressing gun.

58

3.27

Shearing stress on Pin A (Aluminum Alloy 2011)

60

3.28

Shearing stress on 4 Pin B (Aluminum Alloy 2011)

61

4.1

The front view of the design

66

4.2

The isometric view of the stand and holder for design

67

4.3

The fabricated model for the new design

68

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LIST OF APPENDICES

NO.

TITLE

PAGES

A B C D

Gantt Chart Design 3D View Drawing Experiment Data for Compression Test Table A-20 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metal

74 75 87 96

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background study

The durian is the fruit of trees from the genus Durio belonging to the Malvaceae, a large family which includes hibiscus, okra, cotton, mallows, and linden trees. Widely known and revered in Southeast Asia as the "King of Fruits", the fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimeters long and 15 centimeters in diameter, and typically weighs one to four kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species (Djatmiko W.A. 2007).

Nowadays, there are many recognised durian species available in the international market. There are hundreds of durian cultivars, most of them propagated by vegetative clones; where farmer will mixed up the seeds from different type of durian. Beside vegetative clones, farmer will also propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars can be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. Most of these durian cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D" such as, Kop (D99), Chanee (D123), Kradum Thong, Sultan, Mao Shan Wang and with no common name, D24 and D169 (Djatmiko W.A. 2007).

The durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. In northern Thailand, the preference is for the fruit to be as soft and pungent in aroma as possible. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be quite ripe and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy, slightly alcoholic, the aroma pronounced and the flavour highly complex (Morton, J. 1987).

The durian rind is greenish-or-yellowish-tan-brown, and covered with thick, sharp- pointed, pyramidal spikes, of many variations in shape. The rind is extremely tough and has evolved so as to be able to fall to the ground without major damage to the fruit (unless it lands on solid rock) from heights as much as 40 meter. Larger durian fruits can be gingerly and carefully picked up bare-handed by placing the fingers between the spikes; smaller fruits with small spikes are difficult to hold barehanded for more than a few moments. (People who handle durians professionally often use thick gloves.) The weight of the fruit and its spiky armor make a durian grove a hazardous place to be during ripening season, unless the fruits have all been pre-tied with strings or ropes to prevent their fall to the ground, or large safety nets positioned to catch them (Morton, J. 1987) .

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Problem Statement A durian fruit is delicious and it was the King of fruit in Malaysia.

However, because of it covered by spikes and the outer flesh of durian fruit are thick and tough it can be difficult to open if you dont know how. Therefore a durian opener which is easy to be use and reliable has to be design to provide convenience for people that like to eat durian fruit.

1.3

Objectives

To design and fabricate a durian opener which is easy to be handle and reliable.

1.4

Scope

The research will focus on the design of a new durian fruit opener. To complete the design, research on the old type durian fruit opener in market is important. This research is to find out the weaknesses of the old type durian fruit opener so that to improve it at tha new design. Following this, discover the optimum and easy methodology to open a durian fruit. Using the information get from the research to design a conceptual idea of durian opener. Fabricate the model of the new design follow the real dimension so that it can be analyse the strenght of the new design of durian opener.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Durian Fruit

The durian, native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, has been known to the western world for about 600 years. Durian had been famously described its flesh as "a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds" in the 19th century. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked. (Wallace A. R. 1900). The name durian comes from the Malay word duri (thorn) with suffix -an.

Figure 2.1: Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also known as Durian Merah (Source: Djatmiko W.A., (2007))

The durian tree, reaching 27-40 meter in height in tropical forests, is usually erect with short, straight, rough, peeling trunk to 1.2 meter in diameter, and irregular dense or open crown of rough branches, and thin branches coated with coppery or gray scales when young. The evergreen, alternate leaves are oblong-lance-olate, or elliptic-obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly pointed at the apex; leathery, darkgreen and glossy above, silvery or pale-yellow, and densely covered with gray or reddish-brown, hairy scales on the underside; 6.25-25 cm long, 2.5-9 cm wide. Malodorous, whitish to golden-brown, 3-petalled flowers, 5-7.5 cm wide, with 5lobed, bell-shaped calyx, are borne in pendant clusters of 3 to 30 directly from the old, thick branches or trunk. (Morton, J. 1987)

Figure 2.2: Durian tree, compared to human height (Source: Yun, H. Y., (2008))

Figure 2.3: Durian flowers (Source: Bryan Loh, (2007))

2.2

Different Species of Durian Fruit

There are 30 recognized Durian species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; most of them have a common name and a code number starting with "D". Among the thirty known species of Durian, nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. lowianus, D. macrantha, D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarum. (O'Gara et al. 2004). However, there are many species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, so other species with edible fruit may exist. (Brown, Michael J.1997) .There is over 300 named varieties of durian in Thailand. Only a few of these are in commercial cultivation. In Malaysia, 100 types are graded for size and quality. In peninsular Malaya, there are 44 clones with small differences in time and extent of flowering, floral and fruit morphology, productivity and edible quality (Morton, J. 1987). All Thai durians and most Malaysian durians are varieties and clones of only one species, Durio zibethinus, and the common domestic durian, which has been bred and selected for centuries in Southeast Asia for various desirable qualities (Shunyam Nirav). Some popular clones are Kop (D99 ), Chanee (D123), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 ), Kan Yao (D158), Mon Thong (D159), Kradum Thong and with no common name, D24, D101 and D169. (O'Gara et al. 2004).

Figure 2.4: Durio Oxleyanus (Source: Nirav, S., (2003))

Figure 2.5: Durio Graveolens (Source: Nirav, S.., (2003))

Figure 2.6: Durio Oblongus together (Source: Nirav, S., (2003))

Figure 2.7: Three rare Durio species (Source: Nirav, S., (2003))

2.3

The Shape of Durian Fruit

The fruits are ovoid or ovoid-oblong to nearly round, 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm) long, 5 to 6 in (12.5-15 cm) wide, and up to 18 lbs (8 kg) in weight. The yellow or yellowish-green rind is thick, tough, semi-woody, and densely set with stout, sharply pointed spines, 3- to 7-sided at the base. Handling without gloves can be painful. Inside there are 5 compartments containing the creamy-white, yellowish, pinkish or orange-colored flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like seeds, 3/4 to 2 1/4 in (2-6 cm) long with glossy, red-brown seedcoat. Some fruits split into 5 segments, others do not split, but all fall to the ground when mature. (Morton, J. 1987)

Figure 2.8: Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing blood. (Source: Takato Marui, (2006))